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Ver. 19.2
April 17th, 2024

182.0000 Family Ranunculaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl.: 231 (1789), nom. cons.
52 genera, ca. 3700 spp.
Species listed in database: 3817; hybrids: 89
= Aconitaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prir. Rostlin: 216 (1820)
= Actaeaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prir. Rostlin 1(16-53): 2, 140 (1823)
= Anemonaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot.: 264, 275 (1818)
= Aquilegiaceae Lilja; Skånes Fl., ed. 2: 375, 861, 979 (1870)
= Calthaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar: 92 (1820)
= Cimicifugaceae Bromhead; Mag. Nat. Hist., n. s. 4: 336, 338 (1840)
= Clematidaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar: 134 (1820)
= Delphiniaceae Brenner; Florist. Handb.: 52 (1886)
= Glaucidiaceae M.Tamura; Bot. Mag (Tokyo) 85: 40 (1972)
= Helleboraceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot.: 264, 274 (1818)
= Hydrastidaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar: 318 (1820)
= Nigellaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl.: 76 (1858)
= Thalictraceae Raf.; Anal. Nat.: 176 (1815)
= Xanthorhizaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prir. Rostlin 1(16-53): 2, 145 (1823)
182.5506 Genus Helleborus L.; Sp. Pl. 557 (1753)
Distribution: Europe (mostly Mediterranean), few to Asia Minor and C-Asia, 1 China
Species listed in database: 14; hybrids: 2
= Helleboraster Hill; Brit. Herb. 32 (1756), Druce in Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. Brit. Isles 3: 437 (1913)
species :
Helleborus argutifolius Viv.; Fl. Cors. Prodr.: 8. (1824)
Name: Korsische Nieswurz (DE)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Channel Isl. [I]; Corsica; Sardinia
11 ger 12 cis COR SAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus corsicus Mabille; Recherches Pl. Corsica, fasc. 1: 7 (1867), nom. nov. illeg.
= Helleborus lividus subsp. corsicus (Briq.) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France: 338 (1936)
= Helleborus lividus subsp. corsicus (Briq.) Yeo; Taxon 35(1): 157 (1986), isonym
= Helleborus trifolius subsp. corsicus Briq.; Prodr. Fl. Corse 1: 582 (1910)
species :
Helleborus bocconei Ten.; Corso Bot. Lez. 4(I): 459 (1823)
subspecies :
subsp. bocconei
Distribution: Italy; San Marino
13 ITA SMA
Remarks: viridis agg.
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus multifidus subsp. bocconei (Ten.) B.Mathew; Hellebores: 126 (1989)
= Helleborus viridis subsp. bocconei (Ten.) Peruzzi; Inform. Bot. Ital. 42(2): 530 (2010)
subspecies :
subsp. intermedius (Guss.) Greuter & Burdet; Willdenowia 19: 44 (1989)
Distribution: Italy; Sicily; Croatia
13 CRO ITA SIC
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus bocconei subsp. siculus (Schiffn.) Merxm. & Podl.; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 64: 5. (1961)
= Helleborus multifidus subsp. intermedius (Host) Martinis; Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 1: 15 (1973)
= Helleborus siculus Schiffn.; Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 56: 123 (1890)
= Helleborus intermedius Guss.; Pl. Rar.: 224 (1826)
= Helleborus viridis subsp. intermedius (Guss.) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital.: 17 (1882)
subspecies :
subsp. istriacus (Schiffn.) Soldano & F.Conti; Annot. Checkl. Italian Vasc. Fl. 18 (2005)
Distribution: NE-Italy; SW-Slovenia; W-Croatia
13 CRO ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus intermedius Host; Fl. Austriaca 2: 98 (1831) (non Guss., Pl. Rar.: 224 (1826))
= Helleborus istriacus (Schiffn.) Borbás; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 42: 219 (1892)
= Helleborus multifidus f. intermedius (Schiffn.) Martinis; Trinajstic, Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 1: 15 (1973)
= Helleborus multifidus f. istriacus (Schiffn.) Martinis; Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 1: 15 (1973)
= Helleborus multifidus subsp. istriacus (Schiffn.) Merxm. & Podl.; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 64: 5. (1961)
= Helleborus odorus var. istriacus Schiffn.; Bot. Jahrh. Syst. 11: 114 (1890)
= Helleborus viridis subsp. istriacus (Schiffn.) Cristof. & Zanotti; Webbia 49(1): 12 (1994)
species :
Helleborus dumetorum Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol.: 592 (1809)
subspecies :
subsp. dumetorum
Name: Hecken-Nieswurz (DE)
Distribution: SE-Austria; S-Slovakia; N-Hungary; N-Slovenia; N-Croatia; N-Romania; W-Ukraine
11 AUT HUN SLO 13 CRO ROM 14 UKR
Remarks: viridis agg.
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus dumetorum f. laciniatus Martinis; Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 1: 16 (1973)
= Helleborus pallidus Host; Fl. Austriaca 2: 90 (1831)
= Helleborus vaginatus Host; Fl. Austriaca 2: 90 (1831)
= Helleborus viridis subsp. dumetorum (Willd.) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 299 (1924)
= Helleborus viridis var. dumetorum (Waldst. & Kit.) Jess.; 416 (1879)
subspecies :
subsp. atrorubens (Waldst. & Kit.) Merxm. & Podl.; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 64: 5. (1961)
Distribution: Slovenia; Croatia
13 CRO SLV
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus atropurpureus Schult.; Oestr. Fl., ed. 2, 2: 103 (1814)
= Helleborus atrorubens f. cupreus (Host) Martinis; Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 1: 16 (1973)
= Helleborus atrorubens f. hircii Martinis; Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 1: 16 (1973)
= Helleborus atrorubens f. incisus Martinis; Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 1: 16 (1973)
= Helleborus atrorubens Waldst. & Kit.; Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung.: 301 (1812)
= Helleborus cupreus Host; Fl. Austriaca 2: 87 (1831)
subspecies :
subsp. illyricus Starm.; Carinthia II 197/117: 413 (2007)
Distribution: NE-Italy
13 ITA
species :
Helleborus foetidus L.; Sp. Pl. 558 (1753)
subspecies :
subsp. foetidus
Name: Stinkende Nieswurz (DE), Setterwort (EN)
Distribution: England; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Berlin [I], Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [I], Niedersachsen [I], Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein [I], Saarland, Sachsen [I], Sachsen-Anhalt [I], Thüringen); Switzerland; Slovakia [I]; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; France; Monaco; N-Italy; San Marino; Morocco; USA [I] (Washington State [I])
10 GRB 11 BGM GER LUX slo SWI 12 ADO FRA MCO POR SPA 13 ITA SMA 20 MOR 73 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleboraster foetidus (L.) Moench; Methodus: 236 (1794)
= Helleborus beugesiacus Jord. & Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, N. S. 16: 325 (1868)
= Helleborus deflexifolius Jord. & Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, N. S. 16: 325 (1868)
= Helleborus jourdanii Pages; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 24: 167 (1914)
subspecies :
subsp. balearicus (L.Chodat) Romo; Fl. Silvestres Baleares: 100 (1994)
Distribution: Baleares
12 BAL
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus foetidus var. balearicus L.Chodat; Contr. Géo-Bot. Majorque 57 (1929)
species :
Helleborus lividus Aiton ex Curtis; Bot. Mag., Lond. 2: t. 72 (1789)
Distribution: Baleares (Mallorca)
12 BAL
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus trifolius Mill.; Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Helleborus n 4 (1768) (non L., Sp. Pl. 558 (1753))
= Helleborus triphyllus Lam.; Encycl. 3: 97 (1789)
species :
Helleborus multifidus Vis.; Flora (Regensburg) 12, Ergänzungsbl. 1: 13 (1829)
subspecies :
subsp. multifidus
Distribution: Slovenia; Croatia; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; Albania
13 ALB CRO KOS MNT SLV SRB
Remarks: viridis agg.
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus angustifolius Host; Fl. Austriaca 2: 90 (1831)
= Helleborus bocconei subsp. multifidus (Vis.) Soldano & F.Conti; Annot. Checkl. Italian Vasc. Fl. 18 (2005)
= Helleborus multifidus var. violascens (Beck) Martinis; Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 1: 15 (1973)
= Helleborus odorus subsp. multifidus (Vis.) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 299 (1924)
= Helleborus vernalis D.Don ex Loudon; Hort. Brit. (Loudon), ed. 3. 640 (1839)
subspecies :
subsp. hercegovinus (Martinis) B.Mathew; Hellebores: 125 (1989)
Distribution: Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; W-Kosovo; N-Albania
13 ALB BIH CRO MNT
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus hercegovinus Martinis; Trinajstic, Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 1: 13 (1973)
= Helleborus hercegovinus f. pauciflorus Martinis; Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 1: 14 (1973)
subspecies :
subsp. laxus (Host) Martinis; Trinajstic, Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 1: 15 (1973)
Distribution: Italy; Croatia
13 CRO ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus laxus Host; Fl. Austriaca 2: 89 (1831)
= Helleborus odorus subsp. laxus (Host) Merxm. & Podl.; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 64: 5. (1961)
species :
Helleborus niger L.; Sp. Pl. 558 (1753)
subspecies :
subsp. niger
Name: Schwarze Nieswurz (DE), Black hellebore (EN)
Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg [I], Bayern, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [I], Nordrhein-Westfalen [I], Sachsen [I]); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; N-Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Myanmar [I]; USA [I] (Michigan [I], New York [I])
11 AUT GER LIE SWI 13 CRO ITA SLV 41 mya 75 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus altifolius (Roth) Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 2: 747 (1832)
= Helleborus grandiflorus Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 374 (1796)
= Helleborus niger var. altifolius (Hayne) Schiffn.; 69 (1890), nom. illeg.
= Helleborus niger var. altifolius Hayne; t. 8 (1805)
= Helleborus niger var. humilifolius Hayne; t. 7 (1805)
subspecies :
subsp. macranthus (Freyn) Schiffn.; Bot. Jahrh. Syst. 11: 105 (1890)
Distribution: N-Italy; Croatia
13 CRO ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus niger var. macranthus Freyn; Flora (Regensburg) 64: 209 (1881)
= Helleborus macranthus Freyn ex Schiffn.; Denschr. Akad. Naturforsch. 56: 76 (1890), et in Bot. Jahrb. 11: 105 (1890)
species :
Helleborus odorus Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol.: 592 (1809)
subspecies :
subsp. odorus
Distribution: Hungary; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Romania; Bulgaria
11 HUN 13 BUL CRO ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB
Remarks: orientalis agg.
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus graveolens Host; Fl. Austriaca 2: 89 (1831)
= Helleborus hunfalvyanus Kanitz; P. F. A. Ascherson & A. Kanitz, Cat. Cormophyt. Anthophyt. Serbiae: 73 (1877)
= Helleborus odorus f. multisectus Martinis; Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 1: 13 (1973)
subspecies :
subsp. cyclophyllus (A.Braun) Strid; Fl. Hellenica 2: 4 (2002)
Distribution: Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; SW-Bulgaria; N-Greece
13 ALB BUL GRC KOS NMA SRB
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus viridis var. cyclophyllus A.Braun
= Helleborus cyclophyllus (A.Braun) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. 1: 61 (1867)
species :
Helleborus orientalis Lam.; Encycl. 3: 96 (1789)
subspecies :
subsp. orientalis
Name: Orientalische Nieswurz (DE), Lenten-rose (EN)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Channel Isl. [I]; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia); Chatham Isl. [I]; USA [I] (District of Columbia [I])
11 ger 12 cis 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 TUR 51 ctm 78 usa
Remarks: orientalis agg.
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus antiquorum A.Braun; Index Seminum (B, Berolinensis) 1853(App.): 23 (1853)
= Helleborus caucasicus A.Braun; Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. 23 (1853)
= Helleborus grandiflorus K.Koch ex Rupr.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 15(2): 32 (1869)
= Helleborus guttatus A.Braun & F.W.H.Sauer; Index Seminum (B, Berolinensis) 1853(App.): 23 (1853)
= Helleborus heyderi Schiffn.; Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 56: 169 (1890)
= Helleborus ibericus Steven ex Rupr.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 15(2): 287 (1869)
= Helleborus kochii Schiffn.; Denkschr. Akad. Naturforsch. 56: 85 (1896), et in Bot. Jahrb. 11: 108 (1890)
= Helleborus officinalis Salisb.; Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 305 (1807)
= Helleborus olympicus Lindl.; Edwards Bot. Reg. 1841: 54 (1841)
= Helleborus orientalis subsp. guttatus (A.Braun & F.W.H.Sauer) B.Mathew; Hellebores: 90 (1989)
= Helleborus orientalis var. guttatus (A.Braun & F.W.H.Sauer) Demoly; Hellebores Jard. Bellevue: 94 (2000)
= Helleborus orientalis var. heyderi (Schiffn.) Demoly; Hellebores Jard. Bellevue: 94 (2000)
= Helleborus polychromus Kolak.; Zametki Sist. Geogr. Rast. 5: 7 (1939)
= Helleborus ponticus A.Braun; Index Seminum (B, Berolinensis) 1853(App.): 24 (1853)
= Helleborus tinctus Steven ex Rupr.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 15(2): 287 (1869)
= Helleborus viridis M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 2: 30 (1808) non L.
subspecies :
subsp. abchasicus (A.Braun) B.Mathew; Hellebores: 90 (1989)
Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus] (Abkhazia)
33 GEO
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus abchasicus A.Braun; Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. 23 (1853), as ´abschasicus´
= Helleborus casta-diva N.Busch; Mat. Fl. Kavk. 3, 3, Addenda: 225 (1903) p. p.
= Helleborus colchicus Regel; Gartenflora 5: 292 (1856)
= Helleborus orientalis var. abschasicus (A.Braun) Demoly; Hellebores Jard. Bellevue: 94 (2000)
= Helleborus porphyromelas A.Braun & C.D.Bouché; Index Seminum (B, Berolinensis) 1861(App.): 13 (1862)
species :
Helleborus purpurascens Waldst. & Kit.; Descr. lcon. Pl. Hung.: 105 (1803)
Name: Purpur-Nieswurz (DE)
Distribution: Germany [I]; S-Poland; E-Czech Republic; Slovakia; W-Hungary; Italy [I]; N-Croatia; Belarus [I]; Moldova; Ukraine
11 CZE ger HUN POL SLO 13 CRO ita 14 blr MLD UKR
Remarks: viridis agg.
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus antiquorum Lerchenf.; Schur, 95 (1853), nom. inval., non A. Braun
= Helleborus baumgartenii Kováts; Bot. Jahrb. 11: 122 (1890)
= Helleborus baumgartenii Kováts ex Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 4 (1853)
= Helleborus bocconei Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 27 (1866)
= Helleborus purpurascens f. nanus (Zapal.) Simonk.; 49 (1909)
= Helleborus purpurascens f. quadriflorus (Zapal.) Simonk.; 49 (1909)
= Helleborus purpurascens f. subdivisus (Zapal.) Simonk.; 49 (1909)
= Helleborus purpurascens subsp. baumgartenii (Kováts) Simonk.; 56 (1887)
= Helleborus purpurascens var. baumgartenii (Kováts ex Schur) Kováts; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 11: 122 (1889)
= Helleborus purpurascens var. dniestrensis (Zapal.) Simonk.; 49 (1909)
species :
Helleborus thibetanus Franch.; Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., ser. 2, 8: 190 (1886)
Distribution: China (S-Gansu, NW-Hubei, S-Shaanxi, NW-Sichuan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus chinensis Maxim.; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 11(1): 27 (1889)
= Helleborus viridis var. thibetanus (Franch.) Finet & Gagnep.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51: 397 (1904)
species :
Helleborus torquatus Archer-Hind; Garden (London) 25: 184 (1884)
Distribution: NE-Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo
13 BIH KOS SRB
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus croaticus f. angustisectus Martinis; Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 1: 15 (1973)
= Helleborus croaticus f. latisectus Martinis; Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 1: 15 (1973)
= Helleborus croaticus f. polysectus Martinis; Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 1: 14 (1973)
= Helleborus croaticus Martinis; Trinajstic, Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 1: 14 (1973)
= Helleborus multifidus subsp. serbicus (Adamovic) Merxm. & Podl.; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg 64: 5. (1961)
= Helleborus serbicus Adamovic; Magyar Bot. Lapok 5: 221 (1906)
= Helleborus serbicus subsp. malyi Martinis; Trinajstic, Suppl. Fl. Anal. Jugosl. 1: 14 (1973)
species :
Helleborus vesicarius Aucher; Boiss., Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, 16: 357 (1841)
Distribution: SE-Turkey; E-Syria
34 SYR TUR
species :
Helleborus viridis L.; Sp. Pl. 558 (1753)
subspecies :
subsp. viridis
Name: Grüne Nieswurz (DE), Green hellebore (EN)
Distribution: Germany (Berlin [I], Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [I], Niedersachsen, Sachsen [I], Thüringen); Switzerland; ?Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland [I]; N-Italy; USA [I] (Illinois [I], Maryland [I], Michigan [I], North Carolina [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Pennsylvania [I], Tennessee [I], Virginia [I], West Virginia [I])
11 AUT GER pol SWI 13 ITA 74 usa 75 usa 78 usa
Remarks: viridis agg.
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleboraster viridis (L.) Moench; Methodus: 236 (1794)
= Helleborus brevicaulis Jord. & Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, N. S. 16: 325 (1868)
= Helleborus personati Masclef; Bonnier, Rev. gen. Bot. 1: 606 (1889), et in Magnier, Scrin. fl. select. 11: 238 (1892)
= Helleborus viridiflorus Stokes; Bot. Mat. Med. 3: 274 (1812)
= Helleborus viridis var. pallidior Schiffn.; 129 (1890)
subspecies :
subsp. abruzzicus (M.Thomsen, McLewin & B.Mathew) Bartolucci, F.Conti & Peruzzi; Inform. Bot. Ital. 45(1): 106 (2013)
Distribution: C-Italy
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus abruzzicus M.Thomsen, McLewin & B.Mathew; Plantsman n. s. 5(4): 236 (2006)
subspecies :
subsp. liguricus (M.Thomsen, McLewin & B.Mathew) Bartolucci, F.Conti & Peruzzi; Inform. Bot. Ital. 45(1): 106 (2013)
Distribution: Italy
13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus liguricus M.Thomsen, McLewin & B.Mathew; Plantsman n. s. 5(4): 237 (2006)
subspecies :
subsp. occidentalis (Reut.) Schiffn.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 11: 118 (1890)
Name: Westliche Grüne Nieswurz (DE)
Distribution: England [I]; Netherlands; Belgium; Germany (Bayern, Hessen, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein [I], Saarland); NW-Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl. [I]
10 grb 11 BGM GER NET 12 ADO cis FRA SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Helleborus viridis var. silvaticus Jess.; 416 (1879)
= Helleborus occidentalis Reut.; Cat. Graines Jard. Genève 1868: 4 (1869) (basion.) ex Bull. Soc. Bot. France 16: Bibl. 53 (1869)
species :
Helleborus ×mucheri Rottenst.; Modern Phytomorphol. 9(Suppl.): 28 (2016)
Distribution: Croatia
13 CRO
species :
Helleborus ×tergestinus Starm. ex Rottenst.; Modern Phytomorphol. 9(Suppl.): 28 (2016)
Distribution: Italy
13 ITA
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 19.2 (April 17th, 2024)

Covering 354,696 accepted species,
8,644 hybrids, 47,758 accepted infraspecific taxa and 996,379 synonyms,
in total 1,407,477* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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With 38,290 pictures of 15,532 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life