HE BOTANICAL SOCIETY AND EXCHANGE CLUB - BSBI Archive

'l'HE BOTANICAL SOCIETY 

AND EXCHANGE CLUB 

OF THE BRITISH ISLES. 

(VOL. VIII. PART I). 

Victoria Regina. 

Floreat flora. 

REPORT FOR 1926 

BY THE 

SECRETARY, 

G .. CLARIDGE DRUCE, FR.S., 

to whom, at YARDLEY LODGE, 9 CRICK ROAD, OXFORD, the Subscription, 

12s 6d per annum, and Non-Contributing Member's Subscription of 10s per 

annum, should be paid on and after January I, 1927-. 

Exchange Club Parcels for 1927 should be .sent, post paid; on or berore 

2nd December 1927, to 

F. RILSTONE, ESQ., 

POST OFFICE, POLPERRO,CORNWALL, 

who will act as Distributor and Editor of the B.E.C. Report. 

. PRINTED BY T. BUNCLE & Co., ARBROATH. 

AUGUST 1927. 

PRICE 10/-. 

The Editor does not hold himself responsible for Statements in Signed 

Contributions}. 

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

I 

I 

PATRONESS. 

HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINOESS ROYAL. 

HONORARY MEMBERS. 

Dr E. B. ALMQUIST, Sweden. 

Dr GUSTAVE BEAuvERD, Geneva. 

Dr G. RIT,TER BEOK VON MANNAGETTA UND LERCHENAU, Vienna. 

Dr N. LORD BRITToN, New York. 

Dr H. DAHLSTEDT, Sweden. 

Dr R. DANSER, Amsterdam. 

Prof. K. DOMIN, Prague. 

Prof. M. H. FERNALD, Harvard, U.S.A. 

Prof. P. P. GRAEBNER, Berlin. 

Dr F. JAQUET, Freibourg. 

Em.-Prof. C. LINDMAN, Sweden, 

Dr S. MURBEOK, Lund. 

Dr J. MURR, Innsbruck. 

Prof. C. H. OSTENFELD, Copenhagen. 

M. PAUL DE RIENCOURT, Chateau Charmonde. 

Dr K. RONNIGER, Vienna. 

Prof. C. SOHROETER, Zurich. 

Dr A. THELLUNG, Zurich. 

CORRESPONDING ;];IEMBERS. 

ARTIIUR BENNETT, A.L.S, 

A. R. HORWOOD. 

D. LUMB. 

R. F. TOWNDROW, A.L.S.

---- 

CONTENTS. 

BOTANISING IN THE HIGH TATRA, by C. D. Chase, ... 184 

QU'EST-CE QUE LE SOLANUM DILLENII SCHULTES? by Prof. A. Thel- 

lung, 186 

NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF PANSIES IN ENGLAND AND WALES, 

by Eric Drabble, 

PERSONALIA AND V ARIOUS NOTES, 

DENT DE LION, 

ADDENDA TO Pr,ANT NOTES, 

SUPPLEMENT: MENTHAE BRITANNICAE, by J. Fraser. 

191 

205 

209 

210 

213

6 LIST OF MEMBERS. 

t Cobbe, Miss 1\1. 

Codrington, Capt. J. A. 

t Cole, Miss Alice. 

Colman, Sir J., Bart. 

tColville, M1's M. 

Camber, J. 

tCooke, R. B. 

'Corstorphine, Mrs R. H. 

* t Corstorphine, R. H., B.Sc. 

Cory, Reginald, V.M.H. 

t Cottes, Miss A. 

Craib, Pro!. W. G., M.A. 

Craik, Dr William. 

Creed, R. S., B.A. 

Cross, Ed. R. 

tCrutwell, Rev. K C. 

tCumming. L., F.L.S. 

tCurtis, Sir Ro!\,er, Bart. 

Dalgleish, J. Gordon, F.L.S. 

Daltry, H. W. 

Darbishire, Prof. O. V., D.Sc. 

Darlington and Teesdale Naturalists' 

Field Club. 

David, Miss Aileen. 

Davidson, W. 

Davis, M1's n. (1927). 

Davy, Lady. 

Day, F. M. 

Debenham, Mrs Maud. 

Dent, Mrs. 

Dinsmore John E. (1927). 

Dix, R. J .. F.R.C.S. 

Dixon, H. N., M.A., F.L.S. 

Dixon, ,J H. 

Doeker-Drysdale, W., J.P. 

tDouie, Lnrly. 

*Downes, H., F.L.S. 

tDrabhle, Dr Eric. 

tDruce, Franr.is. 

* tDruce, G. Claridge, D.Sc., LL.D., 

F.R.S. 

tDrummonfl. Miss M. 

tDrummo)1(l, M1's Lawrence. 

Dncie, TIle Earl of. 

Dunn, H. Hammond. 

*tD'U1'ban. W. S. M. 

tDymes, T. A,., F.L.S. 

Edgar, Miss Ethel. 

Edwards, Johnston. 

Egerton, Miss Dorothy. 

Ellis, Edgar W. 

tEIphinstone, The Lady 

tEvans. A. H., Sc.D. 

Evans.. Mrs. 

Evans. W. Edgar. 

tEveritt, J. G. 

Eversbed, Mrs Margaret. 

Ewing, James L., LL.D. 

tEwing, Mrs P. 

Falkner, J. Meade, M.A. 

Farr, E. H., F.C.S. 

Farrer, Mrs. 

tFiennes, Hon. Mrs Ivo. 

Fife, H.R.H. The Duchess of. 

tFleming, Mrs. 

tFlintoff, R. J. 

tFoggltt, Thos. J. 

Fortescue, The Countess. 

Fortescue. W. Irvine, M.B., C.M. 

Foster, Miss. 

Franklin, Sir, T. Maurice. 

*tFraser, J. . 

tFry Miss. 

FlIrness-Sanderson, Mrs. 

·tFurse, Paul. 

tGambier-Parry, T. R., 1\'LA. 

Gardner, Aid. C. K, D.L., J.P. 

Gates, Pro!. R. Ruggles, Pll.D. 

GeIdart, Miss. 

tGil"lbings. Mrs. 

Gibbons, H. J. 

Gibson, A. G., M.D. 

Gillett, Mrs A. B. 

tGilmour, J. T. L. 

Glyn, Hon. Mrs Maurice. 

Gorldard. H. J. 

Godden, Mrs. 

tGodfery, Col. M. J. 

Goc1nlan, Miss. 

Go(lman. Miss C. E.' 

Gordon, Seton. 

tGolllding. Richard W. 

tGraham, Mrs. 

tGraveson, A. W., M.A. 

tGraveson. W. 

Gray, Henry. 

Gray Herbarium. 

tGreen, H. L. 

tGreen, T. H. 

tGreenwood, W. G. 

Grego1', Rev. A. G. 

tGregory, Mrs. 

t Grr.nfell, Miss M. 

Grey of Fallodon, The Viscount, K.G. 

tGrierson, R. 

tGriffith, J. E., J.P. 

Griffith, Prof. F. D. 

tGrinling, C. H. 

tGroves, Jamps, F.L.S. 

Groves, W. K, F.L.S. 

tGuthrie, Mrs F. 

tGwatkin, R. G. 

tHaggart, D. A .. 

tHaig, Col. H.

8 LIST OF MEMBERS. 

tll'feynell, Miss Dorothy. 

lI'fildmay of Flete, The Lady. 

tMiller, W. D. 

Milne, James Fairweather. 

tll'filne, R. H., M.A. 

tll'fonckton, H. W., F.L.S. 

Mond, Right Hon. Sir Alfred, Bart., 

P.C. 

Morgan, George, F.R.C.S. 

Morris, Rev. Alan C. 

Mllkerji, Lieut. S. K, M.Sc., F.L.S. 

tll'furray, Rev. D. P. 

tMurray, V. E. 

tNewman, Mrs. 

Nicholson, C. 

Nicholson, W. A. 

Nicholson, W. Edw. 

tNield, Miss A. M. 

Northumberland, The Duchess of. 

Nottingham Unive1'sity (Prof. J. Carr) 

to'Callaghan, Mrs. 

tOgle, B. Savile, J.P. 

to'Kelly, P. B. 

tOrme, Major Robt. 

O'Rorke, Rev. H. W. 

Oslo, The Botanical Dept. of the Uni· 

versity of. 

*tOwen, Miss O. B. 

Oxforll City Library. 

tParkin, Dr John. 

Patey, W. E. 

tPatton, Donald, M.A., B.Sc. 

Payne, L. G. 

*tPears"ll, W. H. 

Pekin Metropolitan Library. 

Pennycoste, Miss Honor M. M. 

*Pereival, Prof. J. 

Perrin, Mrs H. 

Pharmacie Faculte de Paris. 

Philadelphia Academy of Natural 

Sciences. 

rPickard, J. F. 

Plymouth, Museum of. 

Pomeroy, Miss. 

Pool, Capt. A. H. Batten. 

Portsmouth, The Countess of. 

Post, Miss Elizabeth. 

tPowell, H. 

tPowell, Miss D., M.Sc. 

Prain, Sir D., F.R.S. 

Priestley, Prof. J. H. 

Proby, Granville. 

Proctor, A. R. S. 

tPugsley, H. W., B.A., F.L.S. 

Ransom, F., F.LC. 

Rayner, Dr Olive C. 

tRayner, J. F. 

tRea, Carleton. 

Reading Natural History SOCiety (F. 

W. Cocks). 

Redgrove, H. Stanley, B.Sc. 

Rendle, A. B., F.R.S., P.L.S. 

tReynolds, Bernard. 

tReynolds, Rev. K M. 

*Richards, Miss Lucy E. 

Richards, Mrs. 

tRichards, Paul. 

*Riddelsdell, Rev. H. J. 

Ridge, W. Boydon, B.Sc. 

Rirlley, H. N .. M.A .. C.M.G., F.R.S. 

*RiIstone, F. 

Ritchie, Norman. 

Roberts, Alex. F. 

Robertson, Right Rev. Bishop. 

tRoffey. Hev. J. 

*tHoper, Miss 1. M. 

Rose, Larly. 

Rothschild, Baron Lionel de. 

Rothschilrl, Hon. Mrs N. C. 

Hothschild, The Lord. 

Howsell, P., J.P. 

Husher, Miss. 

tRussell, Lady Victoria. 

Russell, Sir K J., D.Sc. 

RlIssurim, Mrs Mabel. 

Ryle. Miss. 

St Cyres, The Viscountess. 

St Quintin, W. H. 

tSalisbury, Dr K J., D.Se., F.L.S. 

*tSalmon, C. K, F.L.S. 

Salmon, Miss H. M. (1927). 

tSalt, H. S. 

Sanderson, Col. J. 

Sanderson, James. 

t Sandwif.h, Mrs. 

Sansome, F. W., B.Sc., Ph.D. 

Saxby, T. Edmondston, J.P. 

Schroeder, Baron Brnno. 

Scott, Ch. N., M.R.C.S. 

Scott, Dr Dukinfield H., F.R.S. 

*SculIy, R. W. 

Seymour, Lady Blanche. 

Sl1aw, H. K Airy, B.A. 

Shepl1erd, Miss Muriel. 

Sherrin, W. R. 

*Shoolbred, W. A., F.L.S. 

Simons, Miss Phoebe. 

Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. 

Simpson, N. Douglas. 

*tSledge, Wm. Arthur. 

Slessor, Lady Cynthia. 

tSmall, Prof. J., D.Se. 

t Smith, Dr Herbert.

THE 

BOTANICAL SOCIETY & EXCHANGE CLUB 

OF THE BIUTISH ISLES. 

THE REPORT OF THE SECRETARY & TREASURER, 

G. CLARIDGE DRUCE, YARDLEY LODGE, OXFORD, 

FOR 1926. 

BALANCE-SHEET FOR 1925. 

Subscriptions receive!], n41 0 

Sales of Reports aIHI A,j· 

vertisements, ,- 4 5 

Balance from 1924, :j(J " l4, !) 

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All subscriptions should be paid to the above address on the first 

of January each yenI', or to the account of G. O. Druce in the Westminster 

Bank, Oxford. Payment in advance for two or more years saves 

trouble and expense. Ordinary Members, 10 / -; Exchange Members, 

12/6; Entrance Fee for New Members, 5i-. 

Strong pressure has been mnde to bring out interim reports, but 

for the present such a plan is impracticable. 

Thanks are accorded to Mr H. Downes, ·M.B., F.L.S., F.G.S., for 

promptly distributing the parcels to the Exchange Members, containing, 

as they did, 44.57 specimens, and for editing the Report in so useful a 

manner. 

""Ve are greatly indebted to Mrs Wedgwood for a generous present 

to the Benevolent Fund. and also to Mr O. E. Britton 'and Mr A. H. 

Evans for donations. 

The year 1926 has not been very brilliant in discoveries. Mr O. E. 

Salmon has described a new species of JJiyosotis as brevi/olia from the 

north of England and the south of Scotland and has had a species of 

Alchemilla as Salmonianu named after him by Dr Jaquet. It WaS

18 ·PLANT NOTES, ETC., :FOR 1926. 

PLAI\:T NOTES, ETC, FOR 1926. 

(Mostly New Plants to the British Isles or Notes on British· Species 

inserted here for Convenience of Reference.) 

ABBREVIATIONS.-t before a name signifies the plant is not native; 

X = a hybrid; ± more or less; ! after a locality, that the Secretary has 

seen the plant there; [ ] that the plant is not British or the record is 

doubtful; A.nn. Bot. = Annals of Botany; Bot. Abstr. = Botanical 

flbstracts; Gard. Chron. = Gardeners' Chronicle; 11'. Nat. = Irish 

Naturalist; Journ. Bot. or J. of B. = Journal of Botany; Nat. = The 

Naturalist. 

9. ANEMONE NEMOROSA L., var. CAERULEA DC. Gard. Chron. i., 151, 

1926. It occurs in Wales, not in woodlands but in vast numbers on 

many a breezy, treeless. upland sheep-walk, especially, it would seem, 

in the slate producing districts. Last year I came across some fields and 

a railway-cutting which were literally blued by these pretty flowers. On 

closer examination, however, I noted that here again there was a wide 

variation in the colour-whites, then pinky lilacs, and both pale and 

lavender blues. The blue ones flower a good deal later than the rest. 

21. RANUNCULUS AURICOMUS L., var. INCISIFOLIUS Reichb. Calow, 

Derbyshire. Lower leaves very deeply divided, upper leaves with broad, 

coarsely and irregularly toothed segments. It may be worth mentioning 

that the reniform lower leaves and narrow segments .of the upper 

leaves of the common form may have a distinct downy coat (Southall, 

Middlesex; Hasland, Derbyshire.) Hayward's Pocket Book, Ed. 17, 

1922, states that the radical leaves are glabrous. E. DRABBLE. 

22. R. BULBOSUS L. Finchley, Middlesex, May 1913. Flowers 

apetalous but long stalked (unlike Mr St John Marriott's plants from 

Dartford Heath, Rep. RE.C. 431, 1924); fruits fully formed; habit of 

plant normal. E. DRABBLE. 

24. R. FLAMMuLA L. It is worthy of notice that this species, like 

R. Lingua, may have the leaves glabrous or hairy and this is true for 

both the entire leaved and serrate leaved (var. serratus DC.) forms. 

The amount of hairiness varies greatly, and different leaves on the same 

plant may have glabrous or a hairy epidermis. I have plants with 

quite glabrous leaves from 'Vingerworth, Derbyshire; Colne, Lancashire; 

Mitcham Common and Ockham, Surrey; Sychnant Pass, Carnarvon-

20 PLANT NOTES, ETO., FOR 1926. 

usuaily pubescent. 'rhe var. ptLbescens I have from Jersey (Samaris), 

Berks, Oxon, &c. My non-glabrous plants are from Beaconsfield, Bucks, 

and Skinburness, Cumberland, but eV'en these sho'w scattered hairs on 

the upper part of the stem. Rouy & Foucaud describe it as " presque 

glabre ou pubescente." Syme (Eng. Bot. i., 31), as usual, excellently 

describes our plant which looks, in the plate, inore glabrous than it is. 

In the original E.B. plate, 2833, the hairs are shown on the stems, &c., 

but owing to the wearing of the copperplate, the fig. 27 in the third 

edition scarcely sho",s them. 

52 (2). HELLEBoRus ORIENTALIS Lam. Enc. iii., 96, forma. Alien, 

'rhrace, Macedonia, Turkey. Sent from a wood near Steventon, N. 

Hampshire, ex Mrs YELDHAM:. This species differs from H. ni-ger in its 

sepals being broader and much imbricated. Of course there it is an 

introduced species. The sepals are suffused with pale pink colouring. 

R. \V. Butcher got it in Bramdean wood, but it was originally dumped 

there from a garden. G. C. DRUCE. 

163. EROPHILA OEDOCARPA Drabble in J ourn. Bot. 45, 1926. Ashover, 

Derbyshire; Wallasey, Cheshire. It has terete fruits 3-4 mm. long 

by 2.25-2.5 lllm. broad. A smaller plant than the Ben Lawers infiata. 

303. BRITISH PANSIES. In Jou1'n. Bot. 263, 1926, Dr E. Drabble 

writes on British Pansies of the" arvensis "section. There are descriptions 

of ten species as follows: agrestis Jord., segetalis Jord., obtusifolia 

J ord., ruralis Boreau, Deseglisei J ord., stLbtilis J ord., arvatica 

Jord., derelicta Jord., and two new species, V. latifolia, allied to ObttLsifoli.a 

and V. anglica allied to Desegli.sei. This is only the first part of the 

paper and no artificial key is given. A further instalment (the "tricolor 

" section) has recently appeared in Vol. lxv. of the same Journal. 

304. VIOLA ANGLIOA Drabble in J ourn. Bot. 269, 1926. Cultivated 

ground on the downs, St Margaret's Bay, E. Kent. 

,304. V. LATIFOLIA Drabble, l.c. 266. 

430. HYPERICUM MONTANUM L., var. TYPIOUM Beck, with leaves 

glabrous, and var. SOABRUM Koch, with leaves scurfy on the underside. 

See C. E. BRITTON in. Journ. Bot. 325, 1926. Probably the glabrous 

plant from Abinger, C. E. SALMON in Herb. Brit. Mus. and my specimen 

from Lambridge Wood, Oxon, belong here. The var. scab1'um 

is, as Mr Britton says, the common British plant, but the clothing vanGS 

much in quantity. Specimens from Marlow and Burnham Beeches, 

Bucks; Park Place, Berks; and Effingham, Surrey, are but very slightly 

scurfy. Obviously this is less shown in shade-grown specimens. 

488. GERA:1\TJUM ROBERTIANUM L., forma. Purley, Berks. Sent by 

O. E. HODGKIN, who says there was only one large plant. The stem is 

much thicker than usual, the plant more succulent and, although the

PLANT NOTES, ETC., FOR 1926. 23 

[654. ASTRAGALUS ALPINUS L. Caithness, Mr MANSON, ex 3. A. 

WEBB. Confirmation needed.] 

669. ORNITHOPUS PERPUSILLUS L., var. GLABER Corb. Fl. Normandie 

169. Lancresse quarries, Guernsey. Collected by 3. E. LOUSLEY. It 

is a rare form as I have it only from Farley Hill, Berks, 1892, and Malvern, 

Worcester, in my large set from Britain. The legumes and leaves 

are practically glabrous. G. C. DRUCE. 

681. VIOlA VILLOSA Roth, var. GODRONI (Rouy Fl. Fr. v., 237, as a 

Race). In an old pasture field near Kilbryde, Corbridge-on-Tyne, 

Northumberland, R. B. COOKE. 

698. V. ANGUSTIFOLIA (L.) Reich., var. NIGRA (L.). Blackhead, 

Kent, Hh. N. B. Wa1'd. Det. PAUL DE RIENCOURT. 

698. V. ANGUSTIFOLIA (L.), var. LUGANENSIS (DC.). See Gaudin Fl. 

Helv. iv., 512, as V. sativa luganensis. Glabriuscula, foliis sub-septemingis, 

foliolis elongatis, truncato-retusis, mucronatis; summis acutiusculis 

(tantum obtusis vel acutiusculis). Frilford, Berks, 1926 

fDD741J. In the Berkshire plants the leaflets are obtuse mucronate 

and the flowers are 2-3 in number, modif. racemosa (Beck.), G.· C. DRUCE. 

Det. PAUL DE RrENCOURT. 

700. V. LATHYROIDES L., var. OIRRHIFERA P. de Riencourt (as V. 

LathY'I"()iiles, var. parva, novo sub-var. cirrhifera P. de Riencourt). Field 

near the sea, "West Rounton, E. Norfolk, E. WATKIN in Hb. Druce. 

909. ALCHEMILLA PUBESCENS Lam. In 1892 I sent many Alchemillas 

to M. Buser, of Geneva, for identification. These have been mislaid 

by M. Buser, so that I have never had them back. This year I called 

upon the veteran botanist, and found that he had lost his eyesight

24 PLANT NOTES, ETC., FOR 1926. 

heim, Forfarshire. It was suggested that it might be a hybrid of alpestris 

and 'Jninor. Bucknall and White thought it was alpestris, and Salmon 

did not think it was of hybrid origin. F. J aquet has recl3ntly identified 

it as coriacea Buser. It has the stem and petioles glabrous as contrasted 

with most members of this vulgaris group. The leaves are usually 

large, ,more or less undulated, with 7-9 lobes, the pubescence almost 

confined to the nerves on the under surface and to the leaf teeth. The 

flowers are fairly large, and the pedicels equal or are longer than the 

u1'ceole8. 

909. A. SALMONIANA F. Jaquet in Journ. Bot. 280, 1926. Found by 

C. E. SALlIiON on calcareous rocks at 600 metres in Cumberland. It belongs 

to the group Heteropoda'e, although it resembles the Splendentes 

inhabit and colour of the leaves which are of a dark bluish-green. The 

specific name is well deserved, since Mr Salmon has done such excellent 

work on this genus. 

932. RosA DUMETORUM Thuill., var. SAVERYI W.-Dod. Silverton, 

Devon, G. B. SAVERY. 

950. R. SPINOSISSIMA L., var. CIPHIANA [SibbaldJ mihi = R. 

CU'HIANA, etc., Sibbald, Scot. Illust., 46, 1684 = R. SPINOSISSIMA L., 

var. b, Sm. Fl. Brit. ii., 537, 1800. Sent by Miss Temperley from the 

side of the Coquet above Rothbury, Northumberland. There was only 

one patch, several feet across and one to two feet high, surrounded by 

other wild rose bushes in quite a wild spot. The foliage of this extraordinary 

plant is that of spinosissima, but the petals are overlapping and 

of a bright purplish-red colour. Colonel 'Volley-Dod says it is the best 

example of Sibbald's rose which he has seen, and that it is much darker 

than f. rosea, which is not darker than ordinary canina. Sibbald's Rose 

is figured (plate 2) in his Scotia, IlhLstrata of 1684, and on p. 46 he writes 

" Rosa Ciphiana, seu Pimpinellae foliis flore eleganter variegato. Catal. 

Horti Medici Edinburgensis. Rosam hanc, quod in Praedio meo Ciphiana 

spont€ nascitur, Ciphianum appellavi. Ea cum non occurrat apud 

ullum ex Scriptoribus Botanicis, quos mihi vide re contigit, digna visa 

est quae describatur." Having described the root, stem, and foliage, 

Sibbald goes on to say: -" Inter quae ex pediculo suo calyx propendet, 

quo aperto exerit se flos simplex tinctus rubedine varia, in quibusdan 

saturatiore, in aliis dilutiore, in omnibus virgulis albis pulchre distincta. 

Cui decidua succedit pomum coloris atro-rubentis rotundius et, minus 

Cynorrhodi vulgaris pornis, id lanugine quadam et seminibus oblongorotundis, 

et ex inferne parte magis compressis, et ex basi latiore, cordis 

effigie in conum definentibus repletum. Flos eximium odorem de se 

fundit, qua pollet tenuitate, penetrantem." Sibbaldalludes to the galls 

which infect leaves, and says: -" N ascitur in co11e quodam Praedii 

nostri Ciphiano Austro observo, declivi admodum cautibus squalido, nec 

alibi, quod sciam, conspicitur. Perennis est planta. In hortos translata 

tum floris variegationem, turn suaviasimum odorem conservat. Eam

PI,ANT NOTES, ETC., FOR 1926. 25 

Sapphicis Versibus suse descripsi et vires eius enarravi in Ode quadam, 

quae ad huius libri valcem habetur." Although indexed in Index Kewensis 

as of Sm. Fl. Brit. ii., 537, 1800, there is no valid publication of the 

name in that work as no binomial is used. Under R. spinosissima, the 

var. b has the synonym, " R. Ciphi.ana seu R. pimpinellae," etc., cited 

but there is no additional information. In Smith's English Flora ii., 

376, it is merely alluded to as var b. Ciphiana, he says, Sibbald gathered 

on his own estate in Scotland, and adds that the variegated rose is frequently 

cultivated in gardens. It is not referred to in the Flora Seotiea, 

nor by Syme in English Botany, and hitherto there seems no valid publication 

of its name. Strictly speaking, this Coquet Rose is not typical 

Ciphiana, which is a variegated, not a concolorous, Burnet rose. 

965. CRATAEGUS ARONIA Bosc. [2869]. Alien, Europe. On the 

border of an arable field above Leatherhead, Surrey, C. E. BRITTON. 

Allied to C. Aza1'olus L. 

1061. OENOTHERA BIENNIS L., OE. GRANDIFLORA Sol. and OE. LA 

MARCKIANA De Vries in England, by Bradley Moore Davis in Proe. of 

the American Phil. Soc. lxv., 349, 1926. The author has given valuable 

details of the plants mentioned. The distinguishing features of biennis 

and Lamarckiana are said to be:- 

OE. BIENNIS. 

MaturB Buds: 5.5-6 cm. long. 

Sepal Tips. 3-4 mm. long. 

Petals. 

Stigma. 

Stems. 

2-2.5 cm. long. 

About 3 mm. below the.. 

tips of the anthers. 

GrBen above, the papillae 

never red. 

OE. LAMARCKIANA. 

8-9 cm. long. 

6-8 mm. long. 

4-4.5 cm. long. 

5-7 mm. above the tips of the anthers. 

With large red papillae over the 

green portions of stem. 

He holds that Oe. biennis Smith Eng. Bot. and Smith Herb. is the same 

as that of the Sp. Plantarum. J. Shepherd collected it on sandhills a 

few miles north of Liverpool in .1805, the date when Sowerby drew his 

figure, which is not satisfactory, and which Dr Gates believes to represent 

Lamarc7ciana. A long list of localities of biennis is given. I am 

sorry I was away from Oxford when Dr Davis came so that my own collection 

was not seen by him. 

Regarding Oe. grandi·flora Sol. Davis holds that it has not established 

itself in Britain. He gives the contrasting features of it and 

Ln1/l.nrckiana as folows : - 

OE. GRANDIFLORA. 

Stems-Pubescent, green above, reddish 

below, papillae never red, over 


Leaves-Smaller, lanceolate, distinctly 

petioled, plane, with less pubescence. 

OE. LAMARCKIANA. 

Heavy pilose and puberulent pubescence, 

numerous red papillae over 


Larger, broader, short petioled or 

almost sessile, the larger crinkled, 

more evident pubescence.

PT, ANT NOTES, ET0., FOR 1926. 27 

1101. AJI.!MI MAJUS L., var. GLAUCIFOLIUM (h) Noul. Waste ground, 

Bristol, W. Gloster, C. & N. SANDWITH. 

1155. TORDYLIUM MAXIMUM L. Colonel Wolley-Dod writes that he 

heard that this plant was at Eton after his father took up residence there 

in 1850, and that it might possibly have continued to grow there for 

some years longer. 

1160. DAUCUS CAROTA L., lusus. [2338J A form with green corolla, 

having purple tips, Portland, Dorset, J. COOPER, ex G. C. BRoWN. 

253 (2). ARAT,IA [Tourn.] L. 

1171 (5). ARALIA RACEMOSA L. Alien, North America. Hortal. 

Newlands, Lanark, 1926, R. GRIERSON. 

1172. HEDERA HELIX L. It may be propagated by its leaves which 

develop roots. See Gard. Chron. i., 82, 1926, with a plate showing a 

leaf which had been buried for thirteen months producing roots. R. T. 

PEARL & W. M. ·WARE. 

1175. CORNUS MAs L. Alien, Europe. Hortal. Near Little Cheverell 

House, Devizes, Wilts. Several bushes In a hedge, but not near 

habitations, M. D. LUCE, ex Lady DAVY. 

1278 .. HELICHRYSUM BR,ACTEATUM Andrews Bot. Repos., under t. 

428. Willd. En. Hart. Berol. 869. Nicholson Gard. Dict., t. 201. Alien, 

Australia. Hortal. Giffnock, Renfrew, R. GRIERSON. 

1285. PULICARIA DYSENTERICA S. ]'. Gray, lusus ANGUSTIFOLIA. An 

extraordinary form gathered by Major ORME in a marshy cover at Burghfield 

by the lane from Sheffield Bottom to Burghfield Mill, Berks. One 

large plant growing with the ordinary form. The plant has narrow 

linear leaves, one-eighth of an inch broad by two inches long. At their 

base there is a growth of whitish hair. Its appearance suggested some 

injury from insects, but Mr Swainton tells me the peculiarity is not due 

to galls, therefore it is probably owing to some physiological cause. The 

plant is much branched, and has a very distinct appearance. G. C. 

DRUCE. 

1408 (30). SENECIO TANGUTICUS Maxim. Alien, China. Hortal. A 

well known tall, ornamental, yellow-flowered species found by the Cart, 

Newlands, Lanark, R. GRIERSON. 

1458. CENTAUREA GYMNOCARPA Moris. Alien, Ins. Capraja. Hortal. 

Garden escape. Sand of St Brelade's Bay, Jersey, L.ARsENE. 

Named by Mr FRASER. 

1468. C. ASPERA Willd., var. AURICULARIA DC. Quenvais, Jersey, 

J, W, WHITE, Det C. E. BRITTON, in Wats, B.E.C., 1924-5.

28 PLANT NOTES, ETC., FOR 1926. 

1491. PICRIS SPRENGERIANA Poir. Enc. v., 310. Alien, S. Europe, 

Medit. Fowl-run, Bristol, W. Gloster, C. & N. SANDWITH. 

1510 (2). HIERACIUM BAUHINII Bess. Alien, Europe. On an Hon 

railway bridge, Great Bedwyn, Wilts, C. P. HURST. 

1544. H. STENOTUM Dahlst. Modification. Glen Fiagh, Forfar, 

G. C. DRUCE. See Zahn 253, n. 19. One of the Oreades under extensum. 

Rev. J. Roffey refers it to argenteum-nitidum. 

1547. H. BASICRINUM Zahn. (H. SO:&-IMERFELTII, var. TACTUM LINTON). 

To this the Rev. J. Roffey refers a plant gathered on the path from the 

base of Topley Pike to Chelmerton, near the Churn Hole, Derbyshire, 

which Dahlstedt says is nearly allied to his H. plumuligerum. See Zahn 

234. 

1547. H. SOMMERFELTII Lindeb., var. SPLENDENS F. J. H. Clova, 

Forfar. I brought a root from Clova which Linton so named. It seeded 

freely, and has spread on to the adjacent walls. Specimens are distributed 

this year. It has now received three different names, the Rev. 

J. Roffey names DD794 H. T11,bicundiforme Zahn, T1tbiwndum of F. J. 

H., not of N. P. See Zahn 204, where it is grouped with the Cerinthoidea, 

while Sommerfeltii is put (l.e. 272) among the Oreades. Dahlstedt 

thought it was one of the silvatica allied to serrati/rons. 

1561. H. LEUCOGRAPTUM Dahlst. Plants which I gathered in Glen 

Fiagh, Clova, Forfar, in 1926 were said to be allied to this Rawkweed 

by Dahlstedt. Zahn places H. kalsoeense Dahlst. (Le. 188) under which 

it comes, in the Cerinthoidea. The Rev. J. Roffey refers the Clova plants 

to H. clo'Vense Linton. 

1568. R. EXOTERICUM Jord., forma MACRODON Zahn. Abergavenny, 

Monmouth. So named by Rev. J. Roffey. Dahlstedt says it is allied to 

H. Koehleri Dahlst. See Zahn 315. The Surrey pellucidum of Linton's 

set (n. 37) is identified with it by Zahn. Koehleri is put three species 

a;way from Jordan's plant in Zahn's Monograph. 

1568. R. LUCIDULUM Ley. The Lambridge plant [Oxon DD95] 

Dahlstedt says is allied to l1wlanolepis Almq., but differs especially in 

its narrower heads, with narrower and more acute phyllaries. Zahn 

puts it under pellucidum with which it was at one time identified. Another 

plant placed by Roffey under lucidul1Lm from railway-cutting near 

Symond's Yat Dahlstedt says is allied to lacerifolium Almq. See Zahn 

390, where it is placed among the Euvulgata-caesia = H. triangulare 

Zahn. It is quite unlike the Lambridge plant in facies. 

1570. H. INTEGRATUM Dahlst. Steeple Aston, Oxford. Plants 

" nearly related to this," teste DAHLS,TEDT. See Zahn 321, where it is 

placed near variicoZor.

PLANT NOTES, ETC., FOR 1926. 29 

1603. H. ORARIUM Lindb. New Brighton, Cheshire. See Zahn 467, 

but Dahlstedt thinks it is near H. polycomlLrn Dahlst., not of N.P., which 

Zahn (p. 901) puts in the true Hieracia as H. pol'ycarnatu1n Zahn. 

1604. H. SUBIMPRESSUM Dahlst., novo sp. Ab Hicr'acio irnpressa 

Non!., cui est valde similis, haec species praecipue foliis minus dentatis, 

subintegris nec noil pedicellis inter pilos dense-sat dense glandulosis 

pileique illvolucri dimidiate glandulosi longiorius densioribus est distincta. 

From H. irnpressl1,rn this species differs by the scarcely dentate 

leaves and the very numerous glandules on the pedicels and the involucra. 

H. impressurn is nearly destitute of glandules on the pedicels 

and heads. Glen Fiagh, Clova, Forfar, July 1926, G. C. DRUCE. H. 

'impresslLrn N orrlin is put by Zahn as a sub-species, n. 38, of H. subramasum 

Lonnroth. 

1614. H.' MEGOPODIUM Dahlst., nova sp. Caulis altus, 2-3 foliatus, 

inferne dense superlle sparsius pilosus, supra medium ± stellatus ramos 

fiorigeros saepe ex axillis fo1. summorum edens. Folia rosularia, longs 

petiolata, sub anthese partim emarcida, ovalia-obovata, sparsim breve 

et late dentata, caul in a 2-3 illferiora, longe petiolata, ± ovalia-ovataovalia, 

basi ± descendente truncata late et sparsim dentata superior a 

ad basin grossius dentata, obtusiuscula, folium summum breve petiolatum-sessile 

basi truncata grossius dentatum, omnia supra sat laete viridia, 

subtus pallidiora. Anthela longa paniculata, polycephala, ramis 

ramulisque acladium 10-15 mm. longum, longe-longissime superantibus, 

± stellatis sparsim superne et praesertim: in pedicellis densius glandu- 

'losa, sat pilosa. Involucrum parvum, basi ovata, ± atrovirens. H. 

Dalhstedt in lit. Ashdown Forest, Sussex, July 1926, G. C. DRUCE, with 

Countess BUXTON. Rev. J. Roffey speaks of it as "quite ordinary H. 

diaphanoides." Dr Zahn says it is a sub-species of diaphanoides, but it 

is different from the type. "Involucris obscuris basi tantum parco fioccosis; 

pedicellis parce vel dispersis breviter pilosis; squamis pilis paucis 

brevibus obscuris orbitis; glandulis minus numerosis brevibus ± obscuris, 

etc." The plant is undoubtedly identical with H. diaphanoides, var. 

apiwlaturn Linton Brit. Hierac. n. 70, but differs sufficiently to be a 

good sub-species (megapodiurn) of H. diaphanaides Lindb. Dr Zahn 

sent a head of the true diaphanoides from Thuringia and the distinctness 

of the two plants is obvious. On the principle of the permanence of 

the trivial this would stand as H. apicl.latum (Lint.) novo comb. G. C. 

DRUCE. 

1630. H. SCYTOPHYLLUM Omang. (See Rep. B.E.O. 997, 1925.) 

Named by Dahlstedt, from Yspytty Cynfyn, Cardigan, it is identified as 

scaniC1L1n by Roffey, for which Zahn 367 does not give Britain. H. scytophyllurn 

is described on p. 451, but no British locality is mentioned. 

1640. HYPOCHAERIS RADICATA L., lusus FASCIATA. Flower-head fasciated 

with three divisions. Poltescue, Cornwall, Miss TODD.

PLANT NOTES, ETO., FOR 1926. 31 

1645. T. HAMATIFRONS Dahlst. in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. 302, 1926. 

In its spotted leaves it has a resemblance to the Spectabilia, but its fruits 

remind us of Vulgaria to which group it probably belongs. In the form 

of its leaves and their lobes it is very like hamatum, but differs especially 

from it in its narrow recurved, not marginated, outer phyllaries. Clouster 

Brae, Stromness, Orkney, May 1925 [2902J, H. H. JOHNSTON. 

1645. T. LAETIFORJI,IE Dahlst. Erythrospermae. Sund dunes, Tenby, 

Pembroke, 1926, G. C. DRUCE. 

1645. T. LIMBATUM Dahlst. Erythrospermae. Lindm. Svensk Fl. 

575. Penally, Pembroke; Kenfig, Glamorgan; Weston-super-Mare, N. 

Somerset, G. C. DRUCE. Allied to this, teste DAHLSTEDT. 

1645. T. MACROLOBUM Dahlst. Byfieet, Surrey, G. C. DRUCE. 

1645. T. NAEVOSIFORME Dahlst., forma MEDIANS Dahlst. Frumland, 

Romsay, Orkney, 1925. [2919J, H. H. JOHNSTON. 

1645. T. NAEVOSUM Dahlst, forma CROCATUM Dahlst. South end, . 

Stronmess Town, Orkney, 1925 [2950J, H. H. JOHNSTON. 

1645. T. ORCADENSE Dahlst., n. sp. Vulgaria. Folia saturate viridia, 

subtus pallidiora, supra immaculata, ± lata, obovato-oblonga-oblonga, 

exterior a angustiora lingulato-lanceolata lobis brevibus deltoideis 

integris-dentieulatis praedita, interiora magis magisque lata lobis crebris 

superne latioribus deltoides-subhamatis in margine superiore ± 

eonvexo dentieulatis-integris, ± aeutis, lobo terminali plerumque magus 

-maximo ovato-sagittato integro v. inter dum ad basim ± dentato, 

breve acuto, mucronato, petiolis et nerve mediano ± violascentibus. 

Scapi plures, folia aequantes-superantes, glabri, ± colorati. Involucrum 

breve, crassum, atrovirens, basi ± ovato-truneata. Squamae exteriores 

± refiexo-patentes anguste ovato-Ianeeolatae in pag. exteriore 

atrovirides, in pag. interiore pallidiores et saepe ± violascentes, interiores 

e basi latiore ± lineares apice obtusiusculo ± coloratae. Calathium 

40-45 mm. dia. Ligulae luteae, margin ales extus stria brauneoviolacea 

ornatae. Antherae polliniferae. Stylus et stigmata fiavescentes. 

Grassy ditch at roadside, 150 feet above sea-level, Tiffyhall, Deerness, 

Mainland, 21st April 1922, and 12th May 1925; rocky crags on hillside, 

700 feet above sea-level, north-east side of Ward Hill, Hay, Orkney, 12th 

June 1921), H. H. JOHNSTON in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. 304-305, 1926. 

1645. T. PICEATUM Dahlst. Vulgaria. Lindm. l.c. 583. Sunningwell, 

Berks, G. C. DRUCE. Allied to this, teste DAHLSTEDT. 

1645. T. PRAESTANS Lindb. f. Spectabilia. Lindm. Svensk Fl. 

578. High Force, Durham; Bletchingdon, Oxon; Tenby, Penally, Pembroke, 

G. C. DRUOE.

pr,ANT NOTES, ETC., FOR 1926. 35 

[2093. PLANTAGO MONOSPERMA Pourr. See JOUT'lt. Bot. 15, 1926. 

This plant exists in the herbarium of that untrustworthy botanist, Mr 

W. Andrews, labelled P. argentea, Great Aran Isle, 1849. Search should 

be made as, until verified, the record cannot be accepted as evidence of 

its occurrence in the Irish Aran.] 

580 (2). TELANTIlERA It. Br. in Tuckey Congo 477, 1818. 

2116 (31). T. FICOIDEA Moq. AW;ERNANTHERA FICOlDEA R. Br. Alien. 

Tropical America. Avonmouth, VV. Gloster, C. & N. SANDWITH. 

2117. CHENOPODIUlII RUBRUM L., forma ANGUSTIFOI,IA Murr. in litt. 

Tiverton, Devon, Lt.-Col. G. WATTS. 

2123. C. OPULIFOLlUM x STRIATUM. Barry, Glamorgan, October 1926, 

with R. SMITH, R. MELVILLE, and Miss VACHELL. To Miss Vachell we 

dedicate the hybrid as C. Vachelliae. 

2124. C. ALBUM x ZeHAcKEI = C: SUBCUNEATUM 1Uurr. Colchester, 

Essex [2360], G. C. BRowN; Burton-on-Trent, Staffs, G. C. DRUCE. The 

latter has mucronate leaves. 

2124. C. ALBUM x FICIFOLIUM = C. ZAHNII Murr. Burton-on-Trent, 

Staffs, G. C. DRUCE and Sir R. UURTIS. 

2124. C. ALBUM X OPULIFOLIUM, var. MUCRONATUM 

NIANUM Murr. Barry, Glamorgan, G. C. DRUCE. 

C. PREISMAN- 

2143. ATRIPLEX LITTORALIS L., var. DENTATA Hornem. Newport, 

Monmouth, on waste ground, R. METNILLE. Det. A. ']'HELLUNG. A more 

slender plant than our var. serrata. 

2151. A. PALAESTINA Roiss. Alien, Syria, etc. To this probably 

belong flowerless plants from Galashiels, G. C. DRUCE & Miss L M. HAY 

WARD, and Splott, Glamorgan, G. C. DRUCE & R. L. SMITH. 

2177. POI,YGONUM HYDROPlPER L., var. DENSIFLORUlII Braun. Brox, 

Surrey, C. E. BRITTON in J 0111'n. Bot. 328, 1926. Distinguished from 

the type by its taller stem, many spreading branches, broad leaves, alld 

very compact green inclined spikes. Mr Britton has sent specimens to 

the Club. 

2188. P. PULCHELLU:M Lois. Alien, Medit. Burton-on-Trent, Staffs, 

G. C. DRUCE. Allied to a1'enarilwL and Bella1'di. Det. R. DANSER. 

22:52. URTICA URENS L., var. PARVIFOLlA "'Weddell in DC. Prod. xvi., 

pars i, 48 = U. PARVULA Blume. See Rouy & Fouc. Fl. Fr. xii., 274. 

Beriington, Lincoln, Rev. W. WRIGH'l' MASON. Leaf blades k in. long, 

± in. broad, deeply and acutely toothed, on leaf stalks ± in. long. An 

extremely pretty plant.

PLANT NOTES, ETC., FOR 1926. 

I hope you will tell him that he is mistaken (!) about its' polar origin'." 

For further notes on the species, as introduced to Great Britain, see 

Naturalist 1908, p. 10 and p. 373, and Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. 1908, p 311. 

A. BENNETT. 

2639. SETARIA VIRIDIS Beauv .. var. WEINMANNI (R. & S.) Dr. = 

PANICUM WEINMANNI Roem. & Schult. Syst. ii., 490, 1817 = S. PUR 

PURASCENS Opiz. Spikelets and bristles more or less purplish or violet. 

Ware, Herts, Miss TRoWER and G. C. DRUCE; Grimsbury, Northants; 

Abingdon, Berks, G. C. DRUCE. 

2666. ALOPECURUS GENICULATUS L., var. TUBEROSUS A. & G. Salt 

marsh by Colne, Wivenhoe, N. Essex, June 26,1926 [2343J, G. C. BRowN. 

The earlier trivial var. BULBOSUS (Sonder Fl. Hamb. 32, 1851) was rejected 

by AAeherson & Grapbner to avoid confusion. G. C. DRUCE. 

27:l7 (2). CYNOSURUS ELEGANS Desf. Alien, Medit. Splott, Glamorgan, 

1926, R. MELVII,LE and R. L. SMITH. 

2737. C. ECHINATUS L., var. PURPURASCENS Ten. Burton-on-Trent, 

Staffs, G. C. DRUCE· & Sir R. CURTIS. 

2748 (2). ERAGROSTIS BARRELIERI Daveau. Alien, Medit. Avonmouth, 

W. Gloster, C. & N. SAND WITH. 

2748 (3). E. PIWSA Beauv. Alien, Tropics. Avonmouth, W. 

Gloster, C. & N. SAND WITH ; Grays, Essex, R. MELvn,LE. 

2830. AGROPYRON REPENS Beauv., var. CAESIUM (Presl) Beck. See 

C. E. BRITTON in ,1071.rn. Rot. 328, 1926. Beck separates this from ordinary 

7·epens in having the leaf-sheaths hairy not glabrous. It is a strong 

glaucous forms which Ascherson and Graebner says remains constant in 

culture. This also exists as a form with clear green leaves (var. viride 

Marsson), which Mr Britton says occurs in Surrey as well as the var. 

caesi71,m. In the Flora of Oxfordshire (long printed off) caesium is included 

from Banbury, my No. 7116, and Binsey Lane, but a specimen 

from l\filverton, Warwick (H. Bromwich in Rep. B.E.C. 1887), which 

Hackel called A. repens, var. arvense Reichb., has a few scattered hairs 

on the leaf sheaths, but it is not caesian. Other plants show a series of 

hyaline dots, but the hairy sheathed plant is evidently rare. 

2844 (4). TRITICUM (AEGILOPS) BICORNE Jaub. & Spach. Alien. 

Bristol, Somerset, C. & N. SANDWITH. 

2876. EUPTERIS AQUILINA (L.) Newm., var. MULTIFIDA (Wollaston). 

Burnley, Lanes, C. R. RICHINGS, ex H. BRITTEN. 

2878 (2). BLECHJ).'1JM ALPINUM = LOMARIA ALPINA. Alien, Brazil. 

See Nicholson in Gard. Diet. iv., 293, t. 415. Growing freely in cracks 

of flags and on old walls, Dunmore, Donegal, F. R. BROWNING.

40 NOTF.S ON PUBLICATIONS, 1926. 

botanist to whom the discovery of a large number of plants, including 

Palms, is due. He travelled very widely, accompanying Wallich to Assam. 

His posthumous work on " The Palms of the British East Indies " 

was published in 1850. Professor Blatter, in his Introduction, gives a 

general description of Palms and their geographical distribution. The 

only European species is the Mediterranean Ohamaerops humilis. The 

family consists of about 130 genera. In British India and Ceylon about 

100 species are known, the most conspicuous being Phoenix sylvcstri.s. 

Borassus flabelliter, the Coco-nut, and the stately Talipot, Gorypha nm. 

/JTaC1llijera. A convenient list of allthors is given with the abbreviations 

of their names. Then follows a detailed description of the indigenous 

species beginning with' the Wild Date Palm, Phoenix sylvestris. 

The generic name was given not from" rising from the ashes" but from 

purple-coloured, an allusion to the colour of the fruit. Of this tree two 

whole page illustrations are given. From the sap of it a coarse sugar is 

obtained. R. zeylami('(J, the Ceylon Date Palm, was described by Trimen. 

The ordinary Date is l'hOMlix dactyli/M'a, and seedlings of this occur on 

rubbish heaps, especially near large towns in Britain, to which the vigilant 

watch of the Sanitary Inspector has condemned some unwholesome 

mnterial that has been exposed for sale. The excellent account given 

by De Candolle in his "Origin of Cultivated Plants" is quoted. A sap 

is obtained by cutting off the head of the tree. It contains sugar and 

mny be drunk as a beverage; but it speedily ferments. From this the 

spirit. Arrack, is obtained. The cause of date mark or Baghdad boils 

was for a long time attributed to the produce of the date, but it is now 

recognised to be due to mosquitoes which convey a small protozoon to 

mnnkind in their ven.omous bites. The Talipot Palm grows to 80 feet 

high and a magnificant sight is presented as one saw it near Kandy. 

There is a wonderful avenue of them at Peradeniya. In this garden too 

there is the striking Licu,ala gTa'ndis. Another remarkable illustration 

is that of the Palmyra Palm, Boras,ms flabellijer in Nor.thern Ceylon, 

the juice of which affords Toddy. A great deal of ginger beer there is 

made of Toddy. Jaggery Sugar is another product, as is Ceylon vinegar. 

The mesocarp, known as Palmyra pulp, is soft, mellow and luscious. 

Lengthy details of the preparation of these products are given. 

It may be added that the leaves are largely used for thatching or even 

as writing material. An excellent account of the Seychelle Island Palm 

is included as well as a photograph of it in fruit in its classic home on 

Praslin Island. Camoens mentions the Coco de la mer in his epic of 

the 16th century. The tree reaches a height of 100 feet. Raphia vinijera, 

as the name suggests, also yields a wine which is obtained by cutting 

off the terminal inflorescence when the -" wine" is procured in large 

quantities. The Sago Palm, It! etroxylon Sag1Ls, yields sago which is obtained 

by splitting the tree into logs from which the soft farinaceous 

mnterial, after proper elutriation, forms the well-known food substance. 

A tree of 15 years will yield from 600-800 pounds. Fifty-two species of 

Oalamus are described. Some of them afford the rattan of commerce. 

Oalyota urens also produces fibrous cords. It, too, yields a kind of Toddy.

NOTES ON PUBLICATIONS, 1926. 41 

The specific name is due to the irritating juice of the fruit. Arenga saccharifera 

is also another Toddy-yielding species, and it has many other 

important economic uses though the juice of its fruit is irritating. The 

magnificent avenue of Oreodoxa oleracea at Peradeniya is shown. The 

young tops, like those of many other species, are eaten as cabbage. In 

beauty oleracea is excelled by its congener, O. regia, a native of the West 

Indies. It is to be seen in its glory in the great avenues at Rio. The 

last species we can find room to allude to is Areca Oatechu from which 

the Betel Nut is obtained. Round it much Eastern literature centres. 

It is.a splendid tree up to 100 feet high, but its native home is uncertain. 

It is wild enough in the Attabadi Valley in Malabar at about 300 feet 

as Mr Fisher, who is cited here, told me. The Betel has been used as 

a masticatory since very remote times. The sliced seed is wrapped in a 

leaf of Piper Betel and a little lime is added. The inspissated extract 

forms the Catechu or Cutch of commerce, a very astringent substance 

full of tannin. The Oil Palm of Tropical Africa is not indigenous in 

India. The kernels yield a white fat much used in soap making. Space 

forbids an account of the Coco-nut, which needs a book to itself, except 

to point out that Cocoa-nut is a misspelling. The word Coco is derived 

from the likeness of the Nut to the head of a monkey cooo. Botanists 

must be grateful for the production of such a readable and accurate account 

of a family not less remarkable for its beauty than for its economic 

importance. The claims made on the wrapper are not. in the least exaggerated 

and in order that they may be put in a more permanent form, 

they are repri'hted here. "Many monographs have been written on particular 

groups of palms; this volume is the first comprehensive survey of the 

whole range of palms found in British India and Ceylon, including 

foreign species which are grown only under cultivation or for ornamental 

purposes. Indeed it is the great number of these introduced foreign 

palms, and of separate monographs dealing with them, that makes a 

survey of this type so necessary. The botanist will find the treatment of 

the subject scientific find exhaustive; but the needs of the amateur of· 

palms, of the economist, and even of the anthropologist have not been 

over-looked, and there are full notes on the gardening, the commercial 

products, and the folklore of palms. There are 106 full-page plates and 

numerous figures in the text; also a comprehensive bibliography and 

index." 

BOTANICAL ABSTRACTS. Vol. xv. Entries 1-5778. January-June 1926. 

Published by Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore. Editor-in-Chief, J. 

R. Schramm; Taxonomy Editor, J. M. Greenham. 

BOWER, F. 0., Sc.D., LL.D., F.R.S. THE FERNS (FILICALES). Vol. 

ii. THE EUSPORANGIATAE AND OTHER RELATIVELY PRIMITIVE FERNS. pp. 

844, figs. 811-580. Cambridge University Press, 1926; 30/-. Emeritus 

Professor Bower, with his well-known literary skill, quotes the suppliants 

of Euripides- 

" On a far-looking tower I stood to watch 

And three tribes I beheld, of war bands three."


These afforded an opportunity of seeing some of the most interesting 

plants of the district. Another, and a joint, excursion conducted by 

Dr Druce, was to Bagley 'Wood near Oxford. The botanical papers 

were chiefly on physiological Botany. Lord Clinton presided over the 

Sub-section, Forestry. There was a large audience when prof. J. W. 

Bews lectured on the Ecological Evolution of Angiospermous Woody 

Plants. The attendance at the Association was large and the address 

of the President, H.R.H. the Prince of 'Vales. which was given in the 

Sheldonian, was broadcasted through Britain 'as well as to the Town 

Hall and the Union Society's Hall. 

BRITTON, N. LORD. Studies of West Indian Plants. 21 undescribed 

species from Cuba, 11 from Trinidad, and 1 from Porto Rico are noted. 

Metastelrna Frcernani N.E.Br. is from Balandra Bay, Trinidad. 

BROWNE, Lady ISABEJ, M. P. Note on Oalamostachys tuberculata, in 

New Phyt. 24, 305, 1925. 

CALIFORNIA, UKIVERSITY OF. Publications. Vol. 13, Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10. 

In addition to those mentioned under the authors' names W. A. Setchel! 

gives a Biography of T. S. and Mary Katherine Brandegee, notes on 

JJ1ic1'odictyon, and very able phytogeographical notes on Tahiti. 

CAMBRIDGE. Delectus Seminum ex horto Cantabrigiensis Academlcae. 

pp. 15, December 1926. 

CAlIfPBELL, DOUGLAS HOUGHTON. AN OUTLINE OF PLANT GEOGRAPHY. 

pp. ix., 392. Macmillan & Co., London, 1926; 17/-. Even to those fortunate 

individuals who possess Drude's "Vegetation of the World" or 

'Warming's " Oecology of Plants" this delightful volume from the pen 

of an American professor will be warmly welcomed. It is most clearly 

printed and profusely illustrated, and is produced with the excellency 

characteristic of the well-known publishers. Naturally stress is laid 

upon the American areas, but the author really gives a most able and 

comprehensive survey of the vegetation of the world and of its history. 

He frankly states that our knowledge of the vegetation of the earliest 

geological periods is almost nil. What evolves is that the earth's olimate 

was formerly much more uniform than it is at present or how could magnolias, 

figs, walnuts and sequoias have been able to live in the latitude 

of Spitzbergen and Greenland as they did in the Eocene. This too was 

e'ninently true of the Carboniferous era when identical assemblies of 

plants were widespread over Western Europe, Central and Eastern 

Asia, South Africa, Eastern North America, and probably South 

America. Similar groups of floras were even more widely spread in 

Jurassic times and were known to range from Franz Josef Land, 82" N. 

to Graham Land. 63° S., the climate then being sub-tropical with heavy 

rainfalL But the reader is warned not to assume because tropical 

genera in a fossil state may be found, that a tropical or sub-tropical 

climate necessarily existed. He thinks we may assume that the an-


iug pot. There is a very useful introductary chapter with excellent hints 

on plant collecting, and a capiaus glossary of 22 pages. A description 

, of the new species and varieties, which number 131, is also included in a . 

separate chapter. The arrangement, of which we have already spaken, 

begins with the Filicales, of which 146 are included. 'fhere are 11 Gymnosperms, 

and 780 Angim;perms, a total of 937, of which 102 are alien. 

These are comprised in 224 gene.ra. Useful analytical keys to the groups 

and families are given. These occupy 16 pages. For the Ferns Engler's 

sequence in the" Syllabmi " is followed. 'We are glad to. see DryopteriB 

is used instead af Lastrea, &c. pte·ridiUln is emplayed but it has been 

recently shown that Newllmu's JiJltpteris is the more correot 'name. Then 

directly following the Equisetaceae comes Ranunculaceae of which only 

four Buttercups appear to grow in the area. ]}rou,efii is the only British 

one mentioned. Nasturt'i'tMI1 is used, and ill that has afficial sanction, 

but Radic'ula is unmistakably the older name. Gardeners still use Nasturtium 

for the T-ropaeolwlI, the latter a Linnean invention which early 

excited opposition. ,"Ve notice that there are 22 species of l'olygalu, not 

ano of them British. dUI'Ustellllll1l is kept up. 'fhe family name Ficoidaceae, 

following N. E. Brawn, is used. Others prefer Aizoaceae. It seems 

extraordinary to find Polygouaceae following so closely in the wake. One 

is tempted to ask what is to/li entostun ,"Villd. P Jt is satisfaotory to find 

that the correct dates for Rumex conglomera,tt!s 1770 and glomeratus 1771 

are given. They were misquoted in "The Cambridge British Flora." 

The Index is to the Families only. Parts H. and Ill. (to be issued) will 

complete the Dicatyledons, and Part IV. the Monocotyledans. The latter 

will have a general index to the faur parts. We anxiously await the 

completion of this important contribution to the flora of the TransvaaL 

and we are sure that it will be warmly welcomed by South African botanists. 

Its merits will saon be recognised by a much wider circle, and we 

trust it will sell in sufficient numben; to. avoid a serious pecuniary loss 

falling upon its industrious author. 

DEVONSHIRE. Seventeenth Botany Report, by Miss C. E. Larter. 

Trans. Dev. Ass., Vol. lvii., 75-89, 1925. Includes Geranium nodosum 

and Fragaria rnoschata fram E. Buckland, several varieties of Rosa 

s!Jstyla and ather interesting forms including a nov. var. of R. dumetorum 

= var. Sa'ueryi Wolley-Dod. Ping'uicula 'vulgaris appeared at 

Ilsington in 1925. It is greatly to be hoped that same one will be found 

who will complete a flora of this large and interesting county. 

DRUCE, G. CLARIDGE. THE FLORA OF BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. pp. cxxviii., 

437. T. Buncle & Co., Arbroath, 1926; 25/-. The reviewer's task is by no 

means an enviable one, in any case. If he avoids the Charybdis of 

fulsome flattery on the one hand, he may be wrecked an the ScylIa of 

hyper-criticism on the other hand, and vice versa. In the present instance, 

hawever, he fears that even should he steer clear of both these 

dangers, he may yet listen to the" call of the wild," deviate from his 

intended course af reviewing a book, and run aground in attempting to


ing. Sir W. Lawrence, Bart., discusses Virtuosity in Vegetables, and 

a wide range is described. A schoolboy's illusion is shattered when we 

are told that Sir Walter Raleigh, who was believed to have introduced 

the potato, never visited Virginia. That country did not even grow the 

potato in the 16th century. Some little-known vegetables are descantecl 

on by Mr E. Beckett. They include, among many others, Aralia cordata 

(when blanched the stems are said to have a delicate piny :flavour), 

Stachys hl,berifera or Sieboldii, the Aubergine, Bamboo Tips, Celeriac, 

the bulbous root Chervil, edible HibisC1M and Oxalis tuberosa. Genetics 

of the ""Visley Blue Primrose by B. Buxton, and New Zealand Veronicas 

by H. W. Lawton are other readable articles. We are glad to see that 

Miss C. G. Trowel' has for the third time received the Grenfell Medal for 

her beautiful paintings of British plants. 

HUME, HAROLD. THE CULTIVATION OF CITRUS FRUITS. pp. xx., 561, 

tt. 237, 1926. Macmillan & Co., Ltd., London; 21/-. This volume 

IS one of the eminently valuable Rural Science Series which 

is edited by the great American authority on Horticulture, 

Dr L. H. Bailey. No one more qualified for the task of treating of Oitnts 

culture than Mr Hume, the author of a similar work published in 1904, 

could be found as his long and varied experience are of the utmost value. 

As he says, the last twenty years have seen the industry standardised 

in every department. Oitrus culture has become a great specialised commercial 

industry and holdings of hundreds of thousands of acres are 

common. Gone are the numerous varieties that macle up the plantinglists 

of that period; in their stead a brief list of fruits remains, sufficient 

to cover the harvest season. Gone are the individually operated and 

crudely equipped packing houses. They have been replaced by community 

packing-plants in which fruits are handled in large quantities. This has 

made for greater uniformity in the product marketed and better retUrns 

to the grower. There is no fruit industry in which a husbandman 

may engage that calls for greater special technical knowledge if success 

is to be assured. And so this volume has been prepared to replace the 

older one issued in 1904. Nature has ordained that OitnLs culture in the 

British Isles is negligible, but to our colonies and dependencies the subject 

has a great commercial interest. ""Ve, in these islands, as simply 

consumers, should, however, have some knowledge of the sources of supply 

and of the varieties of Oitrus which come in. For instance, the recent 

use and growing popularity of Grape Fruit or the Dutch Pomelo, 

the name used by the United States Department of Agriculture, owes its 

English popular nrtme from the fruit not being borne singly but in 

grape-like clusters of from three or four to eighteen. The botanical name 

used by Mr Hume is C1.tnl,s paradisi Macf., a native probably of South 

Eastern China, though it may have originated as a seedling-sport in·the 

West Indies. The Grape Fruit is allied to the Shaddock or 

Pummelo. The Pummelo, which is yielded by Oitrus maxima Merrill 

(the O. dec"1L7l1ana of some authors), is a native of Malay and Polynesia. 

In the United States the popularity of the Grape Fruit is alsQ of recent

60 NOTES ON PUBLICATIONS, 1926. 

origin: indeed it is only since 1885 that it has become a commercial 

fruit. About the beginning of the last century Don Phillipe, a Spanish 

nobleman, settled in Florida and planted some Grape Fruits. One of 

these is still living, and a photograph of it and one of its seedlings in 

the Davy Grove, Pinellas County, Florida, is given. It has a branchspread 

of more than 60 feet. Cuba and California also supply Grape 

Fruit. A hybrid with the Tangerine (Tangelos) has been produced, and 

there are many varieties of which good figures are supplied. The book 

has thirty-one chapters and 237 figures. The History of the Citrus is 

given. China or Cochin China is the natural home of the Orange, whence 

it reached India, Japan, Europe, Africa, America, and Australia. America, 

till recent times, depended upon Italy for its Lemons. The Citrus 

crops of California alone afforded in 1923-24 the enormous quantity of 

24,292,800 boxes, of which 6,100,000 boxes were Lemons, Florida coming 

in a good second with its 20,399,614 cases, but it is stated that the prices 

realised did not, in many instances, cover the cost of production. With 

a tree of such a long history of cultivation as the Orange, the wild stock 

of which, like that of the Barley, has never been discovered, there is an 

immense variation. More recently the Linnean genus, Citrus, has been 

split into three (1) the true Citrus, with one leaflet and an eight-celled 

ovary; (2) Fortunella, with a 3-6 celled ovary, which includes the Kumqual 

brought to England by Fortune in 1846, and (3) the prickly orange, 

Po nci1" us, a genus first separated by Rafinesque, which has three 

deciduous leaflets, the Citrus trifoliata of Linnaeus-P. triJoliata 

Raf., also a native of China. The King Orange' is Citrus 

nobilis Lour., and of this the well-known Tangerine is variety deliciosa. 

The Seville sour orange or Bijarradi is C. Aurantium. An excellent 

and exhaustive account of the numerous commercial varieties is 

given. The Citrons (C. medica) are also fully treated of as well as the 

Limes (C. aurantifolia). The methods of Breeding New Varieties receive 

due attention. Other chapters deal with Judging, Propagation of 

Citrusctree Stocks, Soils for CitT'lLS groves, Location of Citrus groves, 

Preparation for Planting and Cultivation of Citr:Us groves and their 

Cover Crops (which include Desmodium torhw.mm and Stizolobiurn, 

species of Crotalaria and Vigna sinensis), Fertilisers, Irrigation of Citrus 

groves, :i;>runing, Packing and Handling, Injurious Insects and Diseases 

and their Treatment complete a handbook that is a vade mecum of information 

and an absolutely necessary work to anyone who wishes to 

cultivate the Apples of the Hesperides. As is the custom of the great 

firm of publishers who have produced this work, it is eminently attractive 

in its type, illustrations and arrangement. 

HUTOHINSON, J., F.L.S. THE FAMILIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS. 1. 

Dicotyledons. Arranged according to a new system based on their probable 

Phylogeny. Illustrations by W. E. Trevithick and the Author. 

pp. viii., 328, 1926. Macmillan & Co., London; 20/-. This very able 

contribution to Systematic Botany is appropriately dedicated to the 

memory of the authors of the" Genera Plantarum," George Bentham


and J oseph Dalton Hooker, the dedication being framed with beautifully 

. drawn flowers of some of the more important Natural Families divided 

into the two groups-herbaceous and arborescent. The Foreword is 

written by the Director of Kew, Dr A. W. Hill, who says the author "has 

returned wisely, as I think, to the position adopted by the authors of 

the 'Genera Plantarum ' 'since he regards the Ranales on the one hand 

and the Magnoliales on the other as starting points of his phylogenetic 

arrangement." The author, in his very useful preface, regrets that the 

classical" Genera Plantarum " of Bentham and Hooker has never been 

made available to English readers in a popular form. The general 

sequence, however, appeared in a translation from the French work of 

Le Maout & Decaisne, edited by Hooker, now long out of print. Had 

these distinguished authors seen fit to issue an English translation, illustrated 

by the gifted botanical artist, WaIter Fitch, it is probable that 

that work would have held the field. As it is, it has largely been superseded 

by "Die N attirliche Pflanzenfamilien" of Engler and Prantl, 

lJubliohed in German and copiously illustrated. Hutchinson gives a brief 

account of the systems of Olassification-dwelling especially on those 

just mentioned and on the general principles adopted for the classification 

of Flowering Plants. In tabular form the summaries are ably shown 

and the fundamental differences between the systems of Bentham and 

Hooker, of Engler and Prantl, and of his own are clearly contrasted. 

A very useful Key to the Families of Dicotyledons is appended. A Key 

to the " Genera Plantarum " was made by F. Thonner in 1895, but it 

has been long out of print. This one is entirely independent of that, 

and is made on somewhat different lines. By its aid and the use of an 

ordinary pocket lens it will not be impossible for an intelligent person 

with only a slight knowledge of botany to allocate to their families most 

of the plants he may meet with. Hutchinson commences with the Magnoliales. 

The diagnoses of the Families are clear and precise and are 

beautifully illustrated by himself and Trevithick. Maps of the distribution 

are also supplied. Following this group come the Ranales, which 

'include Oeratophyllaceae, followed by Nympheaceae and Berberidaceae. 

Then, preceding the Poppies, which is the English order, come the Aristolochiaceae 

(one is only alluding to the British Families). We may 

add that the Labiatae Family, No. 264, is the last family to be dealt 

with, Salicaceae being 217. This arrangement, while showing wide discrepancies 

from either Bentham and Hooker or Engler and Prantl, has 

a much closer tendency towards the former. This highly technical and 

important work deserves very careful criticism and attention from high 

authority. Dr Parkin, therefore, has been induced to give his views in a 

separate article which will be found in this Report. It only remains to 

be said how excellently the publishers have produced this highly original 

work. Botanists throughout the world should be very grateful for having 

it supplied in so compact and agreeable a form at a reasonable price. 

The author will receive not only criticism, which he invites, but, we hope, 

due recognition for his clever, laborious and original research.

" 

NOTES ON PUBLICATIONS, 1926. 

fort, to whom Linnaeus gave Booerhaave's letter of introduction, 

which says "Linnaeus, who· brings you this letter, is particularly 

worthy of seeing you and of being seen by you. He who sees 

Y0U together will look upon a pair of men whose like can hardly be 

found in the world." He visited Miller at the Chelsea Garden, but the 

question of nomenclature-then as nOW-WHS a ticklish subject and Linneaus's 

improving on the Tournefortian names did not suit Miller. His 

well-known visit to Oxford is described and how he conquered the aversion 

which Dillenius at first felt for the young botanist, who was going 

to bring confusion into the science, and how reluctant he was to part 

with him, offering, indeed, to share his stipend if he would stay. He also 

gave him a copy of the" Hortus Elt.hamensis," which had cost him so 

much time and money, and also his third edition of Ray's" Synopsis." 

JOHNSON, \V. H. COTTON AND ITS PRODUCTION. With an introduction 

by Sir Wyndham Dunstan and a foreword by Sir W. Himbury. 

pp. 536, and 26 maps. Macmillan & Co., London, 1926; 30/-. It will 

be remembered that Dr Goulding's " Cotton and Vegetable Fibres, their 

Production and Utilisation," was reviewed in our Report 75, 1917, and 

George Bigwood's " Cotton" in the Report 586, 1919. Now we have 

this highly important work, worthy of the great industry it is concerned 

with, produced in the thorough manner we expect of its author and 

the publishers. Sir VV. Dunst.an points out that our own Empire's contribution 

to the supply of Cotton is less than 10 % of a total of which 

the United States afford 75 %; of which 60 % is used in manufactures 

in their own country and that this ratio is increasing although the 

growth of cotton there is not likely to be much further expanded. Therefore, 

he thinks, every effort should be made to increase the production 

of it within our Empire. There is great opportunity in India and the 

Sudan. Towards stimulating the industry the British Cotton Growing 

Association has, for nearly a quarter of a century, done much to augment 

Empire Production. In 1912 the approximate estimate of Cotton 

grown in new fields in the Empire amounted to .71,490 bales; in 1921 it 

had increased to 165,200, and in 1924 to 261,900 bales. Large grants 

were made to East and West Africa and, despite the barren years of the 

Great War, the increase has grown from 1900 bales in 1903 to 261,900 

bales in 1924. The author's experiences of 20 years, not only in Africa 

but in wide travel, are drawn upon to produce this monumental work. 

The first chapter is headed Historical. Cotton was known in India in 

800 RC., and Theophrastus (350 RC.) describes it. The name is derived 

from the Arabic Kutn, Katan, or Kutun, but it is extraordinary that 

up to the Eighteenth Century the western world was almost ignorant of 

its existence. It came into England in 1298 when it was used for lampwicks. 

In 1772 Arkwright and Strutt successfully made goods with cotton 

warp. Five times more cotton than wool are now used in making 

clothing. In Britain three million people are entirely dependent on 

cotton for their means of livelihood, and ten million are affected by it. 

Its history forms most attractive reading. The second chapter-Botani-

NOTES ON PUBLWATIONS, 1926. 67 

JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY. Edited by A. G. Tansley, M.A., F.R.S. Cambridge 

University Press; 45/- post free. Includes, among other papers, 

" Studies on the Ecology of the English Heaths," V. S. Summerhayes 

and P. H. "\Villiams, p. 203; " Vegetation of the English Chalk, Sussex 

Downs," A. G. Tansley and R. S. Adamson, p. 10; "A Soil Survey of 

Hindhead Common," F. M. Haines, p. 33; "Soil-sourness and Soil 

Acidity," W. H. Pearsall, p. 188; "Salt Marsh Vegetation of Little 

Island, Co. Cork," R. H. M'Crea, p. 317; "Yew Communities of the 

South Downs," A. S. 'Watt, p. 282. 

KEEBLE, Sir FR};IJERICK, Professor of Botany in the University of 

Oxford. LIFE OF PLANTS. pp. viii., 256. The Oxford University Press, 

1926; 5/-. Clarendon Science Series. Gen. Editors, J ulian Huxley 

and D. L. Hammick. This charming volume comes to me with pleasure 

mixed with pain for the year which saw its birth also witnessed the 

severence of the official connection, as' Sherardiall Professor, of Sir 

Frederick Keeble with the Oxford Botanic Garden where it was prepared. 

One may take this opportunity of acknowledging the unvarying 

kindness and courtesy that I met with at his hands since his election to 

that chair. The book has been widely reviewed, and there is an unbroken 

consensus of opinion regarding the delightfully skilful manner and the 

great literary style which it evidences. The Introductory is a splendid 

example of a vivid and telse i\ecount of the part which plants play in 

the world and in exquisitely chosen language the author says-" The 

sun shone in far-off times on the leaves of prehistoric green plants which 

grew, it may be by estuarine 1,,'aters. Of the radiant energy which fell 

on a leaf, some was absorbed by the green tissues and served for the 

manufacture of sugars. Much of the sugar was cons,tllned by the plant 

in the course of its life, but some, undergoing relatively little chemical 

change. became part of the woody skeleton. Presently the tree died and 

fell into muddy ooze. Before decay could complete i.ts work of destruction 

the plant was embalmed and carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, united 

originally by the sun's energy and the plant's activity, remained united 

still, though as time wcnt on some of the hydrogen and oxygen was lost, 

and the plant remains became more and more carbonised. Therein the 

energy derived from the sun remained dormant until in the furnace of 

the steam-engine the coal unites with oxygen, reforms water and carbon 

dioxide, and liberates the long-stored energy: and so in the singing 

of the escaping steam there is an ee-ho of the incidence of a ray 

of sunlight 011 a green leaf ages before the beginning of recorded time." 

T n this graphic manner facts are told which impress the memory and, 

instead of a dry skeleton of bare detail, a life-like image is presented. 

The student is led on to consider the Vegetable Kingdom and its members. 

Fungi and Bacteria, the wheat grain, its composition and its germination. 

and what the wheat harvests mean. These cover some 400,000 

square miles, about three times the area of the British Isles. Much as 

we decry British agriculture it is gratifying to find that we rival Germany 

in .our standard of cultivation, and are only, and there only in 

l


Jackson to the Society. The President's Address was given by Di· A. B. 

Rendle. It included obituary notices of Professor Bateson, Francis 

Darwin, Dr Henry Drinkwater, J. C. Gamble, Prof. George Henslow. 

W. P. Hiern, J. H. Maiden, Jean Massart, Sir Wm. Schlich and G. 

Schweinfurth. June 10. 1. H. BUl'kill gave a lecture on the Vegetation 

found by him on lava surfaces of various ages in the crater of Kil 

:mea, Hawaii. T. A. Sprague, "The Taxonomic Position of the Adoxaceae." 

He placE'S them in Rosales beside Saxi·fraga and nearest ChTYW 

SplP.'lIi.lw1. S. J. Mukerj(lectnred on t.he Aquatic and Marsh Vegetation 

of the Dal Lake, Kashmir. 

LUTz, D1' FUANK. Nat. R,esearch Council, H.S.A. Dr Lutz has done 

much statistioal work on the oolours of flowers in particular regions. 

Ont of some 4000 North Amerioan flowers 31 i; were set down as green, 

24 % white, 20 % yellow, 11 % purple, 8 j; blue, and 6 % red. Deducting 

anemophilous species the percentages remained much the samE' but green 

fell from 31 % to 8 i; . To our eyes there are fewer red than of any other 

colour, but spectroscopicalJy not 8 but 80 % of conspicuous flowers are 

strongly red. Not oniy blue, hut very many, if not most, yellow flowers 

are as red as red flowers. The reason why they seem white or yellow to 

us instead of red, is that they reflect other colours which overpower the 

red. About 50 % of conspicuous flowers are strongly blue. From observations 

on about 100 flowers, Dr IJlltz came to the conclusion that most 

of the yellow, many red and blue flowers are strongly ultra-violet, but 

that few or no white flowers are so. Tn a]] some 30 % of conspicuons 

flowers are strongly ultra-violet. As regards the results of his experiments 

regarding the visits of insects being induced by colour he thinks 

the case weighs against the generally accepted theory that the colours of 

flowers have been developed by natural selection in relation to the visits 

of insects. Insects, he says, as a class are noted for poor vision, but for 

a high development of the sense of smell. Ho is far from asserting that 

his results are final. 

MACSELF, A. J. Pr,ANTs FROll1 SEED. pp. 239, with 4 coloured, 8 

half-tone, and 12 text figures. Thornton, Butterworth, Ltd., London, 

19'26. This is one of the excellent series of " Home Garden Books " of 

which Mr Macself, a well-known practical gardener, has already issued 

seven volumes. In this, the eighth of the series, the author urges the 

use of seeds wherever possible for the propagation of plants in preference 

to any other method as seedlings are almost invariably more robust 

than young plants which are obtained by other means. If this advice 

be followed a well-stocked garden may be obtained at the least possible 

outlay, and there is the added charm of being able to watch over the' 

young plant from its earliest appearance. Miss Winifred Walker hus 

done much to add to the attractiveness of the volume by her charming 

illustrations. The author divides his plants into three groups-Hardy, 

Half-hardy, ano Tender. The second cluss cover those which cannot 

withstand the rigours of a British winter, and the third class are uu-

,,' 


The frontispiece is a photograph of Bodiam Castle, recently left to the 

Trust by the Marquis of Curzon. Additions during the year to properties 

already acquired include Thurstaston Heath, Irby Hill, Boxhill, Wicken 

Fen, Colley Hill, Hydons Hill and Westbury College. The new acquisitions 

are Ashridge, Ivinghoe Beacon, and portions of Ashridge Park 

and Berkhampstead Common. It is sincerely to be hoped that lvinghoe 

Beacon will not suffer the fate of Burnham Beeches. Others acquired are 

Bodiam and Tattersall Castles; Manor House, Princes Risborough; and 

Borthwood Copse, Isle of. Wight. It may be said that the Ashridge 

area was obtained by subscriptions amounting to over £45,000 through 

the generosity of Mr and Mrs Charles Rothschiltl and her family and 

at the wish of her late husband. The King's Head Inn, Aylesbury and 

the Manor House, Princes Risborough, were transferred to the National 

Trust. A map of England is supplied showing the positions of properties 

vested in the Trust. 

NATURE. Macmillan & Co., St Martin Street, I,ondon. Yearly subscription 

in Britain, £2 12/-. 

NATURE RESERVES, SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION OF. Handbook 1926. 

President, the Viscount Ullswater, G.C.B. After a detailed report of 

the properties under their charge, a Wild Flower Poster was adopted, 

and a circular letter sent to County Councils throughout Great Britain. 

The Poster runs as follows:- 

WILD FLOWERS. 

Save the Flowers by picking sparingly. If picked the flowers last 

but a little while, and unless a sufficient number of them is left to seed, 

the flowers will disappear. 

The beauty of the countryside would be sadly marred were no flowers 

to blossom on the banks or ill the woods. 

Do not UPROOT PLANTS or BREAK TREES or SHRUBS. 

Plants and trees as Nature placed them are a delight to the eye; 

let all who pass by enjoy them. 

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, JOURNAL OF. The 

December number contains an account of the Jubilee meeting which 

was held on October 21, 1926. The President, Earl Spencer, was in the 

chair at the Dinner and proposed the toast of the Society in an excellent 

speech which was replied to by Dr G. Claridge Druce, who was one 

of its founders in 1876. The toast of the President was proposed by the 

Hon. Sec., Mr H. N. Dixon. Lord Spencer then left, and Dr Druce took 

the chair. On behalf of the members he presented the Editor of the 

Journal, Mr Beeby-Thompson, with pieces of plate and a dinner service, 

and Mr H. N. Dixon with two oil paintings and books in recognition of 

their many years of work for the Society. A brilliant conversazione 

followed. In connection with the Jubilee an interesting exhibition in 

the Museum was also arranged.


Mechanism, and Relation to other Plant Activities are all treated with 

great ability and with that caution which marks the scientific mind. 

The Professor of Botany of the University of Reading has produced a 

work which will be of real service to the students, while its comprehensive 

bibliography of 870 references will ensure its finding a place on the 

shelves of most botanists. Messrs Longmans, Green & Co. have produced 

this book in a very attractive guise. 

SUTTON, MARTIN H. F., in collaboration with D. J. COLUMBUS JONES. 

Red Clover and the Possibilities of Improved Strains by Breeding. Bulletin 

n. 14, pp. 32, 1926; 2/6. The authors remind us that in England 

and Wales' the area under Grasses and Clovers reaches the high figure 

of 17,493,000 acres, so that there is a high incentive to produce such 

strains as will give a heavier yield. From the details given, it seems 

that the "Cornish Mad" and "Yellow-seeded" have a higher ratio 

of true protein than the " Wild Red" which may explain its supposed 

less nutritive value. Diagrams are given showing the structure of a 

red clover flower and very excellent details respecting its pollination are 

supplied. The pollen is said to be very susceptible to moisture so that 

a wet season is inimical to a large yield. 

SUTTON & Co. Plant Breeding and Research in Grasses and 

Clovers. pp. 32, 1926. This gives the Principles and Methods for the 

Improvement of Grasses and Clovers. Of the latter one of the most 

practical results of the plant-breeder's work has been the discovery that 

the seeds of many clovers produced in this and other countries exhibit a 

remarkable degree of variation. The English "Red" and Sutton's 

" Yellow-seeded" have both proved very valuable. Among the lateflowering 

Red Clovers are " English Single-cut," "Montgomeryshire" 

and" Cornish Mar!''' Efforts are being made to separate and isolate 

the more valuable types of the Wild Red Clover which is the earliest 

to flower. T. fragifertblH is proving very valuable not only in England 

but in New Zealand, especialJy in wet swamps and tidal regions, also 

in parts of Australia. The Creeping Fescue (Festuca arenaria) is said 

to be more creeping and denser in habit of growth than several of the 

other varieties. 

SUTTON & SONS. THE CULTURE OF YEGETABLES AND FLOWERS FROM 

SEEDS AND ROOTS. Seventeenth Edition. pp. 462. Simpkin, Marshall, 

Hamilton, Kent & Co., London, 1926; 7/6. The contents include chapters 

on The Culture of Vegetables, A Year's Work in the Vegetable 

Garden, The Rotation of Crops in the Vegetable Garden, The Chemistry 

of Garden Crops. Artificial Manures and their Application to Garden 

Crops, The Culture of Flowers from Seeds, The Culture of Flowering 

Bulbs, Flowers all the Year Round, The Pests of Garden Plants, and 

The Fungus Pests of certain Garden Plants and of certain Flowers. 

The book is written in a wholly optimistic manner on the advances in 

horticulture during the last half century and few, if any, firms have 

I 

I 

/1 

/


helped forward this progress more than the celebrated Reading seedsmen. 

Therefore any suggestions made in this book will, we know, be 

good since they aro the outcome of educated experience. The treatment 

of the Globe Artichoke, Asparagus, Jerusalem Artichoke, the 

Broa.! Bean (said to be one of our most profitable garden crops), the 

Beet (which is most highly commended), Broccoli and Cabbages of that 

ilk, Celery, including the Turnip-rooted Celery or Celeriac with its root 

knob, sometimes five pounds in weight, Chicory, Cucumber, Herbs, 

Melon, Mushrooms, Onions, Garden Peas, Potatoes, Sea Kale, Spinach, 

Strawberry, Tomato, Turnip and Vegetable Marrow are among others 

which are dealt with in a masterly manner. Advice is given on the use 

of Artificial Manures. A list of plants most fitted to be propagated by 

seed is included. In fact, there is hardly a garden problem which is 

not satisfactorily answered in these pages. That it has reached its 

seventeenth edition is a proof not only of its value but of how much that 

value is recognised. 

TRELI,UNG, Prof. ALBERT. UlIfBELLIFERAE. In Illustrierte Flora von 

Mitteleuropa. Edited by Dr Gustav von Hegi. pp. 926-1537. Band 

v (2). In this copiously illustrated and well printed Monograph our 

honorary member has most capably treated of an important Family. We 

are glad to see that the generic limitations are closely akin to those 

adopted in our List and that they have practically identical species. The 

generic sequence, too, is fairly approximate. The main differences are 

that the" nomina conservanda," rather than the oldest names, are used 

-Trinia 1819, not ApineZla Necker of 1790; Falcaria 1800, vice Prionitis 

1763; Bifora 1816, rather than Ani.drum 1790, and that the following 

., genera have different limitations in Engler and Prantl-authors in the 

main followed by Dr Thellung from those of Bentham and Hooker, the 

latter authors combining Pastinaca and Anethum with Peucedanum, 

Torilis with Oaucalis, and Orlaya with Daucus, while Petroselinum, 

Buni'um and OanL1n are retained as distinct genera by Dr Thellung instead 

of being combined under Oarum. There is much to be said for 

either method. Anyone who is acquainted with Dr Thellung's meticulous 

care and intimate knowledge of the plants he treats of would expect 

that a first-class piece of work would be produced, and one can at once 

say that the results are eminently satisfactory. There is a wealth of information 

given about each species. The text figures and the reproduced 

photographs of plants in sit1L are alike excellent. Take, for instance, 

that of Torilis arvensis (measuring 4 in. x 21 in.) where a lifelike 

figure of the plant is given with details of the flower, fruit, and its 

section. That of Ohl1erophyzz.um aureum is equally satisfactory. Of 

Sanic1Lla a photographic reproduction (3:l; in. X 2:l; in.) excellently characterises 

the plant. The geographical distribution is most comprehensive 

and is often illustrated in a map showing the area of the plant's occurrence. 

Mr Sprague has pointed out that Oerefolium rather than Ohaerofoli.um 

should be used-it precedes r1nthriscus of Per soon. Fabricius in 

1789 also employed it, and it was used in Iny Berkshire Flora. (Dr

84 NO·TES ON PUBLiCATIONS, 1926. 

'l'hirty-seven plants of the genus Berberis were introduced for pathological 

purposes. The root' of Master Wort, Pe'u,ceclanum Ost'l"'lkthium, is 

said to be used to flavour some of the Swiss Cheese, and Bumex alpinus 

is eaten like spinach-let us hope not by gouty patients. The Farmers' 

Bulletin, No. 1496, treats of the Inoculation of Legumes and non 

Legumes with Nitrogen-fixing and other Bacteria. Figures of the Alfalfa 

and Soya Bean Nodules, among others, are given. A luminous 

engraving of a field of Vetch, one half inoculated with bacteria, the 

other not inoculated shows an extraordinary difference. No. 1468 treats 

of Muskmelons. In the U.S. 82.000 acres are devoted annually to their 

growth and the produce is about :32,000 standard freight cars = 11,000,000 

crates, California and Colorado being the chief sources of supply. .A 

large number of varieties are grown and are well figured. The diseases 

and insects which attack them are mentioned and remedies suggested. 

Nos. 1481 and 1482 deal with Roadside Tree-planting in which the best 

trees for certain localities are suggested and illustrations given. The 

85 pages give a mass of most useful information. 'Would that a similar 

brochure might be published for Great Britain where our highroads will 

soon be like the permanent way of a railroad! 

VOIGT, ALBAN. Additions to the Flora of Tessin. Viert. Nat. Zurich 

71, 1926. 

WALES, NATIONAL MUSEUM OF. A Pamphlet issued in 1926 describes 

some of its contents and its aims and needs. One has nothing but 

praise for the energy and ability with which this Museum is being 

planned and propelled. Finely situated and of a novel and pleasing 

exterior, the interior is being gradually filled with objects of great interest 

and value. The Department of Botany is a live-wire, and under 

its able management is becoming of great value. The Herbarium of the 

late Mr J. A. Wheldon has recently been acquired (10,000 sheets); there 

are 23,000 packets of Mosses and over 10,000 foreign specimens. The 

beautiful paintings by Henry Drinkwater include 385 'Welsh specimens. 

'We wish every success to this splendid institution and members might 

assist by sending well-preserved sp'ecimens of Welsh plants. The Nineteenth' 

Annual Report for 1925-26, pp. 50, has a good illustration of the 

,.tately building. The British Flowering Plants and Ferns now number 

38,100, and Mosses, Liverworts, &c., about 45,000. The foreign 

specimens number about 15,000. The Library has been. supplemented 

by 850 volumes and pamphlets. In twelve months the Museum was 

visited by nearly 150,000 people. The List of Donations is large and 

valuable and the illustrations of some of these are very good. 

WEBB, J. A., B.A. In the Caithness local paper our melllber 

has published a valuable List of Caithness Plants and contrasts the 

flora with that of Glamorganshire. He says 1600 alien plants have been 

listed for the Welsh County. We notice that Fritillaria, Oolchicum, 

Crocus vern1£S, H'JJperic'urn A.ndrosaernurn are included in the Caithness 

list. Of these one would be glad to have particulars. Mr Manson re-


cords Astraga1us alpi.nns. If correctly identified this . would be a splendid 

discovery. There are some omissions. Among them are Euphrasia 

septentrionalis recorded and described in Rep. B.E.O. 298, 1921, and 

Habenaria viridis, var. ovata Dr. 

WEIR, JAMES E. A Pathological Survey of the Para Rubber Tree 

(Hevea brasiliensis) in the Amazon Valley. U.S.A. Dept. Agric. Bulletin 

1380, pp. 129, 1926. One of those useful treatises for which the Department 

is celebrated. It is as thorough as it is concise. 

'WILD FLOWER MAGAZINE. This popular society, of which this is the 

organ, is conducted with zeal and energy by Mrs Dent of Flass, Maulds 

Meaburn, Penrith, assisted ably by Lady Davy, Mr N. Simdwith, Miss 

Mason, Miss Brown, Miss V. Dent, Miss Tucker, Miss Maude Robinson, 

Miss Hilda Salmon, Miss L. C. Richards, Mrs Imrie. and Mrs Godden. 

Lord Ullswater contributes a paper on "The Preservation of Wild 

Flowers" and concludes by saying, " If we can once realise that in cutt'ing 

off a ' treasure' we are depriving somebody of a pleasure which we 

have enjoyed we shall think twice and thrice before committing this act 

of selfishness." Mr C. B. Tahourdin writes in the same strain. The 

Dean of Gibraltar has an article on " The Flora of Gibraltar," which 

gives a good account of a delightful bit of botanical country which was 

so closely studied by Col. A. H. Wolley-Dod. It has several special treasures, 

to wit Iberis gibralta1'ica, Saxifraga globulifera, Silene gibraltarica, 

and Oerastiurn gi braltari cum. 587 species have been noted. 

There are several confusing misprints. El1d01'um should be Elate1'iurn. 

Does Phohine mean Phlorni,,? The paper will prove useful to one visiting 

Calpe. Miss G. Bacon, who we are so glad to see in restored 

health, has two racy articles on Chenopods and Brassicas. 

WILD FLOWERS, POPULAR. "The Observer" in July last concluded 

a Competition among its readers on the most Popular Wild Flowers. 

The Primrose stood first with 982, then followed the Bluebell 839, Wild 

Rose 789, Violet 686, Honeysuckle 574, Cowslip 439, Buttercup 355, 

Daisy 235, Heather 134, Foxglove 137, Gorse 15. Oddly enough the 

Hawthorn and Anemone only received 39 votes, while the Blackthorn, 

Mimulus, Crocus and Dandelion had one vote each. 

,\VILSON, ERNEST. 

and Liukiu Islands. 

species are included. 

The Rhododendrons of Eastern China, the Bonin 

Journ. Arnold Arbor. 156-186, 1925. Three new 

VVOODWARD, MARCUS. THE NEW BOOK OF TREES. Illustrated with 

wood engravings by C. Dillon M'Gurk. pp. 309. A. M. Philpot Ltd., 

69 Great Russell Street, W.C.1; 12/6 net. The publishers say" This 

unique tree-book by 'the modern Richard J efferies' is the most complete 

yet published. Every chapter begins with a short botanical note, which 

is followed by the historical and romantic story of the tree, illustrated 

with references in English literature. Thus it will appeal alike to botanist, 

country squire, student of folk-lore, and the simple lover of nature.

94 OBITUARIES, 1926. 

altered my opinion on the value of the two species. I am now inclined 

to "ee in them only varieties of one species which should bear the oldler 

name, B. racemOS1/,S L. The intermediates between the two plants are 

too numerous, the differences too weak, to be equal to those between 

good species," and he goes on to give a diagno&is of them as varieties. 

He and his wife had a wide range of tastes and were fond of t,ravel. In 

February 1910, he went with his wife to Italy because" The winter in 

our country is tedious, chiefly on account of its long duration. At this 

moment we have a continuous cover of 30 cm. depth of snow, and the 

weather is predominantly dim and cloudy. In January we had only six 

sunny days, in February three till now out of twelve, no wonder that 

we long for more sunny' countries. I am very gratef.ul to you for your 

kind wishes, for the separate copies, and your portrait." Their visit to 

Nice was cut short because (Attersee, March 3, 1912), "In my absence 

thieves broke into my villa, plundering it and causing heavy damages 

to the' furniture .. " As yet they have been undetected." On tJle 10th 

March 1912 he says the damage caused by thieves amounted to 1500 

or 1600 crowns. I felt this was a fitting time to show our sympathy, and, 

therefore, sent out a circular to our members, which resulted in' a 

handsome sum being subscribed. I informed him of this, and asked him 

which would be most pleasing to him-any special books or plate or a 

cheque which, perhaps, he might like to use in replacing some of the 

articles stolen, or in repairing the damage done. Professor Hackel 

replied, "I enjoy very much the expression of sympathy on the part 

of the members, which I fully estimate. But I must beg your pardon 

for not accepting the gift which you propose, because it has been 

connected with the sad event that troubled me and my wife last winter, 

and it would become a memento, not only of the amicable minds of the 

contributors, but also of the adversity we endured, the memory of which 

we use all efforts to erase from our minds." In case, he says, it is difficult 

to return it to the subscribers, he would suggest that it might be given 

to some student with slender means. "Such an appliance of it would 

give me more satisfaction than any object of art or the like could afford. 

I beseech you to transmit to the members my' best thanks for their 

amicable design, and to assure them that I shall always put to their 

disposal my knowledge of grasses." He (31/10/1912) cordially approved 

of the method we adopted in carrying out his sugge.stion for disposal of 

this money. It may be remembered he took a great interest in thp, 

Galashiels Aliens. They included two species of Nassella, a genus of 

which no alien species had hitherto been found. "The fact of mountain 

species of the Andes reappearing as aliens in Scotland is beyond doubt." 

The Chilian Stipa had been found only once by Poeppig. 

The correspondence of Hackel teems with interesting details. A few 

of these have been printed in our Reports, but it may be well to call 

attention again to some of them. 

POA LAXA and STRICTA Syme. He writes (20/10/1896)-" I believe 

with you that all records of [true] Poa Zaxa and stricto. Lindeb. in

OBITUARIES, 1926. 101 

PHILLIPS, REGINALD W., D.Sc. Born at Talgarth, Brecon, 1854; 

died at Leominster, December 2, 1926. He was educated at the Normal 

College, Bangor, and St John's College, Cambridge. He was appointed 

Professor of Botany at University College, Bangor, in 1894. He was a 

distinguished student of the Algae, on which he wrote many papers. 

RUSSELL, HAROLD JOHN HASTINGS. Born 1868; died 1926. The son 

of Lord Arthur Russell and Laura, daughter of the Viscount de Peyrownet, 

he was educated at Balliol College. He married Lady Victoria Alberta 

Leveson Gower, daughter of the second Earl Granville. He was 

called to the Bar, Inner Temple, in 1894, and appointed Recorder of 

Bedford in 1912. He became a Fellow of the Linnean Society, and wrote 

a work on The Flea in 1913, and a book "Chalkstream and Moorland" 

in 1911. Although not a collecting botanist he was a keen lover of 

nature, and was a constant and careful reader of our Reports. He 

possessed a delightful sense of humour and had a facile pen. He rendered 

great service in the preliminary work of mapping out desirable 

Natural History areas for preservation, and was a valued member of that 

Society. His kindly position and cheery presence will be sadly missed 

by 11 large circle of friends. 

TURNER, CHARLES. Born 1864; died at Wilmslow, Chester, 1926. 

He was the Principal of the Manchester School of Pharmacy and was a 

vice-president of the Manchester Microscopical Society from 1899-1914. 

He was a keen student of the Fresh Water Algae and Desmids. See 

Pharm. J ourn., Septe,mber, 18, 1926.

102 NEW COUNTY AND OTHER RECORDS, 1926. 

NEW COUNTY AND OTHER RECORDS. 

ABBREVIATIONs.-Rep. B.E.O.=Report of the Botanical Society and 

Exchange Club; Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. = Transactions of the Botanical 

Society of Edinburgh; H'ats. B.E.O.=Repor,t of the Watson Botanical 

Excha,nge Club; Devon. Tr.=Transactions of Devonshire Association of 

Science, &c.; .lourn. Bot.=.lournal of Botany; Nat.=Naturalist; 

N.TV. Nat.=North West en, Naturalist, ed., A. A. Dallman; W.F. Mag. 

= H'ild }i'lower Magazine, ed., Mrs Dent; Fern Gaz. =British Fern 

Gazette, ed., F. W. Stansfeld; Rep. Marlb.=Report of the Marlborough 

College Natnral History Society; R.I.C.=Journal of the 

Royal Institnte of Cornwall; t = Adventive ; * =New County Record (in 

the case of [ldventive plants this is only rarely added); ! placed after. a 

plant signifies that the compiler h[ls seen a specimen; ! placed after a 

locality that the compiler h[ls seen it there; x placed between two 

scientific names or before [I binomial means that the plant is a hybrid; 52, 

&c., numbers following a county, refer to the Watsonian vice-county in 

Topogra,phiral Botany; [ ] enclosing [I record mean that confirmatory 

evidence is needed. 

vVe are under great indebtedness to Dr A. Thellung for his most 

kindly help in determining so nmny of the adventive species, and we 

have also to thank the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 

Mr J. Fraser, Mr VV. O. Howarth, 1;'rof. C. H. Ostenfeld, Dr Ronniger, 

Dr J. Murr, Dr E. Almquist, M. Jaquet, Mr A. Bennett, Dr Drabble, 

Mrs Gregory, Mr C. E. Britton, Dr Dahlstcdt, M. Paul de Riencourt, 

Mr O. E. Salmon, Mr W. H. Pearsall, Rev. J. Rofl'ey, Mr D. Lumb, Mr 

C. V. Marquand, Rev. H. J. Riddelsdell, and others who have rendered 

r-ritical assistance. 

7. THALIC'TRUM ALPINUM L. At 2786 feet on Cu1 Mhor, W. Sutherland, 

MILLER. 

*9. ANEMONE NEMOROSA L. Noirmont, Jersey, ARSENE. 

tll. A. APENNINA L. Fairy Hill Woods, Glamorgan, WEBB. 

t13. A. FULGENS j. Gay. Grassy slope of old quarry. Tenby, Pembroke, 

DRUCE. 

16. ADONIS ANNUA L. In gre[lt abundance in a cornfield in 1925 

at Aston Tirrold. Berks. where large bunches were gathered by children 

to decorate the village war memorial. In 1.926, under another crop, 

hardly a plant appeared. DRUCE. 

22. RAN1:NCULUS BULBOSUS L. :With sulphur-yellow petals. Great 

Salkeld, Oumberland, BRITTEN.

NEW OOUNTY AND OTHER REOORDS, 1926. 103 

24. R. FLAMMULA L. Plants intermediate between var. latifolius 

Wallr. and var. alismifolius Glaab. Layter's Green, Bucks, DYMES. 

Var. PETIOLARIS Marshall. (scotica). Mellon Charles, W. Ross, DRUOE. 

25. R. REPTANS L. Barron Wood, near Armathwaite, on rocks in 

the river Eden, BRITTEN. 

30. R. SOELERATUS L., forma SUBINDlVISA. With entire leaf-lobes, 

near Lewes, Sussex, DRUOE. 

33. R. OPHIOGLOSSIFOLIUS Vill. Discovered in a locality in White's 

Bristol area, West Gloucestershire, N. SAND WITH. 

38. R. TRIOHOPHYLLUS Chaix, var. GODRONII (Gren.). Westbury, 

W. Gloster, WHITE; Plump stead, Kent; Barningham, W. Suffolk; Batterley, 

Durham, Fox; Totternhoe, Beds, SAUNDERS; Loch Winlass, 

Caithness, DRUOE. Var. RADIANS (Revel). Alum Bay, Isle of Wight, 

DRUCE. 

39. R. DROUETII F. Schultz. Reay, Caithness, DRUOE. 

40. R. HETEROPHYJoLUS Weber. Brockenhurst, S. Hants, GROVES; 

Sheepy, Leicester, PAINTER, as Petiveri. Var. SUBMERSUS Bab. Ferryhill, 

Durham, Fox. 

41. R. PELTATUS Schrank. Kenfig, Glamorgan, DRUOE. 

41. R. PSEUDO-FLUITANS B. & F. Alton, N. Hants, VAUGHAN; Fishbourne. 

W. Sussex, BURDON; Little Lodge, Essex, Fox. 

42. R. BAUDOTII Godr. Grangetown, Cardiff, ·WADE. 

43. R. TRIPARTITUS DC. Dosmery 1;'001, St Neot, Cornwall, Fox. 

47. R. FICARIA L., forma LUXURIANS Moss. Dr Winkler of Breslau, 

who is making a critical study of this species, thinks the characters of 

this forma are due to its place of growth. He has the forma growing 

in the Botanical Gardens at Breslau 'not among grass but as single individuals 

in humic soil. 'fhe characters are shown when the rhizomes 

are placed somewhat deeper in the ground. The Breslau plants show 

abnormal leaves of the same shape as those of the plant he has from La 

Haule, Jersey. 

48. CALTHA PALUSTRIS L. A late-flowering form with small sepals, 

near Holmsley, New Forest, S. Hants, $eptember 17, 1926, DRUOE. 

49. C. RADIOANS FOl'St. By the Feugh, Kincardine, July 1926, 

DRUOE. 

t68. AOONITUM ANGLIOUM Stapf. Abundant and luxuriant by the 

Blyth river, Northumberland, Mrs BURDON & FOGGITT. 

. . .....-J


304. V. RURALIS Jord. Wallingford, Berks, DRucE. 

304. V. SEGETALIS Jord. Osney, Oxon; Dumfries, Fox. 

304. V. DESEGLISEI J ord. Hanslope, Bucks; Burton-on-Trent, 

Staffs; Barry, Forfar, DRucE. 

304. V. VARIATA Jord. Big Sand, W. Ross; Norwick, Unst, Zetland, 

DRucE, as Lloydii; Sedbergh, Yorks, TRAPNELL. 

304. V. LEPIDA Jord. Bawtry, Yorks, WEBSTER; Feugh, Kincardine, 

DRucE. 

304. V. LEJEUNEI Jord. Greenford Green, Middlesex, 1908, Loy 

DELL; Hanslope, Bucks, DRucE. 

304. V. LLOYDII J ord. Lough Gilly, Armagh; Hanslope, Bucks; 

Galashiels, Selkirk, DRUCE; Oldworth Mill, Cheshire, WOLLEY-DoD, as 

carpatica; Llangammarch, Brecon, as saxatilis; Brilley, Hereford, A. 

LEY; Finchingfield, N. Essex, VAUGHAN. 

316. POLYGALA DUBIA Bellynck. Wareham, Dorset, Miss TODD; 

near Feugh, Kincardine, DRUCE. 

318. DIANTHUS DELTOIDES L. Yetholm, Roxburgh, Miss HAYWARD. 

t331. SAPONARIA VACCARIA L. Burnham, Somerset, MILLER. 

t332. S. OFFICINALIS L., flore pleno. Bramdean, Hants, STEPHENS, 

ex WEBSTER. 

t339. SILENE CONOIDEA L. Bristol, W. Gloster, C. & N. SANDWITH. 

343. S. ANGLICA L. With pink petals near to gaUica, Corfe, Dorset, 

Miss TODD. 

359. LYCHNIS ALBA X DIOICA. 

broke, TRAPNELL. 

Sedbergh, Yorks; Mathry, Pem- 

t367. CERASTIUM TOMENTOSUM L. Maritime shingle, Snettisham, 

Norfolk, J. GILMOUR. 

*373. C. SEMIDECANDRUM L. Big Sand, W. Ross, DRUCE. 

374. C. TETRANDRUM Curt. SandhiIls, Little Sands, W. Ross, 

DRUCE. 

377. STELLARIA AQUATICA Scop. Coxwold, N. Yorks, FOGGITT. 

378. S. NEMORUM L. Hackfall, W. Yorks, FOGGITT.

f 

110 :!>

NEW COUNTY AND OTltER Rl!:COltDS, 1926. 111 

t605. T. LAPPACEUM L. Fulford, Yorks, BRITTEN. 

t607. T. PUHPUHEUM Lois. Bristol, W. Gloster, C. & N. SAND WITH. 

t616. T. ECHINATUM M.B. (supinum Savi). Bristol, W. Gloster, C. 

& N. SAND WITH. 

t622. T. HESUPlNATUlIl L. Gas works, Hitchin, Herts,M. BHOWN, 

ex LITTLE. 

t627. T. HYBRIDUM L. Aultbea, W. Ross, DRUCE. Var. PHYLLAN 

TUUM. Hinton Amiral, S. Hants, DRUCE. 

632. T. GLO:i\IEHATUM L. Budleigh Salterton, Devon, Major OHME. 

t644. LOTUS 'rETHAGONOLOBUS L .. Burton-on-Trent, Staffs, F. W. 

ANDHEWS in N. W. Nat. 214, 1926. 

t645 (2). L. SILIQUOSUS L. Sheppey, E. Kent, A. E. DAVIEs; West ( 

Mersea, N. Essex, J. P. BHOWN. 

648. L. TENU'IFOLIUS (L.) = L. TENUIS Kit., var. LONGICAUmS Martr. 

Don.). Hythe, Colchester, 1924, DHucE, teste P. de RIENCOUHT. 

t649. DOHYCNIUM HEHBACEUM ViII. Sheppey, E. Kent, A. E. DAVIES, ) 

ex ST J. MAHHIOTT. 

t652. COLUTEA ARBORESCENS L. Tilbury, Essex, MELVILLE. 

t657. ASTRAGAJ,US BOETICUS L. ·Par, Cornwall, MEDLIN. 

t667. COHONILLA SCOHPIOIDES Koch. Par, Cornwall, MEDLIN; Burton-on-Trent, 

Staffs, DHucE. 

t678. VIOIA TENUIFOLIA Roth. Seer Green, Bucks, W. N. JONES. 

680. V. ORonus DC. Unthank, E. Cumberland, FOGGITT. 

t680 (2). V. BENGHALENSIS L. Stansteadbury, Herts, Miss TROWER. 

t681. V. VILLOSA Roth. Leicester, BEMROSE; Rohroyston, Lanark, 

GRIERSON. 

t690. V. NARBONENSIS L. Henfield, Sussex, Miss COTTES. 

691. V. LUTEA L. t Burton-on-Trent, Staffs, CURTIS; Henfield, 

Sussex, Miss COTTES; Littlehampton Golf Course, Sussex, REYNOLDS. 

t697. V. SATIVA, L., var. NEMORAI.IS Pers. Reading, Berks, DRUCE; 

Coniston, Grassington, Yorks, PWKARD. Var. OBOVATA Gaud. Swanage, 

Dorset, Miss TODD; Mellon Charles, W. Ross, 1926, DRUCE.


698. V. ANGUSTIFOLIA (L.), var. ACUTA Pers. 

Oxon, DRucE. Var. CORDATA (Wulf.). Clacton, 

ROSEIFLORA R. & F. Fl. Fr. v., 213. Jacobstow, 

Devon, MASON. 

Henley-on-Thames, 

Essex, Fox. Var. 

near Okehampton, 

706. V. GRACILIS Lois. *Tredudwell, Cornwall (Mrs Pennycoste's 

locality), RILSTONE; Langton Matravers, Dorset, Miss TODD ; near Swyre, 

Dorset, A. W. GRAVES ON ; Comberton, Cambs, BUTCHER & FOGGITT. 

t711. LATHYRUS TUBEROSUS L. *Shobnall Brewery Siding, 

ton-Trent, Staffs, DRUCE & CURTIS; *Stokes Bay, Hants, C. W. 

*ditch round Martello Tower, Folkestone, E, Kent, Dr EAGLEs. 

t718. L. HIRSUTUS L. Stokes Bay, Hants, C. W. GIBSON. 

t723. L. CLYMENUM L. Glasgow, Lanark, GRIERSON. 

Burton 

GIBBON; 

725. L. NISSOLIA L. Langton Matravers, Dorset, Mrs DICKENSON. 

726. L. APHACA L. Broughton, Hants, Miss H. M. SALMON. 

*777. RUBUS VILLICAULIS W. & N. Gairloch, W." Ross, DRucE. 

*778. R. SELMERI Lindeb. Selkirk, DRUCE. 

*817. R. FURVICOLOR Focke. Fochabers, Elgin, DRucE. 

*834. R. lIfELANODERMIS Focke. Looe, Cornwall, RIDDELSDELL In 

R.I.C. 102, 1926. 

*847. R. LINTONI Focke. West Looe Valley, Cornwall, RIDDELSDELL 

in R.I.O. 102, 1926. 

*857. R. OOGNATUS N. E, Br. Strachan, Kincardine, DRucE. New 

to Scotland. 

*857. R. KOEHLERI W. & N. Strachan, Kincardine, DRUCE. 

t896. POTENTILLA INTERMEDIA L. Dried bed of duck pond, Berechurch 

Park, N. Essex, BRowN. 

899. P. CRANTzn Beck. Maize Beck, Westmorland, FOGGITT. 

(The Alchemillas have been determined byM. Jaquet.) 

909. ALCHEMILLA ALPESTRIS Sch. Strachan, Kincardine; Kirbister, 

Orkney; Loch Maree, W. Ross; Dunning, Perth; Patterdale, Westmorland; 

Hopetoun, Linlithgow; Selkirk; Blairgowrie, E. Perth, DRUCE. 

909. A. PRATENSIS Sch. Strachan, Kincardine; Tring, Bucks & 

Herts; Fochabers, Elgin; Lawers, M. Perth; Albrighton, Shropshire;

i14 NEW COUNTY AND OTHER RECORDS, 1926. 

Perth, E. F. LINTON, as marginata; Solihull, Warwick, BAGNALL, as 

lI1arginata. 

935. R. CORIIFOLIA Fr., var. SUBCORIIFOLIA. See Rep. B.E.O. 1890. 

Jamestown, E. Ross, BAILEY; Crook of Devon, Fife, MATTHEWS, l.c. 

Var. FRUTETOIWM. Braemar, S. Aberdeen [2938J, E. S. MARSHALL; 

Milnathort, Fife. MATTHEWS, l.c. Var. SUBCOLLINA (Christ). BradIey, 

Derby, 1888, VV. R. LINTON; Milnathort, Fife, MATTHEWS, l.c. 

937. R. EGLANTERIA L., var. APRICORUM. Newburgh, and var. ECHI 

NOOARPA. lnverkeithing, 1

NEW COUNTY AND OTHER RECORDS, 1926. 115 

*9S2. SAXIFRAGA GRANULATA L. On both banks of the Exe both 

above and below Tiverton, Devon; on the banks of the Burle near Dulverton 

Station, W. Somerset, Col. G. WATTS. 

9S7. S. HIRCULUS L. Harthope Fell, Wear dale ; Mickle Fell, Teesdale, 

FOGGITT. 

tlO03. RIBES RUllRUM L., var. SATIVUM (Reichb.). South Burn of 

Quoys, Hoy, Orkney, JOHNSTON. 

t1004. R. SANGUINEUM Pursh. Banchory, Kincardine, DRucE. 

*1006. TILLAEA MUSCOSA L. Stapleford Wood, Notts, Miss BACON,. 

H007 (10). TETRAGONIA EXPANSA 'l'hunb. Salt marsh near Southport, 

Lancs, T. W. HOLDEN. . 

H016. SEDUM ALBUM L. Bamborough Castle, Northumberland, 

DRUCE & Visct. GREY. 

t1029. xDRosERA OBOVATA M. & K. Bewley Down, Devon, with its 

parents, and D. anglica, D. WATSON in Devon Assoc. Rep. No. 17. 

1043. LYTHRUM SALICARIA L. Beauly, Easterness, J. A. WEBB. 

*tlO45. L. HYSSOPIFOLIA L. Burton-on-Trent, Staffs, DRucE & CUR 

TIS; Heyshot, W. Sussex, SOO feet, TRAPNELL. 

1047. EPILOBIUM HIRSUTUM L., var. VILLOSISSIMUM Koch. Co1'£e, 

Dorset, Miss TODD. 

1050. E. LAMYI Schultz. Bagley Wood, Berks, DRucE. 

*1053. E. LANCEOLATUM S. & M. Fyfield, Essex, T. A. WILLIAMS. 

1054. E. MONTANUM x OBSCURUM. Hailey, Oxon, DRucE. 

107S. HYDROCOTYLE VULGARIS L. Ascends to 1750 feet on Tal-y-fan, 

Carnarvon, WILSON. 

tlOS2. ASTRANTIA MAJOR L. In a ditch near Burton-on-Trent, Staffs, 

CURTIS. Var. L""VOLUCRATA Koch. Cambuslang, Lanark, GRIERSON. 

t10SS. BUPLEuRuM FRUTICOSUM L. 

near Paignton, S. Devon, F. M. DAY. 

Garden escape, Goodrington, 

1090. B. ROTUNDIFOLIUM L. Fawley, Bucks, R. MACKENZIE; arable, 

High Down, Herts, LITTLE. 

tllOl. AMMI MAJUS L. Lucerne field, Cuxton. Kent, Miss C. \ 

STEVENS; garden weed, Edenbridge, Kent, Ml' JUSTICE TALBOT.

i16 NEW OOUNTY AND OTHER RiWORDS, i926. 

tll09. PRIONITIS FALOARIA Dum. A quantity by footpath from 

Hemsley to Caistor, E. Norfolk, C. & N. SANDWITH. 

1126. OHAEIWl'HYLLUM SYLVESTRE (L.), var. ANGUSTISEOTU]}l Dr. 

Fochabers, Elgin; Strachan, Kincardine; Strath, W. Ross; Beauly, 

Easterness, DRuoE. 

1134. OENANTHE OROOATA L. Loch Awe, Argyll, where a cow was 

killed from eating it, Mrs GUTHRIE. Var. TENUIFOLIA Dr. Heatherleigh, 

Devon; MAsoN. 

t1153. HERAOLEUM VILLOSUM Fisch. In some quantity at Dagen 

.ham, S. Essex, MELvILLE. 

1169. CAUOALIS NODOSA Scop., var. PENDUNOULATA Dr. Mullion, 

Oornwall, Mrs KNOWLING. 

t1171. C. LATIFOLIA. Burton-on-Trent, Staffs, CURTIS; Colchester, 

G. C. BROWN. 

1172. HEDERA HELIX L., var. BOREALIS Dr. Durham, Fox; Strachan, 

Kincardine, DRuoE. 

117S. SAMBUOUS NIGRA L., var. LAOINIATA L. On waste ground, 

Dundee, DRUOE & CORSTORPHl.L"

118 NEW OOUNTY AND OTHER REOORDS, 1926. 

t1323. ANAOYOLUS RADIATUS Lois. and A. CLAVATUS Pers. Near Glasgow, 

GRIERSON. 

1329. ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM L., var. LANATA Koch. Mellon Charles, 

W. Ross, DRUOE. 

t1340. ANTHEMIS COTA L. Bristol, W. Gloster, C. & N. SANDWITH. 

1343. A. ARVENSIS L. Burnham, Somerset, MILLER. 

t1355. CHRYSANTHEMUM PARTHENIUM Bernh. Strachan, Kincardine, 

DRUOE. 

t1362. MATRICARIA SUAVEOLENS Buch. Gainsborough, N. Lincs, Dr 

W. W. SMITH; Hitchin, Herts, 1925, LITTLE; Burton, Staffs, DRUCE. 

t1368. ARTEMISIA OAJ\1PESTRIS L. Waste ground, roadside, Putney 

Vale, Kingston Hill, Surrey, Misses L. & M. DRUMMOND. 

1369. A. DRAOUNOULUS L. Blnndellsands, Lancs, TRAVIS; Christ 

Church, Hants, L. B. HALL. Det. THELLUNG. 

1380. A. BIENNIS WilId. Beaconsfield, Bucks, Mrs WEDGWOOD; Abingdon, 

Berks, GAMBlER 1;'ARRY; 'Ware, Herts, DRUOE; Burton-on-Trent, 

Staffs, DRUCE & CURTIS. 

1393. SENECIO AQUATICUS Hill, var. PENNATIFIDUS Gren.· & GodI'. 

Cow Meadow, Northants; Holmsley, S. Hants; Durham; Strath, W. 

Ross; Esthwaite, S. Lancs, DRUCE. 

x JAOOBAEA, Aultbea, W. Ross, DRUOE. 

1394. S. JACOBAEA L., var. CONDENSATA Dr. Mellon Charles, W. 

Ross, DRUOE. 

1396. S. SQUAI,IDUSXVULGARIS, with both parents. Gwersyllt, Denbigh, 

JONES. 

*t1399. S. VISCOSUS L. Burton-on-Trent, Staffs, DRUCE & CURTIS. 

t1402. S. CINERARIA DC. Cliffs above Alum Chine, Isle of Wight, 

Rev. E. C. CRUTWEI,L. 

t141O. CALENDULA OFFICINALIS L. and C. ARVENSIS L. Strath, W. 

RoBS, DRUOE. 

1428. CIRSIUM HETEROPHYI,LUM Hill. Grantown, Elgin, TAVERNER. 

1433. C. ARVENSE x PAI,USTRE. Penyvae, Glamorgan, Miss VACHELL. 

1446. SERRATULA TINOTORIA L., var. INTEGRIFOLIA Koch. Near New 

Ross, Wexford, PHILLIPS & STELFOX in Ir. Nat. 78, 1926.


1451. CENTAUREA NEMOROSA Jord., var. PALLENS (Koch). O. nigra, 

var. pallida Wk. & Lange. O. consimilis Boreau. Guernsey, Mrs M'CREA. 

t1453. C. MONTANA L. Fine plants by the Lunan, Forfar, R .. & M. 

CORS,TORPHINE. 

t1463. C. MELITENSIS L. Burton-on-Trent, Staffs, DRUCE; L' Ancresse 

Common, Guernsey, Miss V ACHELL, &c. 

t1477. CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS L. Waste ground, Manchester, Lancs, 

Mr JUSTICE TALBOT. 

1505. HIERACIUM PILOSELLA L., var. CONCINNATUM F. J. H. Mellon 

Charles, W. Ross, DRUOE. 

tI5IO. H. PRAEALTUM Vill., var. BAUHINI. Near Hungerford, Berks, 

HURST. _ 

t1512. H. AURANTIACUM L. Galashiels, Selkirk, quite established, 

Miss HAYWARD & DRUCE; Petersfield, S. Hants, B. J. BROOKS; Kilmalcalm, 

Renfrew, Mrs WEDGWOOD. 

1513. H. ANGLICUM Fr., var. ACUTIFOLIUM Backh. Heilim Ferry, 

Sutherland, FOGGITT. 

1513. H. CALCARATUM (Lint.). Silverdale, Lake Lanes, DRUCE. 

1513. H. CERINTHIFORME Backh. Near Elphin, W. Ross, DRUCE; 

Scarsdale, Westmorland, BRITTEN. 

1514. H. LANGWELLENSE F. J. H. Smoo, West Sutherland, DRUCE. 

1521. H. GRANITICOLUM W. R. L. Glen Lui Beg, S. Aberdeen, FOG 

GITT. 

1529. H. CHRYSANTHUM Backh., var. MICROCEPHALUM Backh. Glen 

Lui Beg, S. Aberdeen, FOGGITT. 

1540. H. CRINIGERUlIl Fr. Melvich, W. Sutherland, DRUCE. 

1547. H. SOMMERFELTII Lindeb. Llandecwyn, Merioneth, DRUCE, 

teste ROFFEY. 

1550. H. BRITANNICUM F. J. H. Humphrey Head, Westmorland, 

Miss G RENFELL. 

1558. H. SCOTICUM F. J. H. Cnochan, W. Ross, DRUCIl. 

1559. H. PROXlMUlIl F. J. H. Berriedale, E. Sutherland, DRUCE, 

1561. H. CLOVEN SE Lint. Ben Vrackie, E. Perth, FOGGITT.


1564. H. STENOLEPIS Lindeb. Loch Erribol, W. Sutherland, FOG 

GITT. 

1565. H. SUBTENUE (W. R. L.). Trowie Glen, Orkney, JOHNSTON; 

Scarsdale, Westmorland, BRIT.TEN. 

1'568. H. LUCIDULUM Ley. Lambridge, Henley, O:x


1637. H. BORE ALE Fr., var. VAGUM (Jord.). Pwllheli, Carnarvon, 

BAILEY, as corymbosum. 

1638. H. UllfBELLATUM L., var. FILIFOLIUM Baekh. Birkdale, Lanes, 

BAILEY. Var. CORONOPIFOLIUM Fr. Bohemia, Isle of Wight, STRATTON. 

Var. PAUCIFLORUM Hartm. Carr Bridge, Easterness, FOGGITT. Var. 

I,INARIIFOLIUM "Vallr. Gilly Tresamble, Cornwall, FOGGITT. 

1644. LRONTODON NUDIOAULIS Banks, var. LEIOLENA Biseh. Waltonon-Naze, 

N. Essex, BROWN. Var. I,ASIOLENA Dr. Swan age, Dorset, Miss 

TODD. 

(The Taraxaea have been identified by Herr H. Dahlstedt to whom we 

are much indebted.) 

1645. TARAXACUM BIFORlIfE Dahlst. (VULGATA.) Adderhury, Oxon 

[D.52J, DRUCE. 

1645. T. BRACHYGLOSSUM Dahlst. (ERYTHROSPERMA.) Byfieet, Surrey; 

Kenfig, Glamorgan; Tenby, Pembroke; Strath, W. Ross; Straehan, 

Kincardine; Barry, Forfar; Alyth, E. Perth, DRUCE; Clifton, Bristol, 

TRAPNELL. 

1645. T. CROCEIFLORUM Dahlst. (SPECTABILIA.) Cothill, Berks, 

DRUCE . 

. 1645. T. CYANOLEPIS Dahlst. (VULGATA.) Clouster Brae, Orkney 

[2903J, JOHNSTON. 

1645. T. DAHLSTEDTII Lindb. f. (VULGATA.) Adderbury, probably 

this The Parks, Oxon, DRUCE. 

1645. T. DILATATUM Lindb. f. (VULGATA.) Headington, Wolvercote, 

Oxon; Newtimber, Sussex; Flowerdale, W. Ross, DRUCE. 

1645. T. DISSIMILE Dahlst. (VULGATA.) Tenby, Pembroke; belonging 

to this group, Caenlochan, Forfar, 2500 feet, DRUCE. 

1645. T. FAEROENSE Dahlst. (SPECTABILIA.) Naverbank, E. Sutherland, 

Fox; Sandhurst, Berks and Surrey, DRUCE; Sedburgh, Yorks, 

TRAPNELL; near Birsay, Orkney, JOHNSTON. 

1645. T. FUI,VIFORME Dahlst. (ERYTHROSPERMA.) Weston-super 

Mare, Somerset, DRUCE; Putney, Surrey, Fox; Brighton Downs, Sussex, 

1886, Mrs OAKESHOTT; Chesterton, Warwick, 1882, BROMWICH. 

1645. T. RAMATUM Raunk. (VULGATA.) Bagley, Berks; Byfieet, 

Surrey; as a modification from Sunningwell, Berks; Pool Bottom, Oxon; 

Chepstow, Monmouth, DRUCE.


1645. T. KJELLMANNI Dahlst. (VULGATA.) Adderbury, axon, closely 

allied to this member of the Vulgata, DRUCE. 

1645. T. LACISTOPHYLLUM Dahlst. (ERYTHROSPERMA.) Headon Warren, 

Isle of Wight; Coombe Wood, Stow Wood, Oxbn; Penally, Pembroke, 

DRUCE; Seaton Carew, Fox; Sea wall, Colchester [1942J, 1922, 

BROWN; Clifton, W. Gloster, TRAPNELL; Acomb, Yorks, G. WEBSTER. 

1645. T. LAETICOLOR Dahlst. (ERYTHROSPERMA.) Chesterton, Warwick, 

BROMWICH, as 1tdum; Seaton Carew, Durham, Fox; Adderbury, 

axon; Bamborough, Northumberland, DRUCE. 

1645. T. LAETIFRONS Dahlst. (VULGATA.) Eday, Orkney [2409J, 

JOHNSTON. 

1645. T. LONGISQUAMEUM Lindb. f. (VULGATA.) Adderbury, Bletchingdon, 

axon; Byfieet, Surrey, DRUCE. 

1645. T. MACULlGERUM Lindb. f. (SPECTABILIA.) Askham, Yorks; 

Kenfig, Swansea, Glamorgan, DRUCE. 

1645. T. MUCRONATUM Lindb. f. (VULGATA.) Putney Hill, Surrey, 

Fox; Colchester, as forma; Stanton, Studley, axon [DD21, 31, 32J, as 

formae, DRUCE. 

1645. T. NAEVOSUM Dahlst. (SPECTABILIA.) Byfieet, Surrey (a fat 

form); Chepstow, Monmouth; Burton-on-Trent, Staffs; Barry, Glamorgan, 

DRUCE. 

1645. T. NORDSTEDTII Lindb. f. (SPECTABILIA.) High Force, Teesdale, 

Durham; Cairntoul, 3500 feet, S. Aberdeen, Fox; Knyperley, 

Staffs, Fox, as laevigatum; Sedbergh, York, TRAPNELL. 

1645. T. PALUDOSUM Schrank, agg. (J;>ALUSTRIA.) Kinlochewe, W. 

Ross, DRUCE. 

1645. T. POLYODON Dahlst. (VULGATA.) Oxford [AA82J, as a var., 

DRUCE. 

1645. T. PRIVUlIf Dahlst. (VULGATA.) Gt. Bardfield, Essex, Fox, as 

a forma; Adderbury, axon; Teesdale, High Force, Durham; Tenby, Pembroke, 

DRUCE. 

1645, T. SUBLACINIOSUlIf Dahlst. (VULGATA.) Byfieet, Surrey; 

Bletchingdon [DD34], Stonesfield, Stanton St John, Magdalen College 

Walks, axon; Sunningdale, Berks; Swansea, Glamorgan; Bwylch, 

Brecon, DRUCE. 

1645. T. TANYLEPIS Dahlst. 

[2227J, JOHNSTON, 

(VULGATA.) Bay of SkaiIl, Orkney


*t1650. LACTUCA SALIGNA L. Charlestown, Cornwall, TRESIDDER in 

R.! .C. 1926. 

1656. SONCHUS ARVENSIS L., var. ANGUSTIFOLIUS Meyer. Near this, 

Malvern Cemetery, Worcester, TOWNDROW. 

H66l. TRAGOPOGON CROCIFOLIUS L. Splott, Cardiff, SMITH. 

1665. LOBELIA URENS L. Rinton Amiral, S. Rants, in some plenty, 

flowering June-Septe:nber 1926, DRucE. 

1667. CERVICINA HEDERACEA (L.) Dr. Bank of a moorland burn near 

Frosterley, Durham, R. B. CORKE; ascends to 1500 feet on Tal-y-Fan, 

Carnarvon, WILSON. 

t1670. CAMPANULA MEDIUM L. Walls of Beauly Abbey, 8. Rants, 

June 1926, DRucE. 

1672. C. LATIFOLIA L. By the Dee, Banchory, Kincardine, DRucE. 

1673. 

MARRIOTT. 

C. TRACHELIUM L., and var. URTICIFOLIA Farringham, Kent, \ 

1675. C. ROTUNDIFOLIA L. Mellon Charles, W. Ross, over a very 

small area, and the first certain record for the vice-county, DRucE. 

H676. C. PERSICIFOLIA L. Naturalised by the Dee at Banchory, Kincardine, 

GAMBlER PARRY & DRucE; Beaverdene, Dumbarton, GRIERSON. 

H677. C. RAPUNCULUS L. Near Petersfield, S. Rants, B. J. BROOKE. 

*1687. OXYCOCCUS OXYCOCCUS (L.). Broadhembury, N. Devon, an 

interesting addition to the Devon flora, June 1926, Col. G. WATTS. 

t1691 (3). GAULTHERIA 8HALLON Pursh. Naturalised at Flowerdale, 

Gairloch, W. Ross, DRucE. 

t1691 (4). PERNETTYA MUCRONATA Gaudich. About rocks in Glenveagh, 

Derryveagh Mts., Donegal, F. R. BROWNING. 

1692. ANDRoMEDA POLIFOLIA L. Great Whernside, W.- Yorks, FOG 

GITT. 

1697. ERICA CILIARIS L. Manaton, Devon, 1911, K. TOMS in Hb. 

Exeter, ex W. D'URBAN. 

1703. BRYANTHUS CAERULEUS Dippel. Sow of Athol, Perth, more 

frequent and over a wider area than in previous years, MILLER. 

[1705. LEDUM PALUSTRE L. Formerly on Flanders Moss between 

Bucklyvie and Cartmore [Gartmore]. See R. GRIERSON in Jo'Urn. Bot. 

61, 1926. He failed to find it there.]

' 


tl712. HYPOPLTYS HYPOPITYS (L.). Baldhu Plantation, Cornwall, 

WM. BOYD in R.I.O. 105, 1926. 

1718. LIMONIUM RECURVUM C. E. S. Still at Portland, Dorset, 1926, 

Miss TODD. 

1721. STATICE PLANIFOLIA Dr. Rocks above Loch-na-Chat, M. Perth, 

Miss ALICE COLE. 

1726. PRIMULA VERIS, Pollination of. In Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. 

xlvii., p. 367, Mr E. Marsden-Jones records his observations and experiments 

on the pollination of the common primrose and shows very clearly 

that (1) Pollination takes place by day and only very rarely at night; 

(2) The chief agents of pollination are Bornbus hortormn, Bombylus and 

Arthophoraj (3) Very few of the flowers exposed by night develop seed 

whereas those exposed by day had a large number of fertile capsules. 

t1731. CYCLAMEN HEDERIFOLIUM Ait., and var. FICARIFOLIUM Syme. 

Plantation, Dunmore, Carrigans, Donegal, F. R. BROWNING . 

. 1732. LYSIMACHL4. ·THYRSIFLORA L. Gormire, Thirsk, N. Yorks, 

flowering freely, FOGGITT. 

*1737. L. NEMORUM L. Rozel, Jersey, ARSENE; St Peter's Valley, 

Jersey, ATTENBOROUGH. 

1740. TRIENTALIS EUROPAEA L. Very rare in West Ross, some small 

plants above Braemore; Strachan, Kincardine, DEUCE. 

1743. ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS L., var. VERTICILLATA Diard. Rather a 

lusus than a variety, Crawley, Sussex, Mrs WEDGWOOD. 

1745. CENTUNCULUS MINIMUS L. In plenty between Noirmont and 

Portelet, Jersey, with Myosotis sicula and Radiola, ARSENE. Seen there 

by the Secretary in 1906. 

t1747. SYRINGA VULGARIS L. Banchory, Kincardine, DRucE. 

t1751. VINCA MINOR L. Woods of Fallodon, Northumberland, DRUCE. 

1758. CENTAURIUM CAPI·TATUM Dr. Lancresse, Guernsey, Lady I?AVY, 

Miss VIVIAN & FOGGITT. 

1763. GENTIANA AlIIARELLA L. Blore, Staffs, DRUCE & CURTIS. 

1763. G. PRAECOX (Rafn). Aldbourne, Wilts, Miss TODD. 

1763. G. SEPTENTRIONALIS Dr. Mellon Charles, W. Ross, the prevailing 

coast-form there, DRUCE.

126 NEW COUNTY AND OTHE:R RECORDS, 1926. 

1821. M. VERSICOLOR Srn., var. DUBIA (Arrondeau Cat. PI. Morb.). 

Flowers passing direct from white to blue. Chalk downs at High Devon, 

Freshwater, Isle of Wight, E. DRABBLE. 

1827. ECHIUM PLANTAGINEUM L. Lustleigh, Devon, Miss TUCKER. 

t1831. VOLVULUS DAHURICUS (Sims). (C. SEPIUM, var. DAHURICUS 

Sims). Alien, Siberia, N. America. Par, Cornwall, 1926, MEDLIN, ex 

THURsToN. 

*1833. CONVOLVULUS ARVENSIS L. Loch Maree, W. Ross, DRUCE. 

t1848. SOLANUM ROSTRATUM Dunal. Henfield Common, Sussex, Miss 

COTTES; Padenham, Lancs, C. R. RrTCHINGS. 

t1855. DATURA STRAMONIUM L. St Ouen's, Jersey, ARSENE. 

+1860. VERBASCUM PHLOMOIDES L. This appeared as an outcast on 

Bethel Lane, Hitchin, Herts, 1926, on a U.D.C. dump. See Rep. B.E.O. 

1055, 1925, LITTLE. 

t1864. V. BLATTARIA L. Shrubland Park, Suffolk, Hon. Mrs E. 

WOOD. 

1866. V. LYCHNITIS x THAPsus = V. FOLIOSUM Franchet. Railway 

bank, St Mary Cray, \V. Kent, C. & N. SAND WITH ; Friars, Anglesey, 

MASON. 

*t1873. LINARIA LINARIA (L.) Karst. At Strath, W. Ross, doubtless 

hortal, DRUCE. 

t1883. L. MINOR Desf. Burton-on-Trent, Staffs, DRUCE &. CURTIS. 

tl886. L. PALLID A Ten. Airlie Castle, Forfm', R. & M. CORSTOR 

PHINE. 

tl889. ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS L. In some plenty on the railway-lines 

at Burton-on-Trent, Staffs, presumably seedling specimens from ballast, 

DRUCE & CURTIS. 

t1890. A. ORONTIUM L., vaT. GRANDIFLORUM Chav. Splott, Glamorgan, 

R. L. SM1TH. 

tl891. SCROPHULARIA VERNALIS L. Burrill, N. Yorks, FOGGITT & 

Mrs MACALISTER HALL. 

1892. S. AQUATICA L., var. PUBESCENS Breb. Spital, Chesterfield, 

Derby; Freshwater, Isle of Wight; by the Thames at Kew, Surrey, E. 

DRABBLE.

NEW C01i":NTY ANt> OTHER RECORDS, 1926. 127 

1894. S. NODOSA L., var. BRACTEATA Dr. Romford, Essex, E. 

DRABBLE. 

1898. MIMULUS GUTTATUS DC. Flowerdale and Strath, W. Ross; 

Strachan, Kincardine, DRUCE. Var. YOUNGANA Hook. In great quantity 

and affording a beautiful sight along the burn above the Clatterin' 

Brig, Kincardine. Noticed there some years ago by R. & M. CORSTORl'HINE. 

tI899. M. MOSCHATUS Dougl. In a marsh between Flowerdale and 

the sea, quite naturalised, W. Ross, scentless, DRUCE. 

t1906. VERONICA TEUCRIUM L. Established on dunes at Birkdale, 

Lanes, 1926, BRITTEN. 

1912. V. AQUATICA Bernh. Dovedale, Staffs and Derby, DRUCE. 

t1923. V. TOURNEFORTII Gmel. Tenby, Pembroke; Gairloch, W. 

Ross, DRUCE. 

t1930. V. CRISTA-GALLI Stev. On a hedge bank at Batheaston, N. 

Somerset, LESTER-GARLAND. 

1933. EUl'HRASIA BREVIl'II,A B. & G. Strachan, Kincardine, DRUCE. 

1939. E. llUCRANTHA Fr. Strachan, Kincardine, DRUCE. 

1960. MELAMl'YRUM l'RATENSE L. Eilean Maree, W. Ross, DRUCE. 

1969. OROBANCHE PICRIDIS F. Sch. Suckley, Worcester, in its 

second locality, F. DAVY, ex TOWNDROW. 

1974. LATHRAEA SQUAMARIA L. On elm at Ro Wen, Carnarvon, 

Llandudno, Field Club Excursion, ex A. WILSON. Given in Top. Bot. 

on the authority of Robinson, and is another verification of his records of 

which but few now are unaltered. 

(Mr J. Fraser has kindly identified the Mints.) 

1988. MENTHA ROTUNDIFOL,IA Huds. Barry, Glamorgan, DRUCE, 

MELVILLE & SMITH; escape, Stromness, Orkney, JOHNSTON. 

1989. M. ALOl'ECUROIDES Hull, not typical. Greenyard, W. Ross, 

DRUCE. 

1990. M. NILIACA Jacq., var. VILLOSA (Huds.). Virginia Water, 

Surrey, MELVILLE & FRASER; Porthqueen, Cornwall, Fox. Var. NEMO 

ROSA (Willd.). Sowden Bridge, near Trelawne, E. Cornwall, THURSTON; \ 

banks of Chew, N. Somerset, WHITE; Eynsford, W. Kent, GROVES.

NEW COUNTY AND OTHER REOORDS, 1926. 131 

t216S. SALSOLA KALI L., var. TENUIFOLIA Reichb. .Woodbridge, Suffolk, 

AIRY SHAW, teste THELLUNG. 

t21S3 (4). POLYGONUM PATULUM M.B. BUl·ton-on-Trent, Staffs, 

DRUCE. 

t21S3 (5). P. ARENARIUM W. & K. Christchurch, Hants, RAYNER. 

t2190. P. PLEBEJUM L. Bristol, N. Somerset, C. & N. SAND WITH. 

t2190. P. POLYSTAOHYUM ·Wall. Naturalised on foreshore, Aultbea, 

and near Poolewe, W. Ross, probably owing its origin to the garden of 

Mr Hanbury, DRUOE; solitary plant, Madroc Well, Cornwall, R.I.O. lOS, 

1926. 

t2191. P. OUSPIDATUM S. & Z. Banchory, Kincardine, DRUOE; 

Wick Water, Caithness, WEBB. 

t2191 (2). P. SACHALINENSE Schmidt. Dumbarton, GRIlERSON. 

219S. RUMEX CRISPUS L., var. UNIOALLOSUS Peterm. Colchester, 

DRUOE. 

2200. R. OBTUSIFOLIUS L., var. AGRESTIS (Fr.). Earith, Hunts, 

DRUOE. 

*t2201. R. SANGUINEUM L. Clandeboye Demesne, Co. Down, C. D. 

CHASE in Ir. Nat. 9S, 1926. 

2207. R. MARITIMUM L. S. Kipwith, E. Yorks, FOGGITT. 

2210. R. AOETosELLA L., var. MULTIFIDUS DC. Colchester [2222 & 

3J, BROWN. 

t2210. R. DENTATUS Campd. Cardiff, Glamorgan, 1925, DRUOE & 

SMITH. 

t2210 (2). R. OBOVATUS Danser. Newport, Monmouth, MELVILLE; 

Bristol, C. & N. SAND WITH ; Lambridge, Oxon, Mrs ·WEDGWOOD. 

t2210 (3). R. SALIOIFOLIUS W. Burton-on-Trent, Staffs, DRUCE & 

CuRTIS. 

t2229. EUPHORBIA VIRGATA W. & K. Dagenham, Essex, MELVILLE; 

near Bix, Oxon, DRuoE;. Great Bedwyn, 'Wilts, HURsT. 

*223S. E. PEPLIS L. On the shingle near Sandwich, Kent, a solitary \ 

specimen, Miss HILDA G. BELTON. Identified by Miss ROBINSON, ex Lady 

DAVY. Needs refindil1g to connrm this interesting discovery, which had 

been previously reported of from between Deal and Sandwich.

l 

134 NEW OOUNTY AND OTHER REOORDS, 1926. 

2306. L. OORDATA Br. Strachan, Kincardine, DRuoE. 

2310. GOODYERA REPENS Br. Alford, N. Aberdeen, W. WILSON; 

Culbin Sands, Elgin, abundant; Strachan, Kincardine, DRuoE; Wan 

Fell, Great Salkeld; Heads Nook, near Carlisle, Cumberland, BRITTEN. 

2311. EpIPOGON (EPIPOGIUM) EPIPOGON (L.). Near Henley, Oxon, 

found by its original discoverer in the county last July. The two specimens 

seen by me i.n situ were very small, and the one I cut had only one 

flower. One root was taken for the British Museum Herbarium. 

[2312. CEPHALANTHERA RUBRA Rich. Recorded from near Selborne, 

Rants, but in error, the specimen being a Helleborine.] 

2316. HELLEBORINE LATIFOLIA Dr. A slender form of the aggregat!;l 

species was sent by Mr J. Nowers, of Darlington, from Baydales, Durham, 

and Mrs Armitage sent from near Godmersham, Kent, a variegated 

form which answers to the description of Merrett's plant " nervo medio 

candido;" Fallodon,. Northumbp,rland, DRUOE & Viscountess GREY. 

*2316. H .. J,EPTOOHILA (Godf.). Maidenhead, Berks, Col. GODFERY. 

2318. H. PURPURATA Dr. Duncliffe 'Wood, Shaftesbury, Dorset, V. 

E. MURRAY. 

*2320. OROHIS PURPUREA Huds. The Quenvais, Jersey, ARSENE. 

This corrects my records of O. m.i.litaris. Last year I only saw leaves and 

dried up flowers of the plant which some mischievous person had broken 

off. Brother Arsene's specimen has small flowers, but it is without doubt 

purp1Lrw, not m.ilitaris. The latter must, therefore, be deleted from the 

Island flora. Var. ALBA. Near Godmersham, Kent, Mrs ARMITAGE, who 

sent varied forms. 

2325. O. PRAETERMISSA' Dr. Steep, near Petersfield, Hants, BROOKS; 

Newton Bowland, Yorks, Miss M. L. PEEL, ex PIOKARD; near Aultbea, 

W. Ross, DRuoE. X FUOHSII. Groby, Leicester, BEMROSE; parish of 

Hambledon, Bucks, DRUOE. Here it is of recent origin. It grows by the 

side of a pond which has been formed within the last few years. The 

seeds of praetermissa were doubtless wind-borne to this place and a few 

plants grew which have been fertilised by pollen from O. Fuchsii which 

grows plentifully on the hillside. A couple of strong plants of this beautiful 

hybrid resulted. It may be added that in the garden of Mr B. S. 

Ogle, at Steeple Aston, there flowered this year the grandchildren of the 

original specimen of O. praetermissa which was figured as incarnata in 

the Report of the Ashmolean Society in 1904. Its offspring flowered in 

1913, and from seed of these, plants again blossomed in 1926. They 

showed no appreciable variation except in stature from their grandparent 

so that the stability and distinctness of the species is well established. 

Probably this is the only instance in which such a test has been 

made with a native Orchid.

NEW OOUNTY AND OTHER REOORDS, 1926. 139 

2570. C. HELODES Link. Ashdown Forest, Sussex, DRuoE; near 

Presteigne, Hereford, Mrs DEBENHAM. 

2573. C. DISTANS L. Otter Estuary, Devon, Miss BAOON. 

2574. C. PUNOTATA Lois. Beaufort, Jersey, in quantity, ARSENE. 

2576. C. LEPIDOOARPA Tausch. Tiverton, Devon, Col. G. WATTS; 

Budleigh Salterton, Devon, Major ORME .. 

2580. C. DIGITA,TA L. Hawnby Bank, W. Yorks, FOGGITT. 

2581. C. ORNITHOPODA Willd. Hutton Roof, Westmorland, FOGGITT. 

2592. C. MAGELLANICA Lam. Mansergh Bog, Westmorland, FOGGITT, 

Spec. non vidi. 

2593. C. LIMOSA L. Amfeur Loch; bog near Kerry Wood, Gairloch, 

W. Ross, DRuoE. 

2602. C. AQUATILIS Wah1. Near Bridge of Dun Station, Forfar, 

Dr B. P. CAMPBELL. 

2608. C. LEPORINA L., var. LONGIBRAOTEATA Peterm. Strachan, Kincardine, 

DRUOE; Malvern Hills, Worcester, TOWNDROW. 

2615. C. PAIRAEI F. Schultz. Pendarves, Cornwall, TRESIDDER, ex 

THURSTON; *Brigfiatts, Sedbergh, Yorks, TRAPNELL. 

2616. C. DIVULSA Stokes. A very lax form near Edenbridge, Kent, ! 

Mr JUSTICE TALBOT. 

*2617. C. BOENNINGHAUSIANA Weihe. Edlingham, Northumberland, 

FOGGITT. 

2619. C. DIANDRA Schrank. Pitmoss, Selkirk, BUToHER, FOGGITT & 

SLEDGE. 

2621. C. ARENARIA L. Isle of Longa, W. Ross, with the var. REMOTA 

Marss., DRuoE; between Marazion and J;'enzance, R.I.C. 110, 1926. 

2623. C. DIVISA Huds. Hayle, Cornwall, Major ORME. 

2629. C. DIOICA L. Very robust specimens in a bog near Kerry 

'Wood, Gairloch, W. Ross, DRuoE; *near Bndleigh Salterton, S. Devon, 

Major ORME. Spec. non vidi. . 

t2634. PANIOUM SANGUINALE L. Waterworks Valley, Noirmont, Jersey, 

ARSENE. 

t2637. P. OOLONUM L. Glasgow, Lanark, GItIERSONi Avonmonth, 

Gloster, C, & N. SA:r."'DWITH.


Loch Watten, Caithness, 1909, DRUCE. To be hereafter described by R. 

W. BUTCHER. 

2707. AIRA PRAECOX L. Ascends to 1940 feet on Tal-y-Fan, Carnarvon, 

.WILSON. 

t2719. A VENA STRIGOSA Schreb. Melloll Charles, W. Ross; Fochabers, 

Elgin, DRUCE. Var. GLABRESCENS (Marq.). Par, Cornwall, R.I.C. 

111, 1926. 

*2725. ARRHENATHERUM TUBEROSUM (GiL) Dr. Strachan, Kincardine; 

Huntly, N. Aberdeen, DRUCE. 

t2727. CAPRIOLA (C.YNODON) DACTYLON O.K. Greve de Lecq, Jersey, 

ARsENE. 

t2731. ELEusINE INDICA Gaertn. Avonmouth, Gloster, C. & N. SAND 

WITH. 

2732. SIEGLINGH DECUMBENS Bernh. Ascends to 1950 feet on Tal-y 

Fan, Oarnarvon, WILSON. 

t2737. OYNOSURUS ECHINATUS L. Tame Valley Bridge, Staffs, DRUCE 

& CuRTIS; Robroyston, Lanark, GRIERSON; Rievaulx, N. Yorks, FOGGITT. 

t2744. KOELERIA PHLEOIDES Pers. Airdrie, Lanark, GRIERSON; 

Gray, Essex, MELvILLE. 

t2760. POA PAUSTRIS L. Durham, 1883, Fox, as nemoralis. 

2762. P. NEMORALIS L. Wall of bridge, Braemore, W. Ross, practically 

a N.C.R., DRUCE. 

2772. GLYCERIA FLUITANS Br. Ascends to 1900 feet on Tal-y-Fan, 

Oarnarvon, WILSON. 

2774. G. DISTANS Wahl., var. MILIACEA (Rauy). Par, Cornwall, 

R.I.C. 111, 1926. 

2776. G. MARITIMA WahL, var. SUBCAESPITOSA Dr. Hoy, &c., Orkney, 

JOHNSTON. 

2777. G. BORRER! Bab. Climping, W. Sussex, H. H. KEw; Ballinaearthy, 

Waterford, Miss E. BOND in Ir>, Nat. 96, 1926. 

(Most of the Fescues have been n::l,med by Mr Howarth.) 

2782. FESTUCA ELATIOR x LOLIUM PERENNE = F. ADSCENDENS Retz. 

Burnham, Somerset, MILLER.

NEW COtrNTY AND OTHER RECORDS, 1926. 

t2821. LOLIUM TElIWLENTUM L. Abingdon, Berks, GAMBIER PARR'Y. 

2827. AGROPYRON JUNCEUM Beauv., var. MEGASTACHYUM (Fr.) Dr. 

Par, Cornwall, MEDLIN, ex THuRsToN. XREPENS = A. HACKELII Dr. 

Greenyard, W. Ross, in absence of junceum, which may have previously 

existed there, DRuoE; Par Sands, Cornwall, MEDLIN. 

2828. A. PUNGENS R. & S. Type at Stone Point, Walton-on-Naze, 

N. Essex [2376J, BROWN, and [2375 & 2376J smaller forms, from Langueboe 

in the same vice-county, BROWN. XREPENS = A. OLlvERII Dr. Silloth, 

Cumber land, DRUOE. To this probably belong plants from Strood 

Peldon, N. Essex [2373J, BRowN, which are nearer repens. 

t2836. TRITICUM OVATUM Rasp. Hythe Quay, Colchester [2370], 

BRowN, teste Prof. PEROIVAL. 

t2839. T. VENTRloosmr Ces. Hythe Quay, Colchester [2350], 

BROWN, teste Prof. PEROIVAL. 

t2850. HORDEUM MARINUM Huds. Burton-on-Trent, Staffs, DRUCE 

& CURTIS. 

t2851. H. JUBATUM L. Beaconsfield, Bucks, Mrs WEDGWOOD. 

t2865 (2). CEDRUS LIBANI Barr. Lord Ullswater in a letter to "The 

Times" of April 1, 1926, says the Cedars on his lawn at Campsea Ashe, 

Suffolk, measure respectively, at 5 ft. from the ground, 21 ft., 20 ft., 

19 ft., 18 ft. 5 in., and 17 ft. Mr Bean says they were the finest he had 

seen in England. The Blenheim Cedars measured by the Duke of Marlborough 

in 1926 were 28 ft., 24t ft. and 211 ft. in girth. 

2868. EQUIsETuM SYLVATICUM L., var. CAPILLARE Milde. Dykehead, 

Oortachy, Forfar, Lady DAVY & FOGGITT. 

*2874. E. VARIEGATUM Weber. Borth, Cardigan, D. POWELL ill 

"o'wrn Bot. 222, 1926. 

2876. EUPTERIS AQUILINA Newm., var. MULTIFIDA. Burnley, Lancs, 

C. R. RITCHINGS, ex BRITTEN. 

2880. ASPLENIUM MARINUM L., var. PLUMOSUM. This very rare 

variety, which had not been seen for half a century, was found by Major 

ORlIIE at Budleigh Salterton, S. Devon. 

2887. A. GERMANICUM Weiss. Near Keswick, Cumberland, in a new 

locality, Miss BAcoN & FOGGITT. 

2900. DRYOPTERIS AEMULA Kuntze. Underwood, Port Henderson, 

W. Ross, DRUCE. 

143


*2909. PHEGOPTERIS DRYOPTERIS Fee. Stanford Wood, near Bradfield, 

Berks, DRUOE. 

2918. OSMUNDA REGALIS L. Not r:1re in the north of Jersey; by a 

rivulet on the Quenvais, ARsENE. 

2922. PILULARIA GLOBULIFERA L. 

Norfolk, C. & N. SANDWITH; *N.W. 

],'. W. Nat. 215, 1926. 

Dyke, Eastfield, Hickling, E. 

Denbigh, DALLMAN & WILSON in 

2929. LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM L. Plentiful a few feet above sea level 

on the Culbin Sands, Elgin, DRUCE. 

*2933. NITELLA FLEXILIS Ag. Plentiful in Llyn Mynydd-y-geer, 

Glamorgan,Miss V AOHELL. 

2934. N. OPAOA Ag. Ca,nnock Chase, Staffs; Gairloch, W. Ross, 

DRUOE. 

2951. CHARA HISPIDA L. Hell Kettles, Durham, J. E. NOWERS & 

J. B. NWHoLsoN. 

2955. C. ASPERA 'Villd. Ballyvaughan, Co. Clare, O'KELLY; Cannock 

Chase, Staffs, DRUCE. 

*2955 (2). C. ll'IUCOSA G. & B.-W. Loch of Rango, Sandwick, Orkney, 

JOHNSTON, with contraria, aspera, and desmacantha. A most interesting 

addition to Britain.

CENTAUREA PRATENSIS. 149 

The first part of the railway journey from Geneva to Paris is by the 

rU5hing Rhone, and the scenery is quite interesting. From Paris we 

flew to Croydon, and thus ended a most enjoyable journey. The memories 

of Le Lautaret will long be treasured and not without hope of a 

more prolonged and closer investigation of a flora of such peculiar 

interest. Verlot's Catalogue Raisonne des Plantes Vasculaires du 

Dauphine, published by Prudholme, Grenoble, is a comprehensive work, 

but it lacks descriptions of the species. 

CENTAUREA PRATENSIS THUILLIER. 

By C. E. BRITTON. 

In previous papers (Rep. B.E.C. 163, 1920; 406, 1921 ;767, 1922) 

on Centaurea, this species was purposely omitted as it was desired to 

deal with it apart from its allies, C. Jacea and C. nigra. It is not a 

difficult species to identify but there are in existence somewhat similar 

forms liable to be mistaken for it. It is proposed to print the original 

description, supplemented by modern accounts by botanists who have 

made an especial study of the genus, and then to indicate the extent 

of its present known occurrence in Britain. 

I. AUTHORS' VIEWS OF THIS SPECIES. 

CENTAUREA PRATENSIS Thuillier. 

" C. calycibus ciliatis erectis et pappo nigricante terminatis, folii8 

lanceolatis dentato-lyratis. Vaill. Par. 107. 

Habitat in pratis. Flores idem; Julio, Augusto. Centauree des 

pres. paroH n'etre qu'une varieM de la precedente [C. nigra]. Feuilles 

lanceoJees et garnies de dents anguleuses et distantes. Cette plante 

varie par le plus ou le moins de longeur et de largeur de ses feuilles, par 

leur couleur, par leur circonference qui est tant6t entiere et tant6t decoupee. 

La couleur des ecailles est aussi diiferente. Il y a dents pieds 

ou elles sont terminees par des plumes noires, d'autres par des brunes 

ou des rousses; et d'autres enfin ou les ecailles sont denuees des plumes. 

Fleurs rouges; en J uillet et Aout. Se trouve dans les pres." Thuillier 

}!,l. de Paris 444 (1799). Described in such ambiguous terms the species 

attracted little attention, and it was left to Boreau to bring it into 

more prominent notice. His description is as follows: -" Centatbrea 

pratensis Thuill. Stem from 1 to 5 decim., angular, branched; leaves 

rough, lanceolate, broad and almost entire in damp places, narrow and 

cut up in drier localities; peduncles strongly angular, inflated at the 

summit; capituli large, cylindrical-globular; phyllary appendages 

blackish-brown, deeply pectinate or fimbriate, imbricate; fruit not pappose, 

but furnished with hairs that exceed the disk and resemble a pappus; 

florets red, the outer rayed, very rarely all equal. Flowers May

150 0ENTAUREA PRATENSIS. 

to August. Perennial. Rather rare in the centre of France where C. 

Jacea is plentiful, but very common in the west." Boreau, Fl. du Centre 

de la France, ed. 3, p. 354. 

The lack of precision of the original description, compared with 

Boreau's account, has led SOllle botanists to adopt the f.ormula, C. pratcnsis 

Thuill., saltcm Boreau. Briquet, in his jJionog. Cent. Alp. Marithn. 

(1902), placed this plant under C. J acea as a variety, in that section 

characterised by the appendages of the lower half, or more, of the 

capitulum being pectinate. His full description is " Plant 10-80 centim. 

Skm stout, erect or ascending, rarely decumbent, furrowed, glabrous 

or more or less hispid but not tomentose, branched above the middle, 

branches stout, erect or ascending. Leaves green, always rough, the 

lower long-petioled, lamina oblong-lanceolate, margin entire or sinuatedentate, 

rarely pinnatifid, the upper oblong-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate, 

entire, with one or two lobes at base, reduced to teeth in the 

smaller leaves, sessile. Capituli solitary or sometimes two at the apices 

of the branches. Pericline ovoid-globular. medium, appendages usually 

almost entirely covering the phyllaries; appendages ovate-lanceolate, all 

pectinate-ciliate, or at least pectinate-ciliate in the lower three-fourths 

or half of the pericline, with teeth scarcely exceeding the breadth of 

the disk, the upper scarious appendages only incised like those of var. 

vlLlgaT'is. Outer florets usually rayed and sterile. Fruits epappose, but 

sometimes with a rudimentary pappus present on the fruits from the 

centre of head. Flowers June and July, lingering on into the autumn 

in elevated localities." 

Briquet adds that var. praterzsis occupies an intermediate position 

between vaI'. 1mlgaris (which has orbicular, concave, irregularly incised 

appendages) and var. nigra [0. nigra] differing essentially from the 

first, of which it has the habit and fruit, by the appendages being almost 

all pectinate-ciliate. Nigra has heads always larger and more 

spherical, with teeth blackish, shortly plumose, much longer than the 

disk, and fruits with a pappus almost about one-sixth its length. All 

these characters are easy to verify on typical forms of C. nigra, but, 

he adds, it is quite certain that there exist intermediate forms between 

vaI'. pratensis and nigra, in which the characters previously given arE' 

not easy to verify. As regards the length and colour of the teeth of 

the appendages numerous intermediates connect pratensis and nigra. 

The description given by Rouy (Fl. Fr. ix., 124) shows various points 

of disagreement with the accounts of Boreau and Briquet, and will not 

be quoted here. For comparison, the most recent view of C. pratensis, 

that of Hayek in " Kritische Studien iiber den Formenkreis del' Cerztrmrea 

.Jacea L.," in TTerh. K.IC Zool. Bot. Gesellsch. 1911/8, will be 

given. It should be noted that in the paper in question, the following 

species are recognised: -(1) J acea, including nine sub-species; (2) dubia, 

with four sub-species; (3) pratensis, with one forma, and, (4) ni-g7'a, with 

sub-species etmigra, ate1'rima, and nemoralis. 

O. pratensis Thuill. is thus described: _cc Stem erect, about 80 centim., 

angled, branches not conspicuously elongated. Leaves green,

1.'52 CENTAUREA PRATENSIS. 

lighter brown, deeply pectinate in the lower two-thirds or three-fourths 

of the pericline, with disks lanceolate, elliptical, or ovate, with teeth 2-3 

mm. long. The upper series of appendages are coarsely fimbriate or 

incised. The heads are usually very showy with widely-spreading marginal 

radiate florets. 

Although, as stated, this species does not present any difficulty in 

its recognition, yet the acknowledged existence of intermediate forms 

connecting it on one side with C. Jacea and, on the other, with C. nig'ra, 

may cause observers to mistake for C. pratensis some of these transition 

forms. If we may safely place these to one or other of its allies, then the 

position of the species is better defined. Where this species occurs in 

this country it is often accompanied by forms showing phyllary-appendages 

lacerate or fimbriate rather than pectinate, which would seem 

better placed as fringed varieties of sub-species of O. Jacea. The connecting 

forms with O. nigra (or, rather C. nemoralis) occur chiefly, but 

not 6.

EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERING PLANTS. '153 

THE EVOLUTfON AND CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERING 

PLANTS. 

By JOHN PARKIN. 

Not until after the publication in 1859 of Darwin's convincing work, 

The Origin of Species, could the classification of plants and animals be 

said to have reached the status of a science. The vague idea of affinity 

prevailing under the retarding influence of the dogma of the constancy 

of species was seen in the acceptance of the evolutionary origin of living 

forms to be. none other than that of blood-relationship. The aim or 

ultimate goal of classification then became clear, namely, the arrangement 

of plants and animals according to their descent or evolution. 

The task before the systematist soon revealed itself as not so easy of accomplishment 

as it looked in the first flush of the new enlightenment. 

Owing to numberless extinctions in the past the gaps soon rose to greater 

prominence than the connecting links, and though these former have 

here and there been bridged since by the help of fossils, the imperfection 

of the geological record, one imagines, must ever be a bar to the complete 

realisation of the phylogenetic tree. At the same time it is well to bear 

in mind the imperfection of our knowledge of this record. Only a fraction 

of the fossiliferous rocks have as yet been thoroughly examined. 

Respecting plants it has been aptly said that the brilliant discoveries 

in fossil botany made in recent years, from the time of Williamson onwards, 

have raised more problems than they have solved. This is equally 

true of the latest discovery of first-class importance, viz., Angiospermous 

fruits of Jurassic age, due to Dr Hamshaw Thomas, and named by him, 

the Caytoniales.* We are stilI very much in doubt as to the mode of 

evolution of the higher (vascular) plants. It is an open question whether 

they have had a single or multiple origin from the Algae, their presumed 

progenitors. Within the vascular plants themselves, the origin of the 

true Flowering Plants (Angiosperms), the outstanding puzzle in Darwin's 

time, remains almost as mysterious as ever; though the discovery 

and elucidation of certain fossil fructifications since, have permitted 

definite speculations to be advanced. 

The rocks, so far, have given no clue as to which group of Flowering 

Plants may be deemed the oldest. Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons 

have been traced back to strata of almost equal antiquity. In fact, at 

present, there is no complete evidence of the existence of true Flowering 

Plants before the Cretaceous epoch, though their presence on the earth 

in the Jurassic age at least is to be inferred. In the Cretaceous rocks 

they appear as it were suddenly with world-wide distribution and multiplicity 

of form. As far as the investigation of these Cretaceous Angiosperms 

has gone no family has been distinguished which does not exist 

at the present time, and the genera too seem much the same. The 

American palaeobotanist, Professor E. W. Berry. however, from his 

*PhiZ. Trans. Roy. Soc., B, Vol. 213, p. 299, 1925.

154 EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERING PLANTS. 

recent studies considers that the difference between the Upper Cretaceous 

and Eocene Angiosperms has been underestimated in the past.* One 

point is fairly clear that these early Dicotyledons were very lnrgely of 

the poly-and apetalous types. The Sympetalae (Gamopetalae) in the 

main probably evolved later in Tertiary times. Here again this assumption 

may require some modification. Professor Cockerell has recently 

drawn attention to the discovery of a labiate calyx in the Eocene, and 

remarks that " evidently we must look in the Mesozoic for the origin 

of the Labiatae !"t This is interesting, if not disconcerting, for 

Hutchinson regards this family as the dernier cri of the Dicotyledon. 

Still there is a consensus of opinion that on the whole the Sympetalac 

represent the highest group, recognising at the same time their multip"Ie 

(polyphyletic) origin from the Polypetalae. At present comparative evidence 

is the only basis on which to form any opinion as to the relativp 

primitiveness of the poly-and apetalous types of flower. Just as Monocotyledons 

and Dicotyledons have been traced back to rocks of an equal 

age, so have magnolias and catkin-bearing trees. 

Turning to the history of Classification as it affects the Flowering 

Plant it is unnecessary to dwell in detail on the pre-Darwinian period. 

The narrative centres chiefly round the two opposing methods of arrangement, 

known respectively as the artificial and natural systems. The one 

culminated in the famous sexual system of Linnaeus, which for a long 

time dominated systematic botany, and was only gradually and all too 

slowly ousted by the natural system, associated especially with the names 

of Jussien and De Candolle: Linnaeus himself was aware that his ingenious 

artificial system based upon single characters often separated 

widely plants which had flowers obviously built upon the same plan; but 

such a system had necessarily to be applied rigidly, otherwise it would 

fail of its purpose. Not so with the natural system. Even though for 

purposes of general demarcation the single-character-criterion was used, 

e.g" the corolla for the three main divisions of the Dicotyledons, it was 

not applied strictly, so as to do violence to obvious affinities. For instance, 

Bocconia without a corolla was placed with the Papaveraceae 

and not in the Apetalae, and Oorrea with united petals with the Rutaceae 

and not in the Gamopetalae. 

It is well to keep these two methods of classification distinct in one's 

mind. The student may think that the artificial system is now merely a 

matter of history, but it is not so. It still has its value and is largely 

employed at the present day by systematists in the form of keys. One 

might call this system an art-a device in fact for the easy identification 

of plants; whereas the natural system is a science-the endeavour to 

arrange plants according to their evolutionary history or phylogeny. 

Mr Hutchinson of the Kew Herbarium has rendered systematic botany 

and the study of the flower good service in the publication of his recent 

• Nature, Vol. 117, p. 804, 1926, 

tLetter to Nature, Vol. 118, p. 696, 1926,

EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERING PLANTS. 155 

work, The Families of Flowering Plants, Vol. i., Dicotyledons. In this 

he not only arranges the Dicotyledons according to what he considers 

may have roughly been their course of evolution; but has also invented 

an artificial key to these families. The greater one's botanical knowledge 

the more advantage one can take of the natural (phylogenetic) system 

and the less' need of the artificial one. The unlearned in botany who 

merely wants to find the names of flowers he comes across requires an 

easily applied artificial system. Mr Hutchinson's Key to the Dicotyledonous 

families (to be obtained separately) will be found of much use 

to plant-collectors nnd foresters working in the tropics and in regions 

little explored botanically. In this country where the families (natural 

orders) are comparatively few and circumscribed such a Key is not so 

needful. On the other hand, to those who take a genuine interest in 

the evolution of the flower and the relationship between one family and 

another, the phylogenetic in dis-tinction from the descriptive part of his 

book should make a strong appeal. 

Considering the stimulus given to Biology generally by the acceptance 

of the mutability of species, it is a little strange that no immediate 

attempt was made to picture the evolntion of the flower, and to place 

thereby the classification of the Angiosperms on a professedly phylogenetic 

basis. The system of De Candolle, adopted with modifications by Bentham 

and Hooker in their great work, the Genera Plantarum, contains 

what we think is the germ of a true evolutionary classification; even 

though there is evidence to the effect that these systematists did not 

regard their arrangement as phylogenetic. It was more perhaps as a 

happy chance that they commenced the Dicotyledons with the Ranalian 

families, such as Ranunculaceae, Magnoliaceae, etc. 

A move really in the right direction was made as long ago as 1843 by 

Brongniart who suggested that the Apetalae (Monochlamydeae of De 

Candolle) could be regarded as degenerate forms of the Polypetalae. 

Looking back it is odd that this fertile idea was not embraced to the 

full. It was accepted in cases where it was fairly plain that the apeta 

Ions condition had arisen through the abortion of the petals, as, e.g., in 

the Chenopods; but in instances where direct connections with petalous 

families were not manifest, the assuinption was made that such plants 

were primitively apetalous, or naked: if the perianth was wholly lacking. 

At any rate such are the inferences to be drawn from the works of 

Eichler and Engler-the commanding figures in floral morphology and 

taxonomy of the last quarter of the 19th century. 

There were certain reasons then which have little weight to-day, 

for postulating the primitive nature of the catkin-flower and of other 

similar flowers of an apetalous character. It was generally recognised 

that of all extant gymnospermous plants, the Gnetaceae, composed of 

the three isolated genera, Ephedra, Welwitschia and Gnetum, come 

nearest the Angiosperms; and if any direct relationship exists it is to 

be found among the Apetalae. Several ingenious attempts have been 

made to connect the Gnetacean fructific!1tion with that of the catkin-

156 EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERING PLANTS. 

bearing trees, but all have proved unconvincing. Treub's notable discovery 

of chalazogamy* in Oas'Uarina was treated at first of primary 

phylogenetic importance and influenced Engler's classification for a time. 

Chalazogamy now can only be considered of minor taxonomic value, and is 

most likely not a primitive but a secondary feature. This together with 

the improbability of establishing direct relationship between the Gnetales 

and any apetalous family, undermines very largely the supposed primitiveness 

of the amentiferous flower. In consequence we think no further 

usefulness is served by placing these trees at the commencement of the 

Dicotyledons, as still prevails in Engler's system. 

In the attempt to arrive at a comprehensive and rational theory 

respecting the evolution of the flower, it is necessary to come to a decision 

as regards the naturalness of the group, Angiospermae, itself; or in biological 

terminology to decide whether the Flowering Plants as a whole, 

including both Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons, should be viewed as a 

monophyletic or polyphyletic assemblage. Respecting the opposed group, 

the Gymnospermae, a polyphyletic origin is docidedly indicated. The 

Conifers and Cycads have little in common. and the Gnetales are a group 

quite apart. On analogy it might therefa're be thought that the Angiospermae 

are of mixed stock. The writer, however, has little hesitation 

in declaring for a monophyletic origin of Flowering Plants as a whole 

-at any rate this would seem to be the more helpful and stimu]"ting 

position to assume. To reduce the various types of sporophylls to be 

found in the Gymnosperms to one basic pattern for each sex is diffi"ult, 

but it is otherwise with those of the Angiosperms. The sam8 kind of 

stamen (microsporophyll) exists throughout the group, and this, though 

not quite so obvious, may be held equally true for the carpel (megasporophyll). 

In addition, what is perhaps still more significant, the male and 

female gametophytes (pollen-grain and embryo-sac) have likewise a similar 

structure throughout. The chance, one imagines, is remote of two 

or more independent evolutionary lines converging to such a degree as 

to reveal no essential differences in their sporophylls and gametophytes. 

The acceptance of the monophyletic position envelopes Engler's 

classification in difficulties. On this arrangement the general evolutionary 

trend is held to be from flowers with no perianth through ones with 

a simple sepaloid perianth to ones with both calyx and corolla. A comparative 

survey fails to show how the perianth arises. Refuge can only 

be taken in the feeble idea that it has arisen de novo as a sudden outgrowth 

from the floral axis. Again following Engler we are almost 

forced to the difficult supposition that the Ul1lsexual can gIVe rIse to 

the hermaphrodite flower, as most naked flowers, those of the Amentiferae 

for example, are unisexual. There is no conclusive evidence tha" 

anythmg of the kind has occurred. On the contrary there 18 overwhelmmg 

evidence of perianth reduction to complete abortion, and also of 

unisexual flowers arising through the suppression of one set of sporo- 

-Entry of the pollen· tube into the ovule by way of the chalaza instead of by 

th.at of the micropyle.

EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION Olf FLOWERiNG PLANTS. 159 

In fairness, let us now turn to the latest discovered group of fossil 

plants, the Caytoniales, since Dr Hamshaw Thomas has in a measure 

made them a basis of a rival speculation as to the origin of the Angiosperms. 

* His investigation of these fruit-bodies (barely the size. of a 

currant) has been so painstaking and thorough that there can be little 

or no doubt as to his interpretation of their structure. We are also quite 

ready to accept his view that the fronds (Sagenopteris) and the micro: 

spore-bearing organs (AntholithlLS) found in the same matrix, though 

not in actual connection, represent respectively the foliage and microsporophylls 

of the Caytoniales. '1'he fruit-bodies are distinctly angiospermous 

in the descriptive sense, since, the seeds are enclosed in a cavity 

formed out of the sporophyll, and a stigma, a receptive spot for the pollen 

(microspores), appears to be present. The question naturally arises 

can these fruit-bodies be considered angiospermous in the phylogenetic 

sense? The sporophyll bearing these bodies was a pinnate or bipinnate 

non-foliaceous frond. There is no indication that these fronds were 

massed together into cones; the suggestion is rather that they were 

loosely arranged on the stem after the pteridospermous fashion. The 

" ovary" appears to have been formed by the turning in of the tip of 

the pinna (or pinnule). The ovules or seeds were borne on or near the 

midrib and not marginally. This form of angiospermy (seed-enclosure) 

is very different from that of the Flowering Plant as generally accepted. 

In the latter the whole carpellary leaf is involved in the enclosure and 

the ovules are moreover marginally borne. Dr Thomas has endeavoured 

to square matters with the true Angiosperm by imagining reduction to 

a single fruit body per sporophyll, and by bringing in Miss Saunders's 

theory of carpel polymorphism (not yet generally accepted) to explain 

the centrally borne seeds. 

The microsporophyll attributed to the Caytoniales is also considered 

to h·ave strl,lctural features in common with the androecium of the 

Flowering Plants. It would appear to be a much branched non-foliaceous 

frond, bearing at the tip of its ultimate ramifications a tuft of 3-6 

sessile microspore-bearing bodies. Each of these is four-winged. Dr 

Thomas likens such a spore-case to the Angiospermous anther with its 

four pollen sacs. By reducing a sporophyll like the above to a single 

spore-producing body a passable resemblance to a stamen might be obtained, 

but the connective apparently would be missing! 

The presence in these spore-cases of winged pollen grains is a significant 

discovery, indicating that the Caytoniales were markedly anemophilous. 

If this group has been ancestral to modern Angiosperms, what, 

may we ask, has become of the winged pollen grains? This very effective 

mechanism for anemophily is unknown among Angiosperms, though 

common in Conifers. Such a device might have been expected to have 

persisted in, for example, the snpposedly primitive wind-pollinated 

Amentiferae! 

If the Caytoniales bear resemblance of phylogenetic import to any 

other class of plants, then the Pteridosperms might be suggested. May 

*Linnean SOciety Proceeaings, 138th SeSSion, P. 22, 1926.

160 EVOLutIoN AND CLASSIFICAtION OF FLOWERiNG PLANTS. 

they not be Mesozoic representatives of this great Palaeozoic group, 

which have evolved a form of angiospermy, independent in origin of that 

which gave rise to the true Flowering Plants? This discovery of seeds 

enveloped in a carpellary structure in plants, which otherwise have 

hardly a feature in common with modern Angiosperms, suggest that the 

flower as a whole rather than the enclosure of the ovules is the distinctive 

feature of the highest phylum of the vegetable kingdom, which 

would, in consequence, be better termed the Anthophyta than the Angiospermae. 

A rational scheme of floral evolution can be based on the view that 

the order (cohort) Ranales contains the families with the least modified 

flowers. In a general way from the type of flower exemplified by Magnolia 

all other forms are considered capable of being derived by reduction 

and modification. In short, a primitive flower is held to be hennaphrodite 

with its members indefinite in number free from one another, 

borne spirally on a long axis and with no clear differentiation of itsperianth 

into calyx and corolla. A derivation such as this for all Angiospel'mous 

flowers has been spoken of as the Ranalian hypothesis. 

One of the main, if not the most important, trend in floral evolution 

from the cone-like flower found in the Magnoliaceae, and to some 

extent in the Ranunculaceae, is the shortening and spreading out of 

the floral axis (receptacle), leading eventually to its "invagination,"* 

and the establishment of the perigynous and epigynous states. Perhaps 

-this is quite speculative-the original alighting place for visiting insects 

was the apical carpellary cone. With the flattening of the niceptacle 

and the increased prominence and differentiation of the petals this 

has largely been transferred to the corolla. The compression of the floral 

axis tends to bring the anthers and stigmas into one plane and so facilitates 

pollination. It also entails reduction in the number Qf floral members 

and their disposition in whorls in place of the earlier spiral arrangement. 

Cohesion of floral members, especially noteworthy in the corolla 

and gynoecium, as well as the development of the zygomorphic flower 

are generally recognised as advanced stages. The evolution of the unisexual 

from the hermaphrodite flower, usually accompanied by the suppression 

of the petals and the substitution of anemophily for entomophily, 

has already been dealt with. 

Taken in its general aspects such a view of floral evolution as the 

foregoing appears reasonable, and is eminently teachable. This cannot 

be said for that based on Engler's system. It hardly seems possible to 

derive the Ranalian flower from any kind of floral structure to be found 

among the catkin-trees and other Apetalae; but the reverse is quite 

feasible. 

In pressing the reduction view respecting the evolution of the flower, 

it must not "necessarily be assumed that here and there an increase in 

*Epigyny-or at least some forms of it-may have arisen through the adhesion 

of the bases of floral members to the gynoecium, rather than through the actual 

invagination of the receptacle.

EVOLU'I'toN AND CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERING PLANTS. 161 

floral members may not have taken place. It is well, however, to remember 

that systematic botany was, and still is to some extent, dominated 

by the idea of the five-whorled pentamerous flower constituting the 

ground plan of the Dicotyledon, and the principles of doubling, splitting 

and branching may have been too freely called upon to account for 

whorls and also members in whorls greater than five. The Ranalian 

families to the older systematist's were somewhat of a stumbling block, 

as their flowers were difficult to harmonise with the formal flower of 

five alternating pentafuerous whorls. To those who embrace the Ranalian 

theory these families instead of mystifying, supply the key to the 

whole. Indefiniteness in all parts of the flower is what we are on the 

watch for and requires no explaining away. 

Some reference mllst here be made to Dr Salisbury's recent papers 

on floral construction in the Ranales and Helobiales (Alismaceae, etc.).* 

His conclusions are at variance with the above, in that he considers a 

five-whorled trimerous flower or something tantamount to this to be the 

primitive condition for these groups, and all departures in the way of 

increase, even when the arrangement is spiral, to be derivative. He even 

suggests that such a flower as that of Magnolia may have originally come 

from one with its members arranged in definite whorls! To my way of 

thinking this is putting the cart before the horse with a vengeance! He 

bases his views on counts, and finds when the floral members are many 

they tend to be in multiples of three. May not the opposite inference be 

drawn from this? Respecting foliage leaves surely few would attempt 

to argue that the whorled arrangement taken on the whole has preceded 

the spiral. That in flowers three-membered whorls were differentiated 

earlier than five-whorled ones from the spiral arrangement appears probable 

on comparative evidence; and it may be that the Monocotyledons, 

which in the main are ti'imerous, separated off from the Dicotyledons 

before these had fixed a pentamerous type of flower. 

Though Engler's classification has largely superseded De Candolle's 

on the Continent, it made tardy progress in this country, doubtless owing 

to the influence of Bentham and Hooker's system. Kew remained faithful 

to these systematists. When Sir Joseph Hooker was approached in 

1907 on the subject, he replied to the effect that Engler's classification 

was no better phylogenetically than De Candolle's, and as regards convenience, 

not so good. Though Kew declined to arrange its herbarium 

or issue floras on Englerian lines, the German system gradually permeated 

and in certain quarters began to be followed with the sort of feeling of 

being up to date, when the phrase, out of date, might have been more 

appropriate! In the matter of systematic works devoted to the British 

flora, conservatism has mainly ruled, and we think rightly. There is 

one notable exception, viz., the incomplete sumptuous Cambridge British 

Flora, which is arranged on Engler's system. The Secretary of this 

Society in one of his recent annual reports uttered a lament to the effect 

that he supposed we would all have ultimately to adopt Engler's classifi- 

-Ann. BOt. xxxiii., p. 47, 1919; xxxiv., p. 107, 1920; and xl.. p. 419, 1926.

168 NEW FORMS OF THYMUS. 

usually elongate, interrupted, rarely short and globular. Peduncle 

bears close, short retrose hairs. Calyx 3 mm. long, densely covered with 

villous hairs, except on the dorsal surface which is nearly glabrous. 

In its habit the plant resembles T. glaber Mill., more particularly 

the broad-leaved forms of that species: but it differs from them in the 

villous hairiness of all its parts. It is, in fact, closely related to T. 

vlaber. 

As regards T. vlaber Mill. itself, it will become necessary to distinguish 

its broad-leaved forms (leaf more ovate, ± twice as long as 

broad) as f. Chanwedrys (Fries), fro:n the narrow-leaved forms (leaf 

more lanceolate, ± three times as long as broad) = f. glaber (Mill.). 

T. carniolicus Borbas is a decidedly Atlantic, West European species, 

which is not rare in France and Spain: in Germany it inhabits only the 

extreme west (Grand Duchy of Baden, upper valley of the Danube). 

North of the Alps it extends as far as the Vorarlberg; south of the Alps 

it is distributed in a narrow zone as far as Carniola and Fiume: it has 

also an outlying locality in the Lungan (Salzburg, upper valley of the 

Mar). 

Localities in England: -Wigtonshire, Barnbarroch (leg. E. K. Riggins); 

Cambridgeshire, Gogmagogs (Runnybun: leg. E. S. Marshall); 

Sussex, Telscombe (leg. T. Rilton). 

2. THYMUS PSEUDO-LANUGINOSUS Ronniger ined. 

Allied to T. Serpy1l1wt L., more p}l.rticularly to the race T. britannic-us 

Ronn., from which it differs in the dense greyish villosity of all 

its parts. Its main stem is long and creeping, terminating in a sterile 

prostrate shoot and bearing sterile prostrate lateral shoots: but isolated 

floriferous shoots are not infrequent in all races of T. SerP1!llum. The 

flowering branches are low, about 4-7 cm. high, springing in rows from 

the stolons of the previous years; glabrous on two sides, bearing on the 

two alternate sides dense outstanding hairs. Leaves small, rather thick, 

rigid, 7-nerved (nerves projecting on the under surface), more or less 

narrowly elliptical, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, 4-6 mm. 

long. li-3 mm. broad, densely grey-villous, the lower side less densely 

hairy. Inflorescence spherical, rarely somewhat elongated, at most I! 

cm. in diameter (in bisexual specimens). Calyx villous all over (the 

dorsal hairs short), 3i-4 mm. long, upper calyx-teeth short, about as 

broad as }ong. 

Localities: -Dorsetshire, cliffs between Swan age and Dancing 

Ledge (leg. C. E. Salmon), and Durlstone (leg. E. F. Linton).

170 NOTE ON NOMENCLATURE. 

with the Species Plantar'wrn of Linnaeus, ed. i., 1753, for all groups of 

vascular plants." 

Art. 20 was not carried witho,ut opposition, and voters on the question 

were not necessarily taxonomists or experts on the subject of nomenclature. 

The List of Conserved Names was not drawn up with necessary 

care, many of the names being already dealt with under other rules. 

It was eminently unfair in its selection and contains gross anomalies. 

Nor was the avowed object greatly aided since many of the conserved 

generic names include few species. Many important authorities ignore 

them, in others only a grudging and qualified assent is given. The disadvantage 

of such a course is evident. I heartily endorse what was 

written in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club for April 1907, 

" that they regard [exclusion of several hundred generic names from the 

operation of all nomenclatorial rules] as in the highest degree arbitrary, 

as controverting a cardinal principle." Therefore, in my List of British 

Plants, published in 1908, the Nomina Conservanda were, with one exception, 

deliberately ignored. The years that have elapsed since have 

not shaken my attitude, and not until a well-selected committee of competent 

authorities has dealt with the subject and submitted to a meeting 

for acceptance a small list, the fewer the better, of conserved names will 

one's objections be overruled. 

As showing how ill-selected and in what an arbitrary manner the 

List of Nomina Conservanda was framed, a few examples are given here. 

NOMINA CONSERVANDA, VIENNA 1905. NOMINA CORRIGENDA 1926. 

6994. CALYSTEGIA R. Br. Prod. 483, 1810 = VOLVULUS Medik. in Phys. 

i., 202, 1791. Species 7. ' 

Medikus established it with the species V. sepi1wL It is used hy 

Kuntze in Rev. Gen. PI. and List of Brit. PI. 

2986. CAPSELLA Medik. Pflanz. i., 85, 1792 = BURSA (Weber) 111 Wigg. 

Prim. Fl. Holsat. 47, 1780. Species 4. 

Also brought into citation by Boehmer in Ludv., 1760. 

The name Bursa is very ancient, being used by Dorstenius in the 

Botanicon of 1540, by Turner in his Names of Herbes of 1548, etc. Capsella 

is a faulty modern name. Bursa is a properly defined genus with 

a species added. It 'is used by Gr'oves in Babington's Manual of 1904, 

in the A.merican Oheck List and List of Brit. PI. 

2858. CORYDALIS Ventenat in Choix 1802 = CAPNOIDES (Tourn.) Miller 

Abr. 1754 et Adans. Fam. ii., 431, 1763. Species 90. 

Oapnoides is used by Moench (Methodus 152, 1794), who described 

four species under it, by Kuntze (as OaJYnodes) in Rev. Gen., by Groves 

(Le.) and in the American Oheck List and List of Brit. PI. 

There are other earlier names than Oorydalis. 

269. CORYNEPHORUS Beauv. Agr. 90, 1812 = WEINGAERTNElUA Bernh. 

Syst, 23, 1800. Species 2.

NOTE ON NOMENCLATURE. 171 

Beauvois' name is clearly antedated. Weingaertneria was used (misspelled) 

by Bentharn in Journ. Linn. Soc. 1881, by Groves (l.e.), and in 

Rendle & Br. Brit. Seed-Plants 1907, and in the American and British 

Lists. 

282. CYNODON Rich. in Pers. Syn. 85, 1805 = CAPRIOLA Adans. Fam. 

ii., 31, 1763. Species 4. 

Daetilon Vill. and Fibiehia Koehl also are earlier names than Cynodon. 

Capriola l)actylon was named by Kuntze in American and British 

Plant Lists, by Groves (l.c.). 

6195. DABEOCIA D. Don in Ed. Phi!. Journ. 160, 1834. = BORETTA Neck. 

Elem. ii., 212, 1790. Species 1. 

Roretta is used by Kuntze (l.e.), Groves (Le.), Rendle & Brit. (l.e.), 

List of Brit. Plo, etc. 

2856. DWENTRA Bernh. in Linnaea 8, 457, 1833 = CAPNORCHIS (Lud.) 

Miller Abr. 1754. Species 15. 

Borck. in Boem. Arch. i., ii., 46, 1797, named C. speetabilis, and 

Planchon in 1853-4 named under it four species. There are other earlier 

names than Dicentra, which is clearly antedated by Capnorchis. 

2528. ERANTHIS Salisb. in Tr. Linn. Soc. 8, 303, 1807 = CAMMARUM 

Hill Brit. Herb. 47, 1756. Species 7. 

This was well defined and figured by Hill; it is used by Greene, 

Groves (I.e.), and List of Brit. Pl., etc. 

C. hyernale Greene is the type. Helleboroides Adanson of 1763 is 

also earlier than Eranthis. 

6018. FALCARIA (Riv.) Host Fl. Austr. i., 381, 1807 = PRIONITIS Adans. 

Fam. ii., 499, 1763. Species 4. 

Prionitis is used by Dumortier Fl. Relg. with species in 1823. 

276. HIEROCHLOE (Gme!.) R. Br. Prod. 218, 1810 = .SAVASTANA Schrank 

Baier Fl. i., 100, 1789. Species 13. 

Established by Schrank with one species. Used in Arne1'1can Check 

List, List of B?'it. PI., etc. 

1.'orresia Ruiz & Pavon 1794 is also earlier than R. Brown. 

1893. HYMENOCARPus Savi Fl. J?is. ii., 205, 1798. = CIRCINNUS Medik. 

Species 1. 

Established by Medikus V m'les ii., 384, 1787, with a species, and 

used by Kuntze in BM'. Gen. PI. and List of Brit. PI. 

374. LAMARCKIA Moench Meth. 201, 1794 = ACHYRODES Boehm. in Ludw. 

DeL PI. 420, 1760. Species 1. 

Achyrodes was revived by Kuntze (I.e.).

NOTE ON NOMENCLATURE. 173 

2261. SUAEDA Forsk. Fl. Ae.-Arab. 69, 1775 = DONDIA Adans. Fam. ii., 

761, 1763. Species 40. 

Do'nclia is used by Britton & Brown in Flora of the North. U.S., 

by Small in Bull. New York Gard., by Heller in Cat. N.A. Pl., by Nelson 

in Coult. Bot. Gaz., and Druce in List of Brit. PI., and others. It is 

older than Lerehea. 

Dondia maritima Dr. is the type. 

143. TRAGUS HaIler St Helv. 203, 1768 = NAZIA Adans. Fam. ii., 31, 

1763. Species 1. 

Tmgus HaIler had no species, but Scopoli in 1777 described T. racemosus. 

Nazia was adopted by Kuntze (Le.). 

5998. TRINIA Hoffm. Gen. 92, 1814 = APINELLA Neck. Elem. i., 191, 

1790. Species 12. 

ApinelZa glauea is used in Druce PI. Berks, by Kuntze in Rev. Gen. 

Pl., by Carnel and Groves (l.c.). 

8668. WAHLENBERGIA Schrad. Cat. PI. Hort. Goett. 1814 = CERVICINA 

Delile Flore d'Egypte 150, 1813. Species 100. 

This genus was well defined, with a figured species duly named in 

an important work. It has been used by Groves (I. c.), Britten in Bot. 

Cook Voyage, p. 56, Hiern Cat. Afr. Plo i., 631, Druce Fl. Berks and 

List of Brit. Pl. 

Cervicina campanuloides Delile is the type. The conserved name 

was published in an unimportant work without a species. In other publications 

Schrader included plants of different genera. There are two 

other genera bearing the name Wahlenbergiu, neither of which are competing 

names. Its retention is unjustifiable. A. de CandoIle, in his 

Monograph, unfortunately overlooked the claims of Cer'IJicina. 

These examples are selected chiefly from genera containing British 

species, and emphasise the lack of uniformity and the extraordinary and 

arbitrary methods of selection. 

One is struck at the smallness of many genera in the list. 17 of 

these instanced here would necessitate the alteration of only 120 names, 

the whole of the cited genera would not involve more than 500. For this 

temporary inconvenience-few of the species are hortal-is it worth 

while to sacrifice a great principle, and to create a hostile feeling caused 

by its unfairness? 

The erratic choice of conserved names is shown in that while Silybum 

is cited for Adanson, that author's Nazia and Dondia, equally well 

founded, are rejected; that Medikus, whose genus Capsella is wrongly 

conserved (as against the earlier Bursa) is erroneously rejected in the 

case of V ol'IJuZus and Circinnlbs. 

Again Weber is wrongly chosen for JJIaianthemum but ignored for 

Bursa, both published in the same work. 

It is probable that the framers of the Nomina Conservanda were unacquainted 

with Miller's Gardeners' Dictionary of 1754 and Hill's

GRASSES OF FESTtrCA OVINA-RUilRA GROUP. 115 

" Wallasey, Cheshire, July 1879," Lewis. I have not seen any 

of this gathering, but in 1875 Mr Lewis distributed plants 

similar to those of his 1871 gathering above. 

" Sea cliffs near Cawsand, E. Cornwall, 9th July 1878," Ley. 

P. r'lLura, eu-rubra, genuina, sub-var. pruinosa. 

F. ruura, var. p1'1LinOsa under glaucescens, but I now regard 

these as two distinct varieties. 

lS80, as. "Close turf, Herefordshire Beacon, 20th May 1880," Ley. 

JP. ovina, eu-ovina, vulgaris, sub-var. genuina. 

F. ovina L., but probably the glaucous-green form scarcely 

distinguishable from the more common type in dried 

material. 

1881, 59. "Hough pasture, Treverannen, Hereford, 25th June 1881," 

Ley. As preceding. 

" Hill Wootton, 'Warwick, June 1881," Baker. 

" July 1881," Bromwich. 

F. ovina, eu-ovina, duriuscula, sub-var. genuina. 

P. long'i/olia, var. genuina. 

There is some F. ovina L. in Mr Baker's gathering. 

1884, 119. "Uig, Skye, 6th August 1884," Linton. 

F. r'uura., eu-ruura, genuina., sub-var. pruinosa.. 

This is the type gathering upon which Hackel founded his 

. sub-var. prninosa.. On other parts of the west coast it 

passes into sub-var. gla.1Lcescens, and is connected with 

this rather than with sub-var. funcea. 

1885, 140. "Railway bank, Leek Wootton, Warw., June 1885," Bromwich. 

See under 1881, 59, Hill Wootton. 

" Near Banbury, Oxon," G. C. Druce. 

F. ovina, eu-ovina., duriuscula, sub-var. trachyphylla. 

F. longi/olia, var. trachyphylla.. 

I have not seen a specimen to verify this determination. 

1886, 162. "Sandy Dunes, Caister by Yarmouth, Norfolk, 23rd August 

1886," Linton. 

The panicles on the sheets I have examined have hispid spikelets. 

This places such plants under F. rubra, eu-rubra, 

genui'na, sub-var. barbata, and not sub-var. grandiflora as 

, determined by Hackel. 

F. rubra, var. dwnetorurn mihi. 

1887, 194. "Hedge Court, Surrey, 1887," Beeby, and" Leek Wootton, 

Warw., 1884," Bromwich. 

If a true species the correct name is F. capillata Lam., and 

so in my paper. If a variety of F. ovina, as in Hackel, 

then the name is either F. ovina, var. paludosa Gaud. 

(1828) or var. tenui/olia (Sibth.) Dub. (Bot. Gall. i., 518, 

1828). 

1888, 239. "Sunninghill, Berks, July 1887," Druce. As preceding. 

" Shady hedgebank, near Chislehurst, Kent, August 1888," 

Eyre de Orespigny.

176 GRASSES OF FESTUcA OVINA-RUllRA GROUP. 

F. rubra, eu-rubra, genuina, vulgaris since some of the plants 

have short stolons. 

F. rubra, vulgaris mihi. 

" Stow Wood, Oxon, June 1887," Druce. 

F. rubra, eu-rubra, fallax. If a true species the name is F. 

faUax Thuil!., if a variety, F. rubra, commutata Gaud. 

1890, 315. "Sandhills, Hartlepool, 11th July 1889," Fox. 

This is one of the forms intermediate between F. rub ra, eur·ubra, 

genuina, sub-var. arenaria (F. rub ra, arenaria 

Osb.), and F. rub ra, sub-sp. dumetor'um (F. funcifolia St 

Am.) but nearer to the latter, under which I should place 

it. 

1892, 392. Hackel gave the correct names to all four. 

1894, 462. "Rocks of the Avon, below Aveton Gifford, S. Devon, 20th 

June 1894," Marshall. 

Hackel names it F. rubra, sub-var. glaucescens, but I should 

rather place it under his sub-var. pruinosa, if the two are 

to be kept distinct. See under 1884. 

463. " Coast, Bigbury Bay, S. Devon, 22nd June 1894," Marshall. 

Here again I think the plant ought to be named sub-var. 

pruinosa, the spikelets are quite glabrous. 

I agree with the names of the other two. 

1896, 531. " St Bee's Head, Cumberland, 13th June 1896.," Adair. As 

the preceding, but see also under 1900. 

1896, 531. "Sands of St Aubyn's Bay, Jersey, 18th June 1896," Lester. 

F. rubra, eu-rubra, genuina, sub-var. grandifiora Hack. 

F. Tubra, var. grandifiora mihi. 

1897, 577. I have not been able to trace either of these sheets. 

1900,651. "St Bee's Head, Cumberland, 15th June 1900," Adair .. 

This gathering included a range of pruinose forms, from 

those with smooth through hispidulous to pubescent spikelets. 

probably Hackel had one of the last type, and gave 

the name as sub-var. ba.rbata, but overlooked the pruinose 

character. The forms with smooth spikelets really belong 

to sub-var. pruinosa, those with hispidulous spikelets are 

true glaucescens. This gathering shows the close link between 

the two forms. Then the hispid character has become 

more pronounced still in some, giving the pubescence 

characteristic of sub-var barbata. Altogether it is a very 

interesting set. 

1903, 31-2. I agree with all the names given by Hacke!. Note in the 

last-mentioned that juncea is a sub-variety in Hacke!. 

1904, 39. Correctly named by Hacke!. 

1905, 50. "Sandy shore, Skegness, 13th June 1905," Horwood. 

F. rub ra, eu-rubra, gen1tina, v·ulgaris Hack. 

F. rubra L., not F. ovina L. as suggested by KS.M. 

Same locality and date, under" F. rubra L., arenaria Osb." 

Some of the sheets examined approximate to F. rubra,

GRASSES OF FESTUCA ovtNA-RUBRA GROuP. 

genui.na, grandiflora in that their spikelets are quite 

glabrous. Others with decidedly pubescent spikelets are 

intermediate between F. rubra, genuina, arenaria, and 

F. rub7'a, sub-sp. dumetoru7n, but nearer to the former. 

Both types are present at Skegness, and intermediates 

abound probably through hybridisation. See 19n, p. 14l. 

1906,251. "Heysham Harbour, 10th July 1906," vVilson and Wheldon. 

F. rubra, genuina, vulgaris. 

" Sandhills, vVeston-super-l'Ifare, 22nd June 1906," Bickham. 

There appear to be two types in this gathering: -F. rubra, 

denuina, glal('cescens, a.nd arenaria. 

1907,322. "Inchnadamph, July 1907," Druce. 

F. ovina, capillata Hack. 

" Oorreifron, 9th August, and Midlaw Burn, 23rd July 1907," 

Johnstone and Linton. 

P. rubra, genuina, barbata Hack. F. rubra, dumetorum mihi. 

" Ledbury, 8th July 1907," Bickham. 

F. rubra, fallax Hack. 

" Near Moffat, Dumfries, 16th July 1907," Linton. 

P. rubrn, genuina, vulga-ris, approaching fallnx 111 its root 

and grn-ndiflora in its spikelet characters. 

" F. heterophyll(:L, Oxford, June 1907," Druce. 

I agree, also with that from Berks. 

1909, 482. "F. heterophylln, near Peebles, August 1909," Druce. Oorrecto 

1910, 607. "Ooleman Road, Leicester, 19th August 1910," Horwood. 

P. rub7'a, genuina, vulgaris Hack. 

1911, 141. All correctly named. 

1912, 297. I agree with Hackel's naming of all except that from "St 

Osyth, 13th June 1912," Brown. Hackel must have had 

a glabrous specimen. There is some true arenaria in the 

gathering, and the glabrous forms are no doubt arenaria, 

forma glabra, and not grandiflora. 

1913, 513. All seen and named by Hackel. 

1914, 174. "J!'. dumetoT'um, forma planifolia Hack., Skegness, Lines, 

July 1911," Druce. 

This is important as being the typ.e gathering for this particular 

form of the plant which I regard as Pestuca iuncifolia 

St Am. 

1915,387. "Railway banks, Walton Junction, 9th June 1915," Wheldon. 

F. 7'ub1'a, genuina, sub-var. 'Vulgaris Hack. 

" Marram grass belt, dunes near Hall Road, Lanes, 1st July 

1915," Wheldon. 

F. rub ra, genuina, sub-var. grandiflora Hack. 

" Dry bank, Torquay, 23rd May, 1915," Robinson. 

F. rubra, genuina, sub-var. vulgaris Hack., not fallax. 

" Sand dunes, Hightown, Lanes, 1st July 1915;" Wheldon. 

177

POA SUnCAERULEA AND iTS RESTORATION. 179 

Puccinellia as the correct spelling in each case. I had made this alteration 

in my note of 1925, but unfortunately the printer introduced a 

rendering of his own, thus coining another misnomer. Those who have 

sheets will realise that the 1925 label repeated the mistake of that of 

1924, where I raised the question of the correct spelling. This I attempted 

to supply in my 1925 note, with unfortunate consequences. 

ON PGA. SUBOA.ERULEA SM. AND ITS RESTORATION. 

By C. A. M. LINDMAN, Stockholm. 

When J. E. Smith discovered this plant, "The Blueish Meadowgrass," 

he published it in his English Botany, vol. 14, t. 1004 (1802). 

Although this picture is not one of the best in his grand work, it serves 

excellently to explain the long accompanying description; and by this 

publication of a new species, the author gave a most valuable addition 

to the genus Pon. 

The Linnean species of Pou in Europe were, at that time, not accurately 

characterised and distinguished. (Smith recognises for instance 

his new species in Poa alpina Huds., not L., and P. gla'uca ",Vith., not 

Fl. Dan.) Nevertheless he is perfectly successful in pointing 'out how 

to distinguish P. sub cae1"l!leu from the earlier species, especially Poa 

pratensis, laying stress upon the following marks (Eng. DoL, t. 1004) :- 

" 'Whole plant glaucous" and" a blueish appearance" (Smith here 

evidently means a distinct pruina). 

"Panicle shaped likil that of fLlpina," viz., more crowded, with 

thicker and broader spikelets, more or less clustered together. 

"Calyx almost awned," the glumes really being more cuspidab 

than in pratensis. As seen in the drawing, the branchlets of the panicle 

are very few and nearly erect instead of standing straight out. 

There are specImens (3 individuals) of this species in the Ricks 

Museum (Herb. Stockholm), sent by Smith to Professor O. Swartz, in 

Stockholm. Although not so typical as later specimens, both frcm England 

and Sweden, they are quite recognisable. There is likewise a specimOn 

in J. E. Smith's herbarium in the Linnean Society, London . 

. Unfortunately, Smith did not long maintain his new plant. In his 

Oompendi'll,m Fl. BTit., 1816, he published a new species, Poa humilis 

Ehrh. (this name, however, is a nomen, n'ud'l!m) and transferred P. s'ubcaerulea 

to it as a mere synonym. In this way he in reality spoiled P. 

s'ubcaer"ulea as a proper species, for in his description of the new P. 

hurnil'is two species are mixed together. The fact is, that Ehrhart's 

hum'ilis (nom. nudurn), according to his Ol'iginal specimens, is a different 

plant from Smith's original P. s1!bcaeTulea. (I have given the name 

Poa i1'Tigata to Ehrhart's P. h·ll'1ni.lis in Botan. Not'iser 1905, and pub-, 

lished an account of its differences from P. subcaeTulea in Botan. NotiseT 

1926, p. 273.)

iM POA SUBCAERULEA AND ITS RESTORATioN. 

Nevertheless, Poa slLbcaeTulea still exists in British Literature, but 

usually only as a variety of P. pTatensis. The Englis4 authors seem to 

have underestimated it, probably because its variations in some cases 

make its peculiarities less striking, and there are also no doubt several 

hybrids of it with allied forms of Poa. 

I devoted a closer study to Smith's P. subcaeT'ulea during my attempts 

to make out the Danish plant, called Poa costata, drawn in FloTa 

Dan'ica, t. 2402, but not agreeing with the original POa costata Schumacher. 

In Scandinavian handbooks it generally is inserted as a 

variety of Poa lITatensis (sens'u latissi'lno), but without any decisive 

marks, and it is often called an uncertain or "mystical" plant. This 

Poa costata, Fl. Dan., has been plentifully collected by Danish botanists, 

chiefly in Sjalland, so that there is no difficulty in getting true specimens 

of it in great number. After making a circumstantial description 

of this plant, and comparing it with the painting in Fl. Danica, I found 

that Poa cosi;ata is a proper species and identical with P. subcacTulea 

Srn. The name" costata " is later, and must moreover fall for the reason 

that the original specimens of Professor Schumacher's Poa cost.ata 

which I had the advantage of having lent me from the Botanical Museum 

in Copenhagen, are quite different from the P. costata of Fl. Danica and 

later Danish authors. t 

In this way I am able to state positively that the true Poa subcae 

Tulea Sm. is also a Swedish species and not rare in southern Sweden, at 

least so far as Stockholm (about 60 degs. north lattitude). In several 

parts it grows abundantly, particularly in woody meadows, or at the 

edges of groves and forests, generally on shady and sheltered places, more 

dry than moist. It differs at the first glance from other Poa forms in the 

greyish or whitish hue of the panicle, in the apex of the culm, in the 

sheaths and the outside of the blades and, furthermore, in the narrow 

and rhombic circumference of the panicle, its lower branches being very 

few, usually only in pairs, and not standing horizontally but more or less 

erect. I have also found that the spikelets are thicker than in P. p7'atensis, 

the transverse section being broadly elliptical. The subterranean 

branches of the stem are long, rather coarse, and loosely running in the 

soft leaf-mould, and the basal shoots are not densely tufted with the 

cuIm. It is characteristic of this species that the culm mostly has three 

fresh, green leaves, the blades of which are comparatively short, broad, 

and flat, not complicated, the uppermost close to the panicle, and the 

lowest one spreading out or rather recurved. 

tSchumacher's original specimens are teratological plants of P. angustifol'ia 

( ?), tile flowers of' which were destroyed by parasitic animals (AnguiUuLides ?), 

so that tile wllole panicle got abnormal, with the shape of a narrow spike, the 

slJikeIets Deing sessile, and the valvul€s wrinlaed with prominent ridges at the 

veins, whicll evidently gave rise to tIle name costaLa. On the normal costata in 

FL. Danica, this name seems rather to allude to the distinct lateral veins even of 

tile lower glume, wllile the gluma of P. pratensts (sensu strictO) and of P. angusttrolia 

usually lack tile lateral veins.

NATURE'S WAY FOR PRODUCING SPECIES. 183 

angustifolius L. 550. Trigonella polycemta L., var. pinnatijida. 

554. T. caerulea Ser. 575. Mcdicago lYh!rex Willd. 584 . .M. ciliaris 

Willd. 602. Trifolium ochroleucon Huds. 623. T. tomentosum L. 

632. T. glomrrahL1n L. 656. Astm.galllS ha,mosus L. 667. Ooronilla 

scorpioides Koch. 690. Vicia no,ri,o'ncnsis L. 721. LathYr1!s Oicera 

L. 724. L. Ochrus DC. 1166. Cal1calis claucoides L. 1201. Galium 

tricor-ne Stokes. 1411. Oalenclt!la a?'vcnsi,s L. 1742. A.nagallis femina 

Mill. 1789 (5). Benthamia intermedia Fisch. & Mey. 1810. Asperugo 

procn1nbens L. 2059. Stachys ann1ta L. 2088. Plantago Psyllium L. 

2390. Asphodel1!s /istulo.ms L. 2650. Phalaris aq1tatica L. 2074. 

LagUr1!S ovahJ.S L. 2747. Erag1'ostis cilianensis V.-L. 2794. Bromus 

rig ens L. 2799. B rtl,be?lS L. 2836. Tritiml,m OV'1,hl,m Rasp. 2838. 

T. tr'iunciale L. 

CARDIFF DOCKS. 

651., Galega officina lis L. 1771. Gilia cap'itata Sims. 

GRANGETOWN. 

1463. Oentwurea melitensis J.J. 2017. Melissa officinalis L. 

2112. Amamntus alb'us L. 

BARRY. 

NATURE'S WAY FOR PRODUCING SPECIES. 

NATURE'S SCHEMING. 

By E. ALMQUIS,T. 

In a letter to N ageli in 1873 Mendel suggests the following case: 

By change of the environment a Hieracium produces hybrids; the original 

form disappears and some hybrid thrives. The same is repeated 

by new changes and a third form survives. This example really illustrates 

the way of building the flora. 

The causality rules everywhere. We must leave the thought a priori 

that Nature breeds new forms in order to make them suitable for an 

environment. The crosses produce innumerable different hybrids, all 

combinations of the genes C0111e out. Only the form that is fit for the 

place survives, all the others disappear. For the crosses all tendency 

is quite excluded. Perhaps the mutation also forms its varieties blindly. 

The hereditary mutations are not studied enough. We know the flos 

luxurians that appears ab alimento luxuriante, often in our cultures. 

The flowers become replete, important organs disappear at the same 

time. Among the mutants we find apetalous, pelorias, morbid monstrosities, 

etc., and often the variation is insignificant. With poor nutrition 

some pathogenic bacteria lose some genes and breed new constant 

forms (Fur Artbildung in del' freien Natur. Aeta Horti Berg. ix., 65,

184 BOTANISING IN THE HIGH TATRA. 

1926). We know that many mutants are unable to persist. As far as 

we know no form is created in order to be suitable for its environment. 

Thus both hybrids and mutants seem to agree. The habitat type represents 

scarcely a genotypical response to the habitat. Lamarck suggested 

that the organs are changed by uses or non-uses. In this way 

varieties and the instinct may be trained, but not new genes won. 

Species seem to be bred without Nature's tendency, but on the 

other side we are able to discover the scheme for the permanence of the 

life. In the favourable environment most forms tend to constancy. 

Then the production of less valuable forms is stopped. Another sample 

of scheming: -When the nutriment is finishing the fructification sets 

often in both for higher plants and bacteria. Then the seeds are able 

to find new and better environment. Also the circulation is of great 

importance for vegetation both in agriculture and in free nature. I 

have studied it in Siberia, especially on the Island of Bering. When 

the vegetation of Empetrum had reached the height of half a metre 

moss :md lichens commence to luxuriatE'. They destroyed the Empetrum 

in (1, short time, the body turning quite naked. Then the same commences 

anew, first a thin layer of moss and lichens, shortly followed 

by the Empetrum ("Lichenenvegetation dis Beriaqsmaeres," Vegaexpedition 

Bot. iv., p. 529). 

Science studies only the causality, how often an impulse, a change, 

set up the consequences. Plants produce an immense number of seeds 

and we observe the same forms growing everywhere in favourable localities. 

They are able to breed very different varieties, and we find new 

forms growing in the changed environment. The causality rules, but at 

the same time we are able to observe that it is well planned for organisms 

and the life. They thrive and fill up the earth. The Bacteria lose 

in starving cultures some genes, but the life survives although very reduced. 

Everywhere we are able to observe some plain advantages for 

the life. 

In free nature existing plants fit in with their environment. All new 

forms that do not agree with their environment disappear. 

BOTANISING IN THE HIGH TATRA. 

By C. D. CHASE, M.C., M.A. 

Probably for every thousand British tourists to Switzerland and the 

Tyrol not one visits the High Tatra region of the Carpathians in Slovakia. 

Twelve hours from Prague it is easily accessible; the hotels are 

excellent and the people, both Slovaks and Germans, most friendly. The 

present writer, with the Rev. G. H. Harris, spent the first three weeks 

of August 1926 partly at Strbske Pleso and partly at Lomnitza. The 

High Tatra, which rises to some 8500 feet, is mostly granite, but the

BOTANISING IN THE HIGH TATRA. 185 

eastern portion, easily reached from Lomnitza, is limestone-the Beler 

Kalkalpen. The demarcation between the two formations is clearly 

marked, and it was very interesting to pass in a few steps from the flora 

of the granite to that, much more varied, of the Kalkalpen. We were 

fortunate in meeting Herr Vladimir Krajina, assistant to Professor 

Domin of the Prague Botanical Gardens. Herr Krajina was collecting 

plants for a garden of local alpines at Strbske, and he was good enough 

to name the plants which puzzled me, and also to give me a list of the 

more striking alpines found in the Beler Kalkalpen. MOst of these I 

was fortunate enough to find though some, owing to the lateness of our 

visit, were out of flower. The following list is compiled partly from Hen 

Krajina's and partly from my own lists of daily gatherings. In the three 

weeks our visit lasted I noted about 450 plants in the Hohe Tatra, which 

contains (Herr Krajina is again the source of my information) about 

1200 species of the 3000 known in the new country of Czechoslovakia. 

There is, unfortunately, no published l!'lora of the High Tatra, a deficiency, 

I told Krajina, I hoped he would some day make good. Meanwhile 

I hope the following list may be of 'use to some British field botanist who 

penetrates to this very interesting corner of Europe. 

SOME PLANTS GROWING IN THE BELER KALKALPEN. 

Olematis alpina, Ranunc'ulus montan1LS, R. Thora, var. carpaticus, 

R. alpestris, R. r1daefolius, Delphinium elat1urI1, D. oxysepalum, Petrocallis 

pyrenaica, Hutchinsia alpina, Oochlearia Tatrae, Kernera saxatilis, 

Arabis sudetica Tausch, A. arenosa, A. Halleri, A. Tatrae, A. 

alpina, A. Jacquinii Beck., Draba tomentosa WahL, D. aizoides, D. 

nemorosa, V'iola sudetica Willd., V. alpina, PoljJ9ala amara, Silene acaulis, 

Gypsophila repens, 'Dianthus glacialis, D. speciosus, D. praecox, 

Sagina Linnaei, Arenaria laricifolia, A. sedoides, A. verna, A. muscosa, 

A. ciliata, Oerastium alpinum, O. lanatum, O. latifolium, Linum extraax-illare, 

As.tragal'us alpinus, A. oroboides, A. a'ustralis, Oxytropus sericea, 

O. carpatica, O. ca'mpestris, HedysanL'm obscurum, Anthyllis alpestris, 

Onobrychis alpina, Potentilla alpestris Hall., Dryas octopetala, 

Ootoneaster tomentosa Lindl., O. vulgaris Lindl., Helianthemum alpestre, 

H. grandifior-un1, Par-nassia palustris, Sedum alpestr-e, S. atratrum, 

S. carpaticum, S. Rhodiola, Saxifr-aga Aizoon, S. aizoides, S. Bellar-di 

AIL, S. androsacea, S. perdurans, S. oppositijolia, S. caesia, Bupleurum 

ranunculoides, B. longifolium, Scabiosa lucida, Er-igeron neglectus, E. 

1t.nifior1L'S, E. carpaticus, Aster alpinus, Bellidiastrum Michelii, Artemisia 

petrosa, Senecio capitatus Wahl., S. crispat1L'S, Carduus glaucus Baum., 

Saussurea alpina, S. macrophylla, S. pygmaea Jacq., S. discolor Willd., 

Leo'l1topodi1Lm alpin1L'm, Leontodon incanus Schrk., L. tatricus, Phyteuma 

or-biculare, Oampanula pusilla, O. Scheuchzer-i, Pinguicula a.lpina, P. 

nLlgaris, Androsace lactea, A. chamaeja.wne Wulf., Primula Auricula, 

P. car-patica, Oortusa Matthioli, Soldanella hungarica, Pyrola r-otundifolia, 

P. unifiora, Gentiana carpatica Wettst., Pedic'ularis Hacquetii 

Graf., Veronica aphylla, Euphrasia salisb'ur-ge71sis, Thesium alpinum, 

Salix Jacquiniana, S. reiiculata, S. hastata, S. nigricans, Tofieldia caly-

DISTR1BUTION OF PANSIES IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 197 

V. Lluydii Jord.-Amersham (M. E. Page); Hanslope, Missenden (G. C. 

Druce). 

V. 'I-'ariatil Jord.-Chesham Bois, Coles Hill, Wooburn (G. C. Druce). 

var. SlLlph1Lrea Drabble-Beaconsfield, Bradenham, Chalfont, Denham, 

Slough (G. C. Druce). 

V. mont'icala Jord.-High Wycombe (L. J. Tremayne). 

SUFFOLK (25, 26). 

V. agrestis Jord.-Bury St Edmunds (G. C. Druce). 

V. Deseglisei Jord.-Kirkley. 

V. segetulis Jord.-Gorleston (A. E. Cook). 

f. abtusifalia (Jord.)-Raydon (G. C. Brown). 

V. rura"lis Jord.-Cavenham (E. S. Marshall); Raydon, Shelley (G. C. 

Brown). 

V. anglim, Drabble-Icklingham (R. W. Butcher). 

V. variata Jord.-Higham, Tuddenham (R. W. Butcher). 

V. lv,tea Huds., f., Pesnea1Li Lloyd & Foucaud-Barham St Gregory, 

Brandon, Sutton Common (G. C. Brown); Thetford Heath (W. 

C. F. Newton). 

NORFOLK (27, 28). 

V. Deseglisei Jord.-Stow (G. C. Druce). 

V. ruralis Jord.-Sprowston (E. F. Linton); Wmxham (M. Pallis). 

V. arvatica Jord.-North vValsham (K. Norrington). 

V. angliea Drabble--Wraxham (M. Pallis). 

V. variata Jord., var. sulphur ea Drabble-Foulsham (W. L. Notcutt); 

Framlingham. 

V. lepida Jord.-Thetford (R. W. Butcher). 

V. lutea Huds., f. Pesneaui Lloyd & Foucaud-Croxton (F. Robinson); 

Santon Warren (J. E. Little). 

CAMBRIDGESHIRE (29). 

V. agrestis Jord.-Gamlingay (C. E. Moss); Fordham. 

V. segetalis Jord.-Fordham, Harston. 

V. ruralis Jord.-Cambridge (C. E. Moss). 

V. latifolia Drabble-Gamlingay. 

V. all,gliea Dmbble-Babraham, Cherry Hintim (R. W. Butcher); Newmarket. 

V. variata Jord.-Chippenham, Newmarket (G. C. Druce). 

BEDFORDSHIRE (30). 

V. ruralis Jord:-Wooton (G. C. Druce). 

V. variata Jord., var. sulphur ea Drabble-Luton (C. E. Britton). 

HUNTINGDONSHIRE (31). 

V. agrestis Jord.-Woodwalton Fen (E. W. Hunnybun). 

V. Deseglisei Jord.---:Stibbington (G. C. Druce). 

V. ruralis Jord.-Orton (G. C. Druce). 

V. contempta Jord,-HQlme (G. C, Druce).

200 DISTRIBUT ON OF PANSIES IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 

PEMBROKESHIRE (45). 

V. agrestis Jord.-Te by (S. H. Bickham). 

V. Deseglisei Jord.- t David's (E. F. Linton). 

V. segetalis Jord.-St David's (E. F. Linton). 

V. contcmpta Jord.-Proud Giltar, Tenby (S. H. Bickham). 

V. Lejeunei Jord.--8t David's (E. F. Linton). 

V. l,tltea Huds.-St David's (E. }

204 DISTRIBUTION OF PANSIES IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 

V. lutea Huds. (including f. amoena Henslow)-Halifax, 1843 (S, King); 

Hawes, Settle, Widy Bank (J. A. Wheldon); Kepwick, Kettlewell, 

Langreth, Micklem, Middleton-in-Teesdalc (W. S. Fordham); 

Lytton (C. Waterfall); Malham (3. Cryer); Pateley 

Bridge (T. N. Ferrier); Upper Cronkley Bridge (J. G. Baker) .. 

DURHAM (66). 

V. agrestis (Jord).-Whitburn. 

V. rumlis Jord.-Ballard Down. 

V. variata Jord.-Butterby, Gibside Hill. 

V. lutea Huds. (including f. amoena Henslow)-Bishop Auckland (J. P. 

Souther); High Force (T. Gibbs); Upper Teesdale (E. S. Marshall); 

Butterby, Darlington. 

NORTHUMBERLAND (67, 68). 

V. variata Jord.-Ryton, Wyland. 

V. monticola Jord.-Doddington (1. M. Hayward). 

V. lutea Huds. (including f. omoenn Henslow)-Barton Mill (C. Bailey); 

Carter Fell, Cheviot, Plankey Allen, Throckrington Quarry. 

WESTMORLAND (69). 

V. Lejwnei Jord.-Ambleside (H. Fisher, 1866). 

V. variata Jord.-Rydal. . 

V. lepida Jord.-Ambleside (N. Haffenden); Little Langvale, Troutbeck. 

V. lntea Huds.-Dollywagon, Keswick (E. & H. Drabble); Ravenstone 

Dale, Shap. 

CUMBERLAND (70). 

V. agrestis Jord.-Duddon Bridge, Low Boghouse (W. H. Pearsall). 

V. Deseglisei Jord.-Skinburness. 

f. subtilis (Jord.)-Wythburn (E. & H. Drabble). 

V. segetalis Jord.-Hall Thwaites (W. H. Pearsall). 

f. obt1bsifolia (Jord.)-Hall Thwaites (W. H. Pearsall). 

V. contempta Jord.-Wythburn (E. & H. Drabble). 

V. Lloydii Jord.-Drigg (A. Wallis). 

V. variata Jord.-Brampton, Watermillock (G. C. Druce). 

V. lepida Jord.-Duddon Hall, Elf Hall (W. H. Pearsall); .Great Langdale, 

Penrith (C. Bailey). 

V. lutea Huds. (including f. amoeno Henslow)-Alston, Catterpallot near 

Melmerby (C. Waterfall); Great Salkeld (C. E. Salmon); Me1break 

(J. Comber); Thirlmere (E. & H. Drabble); Skiddaw. 

f. Pesneaui Lloyd & Foucaud-Drigg (A. Wallis). 

ISLE OF MAN (71). 

V. segetalis Jord.-Laxey, Ramsey (C. H. Waddell). 

V. arvatica Jord.-Ramsey (C. H. Waddell). 

V. lutea Huds., var. 01brtisii (Forster). (Forsteri H. O. Wats.)-Ballagh 

(J. S. Rouse).

205 

PERSONALIA AND VARIOUS NOTES. 

MR R. M. ADAM, depu,tising for Professor Drummond, lectured 

before the Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society on "The Vegetation 

of Ben Lawers." He said that although it only ranks as fiftieth in the 

order of height among British mountains it surpasses all others in its 

wealth of species. Out of the 1024 recorded Scottish plants some 500 

could be gathered on or in the vicinity of that mountain. He stated 

that on the higher levels a society of plants was to be found which 

must be regarded as constituting a mere remnant of a former flora 

which dominated the entire kingdom. This was an arctic flora which, 

in a war waged between arctic and southern types, was beaten by the 

climate, and its scope became less. The diminishing arctic species have 

graduall:i retreated to those regions where only the most hardy and 

resistant can survive. This process is going on to-day, and Ben Lawers 

may be regarded as one of the last citadels of those much harassed 

plants. The statements he made are somewhat dogmatic although, 

perhaps, in the main correct, but theW do not entirely explain why 

Ben Lawers is' so unusually rich. Our readers should consult Patton's 

papers (Rep. B.E.G., 797, 1922, and 268, 1923), on the Flora of Ben 

Lawers and Ben Laoigh. 

MR L. H. BAILEY, the well-known writer and compiler of the Cyclopedia 

of Horticulture, has been chosen president of thie 'American 

Society for the Advancement of Science. It has a membership roll of 

15,000. 

SIR 1. B. BALFOUR. A memorial to his memory was unveiled in 

Edinburgh Bobanical Gardens by Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart., on September 

28th. It bears this inscription: --" This stone commemorates 

Sir Isaac Baylcy Balfour, Keeper of these Gardens, 1888-1922, and is 

set here by his colleagues and friends to reward the zeal with which he 

worked, and the affection which they bore him." The main memorial, 

however, is to be at Ben More, Argyllshire, on the east side of the road 

leading from Dunoon to Loch Eck. The area is already planted with 

numerou,s exotic trees. 

MR W, DALLIMORE, the well-known writer on Coniferae, has been 

made Curator of the Museum at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 

SIR DANIEL HALL, K.C.B., F.R.S., has been appointed to succeed 

Prof. W. Bateson as Director of the John Innes Horticultural Institute 

at Merton. See notice with portrait in G(J,1-d Ghron. ii., 122, 1926. 

SIR GEORGE HIGGINSON of Marlo:w. The town has purchased a 

frontage on the Thames known as Court Garden, for a Public Park, on 

the occasion of Sir GeOl'ge's hundredth birthday. It will be known as 

Higginson Park. Towards the purchase he gave the money presented 

to him on that occasion.

206 PERSONALiA AND VARIOUS NOTES. 

MR VVILLIAM INGHAM'S collection of British mosses has been presented 

to t"!:te Department of Botany of Leeds University. Mr W. H. 

Burrell, 44 West View, Horseforth, Leeds, is acting as Honorary 

Curator, and will gladly receive additions. 

DR B. DAYDON JACKSON. His portrait, by Mr Edward Moore, was 

uresented to him on May 27th by the Fellows of the Linnean Society 

and friends. Sir David Prain, in unveiling it, said he had been 

Botanical Secretary from 1880-1892, and General Secretary up to 

1926, when he was appointed Curator of the Linnean ·Collections. Dr 

Daydon J ackson deserves all honour for his monumental work on the 

"Kew Index," while his "Glossary of Botanic Terms," and his 

" Guide to the Literature of Botany," have been most helpful works. 

His ready kindness is a houeehold word. 

COL. H. HALCRo JOHNSTON. Our valued member has arranged the 

Herbarium formed by Mr Magnus Spence, which illustrates that author's 

" Flora Orcadensis," which was published in 1914, and enumerated 572 

species. 406 of these are represented in the Herbarium, and a few 

others which are new records. They nre mounted on 797 sheets. 

The plants were gifted to the N aturnl History Society. They 

are now enclosed in a solid Austrian Oak Cabinet, which' was 

given by Col. J ohnston and his family in memory of their 

father. The presentation took place in July 1926. Colonel 

Johnston'j; Herbarium of Orkney plants is probably the best' in existence 

of a small nrea, as the specimens are meticulously prepared and 

illustrated by numerous examples. They are preserved in Austrian Oak 

air-tight cabinets. Recently he has added many new species of Dandelion 

to the Orkney Flora. 

PROF. J. PERCIVAL, The University, Reading, is issuing "A Collection 

of the Chief Wheats of the World." It includes more than 1300 

single-line forms mounted on stout sheets, 36 cm. x 28 cm., and is 

contained in 15 cases. Price £100. 

JOHN TRADESCANT. Owing to the generosity of the members of the 

Garden Club of Virginia, a window bearing the arms of Tradescant surmounted 

by a wreath of Tradescantia was unveiled by Lord Fairfax in 

November last. The window is in the old Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 

which was designed by Sir Christopher ·Wren. The contents of Tradescant's 

Museum were housed there in 1683, after they were presented to 

Oxford by Elias Ashmole. Robed Plot, author of " The Natural History 

of Oxfordshire," was its first keeper. 

PROFESSOR A. S. WATSON, as Sibthorpian Professor of Rural Economy, 

has been (!lected to Fellowship of St John's College, Oxford. 

MR T. BARLow WOOD, C.B.E., is now Professor of Agriculture .at 

Cambridge.

ADDENDA TO PLANT NOTES. 211 

1850. SOLANUM SARACHOIDES Sendtn. Alien, Central America. 

Degenham, Essex, 1926, R. MELVILLE. Det. Dr THELLUNG. 

2014. SATUREIA ROTUNDIFOLIA (1;'ers.) Briq. CALAMINTHA ROTUNDI 

FOLIA Benth. Alien, Mediterranean. Among barley cleanings, Bm'tonon-Trent, 

Staffs, 1926, G. C. DRucE. Det. Dr THELLUNG. 

2096. CERATOPHYLLUM. In the Proc. Bristol Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 

vi., pt. iv., 303, 1926, Mrs Cecil Sandwith publishes a valuable paper on 

the Hornworts and their occurrence in Britain. We have, she states, 

two well defined species:- 

O. dcmeTSum.-Leaves dark green, stiff, once or twice dichotomously 

forked, with 2-4 linear segments which are serrulate or denticulatespinous; 

fruit smooth or sometimes pitted, at 'maturity producing near 

the base two lateral spines, and at the summit a spine which, with the 

style, at least equals and usually far surpasses the length of the fruit. 

O. s1tbmcrswm.-Leaves a clear green, longer than those of C. demersum, 

thrice dichotomously forked, thus usually with eight very finely 

serrulate capillary segments, occasionally one of these fails to develop 

at the final lateral forkings. The fruit is hard and often covered with 

raised tubercles, which are scarcely visible when the fruit is young. 

There are no lateral spines near the base, and the style is much shorter 

than the fruit. The whole plant is softer and more collapsible than C. 

demerSn1n. 

The existence of apimdatum Oha111., which belongs to c1e7l1erswm, is 

at present doubtful. 

As will be seen from the above description the forking of the leaves 

offers a character to distinguish between the two species when not fruiting. 

2114. AlI'l:ARANTHUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS Lam., var. POLYGONOIDES (Moq.), 

sub-var. ANGUSTISSIMUS Thell. Alien. Par, Cornwall, L. MEDLIN. Planta 

juvenilis fOl'san leviter l1l0nstrosa a typo normali abhorrens tepalis ';;> 

elongatis sub apicula terminali obtusis, A. THELLUNG. 

2390. ASPHODELUS TENUIFOLIUS Cav. Alien, India, &c. Abingdon, 

Berks, G. C. DRUOE & GAMBIER PARRY; Dagenham, Essex, R. MELVILLE. 

2789. FESTUOA LIQUSTIOA (L.) Willd., var. CILIATA (ParI.) A. & G. 

Alien, Medit. Splott, Glamorgan, 1926, R. L. SMITH. 

2797. BRoMus TEOTORUM L., vaI'. GLABRATUS Spenn. Alien. Glasgow, 

R. GRIERSON. Det. A. THELLUNG. 

2878. AGROPYRON PUNGENS (Pers.) R. & L., var. AFFINE (Reichb.). 

TRICTICUM ACUTUM DC., sens. strict. L. PUNGENSXREPENS, ACUTUM Asch. 

& Graeb. [2372]. Sandy Shore, E. Mersea, Essex, G. O. BROWN. Det. 

A. THRLJ,UNG.

212 ADDENDA TO PLANT NOTES. 

2919. BOTRYCHIUM MATRICARIAE (Schrank) Spreng. Syst. iv., 23, 

1827. B. rutaceum Swartz 1801 non WiUd. 1810. B. matricariodes WiUd. 

1810. B. rutaefolium A.Br. 1843. OS-rlwnda Mo,tricariae SchTank 

Baier. Flora ii., 419, 1789. Native. Grassy ground, Parish of 

Strachan, Kincardineshire (as B. Lunaria Sw.) T. Sim, July 1872, ex 

herb Rev. H. E, Fox, M.A., now in Hb. Druce. Rhizome short, with 

fascicled rootlets. Scottish plant, about 8 cm. high, with a rather thick 

green sterile leaf, rising from near the stem-base. Stem clothed with 

a few white hairs. Petiole semi-cylindric, limb small, somewhat curved, 

triangular, and as broad as long, 2-3 pinnatisect, pinnules elliptic, 

short, unequal at base, crenulate-dentate, segments sub-pinnatilobed, 

with few teeth. Fertile frond small, longly pedunculate, 3-4 

pinnatisect, longe, than the sterile frond. The Scottish plant comes 

under the var. MONTANA (Milde Fil. 200) Rouy FI. Fr. xiv., 466, which 

is a smaller plant with the fertile frond less pedunculate and therefore 

not very much longer than the sterile frond. B. }Jlatriw'riae may be 

distinguished from Lunaria by its compound broadly-triangular frond. 

Lunaria even in its more incised form has a narrower outline. The 

distribution of B. }Jlatricariae is Scotland, Scandinavia, Denmark, 

France-Haute Savoie, BtC., Germany, Czecko-Slovakia, Austro-Hungary, 

Serbia, Russia, Siberia, Japan, Unalaska, North America-Labrador, 

Newfoundland, Wisconsin, Vermont. B. ramosum, an allied plant 

with which Matricariae has been much confused (as is shown by the synonymy) 

differs essentialy in the barren fronds springing from the stem above 

the middle, not as in .Matricarioe, from the base. B. rWI11OS'I1.m (Roth) 

Ascherson Fl. Brandenberg i., 906, 1864 = B. rtdaceu1n Willdenow Sp. 

PI. v., 62, 1810, non Swartz = B. matricariaefolium A.Br. occurs in 

Northern and Central Europe and North America. It may be remembered 

that Mr Whitwell (Journ. Bot. 291, 1898) mentions that 

Botrychium matricariwfolium A.Br. was given him by Dr. O. St Brody 

under the name B. rutaceU7n Swartz as having been gathered by him 

on the sandy sea-shore of Stevenston, Ay'rshire, in July 1887. Whitwell 

says it agrees perfectly with the figure given by Newman (Phyt. v., 

133, 1854). This has never been confirmed; nor has the supposed B. 

lanceolatum Angst. from the Sands of Barry, Forfar. It should be added 

that the Strachan specimen is not complete, and the identification 

is therefore not absolutely certain.

BOTANICAL SOCIETY REPORT. VOL. VIII. PLATE II. 

BOTRYCHIUM RUTACEUM Sw.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUPPLEMENT TO REPORT OF BOTANICAL SOCIETY AND 

EXCHANGE' CLUB FOR 1926. 

1VIENTHAE BRITANNICAE. 

By JOHN FRASER. 

MENTHA L. 

Perennial, strongly-scented, aromatic herbs, creeping by means of 

stololls, which perpetuate the plant, the old rootstock dying within 

twelve months. Flowers small, produced in verticils of many individuals, 

the verticils densely arranged and spicate or capitate, or ± widely 

separate and verticillate. Bracts subulate or large and foliaceous; 

bracteoles small and numerous, or reduced to four in .M. Puleg.i'wm. 

Calyx tubular or campanulate, ribbed, 5-toothed, glabrous within or 

closed with hairs in P-ulegiu1n. Corolla campanulate. four-lobed, the 

upper lobe broader and emarginate. Stamens 4, erect, distant, equal, 

exserted or imperfect and included. Nutlets small, smooth. 

I. Calyx glabrous within. 

A. Inflorescence spicate; leaves sessile or sub sessile ; pedicels and calyx 

hairy. 

MENTHA ROTUNDIFOLIA Huds. Fl. Angl., p. 221 (1762). Stem erect, 

simple or more often branched from the middle upwards, and in that 

state giving the impression of a leafy panicle, ± densely covered with 

loosely reflexing, white hairs; intern odes 2-4 cm. long. Leaves varying 

from oblong to ovate or subrotund on the same stems, Bubcordate at the 

base, rounded at the apex or t!H'minated by a minute cusp, crenate 01' 

aentate, with a minute cusp to some of the teeth, rugose above and often 

on both faces when dried, pubescent above, tomentose beneath, but much 

more thinly hairy on both faces when growing near the water edge of 

rivers, and in gardens; superficies 2-4 x 1.5-3 cm.; teeth 0.25-1 mm. 

deep. Spikes dense, falcate when young, short, ± interrupted at the 

base, 3-5 cm. long. Hairs on the pedicels deflexed. Calyx hairy all 

over. Corolla hairy externally, pale pinkish purple, sometimes white in 

gardens. Stamens usually exserted. 

Herb strongly fragrant, and known as Apple-scented Mint in gardens. 

River Towy, Carmarthen; Pennar, Pembroke, 1885, J. Fraser; 

between King's Newton and Ingleby, Derby, 1901, A. B. Jackson. 

213

MENTHAE BRITANNICAE. 233 

nearly so, compared' with that of var. congesta, which has very numerous 

hairs. Molton, South Devon, 1896, G. O. Druce. 

Var. MOTOLENSIS (Opiz) in Lotos, iii., p. 208 (1853) Druce. (M. aquatira 

x arvensis.) Stem erect, branched, thinly strewed with short, defiexed 

hairs, often reddish at the base, or for the greater part of its length, 2-3 

ft. high; internodes 2.5-13.5 cm. long. Leaves oval-elongated, petiolate, 

obtusely pointed or cuspidate, rounded at the base, ± decurrent on the 

petiole, irregularly serrate, thinly strewed with short hairs on both faces; 

superficies 5.5-6.5 x 3.2-4 cm.; serratures directed forward, acute, 0.25-1 

mm. deep .. Bracts like the leaves, rapidly decreasing in size, though 

always longer than the verticils, becoming ovate, acute and more hairy 

than the leaves. Many of the lower verticils are shortly pedunculate. 

B'racteoles lanceolate, hairy, ciliate, equalling or shorter than the corolla. 

Pedicels with rather short, refiexed hairs. Calyx with short, ascending 

hairs. Corolla hairy. Stamens included. 

A tall growing variety of x M. verticillata, with very large and long 

oval leaves, sometimes quite red underneath, and apparently a water 

f.orln. Wytham Meadows, Berks, 1900, G. O. Dr'llce. 

Var. HIHSUTA Koch. (M. aquatica x arvensis.) Stem erect, often 

flexuous, rather thinly hirsute below, very densely hirsute above, with 

long, lQosely defiexed, white hairs, 2-2! ft. high; internodes 3.5-6 cm. or 

mqre. IJeaves very large for x)J,l. 'Verticillata, broadly ovate, or a few 

of the lower ones broadly oval, obtuse, ± cuneate at the base, the uppermost 

pair less so, coarsely serrate, villous on both faces, with long hairs 

often 1 mm. long or more; superficies 4-6 x 3.5-5 cm. ; serratures directed 

forward, triangular, a'cute, irregular, often having a small denticle on 

the lower side of large ones, 0.5-3 mm. deep. Bracts ovate, acute, like 

the leaves, but rapidly decreasing in size upwards, 1)ery 'Villous on both 

faces; and ai)pearing above the last whorl. Pedicels densely hirsute with 

reflexed white hairs. Calyx villous; teeth subulate, acuminate, long, 

ciliate with long white hairs. Corolla pale purple, very hairy. Stamens 

included. 

For size of leaf this can be matched by some other forms of X M. 

verticillata, but not for size and depth of serratures. The villous character 

of the whole herb can be matched by the var. congesta, in dry 'seasons 

more especially, but the leaves of the latter are very different in 

shape. By Mynde Park Lake, Herefordshire, 1918, E. Armitage. This 

was labelled M. sa.ti1,a L., var. pilosa Spr., but C. Sprengel, in the 2nd 

edition of Flora Halensis (1832) corrected this to M. aquatica L. (M. 

hirsuta Sm.). 

* Pedicels and calyx hairy; leaves small. 

Var. ADULTERINA Briq. (M. aquatica x ar'Vensis.) Stem weakly 

amongst rank vegetation, stout in exposure, erect, much branched below 

the main inflorescence, thinly hairy below, densely so above, 12-18 in. 

high; internode$ 2-7 cm, long. Leaves small to medium, elliptic, taper-

MENTHAE BRITANNICAE. 235 

cate. Brads' becoming very short towards the apex of the stem. Corolla 

purple, hairy. Stamens included or a few exserted. 

The slender, flexuous stems, and the small, crenate lower and shallowly 

serrate or serrate-crenate upper leaves are the features of the 

variety. Additional records are "Valton-in-Gordano, N. Somerset, 1925, 

J. lV. lVhite; 'Wimbledon Common, Surrey, 1925, J. Fraser. 

Var. cAERuLEABriq. (lVI. aqu.atica. x arvensis.) Stems fairly stout, 

much branched, with ascending branches, thinly hairy below and only 

moderately hairy above, about 18 in. high; internodes 2-6 em. long. 

Leaves small, ovate, shortly cuneate at the base, broadest a little above 

the base, convex on the margin, subglabrous on the lower part of the 

pbnt, thinly hairy on both faces towards the top of it, gla1J.cous beneath, 

finely serrate, or many 'of the smaller leaves shal10wly crenate; superficies 

2.5-4 x 1.5-2.7 cm.; serratures acute or subacute, directed forward, 

0.25-0.75 mm. deep. Bracts gradually smaller upwards. Verticils all 

separate. 

The features of the variety are the much branched' stem, the glaucous 

undersurface of the leaves, and the shallow serratures. 

Var. RUBRO-HIR.TA Briq. M. rlLbro-hirta Lej. et Court. (M. aquatica 

x arvensis.) Stem erect, straight, simple or branched, with rather long 

straight branches, covered with long. reflexed hairs above the middle, 

but thinly hairy below, 16-20 in. high; intern odes 3-5 cm. long. Leaves 

. small, o1,ate, aC1Lie, .mbcordtde at the base, or slightly decurrent on the 

petiole, sharply serrate, densely covered with long hairs on both faces; 

superficies 3-4 x 2-3.5 cm.; serratures directed forward, the lower ones 

rather obtuse, those on the upper leaves acute, 0.25-1 mm. deep. Lower 

bracts like the leaves, but soon giving place to very small, triangular, 

cuspidate ones, and the uppermost ones completely hidden by the flowers. 

Verticils sessile, the lower remote, the uppermost crowded and sUbspicate. 

Pedicels and calyx covered with long, spreading hairs, the base of the 

calyx very hairy. Corolla purple, hai;y. Stamens included. . 

Hairy stems, small ovate or subdeltoid, sharply serrate, very hairy 

leaves, the upper verticils crowded into. a spike, and the very small 

bracts are the features of the variety. 

Var. BENEscHHNA (Opiz). M. Beneschiama Opiz, ex Desegl. in 

Bull. Soc. Sc. Angers 206 (1882). (M. aquaticaxar·vensis.) Stem erect, 

flexuous, simple or slightly branched, reddish below, brown above, and 

thinly strewed with hairs; 16-20 in. high; internodes 2-4.5 cm. long. 

Leaves small to medium in size, oval, acute, thinly strewed with short 

and long hairs on both faces, ± decurrent on the short petiole, serrate; 

superficies 3.5-4 x 2-2.5 cm.; serratures equal, directed forward, acute, 

0.25':0.75 mm. deep. Verticils all or mostly all shortly pedunculate to the 

ape:x: of the stem, all separate. Bracts like the leaves but gradually 

shortening to the top of the axis. Bracteoles lanceolate, about as long 

as the calyx. Pedicels purple and covered with reflexed hairs of short 

or medium length. Calyx thinly covered with short, ascending hairs, 

teeth brown. Corolla pale purple, hairy. Stamens included.

246 MENTHAE BRITANNICAE. 

2.5-5 cm. long; the uppermost nodes of the stem and branches are slightly 

bearded. Leaves oblong-elliptic, obtuse, ± attenuate at the base, serrated 

above the middle chiefly, sometimes below it, with a long entire 

base, thinly hairy, with very short hairs while young, practically glabrous 

when mature, except for a few cilia on the margin; superficies 

4-6.5 x 1.8-3 cm.; serratures 0.25-0.75 mm. deep. Bracts smaller than 

the lower leaves, and gradually smaller towards the top. Several of the 

verticils on the stem and branches are shortly pedunculate. Pedicels 

glabrous or with a few I-jointed deflexed hairs scarcely visible to a lens. 

Base of calyx thinly furnished with very short ascending hairs of 1-2' 

joints, scarcely visible; teeth long, acuminate from a triangular base, 

thinly ciliate with hairs like the tube. Corolla purple. 

The above is the most nearly glabrous of the varieties of M. arvensis, 

judging from my specimens. The hairs on the pedicels (when present), 

on the base of the calyx and on the teeth are remarkably short, consisting 

of 1-2 joints. The calyx-teeth are also the longest I have seen 

amongst the varieties of .11f. arvensis. Symond's Yat, W. Gloucester, 

1926, M .. L. Wedgwood. 

Var. CUNEIFOLIA Lej. et Oourt. Stem erect, ± flexuous, simple or 

furnished with short or long, slender flexuous branches, green, subglabrous 

on the lower half, thinly clad with short closely deflexed hairs on 

the upper half and slightly bearded at the upper nodes, 6-16 in. high; 

internodes 2.5-4 cm. long. Leaves lanceolate-elliptic, atten1iate and 

aC1,te at both ends, thinly sprinkled with very short hairs on both faces, 

petiolate, finely and acutely serrate, pale apple green; superficies 4.5-6.5x 

2-2.5 cm.; serratures 0.25-1 mm. deep; petioles up to 1 cm. long. 

Verticils sometimes shortly ped uncula te. Bracts similar to the leaves, 

gradually becoming smaller upwards, but not much shorter. Bracteoles. 

lanceolate, rather shoTter than the corolla. Pedicels glabrous, or having 

a few 2-jointed deflexed hairs near the top. Calyx- tube thinly furnished 

with 1-4 jointed ascending hairs; teeth long and slender from a triangular 

base, thinly ciliate with 1-2 jointed hairs. Corolla purple, thinly 

hairy. Stamens exserted. . 

Easily recognised and distinguished from var. praecox and var. 

parietariaefolia by its lanceolate-elliptic leaves, attenuate to a sharp 

point at both ends, and the pale green colour. For localities see Rep. 

R.E.C. 1924, p. 626. 

n. Throat of calyx closed with hairs. 

MENTHA PULEGIUM L. Sp. PI. 577 (1753). P1ilegium vulgare Miller 

Gard. Dict. ed. viii., No. 1 (1768). M. Pulegium L. Sole Menth. Brit., 

p. 51, t. 23. Stem prostrate, simple or more often profusely branched, 

often red, glabrous or subglabrous or finely downy at the base, according 

to surroundings, more or less densely covered with short, closely deflexed 

hairs, and long loosely recurving white ones, 6-18 in. long; internodes 

1-4 cm. long. Leaves very small, oblong, oval or sub orbicular nr-

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