The Complete Herbalist - Live Prayer Requests

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THECOMPLETE HERBALIST;OB, THBPEOPLE THEIR OWIST PHYSICIANS,BY THE USE OS*NATURE'S REMEDIES;DESCRIBING THEGREAT CURATIVE PROPERTIES FOUND IN THEHERBAL KINGDOM.A NEW AND PLAIN SYSTEM OF HYGIENIC PEINCIPLES. TOGETHER WITHCOMPREHENSIVE ESSAYS ON SEXUAL PHILOSOPHY,MARRIAGE, DIVORCE, &o.By Dr. O. PHELPS BKOWN.PBICE, TWO DOLLAKS.PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR,JERSEY CITY, N. J.1878.

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, byDb. 0. PHELPS BROWN,In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.

cA BRIEF HISTORY OF MEDICINE.In presenting this work on Crude Organic Remedies— the Constituentsof Plants, and their Officinal Preparations— I do not propose to"run a tilt" against any of the systems of Medical Practice, howevermuch some of them may be opposed to common sense and reason, andto the Divine ordinances of Nature;nor shall I treat with contemptthe teachings and practices of great and wonderful names, or opposethe pride, interest, expectation, and conscientious convictions of alearned, honorable, and influential profession ; my object is simply topresent many new and curious, if not startling facts, not only wellworthy of the earnest consideration of the more intelligent portion ofihe community, who demand reasons the most profound to lead themto conviction of a Truth, but of the great mass of humbler people,who desire, amid all the great Reforms in human society, above allthings to secure a " sound mind in a sound body," and to feel somethingof that exalted state of happiness which alone can arise from the possessionof the most robust and rubicund physical and moral Health.It must be palpable to every thinking miud that Therapeutical andPharmaceutical science is the very foundation of the " Healing ArtDivine." In the language of Holy Writ, " The Lord has created medicinesout oftjie earth, and he that is wise will not abhor them.''''*Yea, happy he that can the knowledge Rain,To know the Eternal God made naught in vain."The use of medicine is no doubt coincident with the History of thebut writers generally agree that medicine first became aHuman Race ;profession among the Egyptians. The priests o^ the earlier natioaaEccleslastes xxxviii, 4.

4 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.were the practitioners of the Healing Art, but it does not seem thatwomen were excluded from the right of administering medicine for thepurpose of healing the sick, since mention is made of a certain QueenIsis, who became gTeatly celebrated among them, and was worshippedas a "Goddess of Health." Although the practitioners among theEgj'ptians, Assyrians, and Jews were in the habit of employing incantations,which, of course, produced their good and bad impressionsthrough the medium of the imagination, yet their efficiency in curingdiseases was mainly due to their knowledge of the medicinal virtues ofmany of the vegetable products of Nature. They seemed to look up ashigh as the stars to know the reason of the operation of the Herbs inthe various affections of the human race.Among the Greeks, Hippocrates first caused medicine to be regardedas a science^ while ^sculapius was the first who made medicine an exclusivestudy and practice. His sons, Machaon and Podalirius, arecelebrated in Homer's " Iliad " for their medical skill as surgeons in theGreek armies or during the Trojan war. Two daughters also of .^sculapius,Panakeia and Hygeia, were no less distinguished than theirrenowned brothers; the latter being the inventor of many valuableherbal preparations, whose success in curing diseases won for her, as inthe case of Queen Isis of Egypt, the proud honor and deification of theGreeks as an " especial Goddess of Health." We have no knowledgethat ^sculapius or his immediate followers, the Asclepiads^, ever conceivedthe idea of cm-ing disease by drug or mineral preparations. Ablutions,bandages, fomentations, ointments, etc., were administeredexternally, and preparations of aromatic herbs, roots, flowers, balms,gums, etc., constituted their whole materia medica for all internal ailments;Next the Pythagorean school became famous, and these werethe first to visit the sick at their homes.The next most prominent medical practitioner after these was Hippocrates,the "Coan S.age," who, being one of the most sagacious,observing, and iadustrious men that ever lived, was entitled the''Father of Medicine.'''' He traveled much in foreign coimtries, devotinghimself with vmtiring energy to the study and practice of medicine.His writings were numerous, and even to this day his doctrines are extensivelyrecognized. His practice was consistently founded on thephenomena of Nature as exhibited in human beings during health anddisease. His materia medica was derived almost wholly from the vegetablekingdom. His internal remedies were purgatives, sudorifics,diuretics, and injections, while his external were ointments, plasters,liniments, etc. The great principle which directed all his operationswas the supposed operations of Nature in superintending and regulatingall the actions of the system. This mode of practice had the goodeffect of enabling the practitioner to make himself well acquainted with

ITHE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Oall the phenomena of disease, and thus to diagnosticate correctly, andto meet the varied indications by the administration of some hefrbalremedy, which would induce the crisis requisite to the removal of diseaseand restoration to sound or vigorous health.About three hundred years before the Christian era, the Ptolemiesfounded a medical school in Alexandria, Egy^jt. The most famous ofthe professors were Erasistbatus and Herophilus, who dissectedthe bodies of criminals obtained from government. They opposedbleeding and violent remedies, trusting more to nature than to art.Herophilus paid particular attention to the action of the heart, and wasthe first to give anything like an accurate description of the variouskinds of piilse^ though Praxagoras of Cos, the last of the Asclepiadte, hadbefore observed the relation which exists between the pulse and thegeneral condition of the system. From that time to the present thepulse has been, as it were, the guide for determining the character, extent,and probable cause of the disease afflicting the patient, and thedescriiDtion of treatment required to produce a change for the better. I,however, derive great assistance from the temperament, age, sex,We etc.pass over the days of the Dogmatics and Empirics, the Pneumatics,and other sects of medical practitioners (who, though they employedherbal remedies as a general rule, were strangely given to thepromulgations of theories and doctrines utterly at variance with themost ordinary ratiocinations of Philosophy and Reason), imtil we cometo the period when Galen first made his appearance, at the request ofthe Emperor Aurelixjs. Galen was a native of Pergamos, bom A.D.130, having traveled much and written largely on subjects dii'ectly orindirectly connected with mediciae before settling himself at Rome.He was entirely independent in his opinions, paid very little resisect toauthority, and so great was his learning and wisdom, and rare skill inmedicine, that he came to be regarded by many as an "Oracle."Thoroughly educated in aU the schools of philosophy, he selected fromthem all except the Epicurean, which he totally rejected. His treatmentof disease was j^rincipally by Herbal remedies. From Galen have sprungthe sect that is now generally known as Eclectics, who do not confineremedies exclusively to the herbal practice, but employ many of themineral substances upon which the Allopathic and Homoeopathic systemsof medicine of the present day are based.About the middle of the seventeenth century, on the death of Pau-LUS, the Greek school of mediciae terminated, the Arabians havingconquered a large portion of the semi-civihzed world, and destroyed animmense Alexandrian library. The Arabian physicians soon adoptedthe opinions of Galen, but, owing to the invention of chemistiy, it wasBpeedily made subservient to medicine. They produced medical works,Bome of which have enjoyed great celebrity, without having really added

THK COMPLETE HERBALIST.anytliing sabstantial to medical science as previously understood.With AvERROES terminated the Arabic or Saracenic School of medicine,the great reputation of which is mainly owing to the circumstance,that from the eighth to the twelfth centuries, when all Europe wassunk in deep barbarism, the principal remains of a taste for literatureand science existed among the Moors and Arabs. Their physiciansadded many vegetable products and a few metallic oxides in the catalogueof remedies. From the employment of chemical and mineralremedies by the Arabian physicians may be dated the disastrous consequencesof medical science that were subsequently inaugurated by thatPrince of Quacks— Pau.\celsus.After the Arabians, from the twelfth to the fifteenth centiiry, thepractice of raedicine was chiefly confined to the hands of the priests,who, being men of great learning and followers of ^sculapius, Hippocrates,and Galen, became the principal physicians, and a little medicinewas taught in the monasteries;for a long time the Benedictine monksof Monte Casino enjoyed in this respect great reputation. The Jewsalso became celebrated physicians ;and though not allowed to administermedicines to Christians, yet obtained access to the courts, and evento the palace of the Roman pontiffs.The European feudal system was at length greatly shaken by theCrusades.Mahomet the second, about the middle of the fifteenth century,captured Constantinople, and soon after the ruin of the Byzantineempire the Reformation occurred, and about the same time the art ofprinting was invented. These events gave a powerful impulse to theworld of mind, and reawakened investigation into all the departments ofscience, hterature, and the arts ; but, although many works were written, very few facts were gleaned concerning the physiological, anatomical, and pathological phenomena incident to the Structure, Health, andDLsease of the human being.The alchemic art, however, was at length transferred from Arabiainto European countries, and medical chairs were estabhshed in variousUniversities on the continent during the thirteenth century, and finallyLiNACRE, who had been educated at Oxford, and having traveled in Italy,and .spent some time at the court of Florence, returned to England, andeuccecdcd in founding medical professorships at Oxford and Cambridge,from which circumstance was laid the foundation of the London Collegeof Physicians. Thus chemistry, after having been employed invarious pharmaceutical processes, was appUed to physiology, pathology,and therapeutics. The chemical doctors were veiy wild and extravagantin advancing unnatural theories ;but they had an ever-presentchampion in the name of Galen, who was well entitled to be called the"Prince of Medical Philosophers." He was a philosopher— a naturalphilosopher for he studied Nature;closely, deeply, profoundly, and de-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 7duced his indications of cure from an accurate observation of her laws.His system, however, was destined to be utterly overthrown by an adventvirousvagrant, whose quackery never had its equal on earth. Thisimpudent and unprincipled charlatan was none other than Paracelsus,to whom the medical world is more indebted for the mineral druggingsystem than to all other physicians who have ever lived. He introducedthe mercurial and antimonial practice, which stiU constitutes the greatstrength of the popular materia medica of the day, and which also continuesto exhibit its terribly devastating power on all human constitutionsthat come under its sway or influence. In the fulness of hispride, pomp, and arrogance, Paracelsus burned, with great solemnity,the works of Galen and Avicenna, declaring that he had found the philosopher'sstone, and that mankind had no further use for the medicalwerks of others. He lived a disappointed vagabond, and died prematurelyat the age of forty-eight, his famous elixir vitcB having failed tosave him from a most horrible fate. Still his abominable doctrines prevailed,and his infatuated followers have added several hundred otherchemical or mineral preparations to the materia medica of the greatQuicksilver Quack. At the present day, among a certain class of physicians,there is hardly a disease in the catalogue of human adments inwhich the employment of mercury, antimony, arsenic, and other deadlydrugs is not employed.During the seventeenth century the doctrines of Hippocrates againrose to some consideration in medical philosophy. Anatomy made progress.Hakvey discovered the circulation of the blood;others tracedout the absorbent system, and explained the functions and strvicture ofthe lungs ;while Boyle disengaged chemistry from the mystery bywhich it was surrounded, and exjalained its true province to be, "notthe manufacture of solid gold, nor liquid nostrums, nor gaseous theories,but an investigation into the change of properties which bodies experiencein their action upon each other."From this time to the beginning of the eighteenth century, notwithstandingmany facts had accumulated in chemistry, anatomy, and physiology,physicians, as a body, held no more natural views of the timenature of disease than were advanced by Hippocrates, three thousandyears before. Indeed, it is positively certain that none of the mosteminent new schools or sects of the present day had been more successfulin curing diseases than were Hipijocrates, Galen, and Sydenham.Meantime, however, there have arisen physicians, who, while theyreadUy received aU new facts in respect to the structure of the humanorganism, still adhered to the instinctive inductions of Nature, and treateddiseases with most abundant success by means of Herbal preparationsalone. We have at this day as bright a galaxy of names— scholars,philosophers, philanthropists, and humanitarians— as ever adorned any

8 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.age of the world, devoting themselves with a zeal and industry worthyof all praise to the study and practice of medicine, but, failing to perceivethe grand remits anticipated in their laborious researches aftertruth, do not hesitate to admit that our actual information does not increasem any degree in proportion to our experience. All their array oflearning, and their multitudinous ^\'ritings, have only served to makeconfusion worse confounded, and all from the very simple fact that theyhave neglected to follow the requirements of Nature and common sense,in maintaiamg the Herbal Practice as the only true and philosophicalfoundation of the Healing Art. Amidst all the jarrings, conflicts, anddogmas of the medical world, is it any wonder that the great masses arerapidly losing all confidence in Medical Science, and crying for a morenatural system of medication— even one founded in the principles ofirrefragable Nature ? With this view I have devoted many years of mylife, and having traveled in numerous lands, I feel that I am now qualified,from a long medical experience and deep research into the physiologyof Plants, to present to the world of suffering humanity all thosecurative elements best calculated to ensure perfect health, and the utmostlength of life, to all who may feel disposed to be guided by thedoctrines and system of medication which it is the object of this volumeto make known.THE HERBAL WORLD.In the foregoing pages we have seen, that from the earliest period inthe history of the human race to the present time, the administrationof the juices and essences of Herbs and Plants, in aU forms of disease,has ever been considered by judicious and philosophical minds as themost rational and natural means of reUeving the economy of aU abnormalobstructions and derangements, and restoring all the functions totheir original or primitive vigor and healthful workmg. Notwithstandingthe innovations of the mineral practice, I have ever held most rigidlyto the Herbal System of medication;but having failed to meet with thesuccess reasonably anticipated by pursuing the ordinaiy routine of Therapeutics,I was finally led to reject the many changes in medical doctrinesand practice, and start forth on a path of investigation of myown into the mysteries of the mineral and vegetable Kingdoms, especiallyas they might bear upon the he:dth and happiness of the humanbeing; accordingly, early in my professional career I attempted, byproper chemical analyses and practical experiment, to determme thebeet Kpccific means for the healing of the maladies of mankind. The

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 9results of these researches, since confirmed by many years' successfulmedical experience based upon them, have but the more stronglystrengthened my opiôsition to the use of all the mineral preparations ofthe modem schools of medicine, and to establish my faith aU the morefirmly in the employment of herbal elements exclusively— whether inthe materia of roots, barks, seeds, or flowers— as the surest and safestmeans for the thorough eradication of every form of disease.In saying all this, however, I do not deny the fact that many mineralsubstances enter into the composition of the human being, and are necessaryfor his full health and perfection— as chalk or lime is requisiteto form bone, iron to enrich or strengthen the blood, and other miaeralsubstances for the formation of the tissues, as phosphorus for the tissuesof the brain and nerves, etc.— but I stoutly contend that aU such inorganicsubstances are taken up by plants and distributed to the varioustissues and elements of the human being, either in the way of food ormedicine, in exactly the precise quantity requisite for man's perfecthealth, if rightly used, neither in excess or diminution, agreeably to thelaws of Nature;and their virtues are thus prepared and ehminated in away far superior to any chemical manipulation ever conceived or knownto man, with all the elements of chemical science at his command.That this is the case is demonstrated by chemical analyses of plants.Coca contains phosphorus ; twinleaf, the salts of potassa, Hme, iron,magnesia, silica, etc. the; houseleek, super-malate of hme; Matico, thesalts of lime, iron, sulphur, etc. Spongia usta, carbon, silica, sodium,hme, magnesium, iron, and phosphorus, either in combination or free ;coffee, chlorogenate of potassa in; fact, all the chemical elements composingthe organism of man are also found in plants. The reader wiUfind these chemical elements given in the histoiy of plants. I also referhim to page 385, where, in the article " Treatment of Chronic Diseases,"will be found a full explanation of the author's specialty in curing chronicdisorders by chemically prepared herbal remedies.The herbal physician has, moreover, decided advantages over themineral jihysician, with reference to the administration of mineral substances.He gives them, in natural combinations— in such chemical associationwhich, for exactness and propriety, can only occur in the greatlaboratory of Nature while the;dispenser of mineral drugs gives themwhoUy as isolated elementary principles, as furnished by the inorganicchemist, who, like all humans, is liable to err. Let us illustrate thisadvantage by iodine. The algee, such as the fuci and laminarioB (deepsea-waterplants, growing at the depth of three hundred fathoms), furnishthis principle in abundance. The mineral physician, not content toadminister the alterative in the best possible combination, as it exists inthe sea-weed, subjects the plants to chemical operations, releases theiodine, and then either exhibits it by itself or in association with sodium,1*

10 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.potassium, mercury, etc. The true herbal physician acts more wiselyin this respect he administers the plant in substance, tincture, extract,:etc., and has the consciousness that the iodine which Nature furnisheshim is pure, and not the inferior adulterated article of commerce. Inplants where its chemical nature may be concentred into one compoundprinciple, and the residue but inert matter, it is judicious to separate itfrom the plant, but radically \VTong to release but one simple elementarymineral quality of the jilant.The advocate of mineral medication may retort by asking the use ofadministering the whole jilant, when the iodine alone constitutes itstherapeutical value. Why give the refuse matter with the iodine ? Tothis sophistical argument and foolish inquiry I will reply. Why eat thewhole peach, when its flavor only makes it pleasant as an edible ?Whynot release the flavor and fatten on that delectable principle ?The best argument, however, in favor of herbal medication, and onewhich establishes it as the correct philosophy, is the comparison of resultsfrom both systems and with these the author became; fully acquaintedby practical experiment, and which led him, and not prejudice,to adopt exclusively the herbal system of medication. I may justlyclaim this system of practice, in its most important relations, as solelymy own, and for which I have been the recipient of all encouragementof .scientific men and societies;but the homage that I value most, andwhich afforded the motive and stimulated my ambition, is the gratitudehave thus been enabled to cureof almost numberless invalids whom Iof diseases which were pronoimced, and in fact are, incurable by physicianswho rely upon minerals for their agents of cure.The true theory of disease and its cure is embodied in two chemicalforces, which, like the currents of electricity, are positke and negative.Tluis, if the positive force of disease is manifested upon any organ, itdisturV)s the harmony and functional action of that organ, and the disorganizationwill continue as long as the negative force of cure is notplaced in antagonism -with it, to neutralize the activity of the positiveforce, ^^âen this is done the autonomy of the organ is re-established,and its function becomes again natural and healthfxil.Again, if upon discovery any organ or tissue becomes deficient in itschemical elements, it must be supplied by such plants as containthem ;or if any organ or tissue becomes surcharged with its chemicalconstituents, negative chemical elements must be exhibited to reducethem to their normal quantities. See article on "Treating DiseasesChemically," page 385.These forces in various ways control the whole organic world. Increasethe centrifugal force, and the earth flies into space remove the;centripetal,and it rushes headlong to the sun. If they are as they exist, coequal,the earth rolls on in its orbit in grand precision and admirable harmony.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 11Having thus philosophized, and finally realized that the entire tmi*verse was composed of contrary elements — of negative and "positive principles—yet that the whole worked, or acted, in the most perfect harmony,agreeably to the wisdom of a Great First Cause, when such elementswere not disarranged or disturbed by any violation of the laws of pristineNature, I was soon led to a logical deduction of the general laws whichgovern the virtues or medicinal properties of all the varieties of plants,with a view to employ them as remedial agents in the cure of disease.In a word, I found in the being, man, an —epitome of all creation foundin his organism— all the elements of universal nature and necessarilydiscerned that, as there are summer and winter, night and day, in regularand systematic succession, such alternations of nature could not buthave the most imiôrtant influences in resjject to the health and diseasesof the human being— Heaven's last, most perfect work. I realized that,in accordance with the various operations of nature, man remained inhealth, or became afflicted with disease. Hence it became necessaryfor me to fully understand or comprehend the cause of any departurefrom the normal or natural condition of man, and to provide the cure,or the remedy best adapted for the restoration of the equilibrium of thefunctions of his entire organism.I ascertained by experiment what was before a preconceived idea,that plants afforded the best agents to antagonize the force of disease,and to re-establish the integrity of any organ or tissue assailed. Thediscovery was made apparent, however, that indiscriminate selection ofmedicinal plants was injudicious, and that the curative property of aplant was developed only in proportion as certain essential conditionswere provided. These conditions proved to be those necessary to thefull health of man, viz., proper climate, air, and food.The first great essential of a plant which is to be selected for itsmedical qualities is its nativity. If indigenous to the locality or countrywherein found, it is a proper one to select. Plants that are introducedfrom other countries are lessened or deprived of their virtues,unless they meet in their new home aU the essential conditions possessedin their native place.The geographical distribution of plants is affected byclimatic influences,constituents of soil, heat, moisture, altitude of situation, etc.The flowers, shrubs, and trees which adorn the plains of India andSouth America, are not the same with those which clothe the valleys ofEngland and North America. Nor are their viedicirial properties thesajne, however those herbal products may resemble each other. Theplants which flourish on the sea-shore of Great Britain are not the sameas those on the coast of Africa, nor are these, again, allied to the maritimevegetation of ChUi, South America. Nearly all the beautifulplants which adorn our green-houses are natives of a limited space neai

12 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.the Cape of Good Hope, as are also many of our most beautiful bulbs ;but the medicinal properties of all become weakened and changed bytransplantation. The curious stafeUas, that smeU so offensively, arefound wild only in South Africa. They are there used for medicalpurposes by the Aborigines. The trees that bear balsam grow principallyin Arabia and on the banks of the Red Sea. The umbelliferous andcinciferous plants spread across Europe and Asia. The Cacti are foundonly in tropical America, while the lobiat£B and cariophyUacea are seldomdiscovered but in Europe. The peculiar ranges and centres ofvegetation, as they are termed, are all owing to chemical, climatic, a adelectrical influences, and yield their medicinal properties in exact ratio ofqiuxlity^ in accordance with the latitudes or places in which they areindigenous.From the many facts existing, we must believe that there is r ot asingle disease in man that may not have its remedy or cure, in someherb or other, if we but knew which i^lant, and where to find it, in this,or that, or any cUme or portion— of the world agreeably to the providenceof Nature.This fact or law is proven in the lower animal kingdom. Who hasnot often seen not only our famUiar domestic animals, but many of theuntamed creatiires of the forests, fields, and air, seek out some one orpeculiar herb, when laboring under sickness or derangement of thefunctions of its organism ?Truly. Nature has wisely implanted a definite instinct in every organiccreature, in order to serve for its health, or for its restoration tohealth from disease. In man, however, such instinct is not so plainlymarked, but to him has been given reason and judgment, and (in somefew of the race) a disposition to investigate the laws and mysteries ofcreation, in order to secure his own highest health and perfection, andto find the means for the healing of his kind, when they have becomediseased through ignorance, perversion, and violation of the immutableordinances of Creation.As the proverb says, ' ' There are sermons in stones, and books in runningbrooks ;" so do we behold volumes of wisdom in all the herbal kingdom—in every emerald and variegated leaf, in every— tiated blossom inflW, there is a voiceless language, eternally singing significant psalms itpraise of Him who ' ' doeth all things well. "Thus we find that adaptation— is the lato of the universe and nowhereis it more vividly portrayed than in the growth and develoi^mentof the Uerbal world.It will thus be seen that it is only by carefully studying the physiologyor functions, or nature of plants, we can derive instruction for theproper regulation or government of our own organisms. The causeswhich influence the growth and development of plants, are conditions

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 13necessary to be understood, in order to preserve the health orof our systems.integrityDependent upon the causes I have already named, the plants, also,may lose their medicinal virtues while much will be;owing to the seasonof the year when they are gathered, in order to adapt them toraedico-chemical purposes.For instance, in the Spring of the year the common Nettle plant mayafford a palatable food for man;but if selected at a later period, insteadof serving as a savory vegetable, or purifier of morbid elements fromthe blood and system of man, might be converted iuto or act as a virulentor dangerous poison upon his organism.In China the Giiueng (so called from the two Chuiese words gen sing,"first of plants") plant or root is regarded— weight for weight— as silver,for mediciual purposes whereas the same herb;grown in America,or other countries, does not possess a tithe of the value of the Chineseproduction for healing purijoses.The American chamomile, though in all respects the same as the European,is positively inert in its medicinal qualities.There must be, therefore, I repeat, a combination of influences toinsure the full development of perfection of any plant. There must benot only internal but external stimuli, to develop the virtues of theherb. The external, as we have seen, consist of certain nutritiousmatters contained in the soQ, water, atmospheric gases, electricity,Mght, and heat, besides the elements of oxygen, both in its combined orsimple form, nitrogen, etc.If we take a stem cut from a pine tree, in the forests of North Carolina,and place it in contact with the trunk of a healthy growing pine,the former would destroy the latter in the course of the season. Theworms generated in the severed or decayed stem will pass to the Uvingtree, and rapidly cause its destruction.Any farmer knows that if the lordly oak be felled in June it will passinto a state of decay in the course of from four to eight weeks;but if itbe cut down at a proper season (which is in Fall and early Spring, whenthe tree is nearly destitute of sap), it affords the best timber for thebuilding of ships. It may be of interest, also, to state that at suchtimes the transplantation of trees should be made. The tree should beremoved at night, and set out in the same relative position to the sun asin its former aspect. If these rules are followed, no tree will rarelyever die, unless its most vital jaarts are too extensively injured.We all know that a plant stripped of its leaves will soon perish.Among the reasons for this is, that the absorption by the roots is insuf ^ficient to supply all the materials for its nourishment. Let us look alittle more closely into these phenomena of nature. There must be acertain number of stages for aU herbal growths. First, the ascending

14 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.sap dissolves the nutritive deposits of the root and stem, and conveysthem to assist in the development of leaves and flowers. Hence it iaevident that if the root, bark, or stem be gathered at this season, it willprove deficient in medicinal virtues, or be altogether inert. The leavesalso will be found worthless for remedial iDui-poses. On the other hand,if we wait a little longer, or until the phmt is fully developed, we willfind that either the bark or root, the leaves or tiowers, are full of raremedicinal virtues.The precise moment when all the assimilative processes of the planthave been perfected— whether it be Summer or Winter, Spring or Autumn—is the time to gather it for a remedial agent in disease, inasmuchas we know that the laws of chemical decomposition and recombinationknow no rest; hence, as in the case of the nettle, while it may be agood food in its earlier stages of development, it would prove a poisonin a more advanced stage of its growth.The peculiar properties of herbs as medicines will often depend uponthe greenness or ripeness of the plant, and other circumstances attendantuiôn its cutting, and the length of time it is kept after beinggathered.For instance, the concrete juice of the Manna ash (Fraxinus Ormis)—the manna of commerce— increases in purgative qualities by age. TheOak -bark, for tanning hides, improves in value for a period of four orfive years after it has been stripped from the trunk in the same man-;ner, its medicinal properties are either diminished or improved, accordingto the season when the bark is gathered, or the manner in which it isconverted into tannic acid for medical or scientific purposes.It must be apparent to all, that herbs are Uable to suffer from thevicissitudes of soil, climate, season, etc., and, as a matter of course,from these causes will vary the medicinal principles attributed to them.Repeated .niialysia demonstrates the fact, that specimens of the samepLmt, grown in different localities, will vary infinitely in the proportionsof the medicinal principles yielded. Take, for example, the Butterflyweed,or Pleurisy-root {Asclepias Tubei'osa), which grows in the barrenand sandy soil of New Jersey, and it will be found to yield from one totwo hundred per cent, of its medicinal virtues more than the same plantgrown in the rich alluvial soils of the West. Hence, when given asmedicine, the quantity must correspond accordingly— be either increasedor diminished, in order to secure its proper curative effects upon thesystem. Thus it is seen that a medicine, prepared from plants culledat an improper season, will prove entirely inert or useless, while thesame herb, gathered at a proper time in a proper climate, especially andproperly prepared, would secure the restoration of a patient from diseaseto health.There is likewise a wide difference between the virtues of a plant

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 16growing in a wild or natural condition, from that of tlie same herb whenartificially cultivated. The transference of plants from their nativelocations, to soils prepared by the hands of man, induces many changesin their individual elements. Many plants formerly used for medicinesare now cultivated for the table alone. The small acid root of the BrassicaRupa has become the large and nutritious article of diet knowni asthe turnip. The dandelion, when growm in natural localities, possesseswell-defined medical properties, aU of which are lost when the plant isartificially cultivated. In the cultivated plant the proportions of starch,grajie-sugar, and other non-medical principles are largely increased,while that which is gathered in its wild or native state is known to possessrare virtues in affections of the liver, kidneys, and respiratoryorgans. In the cultivated rose the stamens are converted into petals.The castor-oil plant in Africa is a woody— tree in our gardens it is anannual. The mignonette, in Europe, is an annual plant, but becomesperennial in the sandy deserts of Egyjit.I repeat, from what has been seen it is evident that aU herbs, perhaps,possess some property suitable for medical puriôses. These virtues maybe found in the root of one plant, in the bark of another, in the leavesof another, in the blossoms of another, in the seeds of another, or in thewhole combined. Even the color of the flower has much to do with thetherapeutic properties of the plant--as, for instance, the Blue Vervain,as used in my Fits and Dyspepsia remedy, is the only kind that is usedfor medical purposes— all the other species being entirely useless, or elsemore or less dangerous.In fact, it is evident to the comprehension of the simplest mind thatclimaticinfluences have much to do with the full development of plants.This may be illustrated in the Tobacco raised in Cuba and that grown inConnecticut— the one being grown in a Southern and the other in aNorthern climate. The poison nicotine is derived from the tobaccoplant the ; exhUarating caffeine and t?ieine are obtained from the coffeeberry and tea plant. Thus it is possible that some therapeutic agent orother may be derived from every plant grown on the surface of theglobe.The Red Men of the American forests are never at a loss to knowwhich plant is best, nor the time it should be gathered, to cure them ofdisease. They know how to treat their complaints in physic, surgery,and midwifery ^vith a skill that far surpasses that of many a learneddoctor of the big medical schools, with all their science, and the medicalteachings of physicians for upwards of four thousand years. Whatother guide have the poor Indians— those untutored savages of thewoods— but their reason and their instinct, and their practical experiencein the use of herbs ?This is the same in the East Indies, South America, South Sea

while16 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Islands, Patagonia, Africa, and other lands. The negroes in the interiorparts of Africa possess a knowledge of the medicinal properties ofplantf5 which is really surjirising, and, by consequence, are rarely afflictedwith disease. The art of healing in Sumatra con.sists in the applicationof plants, in whose medicinal virtues they are surprisingly skilled. Infact, the Sumatrans have a degree of botanical knowledge that surprisesthe European or American. They become acquainted at an earlyage not only with the names, but the qualities and properties of everyshrub and herb among that exuberant variety with which their countryabounds.In gathering herbs for medical purposes, we should not only know theBeason when they should be culled, but we should be qualified to comprehendthe principles of which the plant iscomposed— whether theybe resins, alkaloids, or neutrals— and be able also to separate the oneingredient or element from the other, as a distinct medicinal property, orcombine the whole for the purpose of a compound medical agent.Plants by their appearance often invite the invalid to cull them forhis restoration, and assume such shapes as to suggest their curativeproperties. For instance, herbs that simulatethe shape of the Lungs, as Lungwort{see figure adjoining), Sage, Hounds-tongue,and Comfrey, are all good for pidmonarycomplaints.Plants which bear in leaves and roots aJicartASke form, as Citron Apple, Fuller'sThistle, Spikenard, Balm, Mint, White-beet,Parsley, and Motherwort, will yield medicinalproperties congenial to that organ. Vegetableproductions like in figure to the ears,as the leaves of the Coltfoot or Wild Spikenard,rightly prepared as a conserve andeaten, improve the hearing and memory;- . oil extracted from the shells of sea-Liingwort.snails, which have the turnings and curvingsof the ears, tends wonderfully to the cure of deafness. A decoction ofMaiden Hair and the moss of Quinces, which plants resemble the Jiairsof the head, is good for baldness. Plants resembling the human nose,as the leaves of the Wild Water Mint, are beneficial in restoiing thesense of smell. Plants having a semblance of the Womb, as Birthwort,Heart Wort, Ladies' Seal or Briony, conduce much to a safe accouchement.Shrubs and Herbs resembling the bladder and gall, as Nightshadeand Alkekengi, will relieve the gravel and stone. Liver-shapedplants, as Liverwort (see the following figure), Trinity, Agaric, Fumitory,Figs, etc. ,aJI are efficacious in bilious diseases. Walnuts, Indian nuts,

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 17Leeks, and the root of Ragwort, because of their form, when duly preparedwill further generation and prevent sterility. Herbs and seedsin shape hke the teeth, as Toothwort, Pine-kernel, etc., preservethe dental organization. Plants ofknobbed form, like knuckles or joints,as GaUngale, and the knotty odoriferousrush, Calamus, are good for diseases ofthe spine and reins, foot, gout, kneeswellings, and all joint pains whatsoever.Oily vegetable products, as theFilbert, Walnut, Almond, etc., tend tofatness of the body.Plants naturally lean, as Sarsaparillaor long-leaved Rosa Solie emaciate thosewho use them.Fleshy plants, such as Onions, Leeks,and Colewort, make flesh for the eaters.Certain plants, as the Sensitive plant,Nettles, the roots of Mallows, and theherb Neurus, when used as outward applications,fortify and brace the nerves.Milky herbs, as Lettuce and the fruit ofthe Almond and Fig trees, propagatemilk. Plants of a serous nature, asSpurge and Scammony, purge the noxioushumors between the flesh and theskin. Herbs whose acidity turns milk toLiverwort.curd, such as Galium and the seeds of Spurge, wiU lead to procreation.Rue mixed with Cummin wiU relieve a sore breast, if a poultice of thembe applied, when the milk is knotted therein;while plants that are hoUow.,as the stalks of Grain, Reeds, Leeks, and Garhc, are good to purge,open, and soothe the hollow parts of the body. Many more instances ofBuch adaptation of herbs and plants to diseases of the body might becited if deemed necessaiy.The vitality of plants may be destroyed by giving them deleterious orpoisonous substances, such as arsenic, mercury, etc. In fact, mineralpoisons act on plants and herbs in nearly the same way they do uponhuman beings or other animals.The color of plants is generally under the influence of solar light ;hence, plants grown in darkness become etiolated or blanched. Thegreen of leaves is due to nitrogen, while in proportion as the oxygen ofthe air predominates, the leaves put on varied tints, as the beautiful redand crimson assumed by some leaves in Autumn.The color of flowers, as a general rule, is influenced by solar Ught,

18 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.though the magnetic condition of the soil has much to do with the color.For instance, the petals of the common butter-cup are of as brilliant ayellow in town gardens enveloped in the smoke of London as on anycountry hill, while the tints of the rose remain, when languishing forlack of a clear atmosphere. The flowers of the common hydrangea,which are naturally pink, may be made blue by planting the shrub insoil impregnated with iron. So will certain medical preparations ofiron turn blue the human flesh. The color of the flower of the tulipscan be turned into white, yeUow, brown, purple, and a beautiful tint ofrose, by transplanting the plants from a poor soil to a rich one, and viceversa.The fragrances of flowers and plants have their physiological or medicaluses. The use of the fragrance in leaves, bark, and wood, is apparentlyto preserve them from the attacks of insects ;as the smell of thered and Bermuda cedars (of which pencils are made) and of Camphor,also a vegetable product, is to keep moths and other vermin from attackingsubstances with which they are in contact.Plants sometimes distil or secrete medicinal or nutritive fluids, whichare contained in convenient receptacles. Such plants invariably growtar from the haunts of men. away from the course of streams or vicinityof ponds. Whose ordination is it that such plants have such a habitude ?It is that Providence who, in his bountiful beneficence, places themwhere the traveler may not die of thirst or disease on his wayof discovery.This is most beautifully illustrated in the Nejienthes distiUatonaNepenthes distillatoria.(see cut), in which the leavesterminate in a most singularmanner, forming a sort of urnor vase, surmounted by a cover,which opens and shuts as occa^sion requires. This vessel issuspended at the extremity ofa thread-like appendage to awinged petiole, which wouldeeem to be altogether unfit tosupport An it. officer of marines' 'writes as follows ; Three daysafter my arrival at MadagascarI lost myself during a short excursioninto the interior, and wasovertaken with an excessive lassitude, accompanied with a devouringthirst. After a long walk I was on the point of yielding to despair,when I perceived close to me, suspended to leaves, some smaU vases,Bomewhat like those used to i)reserve fresh water. I began to think Iwas under one of those hallucinations by which the sick are often visited

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST^ 19in fever, when the refreshing draught seems to fly from their parchedhps. I approached it,however, with somehesitation, threw arapid glance at thepitchers judge of my:happiness when I foundthem filled with a pureand transparent liquid.The draught I partookgave me the best ideaI have reahzed of thenectar served at thetable of the gods."Plants of such descriptionbecome extinct ifcivilization approachestheir domain.Plants have attributesother than medicalwhich are of interestto the general readerbesides the botanist.In many instancesthere seems to be astriking affinity betweenthe herbal andanimal kingdom, andother instances of therepelling character.For instance, a mostremarkable instance ofirritability by contact iathat exhibited by the"Venus's Fly -Trap,"Dionma muscipula, anative of Canada, andnearly allied to thecommon "Sun-Dew"of the British commons.Its flowershave nothing remark-Venus's Fly-Trap.able about them, exceptthat their petals roll up when they are about to decay ;but the

20 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.leaves are very curiously constructed. They have broad leaf-likepetioles, at whose extremity there are two fleshy tebes, which form thereal leaf, and which are armed with strong, sharp spines, three on theblade of each lobe, and a fringe of larger spines round the margin.When an insect touches the base of the central spines the leaf collapses,and the poor insect is caught, been either impaled by the centralspines or entrapped by the others. The leaf then remains closed,the fringe of long spines being firmly interlaced and locked together tiUthe body of the insect has wasted away. This apparatus being the nearestapproach to a stomach which has yet being observed in plants, an experimentwas tried some years ago of feeding a dionma (Venus's Fly-Trap)with very small particles of raw meat, when it was found that the leavesclosed in the same way as they would have done over an insect, and didnot open again until the meat was consumed. The leaves of this plantpossess medicinal properties, which, when properly prepared in tinctureor decoction, have been found of exceeding efficacy in many diseases ofthe digestive organs of the human being.Sarracenia^ or Side-Saddle flower, the leaves of which are pitchershaped,resembling an old-fashioned side-saddle, six of which generallybelong to each plant. Each of these pitchers will hold nearly a wineglassful,and are generally filled with water and aquatics, which undergodecomposition, or a sort of digestion, and serve as a nutriment to the plant.This animal characteristic is also illustrated in the sensitive jdant(Mimosa Sensitiva), which the slightest touch suffices to make it closeits foholes. If we cut withscissors the extreme end of onefoliole the others immediatelyapproach in succession. Thisirritation is not local, but communicatesfrom circle to circle,and propagates itself from leafto leaf. Up to a certain pointit gets accustomed to outsideinterference. Touching it againSensitive Plant and again will habituate it tothe movement and fail to respond,as if it were owing in the first instance to fright.The sleep of plants vaguely recalls to us the sleep of animals.Their period of sleep is mostly at night, and any interested person mayobserve this habit in a variety of plants, as many of them when asleepare difficult to recognize in their bearing. The leaves are rolled up, orbecome reversed, as in the genus Sida and the Lupinus. The Vetch,the Rweet-i)ea, the Broad Bean, in their sleep rest their leaves duringthe night one against the other.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 21Parental solicitude is displayed in the orach-root {Atriplex Jwrtensis).The leaves of this plant fall back upon the young shoots, and enclosathem whenever the effects of the atmosphere would injure them. Thisis also seen in the chickweed at night.The folding of some flowers in the absence of the sun, and the openingof others as soon as that luminary has withdrawn his beams, areascribable to various causes. The white marigold closes its flowers onthe approach of rain, and the dwarf Colendrina folds up its brightcrimson coroUa about four o'clock every afternoon ; while, on the contrary,the plant commonly called Four o'clock^ whose flower remainsclosed all day, opens precisely at the hour of four. The evening primrosewfll not open its large yellow flower till the sun has sunk below thehorizon. On the other hand, the Sun-flower is always seen bending itsface {vis-d-vis) in the direction of the sun, and follows its course duringthe entire diurnal round, from its rise in the Orient, or East, in themorning, to its decline in the Hesperian region, or west, in the evening.The Silphiiim lacmtatum, or compass-weed, always points its leavestowards the north star. The Night-blowing Cereus only expands itsflowers about midnight. Indeed, some flowers are so regularin theiropening or shutting, that the great botanist, LiNN/EUS, formed whathe called ''Flora's Timepiece," in which each hour was representedby the flower which opened or closed at that particular time. Anarrangement of this kind may be seen in the followingFloral Clock :Between 3 and 4 A.M Bind-weed of the hedgerows.At 5 A.MNaked stalked Poppy and most of theChichoracese.Between 5 and 6 A.M Nipplewort and the Day Lily.At 6 A.M Many of the Solanacese (Night-shade)family.Between 6 and 7 A.M Sow Thistle and Spurrey.At 7 A.M Water Lilies, Lettuceb.At 7 to 8 A.MVenus' Looking-Glass.At 8 A.MWild Pimpernel.At 9 A.MAt 9 to 10 A.MAt 11 A.MAt 13At 2 P.MBetween 5 and 6 P.MBetween 6 and 7 P.MBetween 7 and 8 P.MAt 10 P.MWîld Marigold.Ice Plant.Purslain, Star of Bethlehem.Most of the Ficoid, or Mesembryanthemumfamily.Scilla Pomeridiana.Silene Noctiflora.Marvel of Peru.Cereus Grandiflorus, Tree Primrose.Purple Convolvulus.

22 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.In addition to the above, I would remark that certain equinoctialflowers open and close at a fixed time in the same day ;on the morrow,and for several following days, they again open and shut at the sameregiilar hours. The Star of Bethlehem opens several days in successionat eleven in the morning, and closes at three. The Ficoides Noctijlarablows several days in succession at seven in the evening, and closes aboutsix or seven in the morning.Besides the cases in which flowers open and shut their corollas by theinfluence of hght, instances are known in which merely the petals rollup by day, and resume their natural shape after sunset. A remarkablecircumstance respecting the effect of atmosi^heric influence is, that thesame causes do not affect aU plants, and yet no peculiarity of constructionhas been discovered in those so affected to distinguish them fromthose that are not.Every student of nature can witness much more that is of generalinterest regarding the habits, so to speak, and characteristics of plants.They have been a favorite theme in all ages. Lovers have dwelt onthem and given them a language. Nearly every one delights in theflowering plants. Who would refuse a bouquet of choice flowers ? Thisattachment to flowers was pathetically iUustrated in the Highland emigrantsin Canada, who wept when they found that the heather wouldnot grow in their newly-adopted soil. And well they might, for it is theflower of their native naountains, and associated with all their brightestand tenderest recollections. In the age of chivalry the daisy was renowned;and St. Louis, of France, took it and a lily for a device in hisring, as emblematical of his wife and country. The thistle, like thefamous geese of Rome, saved Scotland, and for this reason it is the nationalemblem of that coimtry. During the Danish invasion, one oftheir soldiers placed his naked foot on the spiny leaves of a thistle, andinstinctively uttered a cry which awoke the slumbering Scots, whoturned upon their foes, defeated, and drove them from their land.The poetry attached to plants, however, is not of immediate concernin this volume. It is their medicinal properties which engages our studyand demands our labors. Yet I could not so well establish their superiorfitness as curative agents above the mineral drug unless I gave thatwhich is of general interest. One fact will be apparent to the reader,that plants have life, and hence are eminently suitable to give life to thesuffering patient. The lifeless inorgauic mineral has none, and can giveno vital element.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 23EPITOME OF BOTAI^T.That the reader may more intelligently understand the descriptionof the medicinal plants in this book, the author has deemed it prudent topreface the part of this work dedicated to Herbal Materia Medica witha brief analysis of the plant, as made by the botanist. This becomesparticularly necessary, inasmuch as a plant cannot be accuratelydescribed unless scientific language be employed ; but, nevertheless,throughout this whole work it has been the aim of the author to use thereader by as pedantic employ-plainest language, and not to weary thement of technical terms and scientific language.Nothing more will be given than the anatomy of the plant, as nothingof systematic botany need be known to the reader to recognize the plant,or to acquaint himself with the medicinal properties thereof. If he hasnot a common acquaintance with a medicinal plant, but desires it fordomestic medication, it is important that he should know that heemploys the proper herb, and not use one which simulates it. It hastherefore been the aim of the author to give accurate de.scriptions of theherbs, so that the gatherer may not err in his selection of the plantwhich his case may need.All —parts of the plant are used in medicine sometimes the seed only ;in others the flower, the leaves, root, rhizome ;in others two or more ofthese parts, and, again, in others the whole plant.ANATOIVIY OF A PLANT.THE ROOT.The root of a plant is that portion which is usually found in the earth,the stem and leaves being in the air. The point of union is called thecollar or neck of the plant.A fibrous root is one composed of many spreading branches, as that ofbarley.A conical root is one where it tapers regularly from the crovsTi to theapex, as that of the carrot.A fusiform root is one when it tapers up as well as down, as that ofthe radish.A rapiform root is one when much swollen at thebase, so as to becomebroader than long, as that of the turnip.A fasciculated root is one when some of the fibres or branches arethickened.A tuberiferous root Ls one when some of the branches assume theform of rounded knobs, as that of the potato.

epirally, as in the grape vine. TITE LEAP.24 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.A palmate root is one when these knobs are branched.Aerial roots are those emitted from the stem into the open air, ai'.that of Indian com.A rhizoma, or root stock, is a prostrate stem either subterranean oiresting on the surface, as that of calamus, or blood-root.A tuber is an enlargement of the apex of a subterranean branch ofthe root, as that of the common potato or artichoke.A cormus is a fleshy subterranean stem of a round or oval figure, aain the Indian tumip.A bulb is an extremely abbreviated stem clothed with scales,of the lUy.THE STEM.as thatThe stem is that portion of the plant which grows in an oppositedirection from the root, seeking the hght, and exposing itself to the air.All flowering plants possess stems.In those which are said to be stemless,it is either very short, or concealed beneath the ground.An herb is one in which the stem does not become woody, but diesdown to the ground at least after flowering.A shrub is a woody plant, branched near the ground, and less thanfive times the height of man.A tree attains a greater height, with a stem unbranched near thegToiind.The stem of a tree is usually called the trunk ; in grasses it has beentermed the culm.Those stems which are too weak to stand erect are said to be decumbent,procumbent, and prostrateA stolon is a form of a branch which curves or falls down to theground, where they often strike root.A sucker is a branch of subterraneous origin, which, after nmninghorizontally and emitting roots in its course, at length rises out of theground and forms an erect stem, which soon becomes an independentplant, as iflustrated by the rose, raspberry, etc.A runner is a prostrate, slender branch sent off from the base of theparent stem.An ofifset is a similar but shorter branch, -with a tuft of leaves at theend, as in the houseleek.A spine is a short and imperfectly developed branch of a woody plant,as exhibited in the honey-locust.A tendril is commonly a slender leafless branch, capable of coilingThe leaf is commonly raised on an unexpanded part or stalk which iscalled the petiole, wliile the expanded portion is termed the lamina.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 25limb, or blade. When the vessels or fibres of the leaves expand immediatelyon leaving the stem, the leaf is said to be sessile. In suchcases the petiole is absent. When the blade consists of a single piecethe leaf is simple when; composed of two or three more with abranched petiole, the leaf is compound.The distribution of the veins or framework of the leaf in the blade istermed venation.A lanceolate leaf has the fonn of a lance.An ovate leaf has the shape of ellipsis.A cuneiform leaf has the shape of a wedge.A cordate leaf has the shape of a heart.A reniform leaf has the shape of a kidney.A sagittate leaf is arrow-shaped.A hastate leaf has the shape of an ancient halberd.A peltate leaf is shaped like a shield.A serrate leaf is one in which the margin is beset with sharp teeth,which point forward towards the apex.A dentate leaf is one when these teeth are not directed towards theapex.A crenate leaf has rounded teeth.A sinuate leaf has alternate concavities and convexities.A pinnate leaf has the shape of a feather.A pectinate leaf is one having very close and narrow divisions, likethe teeth of a comb.A lyrate leaf has the shape of a lyre.A runcinate leaf is a lyrate leaf with sharp lobes pointing towardsthe base, as in the dandelion.A palmate leaf is one beariag considerable resemblance to the hand.A pedate leaf is one bearing resemblance to a bii^d's foot.An obovate leaf is one having the veins more developed beyond themiddle of the blade.When a leaf at its outer edge has no dentations it is said to be entire.When the leaf terminates in an acute angle it is acute, when in an ob-it is obtuse. An obtuse leaf with the apex slightly depressedtuse angleis retuse, or if more strongly notched, emarginate. An obovate leafwith a wider or more conspicuous notch at the apex become obcordate,being a cordate leaf inverted. When the apex is cut off by a straighttransverse hne the leaf is truncate when; abruptly terminated by asmaU projecting point it is mucronate ;and when an acute leaf has anarrowed apex it is acuminate. In ferns the leaves are called fronds.THE FLOWER.The flower assumes an endless variety of forms, and we shallin the dissection merely the tyjîcal form of it.2assume

26 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.The organs of a flower are of two sorts, viz. : 1st. Its leaves or envelopes;and 2d, those peculiar organs having no resemblance to theenvelopes. The envelopes are of two kinds, or occupy two rows, oneabove or within the other. The lower or outer row is termed theThe innerCalyx, and commonly exhibits the green color of the leaves.row, which is usually of more dehcate texture and forms the most showypart of the flower, is termed the Corolla. The several parts of theleaves of the CoroUa are called Petals, and the leaves of the Calyx havereceived the analogous name of Sepals. The floral envelopes are collectivelycalled the Perianth.The essential organs enclosed within a floral envelope are also of twokinds and occupy two rows one within the other. The first of these,those next within the petals, are the Stamens. A stamen consists of astalk called the Filament, which bears on its summit a rounded bodytermed the Anther, fiUed ^vith a substance called the Pollen.The seed-bearing organs occupy the centre or summit of a flower, andare called Pistils. A pistU is distinguished into three parts, viz. :1st,the Ovary, containing the Ovales ; 2d, the Style, or columnar prolongationof the ovary and; 3d, the Stigma, or termination of the style.AH the organs of the flower are situated on, or grown out of, the apexof the flower-stalk, into which they are inserted, and which is calledthe Torus or Receptacle.A plant is said to be monoecious, where the stamens and pistils are inBeparate flowers on the same individual, dioecious, where they occupyBeparate flowers on difEerent individuals, and polygamous where thestamens and pistils are separate in some flowers and united in others,either on the same or two or three difEerent plants.THE FRUIT.The principal kinds may be brieflyA follicle is the name given to such fruit as borne by the larkspuror milkweed.A legume or pod is the name extended to such fruit as the pea orstated as follows :—bean.A drupeis a stone fruit, as the plum, apricot, etc.An achenium is the name of the fruit as borne by the butter-cup, «fcc.A cremocarp is the fruit of the Poison Hemlock and similar plants.A caryopsisis such fruit as borne by the wheat tribe.A nut is exemplified by the fruit of the oak, chestnut, &c.A samara is the name appUed to the fruit of the maple, birch, and elm,A berryis a fruit fleshy and pulpy throughout, as the grape, gooseberry,etc.A pomeifl such as the apple, pear, &c.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 27A pepo is the name applied to the fruit of the pumpkin, cucumber,&c.A capsule is a general term for all dry fruits, such as lobeUa, »&c.A silique is such fruit as exhibited in Shepherd's purse, &c.A cone or strobile is a collective fruit of the fir tribe, magnoha, &aTHE SEED.The seed, like the ovule of which it is the fertilized and maturedstate, consists of a nucleus, usually enclosed within two integuments,The outer integument or proper seed coat is variously termed theepisperm, spermoderm, or testa.An annual jilaut is one which springs from the seed, flowers anddies the same year.A biennial plant, such as the radish, carrot, beet, &c., does notflower the first season.A perennial plant is one not absolutely depending upon the stock ofthe previous season, but annually produces new roots and new accumulations.MEDICIlÂL PROPERTIES AT^DPREPARATIOl^S.Every herb employed in the cure of diseases, whether in its naturalstate or after having undergone various preparations, belongs to theHerbal Materia Medica, in the extended acceptation of the term. Itshall, however, be our purpose only to describe each separate herb in itsliving state, or the medicinal part thereof, and not dwell much upon theforms usually prepared by the apothecary or physician. In this portionof our work we propose to give an account of all the most importantmedicinal herbs necessary for the cure of diseases. No herb, however,is to be despised or regarded as worthless because of its not findingmention in this work; but, as previously stated, that each and everyplant has its virtues, though to describe all recognized as medicinalwould make the work too voluminous, and in price far exceed thereach of the million. The various properties of medicinal agents havebeen designated as follows :—Absorbents or Antacids are such medicines that counteract acidityof the stomach and bowels.Alteratives are medicines which, in certain doses, work a graduaJcure by restoring the healthy functions of different organs.Anodynes are medicines which relieve pain.

28 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Anthelmintics are medicines which have the power of destroyingor expelling worms from the intestinal canal.Antiscorbutics are medicines which prevent or cure the scurvy.Antispasmodics are medicines given to relieve spasm, or irregularand painful action of muscles or muscular fibres, as in Epilepsy, St.Vitus' Dance, etc.Aromatics are medicines which have a grateful smell and an agreeablepungent taste.Astringents are those remedies which, when applied to the body,render the solids dense and firmer.Carminatives are those medicines which dispel flatulency of thestomach and bowels.Cathartics are medicines which accelerate the action of the bowels,or increase the discharge by stool.Demulcents are medicines suited to prevent the action of acridand stimulating matters upon the mucous membranes of the throat,lungs, etc.Diaphoretics aremedicines that promote or cause perspirable dischargeby the skin.Diuretics are medicines which increase the flow of urine by theiraction upon the kidneys.Emetics are those medicines which produce vomiting.Emmenagogues are medicines which promote the menstrual discharge.Emollients are those remedies which, when applied to the solids ofthe body, render them soft and flexible.Erriiines are substances which, when applied to the lining membraneof the nostrils, occasion a discharge of mucous fluid.Epispastics are those which cause blisters when applied to the surface.EsciiAROTics are substances used to destroy a portion of the surfaceof the body, forming sloughs.ExPECTORiVNTS are medicines capable of facilitating the excretion ofmucus from the chest.Narcotics are those substances having the property of diminishingthe action of the nervous and vascular systems, and of inducing sleep.Rubefacients are remedies which excite the vessels of the skin andincrease its heat and redness.Sed.vtives are medicines which have the power of allaying the actionsof the systems generally, or of lessening the exercise of some particularfunction.SiALAGOOUES are medicines which increase the flow of the saliva.Stimulants are medicines capable of exciting the \ital energy,whether as exerted in sensation or motion.Tonics are those medicines which increase the tone or healthy action,or strength of the living system.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 29PHARMACEUTIC PREPARATIONS.AcETA or Vinegars are medicinal preparations where vinegar is usedae the dissolving agent..iEtherea or Ethers are ethereal tinctares.Aqu^ or Waters consist of water impregnated with some medicinalsubstance, as a volatile oil.Cataplasms are external applications or poultices.Cerates are agents intended for external application, and are composedof wax, spermaceti, combined with fatty matter, and in whichresins and powders, etc., are frequently amalgamated.Confections are medicines in the form of a conserve.Decoctions are solutions procured from the various parts of herbsby boiling them in water.Dragees are sugar-coated pills.Enemas or Injections. These consist of medicinal agents in theform of infusion, decoction, or mixture, and designed to be passed intothe rectum and other passages.Extracts. When an infusion, decoction, or tincture is reduced to asoft soUd mass, by evaporation, it is termed an extract.Fluid-Extracts. These are concentrated medicinal principles, notreduced to a solid or nearly semi-fluid consistence, the evaporation notbeing carried so far as in ordinary extracts. (See page 475)Infusions are solutions of vegetable principles in water, effectedwithout boiling.Liniments. These preparations are designed for external application,and should always be of such a consistence as wiU render them capableof easy application to the skin with the naked hand or flannel.Lotions. These comprise all compounds used as external washes inwhich vegetable substances are dissolved.Mixtures are either liquid or solid compounds, and which are suspendedin aqueous fluids by the intervention of some viscid matter, asmucUage, albumen, etc.Oils are the products of various herbs by distillation with water.Pills are medicinal properties formed into a mass and roUed intoglobular forms. A holus is a large pill.Plasters are designed for external application ;the medicinal agent isusually spread on cloth or chamois leather.Powders are medicinal herbs in a pulverized state.Saturates are similar to fluid-extracts, being, however, preparedwithout the employment of heat.Syrups are liquid medicines of a viscid consistence, produced by concentratedsolutions of sugar alone or mixed with honey.Tinctures. These are preparations obtained by subjecting medicinalherbs to the action of alcohol.

30 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Trochees or Lozenges are medicinal substances in powder, whichare formed into solid cakes by the aid of sugar and gum.Unguenta or Ointments are fatty matters, in which are incorporatedcertain medicines, and are designed for external use.Wines. These are tinctures of medicinal agents which are insolublein water, or which do not require as stimulant a solvent as alcohol, butwhich are capable of yielding their virtues to wine.WEIGHTS Al^D MEASURES.That no error may occur, I will here append the weights and measuresemployed in pharmacy, together with the symbols designating eachquantity. It is necessary to understand but two measures, as theauthor has conformed all the solid or liquid quantities to these measures.These are :—1st.— Apothecaries' Weight.20 grains (gr. ) 1 scruple.3 scruples O)1 drachm.8 drachms (3)1 ounce.12 ounces ( § ) 1 pound (Ih).The doses of powders, extracts, and all such that are not fluid are intendedto correspond with this weight.2d.— Apothecaries' Measure.60 minims (ITl^) 1 fluid drachm.8 fluid drachms (f 3 ) 1 fluid ounce.16 fluid ounces (f § 1 ) pint.8 pints (0) 1 gallon (cong).The quantities of all fluids mentioned in this book agree with thismeasure, though the word fluid or the symbol (f ) is omitted in mostinstances.It is not to be supposed, however, that in all families measuring graduatesare to be found ;hence a comparison of these measures with tea,dessert, and table spoons, etc. becomes, necessary to simplify the fluid

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 31measure. The weight of any quantity I should always advise to be correctlyascertained by scales :—*A dropComparison.corresponds with a minim.A teaspoonful" " " fluid drachm.A dessertspoonftd" u u ^j^-gg fluid drachms.A tablespoonful" " " one-half flviid ounce.A wineglassful" u a ^^^ fluid ounces.Ateacupful" " "gm(4f§).In the body of this work the quantity has been stated, with but fewexceptions, in which each medicine must ordinarily be given to produceits peculiar effects upon the adult patient. But there are circumstanceswhich modify the dose, and demand attention, the most important ofwhich is the age hence the;following table, exhibiting the dose proportionedto the age, should receive careful reference in domestic practice:—Table.The dose for a person of age beingThat of a person from 14 to 21 years will be7 to 14 "Of4to4321i;(((((1 or 1 drachm,f or 2 scruples.2or ^ drachm.^ or1 scruple.;ôr 15 grains.^ or 10 grains.or 8 grains.or 51 2 grains."iV or 4 grains.The following rule, however, is a little more simple :—For children under 12 years the dose of most medicines must bediminished in the proportion of the age to the age increased by 12 ;thus, at two years the dose will be ^ of that for adults, viz. :—2^ = jôr-J;at4, itwillbej^4 116 '^^ 4-* The weights used in the British PharmacopcBia are the Imperial or avordupois pound,ounce, and grain, and the terms drachm and scruple, as designating specific weiglits, arediscontinued. The ounce contains -i'il}^ grams, and the pound 7,000 grains. The Imperial Measure contains 8 fluid drachms to the ounce, 20 fluid ounces to the pint, and 8pinta to the gallon.

32 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.HEEBAL MATEEIA MEDICA."ACACIA VERA.Common Names. Oum Arabic, Egyptian TJwm.Medicenal — Part. The concrete juice or gum.Description. Acacia Vera is a small tree or strub, but sometimesattains the height of forty feet. TheAcacia Vera.leaves are bipimiate and smooth, leafletseight or ten pairs. Spines sharp and inpairs. Flowers in globose heads, and thefruit a legume.History.— The tree inhabits the southernportion of Asia and the uj^per portion ofAfrica. The gum flows naturally from thebark of the trees, in the form of a thickand rather frothy liquid, and speedily concretesinto tears;sometimes the dischargeis promoted by wounding the trunk andbranches. The more mptured the tree,the more gum it yields. The best qualityof Gum Arabic is colorless, or very paleyellow-white, shining, transparent in small fragments, hard but pulverable,inodorous, and of a sweet and viscous taste. It invariably formaa white powder. Cold or hot water dissolves its own weight, forminga thick mucUaginous solution.Properties and Uses.— The gum is nutritive and demulcent, and exertsa remarkably soothing influence upon irritated or inflamed raucoussurfaces, by shielding them from the influence of deleterious agents,atmospheric air, etc. It is useful, in diarrhoea and dysentery, to removegriping and painful stools, in catarrh, cough, hoarseness, consumption,gonorrhoea, and all inflammatory conditions of the mucous surfaces. Forlung diseases it is especially an indispensable vehicle in which to carrythe necessary curative and powerful con-ective agents, while at the sametime its nutritive qualities also exert a good influence, often supplyingthe place of food where the stomach is too weak to partake of anythingelse. It may be given almost ad libitum in powder, lozenge, or solution,alone or combined with syrups, decoctions, etc It constitutes themenstruum of my well-known Acaoian Balsam, see page 4G9.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 33ADDER'S TONGUE (Erytheonum Americajtxjm).Common Names. Bog-Tooth Violet^ SerpenVs Tongue, etc.Medicinal Parts. The bulb and leaves.Description.— This is a perennial plant, springing from a bulb at somedistance below the surface. The bulb is white internally and fawncoloredexternally. The leaves are two, lanceolate, pale green, withpurplish or brownish spots, and one nearly twice as wide as the other.It bears a single drooping yeUow flower, which partially closes at nightand on cloudy days. Fruit a capsule.History.— This beautiful little plant is among the earliest of our springflowers, and is found in rich open grounds, or in thin woods throughoutthe United States, flowering in April or May. The leaves are moreactive than the roots;both imjiart their virtues to water.—Properties arid Uses. It is emetic, emollient, and antiscorbutic whenfresh ;nutritive when dried. The fresh root simmered in milk, or thefresh leaves braised and often applied as a poultice to scrofulous tumorsor tdcers, together with a free internal use of an infusion of them, ishighly useful as a remedy for scrofula. The expressed juice of the plant,infused in cider, is very beneficial in dropsy, and for relieving hiccough,vomiting, and hematemesis, and bleeding from the lower bowels.AGRIMONY (Agrimonia Eupatoria).Common Names. Cocklehurr or Sticklewort.Medicinal Parts. T'he root and leaves.Description. — Agrimony has a reddish, tapering,not creeping root, with brown stems covered withsoft silky hairs ;two or three feet high ;leavesalternate, sessile, interruptedly pinnate. The stipuleof the upper leaves large, rounded, dentate, orpalmate. The flowers grow at the top of the stem,are yeUow, small, and very numerous, one aboveanother in long spikes, after which come roughheads hanging downwards, which will stick to garmentsor anything that rubs against them.— History. This perennial plant is found in Asia,Europe, Canada, and the United States, along roadsides,and in fields and woods, flowering in July orAugust. Both the flowers and roots are fragrant,but harsh and astringent to Ihe taste, and yieldtheir properties to water or alcohol.Properties and Uses. — It is a mild tonic, alterative,and astringent. Useful in bowel complaints, chronicAgrimony.iaucou.s diseases, chronic affections of the digestive organs, leucorrhoea,2* c

34 THE COMPLETE HEKBALIST.certain cutaneous diseases, etc. A strong decoction, sweetened witljhoney, is an invaliiable cure for scrofula, if persisted in for a length oftime. It is exceedingly useful in gravel, asthma, coughs, and obstmctedmenstruation. As a gargle for sore throat and mouth, it is very service •able.Dose.— Povrder, one teaspoonfid ;decoction, a wineglassful.ALDER (Pkinos Verticillatus).Common Najie. Winterberry.MedictnMj Parts. TJie bark and berries.Description. — This is an indigenous shrub of irregular growth, with astem six or eight feet in height ;bark grayish and alternate branches.The leaves are ovate, acute at the base, oUve green in color, smoothabove and downy beneath. Flowers small and white; calyx small andsix-cleft;corolla divided into six obtixse segments. Fruit a berry.History.— Black Alder is common throughout the United States andEngland, growing in moist woods, swamps, etc., flowering from May toJuly, and maturing its fruit in the latter part of autumn. It yields itsvirtues to water by decoction or infusion. The bark has a bitterish, subastringent taste, and the berries have a sweetish taste.Properties and Uses.— It is tonic, alterative, and astringent. It Isvery beneficial in jaundice, diarrhoea, gangrene, dropsy, and all diseasesattended with great weakness. Two drachms of the powdered bark andone drachm of powdered golden seal infused in a pint of boiling water,and, when cold, taken in the course of the day, in doses of a wineglassful,and repeated daily, has proved very efiicacious in dyspepsia. ExtemaUy the decoction forms an excellent local application in gangrene,indolent ulcers, and some affections of the skin. The berries are catharticand vermifuge, and form, with cedar apples, a pleasant and efEectuaJworm medicine for children.Dose.— Powdered bark, half a drachm to a drachm ; decoction, a tea-Bpoonful three or four times a day.ALE HOOF (Nepeta Glechoma).Common Names. Oill-go-by-the-gro%tnd, Ground Ivy^ Cat's-Foot,TurnJioof, &c.Medicinal Part. The leaves.Description.— This plant is a perennial gray, hairy herb, with a procumbentcreeping stem, varying in length from a few inches to one ortwo feet. The leaves have petioles, cordate, and hairy on both sides.The flowers are bluish purple. The corolla is about three times as longOS the cixlyx.History. — This plant is common to the United States and Europe,

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 35where it is found in shady places, waste grounds, dry ditches, &c. Itflowers in May or August. The leaves impart their virtues to boilingwater by infusion. They have an unpleasant odor, and a harsh, bitterish,slightly aromatic taste.Properties and Uses.— It is stimulant, tonic, and pectoral, and is usefulin diseases of the lungs and kidneys, asthma, jaundice, hypochondria,and monomania. An infusion of the leaves is very beneficial inlead-coUc, and painters who make use of it are seldom, if ever, troubledwith that affection. The fresh juice snuffed up the nose often curesthe most inveterate headacheDose.— Powder, half a drachm to a drachm; infusion, one or twofluid oujices.ALL-HEAL (PRTJira:LLA Vulgaris).CoMiioN Names. Hercules Wound Wort, Panay, etc.Medicinal Part. Tlie root.Description.— This shrub sometimes attains the height of five feet,but is usually much smaller. The stem is strong and round, with manyjoints, with some leaves thereat. The leaves consist of five or six pairof wings, and when chewed have a bitterish taste. The root is thickand long, the juice of which is hot and biting. The flower is a smalland yellow one, and the seeds Avhitish yellow, short and flat.History.— This plant is found in England and other parts of Europe.In England it flowers usually until the end of summer, but in otherparts of Europe it flowers from May to December.Properties and Uses.— All-heal is a pungent and bitter tonic and antispasmodic.It has also vermifuge properties, and is slightly diuretic.It is excellent for cramps, fits, falling sickness, convulsions, etc. (inferior,however, to Blue Vervain). In obstructions of the liver it serves agood purjoose. It sometimes cures the toothache by icLserting cottonsaturated with the juice into the decayed places of the teeth.ALMONDS (Amygdalus Communis).Amygdala A>iara, Bitter Almonds ; Amygdala Dulcis, Sxceet Almonds.Medicinal Part. The kernels.Description.— The almond tree is from ten to eighteen feet high, witha pale-brown rugged bark, and dividing into many branches. Theleaves are of a bright light green, two to four inches long, and aboutthree-fourths of an inch wide. Flowers are moderately large, pink orwhite, sessile, in pairs, and appealing before the leaves. Calyx reddish,petals variable in size. The fruit is a hoary drupe ;stone oblong or

36 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.ovate, hard in various deg:rees, always rugged and pitted with irregularholes. Both the bitter and sweet almonds come from this tree.Histoi'y.— The almond tree is indigenous to most of the southernparts of Asia and Barbarj', but is cultivated in Southern Europe. Thebest of the sweet kind comes from Malaga. The sweet kernel is withoutodor, and of a pleasant flavor ;that of the bitter is also inodorous,unless rubbed with water, when it exhales a smell similar to Prussicacid. Its taste is similar to that of peach-meats. Both varieties containoil— the sweet a fixed oil, the bitter both a fixed and an essentialoil, impregnated with Prussic acid. The oil of bitter almonds has agolden color, an agreeable odor, an acid bitter taste, combustible, andis a poison acting in the same manner as Prussic acid. One di-achm ofthis oil, dissolved in three drachms of alcohol, forms the "essence ofalmonds " much used by confectioners, perfumers, etc. The oil is alsomuch used by soap-makers.Proijertles and — Uses. Triturated with water, sweet almonds produce awhite mixture called emulsion, or milk of almonds, bearing a remarkableanalogy with animal milk. It is used as a demulcent and vehicle forother medicines. The oil is demulcent in smaU quantity, in largerdoses laxative. It is frequently employed in cough, diseases dependentupon intestinal irritation, and for mitigating acrimonious urine in calculousaffections.Dose.— Of the oil,a teaspoonful.ALNUS RUBRA (Tag Alder).Common Names. Common Alder, Smooth Alder.Medicinal — Part. The bark.Description. This is a well-known shrub, growing in clumps, andforming thickets on the borders of ponds and rivers, and in swamps.The stems are numerous, and from six to fifteen feet high. The leavesare obovate, acuminate, smooth, and green, from two to four incheslong.History.— The Alnus Rubra is indigenous to Europe and America, andblossoms in March and April. The bark is the part used medicinally.Properties and Uses.— The bark is universally acknowledged to bealterative and emetic, and is especially recommended for scrofula, secondarysyphilis (inferior, however, to Rock Rose or Stillingia), and cutaneousdiseases, of which there are many varieties, some of whichhave imd some of which have not been classified. The active i^rincipleof Alnus Rubra, as prepared for practitioners, is called Alnuin, and ismost excellent in cases of dyspepsia produced by inactivity of the gafitrioglands.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 37AMARANTH (Amakanthus Hypochondriasis).Common Names. Prince's Feather, Red Cock's Comb, etc.Medicinal — Part. The leaves.Descriptian. This is an annual herb, with a stout upright stem, fromfrom three to four feet high. The leaves are oblong,lanceolate, mucronate, green, with a redptLqjlish spot, clustered flowers, five stamens.History.— This plant is a native of the MiddleStates, where it is cultivated in gardens as an or- .namental plant, but contains more medicinal virtuesin its wild state. It flowers in August. The leavesimpart their virtues to water.Properties and — Uses. Amaranth is astringent.The decoction drank freely is a valuable domesticremedy for menorrhagia, diarrhoea, dysentery, andhemorrhage from the bowels. It is useful as alocal application to ulcers of the mouth and throat,as an injection for leucorrhcea, and as a wash tofoul, indolent ulcers.ANEMONE (Anemone Nemorosa).Amaranth.Common Name.Medicinal Parts.Wind Flower.Root, herb, and seed.Description. — This is a delicate and pretty plant, with a creeping root,simple erect stem, six to nine inches high, bearing but a single flower ;leaves temate ; sepals, four to six ;stamens and ovaries numerous.— Hint^ry. This plant is common to Europe and the United States,bearing purplish and white flowers in April and May. The MeadowAnemone of Europe is the most active in its medicinal quaUties. Itsactive principle is called Anemonine. This plant affords the Pulsatillaof the Ilomaopaths.Properties and Uses.— Anemone in solution has been applied externallyto scald head, ulcers, syphilitic nodes, paralysis, cataract, andopacity of the cornea, with benefit. A decoction is sometimes used asan emmenagogue for secondary syphilis, whooping-cough, etc. Theleaves, fresh and bruised, act as a rubefacient. Care should be takenin its internal administration, as it is acrid and poisonous.A plant of the same family. Anemone Cylindrica, is used by the Indiansfor the cure of the rattle-snake bite. They chew some of the topsof the plant, swallowing but little of the saliva, then apply it to the bite ;in a few minutes the bite is rendered harmless.Dose.— Decoction, a tablespoonful ; anemonine, one grain.

38 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.ANGELICA (Angelica Atropurpurea).CoM^roN Name. Mastericort.Medicinal Part.Root, Iwrb, and seed.Description.— This plant is five or six feet high. The root has a pnrplecolor ;leaves temate, with large petioles ; calyx five-toothed, withequal petals, and the fruit a nut.— IliMoi-y. The plant is perennial, and grows in fields and damp places,developing greenish-white flowers from May to August. The plant hasa powerful, peciiliar^ but not unpleasant odor, a sweet taste, afterwardspungent ;but in drying it loses much of these qualities.Properties and Uses.— It is aromatic, stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic,expectorant, diuretic, and emmenagogue. It is used in flatulentcohc and heart-bum. It is serviceable in diseases of the urinary organs.The A. Arehangelica, or Archangel, may be substituted for this.Dose.— Decoction, two to four ounces ; powder, thirty to sixty grains.CoinioN Name. Aniseed.Medicinal Part. TJie fruit.ANISE (PiMPINELLA AnISXJM),Description. —Anise has a perennial, spindle-shaped, woody root, anda smooth, erect, branched stem, about ten or twelve inches in height.The leaves are petiolated, roundish, cordate, serrate flowers small and;white, disposed on long stalks. Calyx wanting, or minute. The fruit isovate, about an eighth of an inch long, dull brown, and slightly downy.History.— It is a native of Egyi^t, but now cultivated in many of thewarm countries of Europe. The Spanish Aniseed is commonly usedfor medicinal purposes. The odor of anise is penetrating and fragrant,the taste aromatic and sweetish. It imparts its \Trtues wholly to alcohol,only partially to water. That used in cordials is the Star Anise,which is procured from the Illicium Armatum, a plant of Eastern Asia.Its volatile oil is often fraudulently substituted for the European oil ofanise.Projierties and Uses.— Stimulant and carminative; used in cases offlatvilency, colic of infants, and to remove nausea. Sometimes addedto other medicines to improve their flavor or to correct disagreeableeffects.Dose.— Oi the seed, twenty to forty grains ;teafipoonful.Medicinal Part.ALOES (Aloe Spicata).The inspissatedjmee of the leaves.essence, thirty drops to aDescription. — The spiked aloe is an inhabitant of the southern parta

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 39of Africa, growing in sandy soil. The stem is woody, rotmd, and aboutfour feet high, and from three to five inches in diameter. The leavesare thick and fleshy, with a few white spots. Spike a foot long ;flowersscarlet, and filled with purplish honey. This tree furnishes theCape Aloes of commerce. There are other varieties, the A. Socotrina andthe A. vulgaris. The Socotrine aloes is an inhabitant of Socotra, andthe Aloe Vulgaris is generally found in the Ea.st Indies and Barbary.History. — Aloes is of a deep brown or oUve color;odor unpleasant,taste pecuhar and bitter, powder a bright yeUow. These propertieschange somewhat in the different varieties. It is almost completelydissolved in water.Properties and Uses.— Aloes is tonic, purgative, emmenagogue, andanthelmintic. As a laxative its appUcations are limitless. It actschiefly upon the rectum, causing heat and irritation about the anus ;itis therefore improper, unless associated with other medicines, to give itto patients suffering with piles. It promotes the menstrual flow, butwhen used for this purpose it had better be combined with myrrh. Itschief use is as a purgative, and it should never be given in inflammatoryaffections, in gastritis or enteiitis, or to females hable to suddenuterine evacuation, or during pregnancy.Dose.— Two to ten grains in pUl.ASARABACCA (Asarum Etirop^xjm).Common Najces. Hazlewort, or Wild Na/rd.Medicinal Parts. Boot and leaves.Description.— The stem of this plant is very short, simple round andherbaceous, bearing dark-green reniform leaves ;also one droopingflower of purple color, without coroUa. The fruit is a capsule.History. This is a European plant, growing in moist bill y woods, andflowers from May to August. The root, when dried, has a pepper-likeodor, spicy taste, and yields an ash-colored powder ;the leaves give agreen powder, and have the same medicinal properties as of the root.They impart their virtues to water or alcohol.Properties and Uses. — Emetic, cathartic, and errhine. Used principallyas an errhine in certain affections of the brain, eyes, face, andthroat, toothache, and paralysis of the mouth and tongue. It is usedby drunkards in France to promote vomiting.Dose.— Powder, 10 or 12 graios ;as an emetic, from one-half to onedrachm.AYA-PAJS'A (Aya-pana Eupatorium).Medicinal Parts. The wIwU plant.Description.— While traveling in Paraguay, South America, some

40 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.years ago, I became acquainted Math a species ofEupatmum or Lungwortcalled Aya-poTia, possessed of most extraordinaryvirtues in consumption and otherdiseases of the chest. In Paraguay, which isa veiy paradise on earth, numerous medicinalherbs of exceeding great value grow tothogreatest perfection. The Aya-pana belongsto the class of Ewpatorium Perfolkitum^ thoughqiute unlike the Lungxcort and Thoiôugli-wort,indigenous to North America. The Aya-pmiais only found on the eastern slope of theAndes, on the mountain sides, along the sunnybanks of streams, and beautifully luxurianton all the tributaries to the Amazon, and LaPlata especially. It is a perennial plant, withnumerous erect, round, hairy stems, five toten feet high, the stalk plain below, butbranching out in numerous stems near thetop. The leaves grow on the opposite sides ofya-pana.^-^^ stalk in pairs, each pair being joined atthe base. The direction of each pair of leaves is at right angles withthat of the pair either above or beneath. The leaves are long and narrow,broadest at the base where they coalesce, gradually tapering to aseriated point, wrinkled, palish green on the under surface, and besetwith white silken hairs, which add much effect to their greenish-gfraycolor. The flowers are snow-white, slightly tinged with a piu'plish hueat the end, very numerous, supported on hairy peduncles. The calyxis cylindrical, and composed of imbricated, lanceolate, hairy scales, inclosingfrom twelve to fifteen tubular florets, having their border dividedinto five spreading segments. There are five black anthers united ina tube, through which a bifid filiform style projects above the flower,rendering the whole a beautiful and picturesque plant.Uistory.— It flowers constantly during the diy or sunny season, theblossoms and leaves being only used for medicinal jturposes. The flowersare better than the leaves, have an aromatic odor, resembling slightlychamomile, and possess a strong bitter taste, somewhat like horehoundor quassia, which virtue is imparted either to water or alcohol.Resin, guna, balsam, and mucilage are among the principal constituentsof the flowers. The flowers are gathered in the morning on sunny days,carefully dried in the sun or by ai'tificial heat, when they are put up inbags or cedar boxes, and become ready for medicinal use. Prepared inthis way, the flowers and leaves retain their properties for years, improvingin their virtues by age, adding to their rich honey-like yellowcoloring matter when distilled for medical purposes.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 41Properties and Uses. — This plant may rightly be regarded as a specifioin all forms of pulmonary and bronchial affections. It has also greatinfluence over the valvulax action of the heart, in its healthfvil invigorationof the arterial and venous systems, and its wonderful power inexpelling carbonic acid from the air-cells and pulmonary vessels, priorto the elimination of rich vermilion blood through the great aorta ofthe human economy.It is one of the ingredients of my'Acacian Balsam " (see page 469),forms one of thewhich, with various other remarkable medicinal agents,most wonderful remedies for coughs, colds, and consumption ever compounded.The plant is not much known in this country, and only importedby myself, and can consequently not be had in apothecaries'.BALM (Melissa Officinalis),Medicinal Part. TJie herb.Description.— Balm is a perennial herb, with upright, branching, four-Bided stems, from ten to twenty inches high. The leaves are broadlyovate, acute, and more or less hauy. The flowers are pale yeUow, withascending stamens.History.— Balm is a native of France, but naturalized in England andthe United States. It grows in fields, along road-sides, and is weDknown as a garden plant, flowering from May to August. The wholeplant is officinal or medicinal, and should be collected previous to flowering.In a fresh state it has a lemon-like odor, which is nearly lost bydrying. Its taste is aromatic, faintly astringent, with a degree of persistentbitterness. Boiling water extracts its virtues. Balm contains abitter extractive substance, a little tannin, gum, and a peculiar volatileoil. A pound of the plant yields about four grains of the oil,which isof a yellowish or reddish-yellow color, very liquid, and possessing thefragrance of the plant in a high degree. The Nepeta Citriodoi-a., a powerfulemmenagogue, is sometimes cultivated and employed by mistakefor Balm. It has the same odor, but may be distinguished by havingboth surfaces of the leaves hairy.Properties and Uses.— It is moderately stimulant, diaphoretic, andantispasmodic. A warm infusion, drank freely, is very'serviceable toproduce sweating, or as a diaphoretic in fevers. It is also very usefulin painful menstruation, and also to assist the courses of females. Whengiven in fevers, it may be rendered more agreeable by the addition oflemon- juice.The infusion may be taken at pleasure.BALMONT (Chelone Glabra),Common Names. Snake head, Turtle bloom. Salt rheum weed.Medicinal — Part. The leaves.Description. This is a perennial, smooth, herbaceous plant, with

42 THE compijEte herbalist.simple erect stem about two or three feet high. The leaves are opposite,sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, and of a dark shininggreen color.— The fruit is a capsule.IIMory. This valuable medical plant is found in the United States,in damp soils, flowering in August and September. The flowers areTheornamental, and vary in color according to the variety of the plant.leaves are exceedingly bitter, but inodorous, and impart their virtues towater and alcohol.Properties and — Uses. It is tonic, cathartic, and anthelmintic; verj'vnluable in jaundice, liver diseases, and for the removal of worms. Insmall doses it is a good tonic in dyspepsia, debility of the digestiveorgans, and during convalescence from febrile and inflammatory diseases.An ointment made from the fresh leaves is valuable for piles,inflamed breasts, tumors, and painful ulcers.Dose.— Of the powdered leaves, one drachm ;of the tincture, one ortwo teaspoonsful ;of the active principle, Chelonin.i one or two grains.BARBERRY (Berberis Vtjlgaeis),Medicinal Part. Bark and berries.Description.— Barberry is an erect, deciduous shrub, from three toeight feet high, with leaves of an obovate-oval form, terminated by softbristles, about two inches long, and one-third as wide. The flowers areBmaU and yellow, in clusters, and the fruit bright-red oblong berries, inbranches, and very acid.Histoi'y.— This shrub is found in the New England States, on themountatris of Pennsylvania and Virginia, among rocks and hard gravellysoil. Occasionally it is found in the West on rich groimds. It flowersin April and May, and ripens its fruit in June.Berberina.Its active principle isProperties and Uses.— It is tonic and laxative, indicated ia jaundice,chronic diarrhoea, and dysentery. The berries form an agreeable acidulousdraught, useful as a refrigerant in fevers the bark is bitter and;astringent, and used in the treatment of jaundice. The bark of the rootis the most active ;a teaspoonful of the powder will act as a purgative.A decoction of the bark or berries will be found of service as a wash orgargle in aphthous sore mouth and chronic ophthalmia.Common Name.Medicinal Part.BAYBERRY (Mykica Cerifera).Wax Myrtle.The bark of the root.Description. — This shrub is branching and partially evergreen, andvaries in height from two to a dozen feet. The flowers appear in May,

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.4Sbefore tlie leaves are fully expanded.resembling berries, which are at first green,but become nearly white. They consist of ahard stone, inclosing a two-lobed and twoseededkernel. On the outside of the stoneare gunpowder-like grains, and over these isa crust of dry — greenish-white wax.History. Bayberry is found in woods andThe fruits are small and globular,fields, from Canada to Florida. The bark ofthe root is the officinal part, but the wax isalso used. Water must be employed to extractthe astringent principles of the rootbark,alcohol to extract its stimulating virtues.The period at which the root shordd be collectedis the latter part of fall. Cleanse itthoroughly, and while fresh separate the barkBayberry.with a hammer or club. Dry the bark thoroughlyand keep it in a dry place then; pulverize, and keep the powderin dark and sealed vessels. In order to obtain the wax, boil the berriesin water;the wax will soon float on the surface, and may be removedwhen it becomes cold and hardened.Properties and Uses.— The bark has been successfully used in scrofula,jaundice, diarrhoea, dysentery, and in other cases where astringentstimulants were indicated. Powdered, it has been employed as a snuff,with curative effect, in catarrh of the head and nasal polypus. It issometimes applied, in poultice form, to old ulcers, sores, tumors, etc. ;but is better for these when combined with Bloodroot. The wax possessesmild astringent with narcotic properties. The real properties ofBayberry bark are found in a preparation called Myricin., which is astimulant and astringent, and can be employed to the best advantage indysentery with typhoid symptoms, chronic diarrhoea, scrofula, and follicularstomatitis. Its greatest and most salutary influence is exertedover a diseased condition of the mucous surface. Myricin should beadministered internally by the advice of a physician acquainted withits virtues. It may be applied externally to sores, ulcers, etc. , by anybody;but its immediate effects must be neutralized by a poultice ofslippery elmCommon Name.Medicinal Part.ARBERRY (Arctostapitylos Uva-Ursi).The Upland Cranberry.The Leaves.Description.— Bearberryis a small, perennial shrub, having a longfibrous root. The stems arc woody and trailing ;bark smooth. The

44 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.leaves are alternate, evergreen, obovate, acute, and have sTiort petioles.The fruit a smalL scarlet-colored drupaceoas berry.History.— This plant is a perennial evergreen, common in the northernpart of Europe and America. It grows on dry, sterile, sandy soils, andgravelly ridges. The berries ripen in winter, although the flowersappear from June to September. The green leaves, picked from thestems in the fall and dried in a moderate heat, are the parts used.These leaves are odorless imtil reduced to powder, when the odoremitted is like that of dried grass.The powderis of a hght browncolor, tinged with a yellowish green. The taste is astringent and bitterish.The properties of the leaves are extracted by alcohol or water.A preparation called Ursin is made from them.Properties and — Uses. Uva Ursi is especially astringent and tonic, dependingupon these qualities for the most of its good effects. It is particularlyuseful in chronic diarrhcsa, dysentery, profuse menstruation,piles, diabetes, and other similar complaints. It possesses rare curativeprinciples when administered for diseases of the urinary organs, moreespecially in chronic affections of the kidneys, mucous discharges fromand all derangements ofthe bladder, inflammation of the latter organ,the water-passages. It is also a valuable assistant in the cure of gonon-hoeaof long standing, whites, ulceration of the cervix uteri (or neckof the womb), pain in the vesical region, etc. Many physicians nowrely upon it as the basis of their remedy for gonorrhoea which is accompaniedby mucous discharges, and for all kindred afflictions. Its tannicacid gives it great power in rectifying and extirpating the obstinate anddisagreeable complaints we have mentioned.Dose.— The dose of the powderis ten to forty grains; of the decoction,one to two fluid ounces— (to make this, boil a pint and a half of purewater, containing one ounce of uva ursi, down to a pint) ;of the extract,five to ten gpcains.BEARS BED fPoLYTRicniUM Juntperitm).Common Names. Hair -carp Moss., Eobin's Itye., Ground Moss.Mf-Dicinal Part.— The whole plant.Description. This is an indigenous plant, having a perennial stem.Blender, of a reddish color, and from four to seven inches high leaves;lanceolate, and somewhat spreading. The fruit a four-sided oblongcapsule.Hixtory.— This evergreen plant is found in high, dry places, along themargins of dry woods, mostly on poor sandy soil. It is of darker greencolor than the mosses in general. It yields its virtues to boiling water.Properties and Uses.— This plant is not much kno\vn as ,a remedialagent, but is nevertheless a valuable remedy.It is a powerfid diuretic,

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 45and very serviceable in dropsy. It is very useful in gravel and urinaryobstructions. It causes no nausea or disagreeable sensations in thestomacli, and may be used with the hydragogne cathartics with decidedadvantage in dropsical affections.Common Name.Medicinal Part.BEAD TREE (Melia Azedarach).Pride of China.The hark of the root.Descnption.— This is an elegant tree, which attains the height ofthirty or forty feet, ^vith a trunk about a foot and a half in diameter.The bark is rough leaves; bipinnate flowers lilac color; ; calyx fivepartedcoroUa has five ; petals stamens; deep violet anthers; yellow.The fiTiit a five-ceUed bonyHistory.— nut.It is a native of China, but cultivated in the warm climatesof Europe and America. It does not grow to any extent north of Virginia,and flowers early in the spring. Its name of Bead Tree is derivedfrom the use to which its hard nuts are put in Roman Catholic countries,VIZ. ,for making rosaries. The recent bark of the root is the most activepart for medicinal puqDOses. It has a disagreeably bitter taste and avery unpleasant odor, and imparts its properties to boiling water.Properties and Uses.— The bark is anthelmintic, and in large dosesnarcotic and emetic. It is useful in worm fevers and in infantile remittents,in which, although worms are absent, yet the symptoms aresimilar to those accompanying the presence of worms.The fruit is somewhat saccharine, and is an excellent remedy to expelworms. Its pulp is used as an ointment for destroying lice and otherectozoa, as well as in treatnaent of scald head and other diseases of theskin. The oil of the nuts is useful as a local application in rheumatism,cramps, obstinate ulcers,Dose.— etc.Of the powdered bark, twenty grains ;of the decoction (whichis the best form for administration— two ounces of the bark to a pint ofwater, and boiled down to a half a pint), a tablespoonful every one, two,or three hours, till the desired effect is obtained. A purgative shouldfoUow its employment. — See '' Renovating Pill.,'''' page 469.BELLADONNA (Atropa Belladonna).Common Names. Dmdh/ Nightshade, Dwale, Black Cherry, etc.Medicinal Part. The leases.Description.— This perennial herb has a thick, fleshy, creeping root,and an annual erect leafy stem about three feet high. Leaves ovate,The flowersacute, entire, on short petioles, and of a dull green color.are dark purple, and fruit a many-seeded berry.History.— This plant is common to Europe, growing among ruins and

46 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.•waste places, blossoming from May to August, and maturing its fruit inSeptember. The leaves should be gathered while the plant is in flower.They yield their virtues to water and alcohol.Properties and — Uses. Belladonna is an.modic, calmative, and relaxant; exceedinglyvaluable in all convulsive diseases. It is muchiised as a preventive of scarlatina, and as acure for whooping-cough. It dilates the pupilof the eyes very measurably, and they shouldenergetic narcotic. It is anodyne, antispas-always be watched whenever the plant is administered.In the hands of the educatedherbal physician it is a very useful remedy ;but I caution my readers not to use it indomestic practice.BETH-ROOT (Tkillitoi pendulum).CosiiiON Names. Wake Bobtn, Indian Balm,BeUadonaa. Ground Lily, etc.Medicestal Part. 27ie root.Description.— This is an herbaceous, perennial plant, having an oblong^tuberous root, from which arises a slender stem from ten to fifteeninches high. The leaves are three in number, acuminate, from three tofive inches in diameter, with a very short petiole. The flowers arewhite, sepals green, petals ovate and acute, styles erect, and stigmasrecurved.Histori/.— This plant is common in the ]\Iiddle and Western States,growing in rich soils and shady woods, flowering in May and June.There are many varieties, all possessing analogous medicinal properties.These plants may be generally knoAvn by their three net-veined leaves,and their solitary terminal flower, which varies in color in the differentspecies, being whitish-yeUow and reddish-white.The roots have a faintturjêntine odor, and a peculiar aromatic and sweetish taste. "WTienchewed they impart an acid astringent impression to the mouth, causinga flow of saliva and a sensation of heat in the throat and fauces.Trillin e is its active principle.Pi'operties and Uses.— It is astringent, tonic, and antiseptic, and issuccessfully employed in bleeding from the lungs, kidneys, and womb,excessive menstruation, and likewise in leucorrhcea or whites, and cough,asthma, and difficult breathing. Boiled in mUk, it Ls of eminent benefitin diarrhoea and dysentery. The root made into a poultice is very usefulin tumors, indolent and offensive ulcers, stings of insects, and to restraingangrene and the leaves boiled in lard are a;good application to ulcers,tumors, etc. The red Beth-root will check ordinary epistaxis, or bleed-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 47ing of the nose. The leaves boiled in lard is a good external applicationin ulcers and tumors. A strong infusion of powdered Beth-root, of fromtwo to four tablespoonfIlls, is the most pleasant form of administrationof this valuable remedy.Dose of the powdered root is one drachm, to be given in hot water of;the infusion, two to four ounces.BIEDS' NEST (Monotropa Uniflora).Common Names. Ice Plant, Fit Plant, Ova-ova, Indian Pipe.Medicinal Part. The root.Description.— This plant has a dark-colored, fibrous, perennial root,matted in masses like a chestnut vine, from which arise one or moreBhort ivory-white stems, four to eight inches high, adorned with white,sessile,lanceolate leaves.— History. This singular plant is found from Maine to CaroUna, andwestward to Missouri, growing in shady, solitary places, ia rich moistsoil, or soil composed of decayed wood and leaves. The whole plant isivory-white, resembling frozen jelly, and when handled melts away likeice. It flowers from June to September. It is evidently a parasite ofthe roots at the base of trees.Properties and Uses.— It is tonic, sedative, and antispasmodic. It isuseful in fevers, and employed in instances of restlessness, pains, nervousirritability, etc., in place of opium. It cvires remittent and intermittentfevers, and may be employed instead of quinine. Prompt success hasfollowed its use in convulsive diseases. The juice of the plant mixedwith rose-water forms an excellent application to sore eyes, or as an injectionin gonorrhoea. It is very singular that people will use injuriousdrugs, or permit themselves to take them, when in this queer little herbthat grows all around them, and which by its singular character invitesattention to it, they can find a sovereign remedy for numberless ills.Dose.— Of the powdered root, half a drachm to a drachm, two or threetimes a day.BITTER ROOT (Apocynum Andros^mipolitjm).Common Names. Dog's-bane, Milk-weed, etc.Medicinal Part. The root.— Descnption. This is a smooth, elegant plant, five or six feet high,with a large perennial root. The leaves are dark-green above, pale beneath,ovate, and about two or three inches long and an inch wide.Corolla white, calyx five-cleft, and stamens five. Fruit a foUicle. Everypart of the — plant is mUky.History. This plant is indigenous to the United States, growing indry, sandy soils, and in. the borders of woods, from Maine to Florida,

48 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.flowering from May to Augnst. WTien any part of the plant is woundeda mUky juice exudes. The large, milky root is the part used for medicinalpurposes. It possesses an unpleasant amarous taste. It yields itsproperties to alcohol, but especially to water. Agequality.impairs its medickialProperties and — Uses. Emetic, diaphoretic, tonic, and laxative. It isvery valuable in all liver or chronic hepatic affections. In conjunctionwith Menispcrmin, it is excellent in dyspepsia and amenorrhoea. TVlienit is required to promptly empty the stomach, without causing muchnausea or a relaxed condition of the muscular system, the powderedroot may be given in two or three scruple doses ;but much prostrationis apt to ensue. As a laxative it is useful in constipation. As a tonic,ten or twenty grains may be given to stimulate the digestive apparatus,and thus effect a corresponding impression on the general system. It isalso useful as an alterative in rheumatism, scrofula, and syphilis.BITTER-S"\VEET (Aii^vKA DuLCis, SoLANUM Dulcamara).Common Names. Mortal, Woody Nig7iUlMde, Felon Wort, etc.SIedicinal — Part. Bark of root and twigs.Description. Bitter-Sweet is a woody vine, with a shrubby stemseveral feet in length, having an ashy green bark. Leaves acute, andgenerally smooth, lower one cordate,upper ones hastate. The flowers arepui-ple, and the fruit a scarlet, juicyand bitter berry, which, however,should not be eaten or used.nistory.— Bitter-Sweet is commonto both Europe and America, growingin moist banks, around dwellings, andin low damp grounds, about hedgesand thickets, and flowering in Juneand July. The berries ripen in autumn,and hang upon the vines forseveral months. After the foliagehas fallen the twigs should be gathered.Boiling water and dilute alcoholextract their virtues.Properties and — Uses. It is a mildnarcotic, diuretic, alterative, diaphoretic,and discutient. It is serviceableBitter-Sweet.in cutaneous diseases, syphilitic diseases, rheumatic and cachectic affections,ill-conditioned ulcers, scrofula, indurations, sores, glandularBwellings. etc. In obstructed menstruation it serves a good purpose.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 49It is of incalculable benefit in leprosy, tetter, and aU skin diseases. Itexcites the venereal functions, and is in fact capable of wide applicationand use. I regard this plant as important as any in the herbal kingdom,and too little justice is done to it by those under whose care the sick areentrusted. It receives but half the homage that is due to it.The world knows the virtues of my "Herbal Ointment" (see page409), and which is in great measure due to Bitter-Sweet, as it is one ofthe ingredients.Dose. — Of the decoction, one or two fluid ounces; extract, two to fivegrains ; powdered leaves, ten to thirty grains.Medicinal Part.BLUE FLAG (Iris Versicolor).The rMzome.— Dencnftum.- Blue Flag is an indigenous plant, with a fleshy, fibrousrhizome. The stem is two or three feet in height, round on one side,acute on the other, and frequently branched. The leaves are ensiform,about a foot long, half an inch to an inch wide. The fruit a three-ceUedJuly.capsule.Hiistoi-y.— Blue Flag is common throughout the United States, growingin moist places, and bearing blue or purple flowers from May toThe root has a peculiar odor, augmented by rubbing or pulverizing,and a disagreeable taste. It imparts its virtues to boiling water,alcohol, or ether. The root should be sliced transversely, dried, andplaced in dark vessels, well closed, and placed in a dark place ;it willthen preserve its virtues for a long time. The oleo-resin obtained fromit is called Iridin, its active i^rinciple.Properties and Uses.-— This is one among our most valuable medicmalplants, capable of extensive use. It is alterative, cathartic, sialogogue,vermifuge, and diuretic. In scrofula and syphilis it acts as a .powerfuland efficient agent, and I employ it in my special treatment of chronicdiseases extensively and successfully. It is useful in chronic hepatic,renal, and splenitic ailections, but had best be combined with mandrake,poke, black cohosh, etc. It will sometimes salivate, but it needcause no apprehension ;and when this effect is established, it may be distinguishedfrom mercurial salivation by absence of stench, sponginess ofthe gums, and loosening of the teeth.Dose.— Powdered root, five to ten grains ; Iridin, one graiu.BLUE VERVAIN (Verbena Hastata).Common Names. Wild Hyssop, Bimplcfs Joy.Medicinal Part, lite root and herb.Description. —^Vervain is an erect, taU, elegant, and perennial plant.

50 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.with a four-angled stem three or four feet high, having oppositebranches. The leaves are petiolate, serrate,acuminate, and hastate. The floweris a small purplish blue one, sessile, and arrangedin long sjiikes. Seeds, four.History.— Vervain is indigenous to theUnited States, and grows along roadsides,and in dry, grassy fields, flowering fromJune to September. It is also found inEngland, gi'owing among hedges, by theway-side, and other waste grounds, floweringin July, and the seeds ripening soonafter.Properties and Uses.— Vervain is tonic,expectorant, sudorific, and antispasmodic.It is serviceable in mismenstruation. It isan antidote to poke-poisoning. It expelsBlue Vervain.worms, and is a capital agent for the cure ofall diseases of the si3leen and liver. If givenin intermittent fever, in a warm infusion or powder, it never fails toeffect a cure. In all cases of cold and obstinate menstruation it is amost complete and advantageous sudorific. When the circulation of theblood is weak and languid, it will increase it and restore it to its properoperation. The infusion, taken cold, forms a good tonic ia Cases ofconstitutional debihty, and during convalescence from acute diseases.Its value has been found to be great in scrofula, visceral obstructions,and stone and gravel. It will correct diseases of the stomach, helpcoughs, wheezing, and shortness of breath, etc. ,but its virtues are morewonderful stiU La the effect they produce upon epilepsy, or falling sickness,and fits.This great— very great— medicinal value of this plant was brought tomy attention by an accidental knowledge of the goodit had effected ina long-standing case of epilepsy. Its effects in that case were of themost remarkable character, and I was, therefore, led to study most carefullyand minutely its medicinal peculiarities. I found, after close investigationand elaborate experiment, that, prepared in a certain way,and compounded with boneset, water-pepper, chamomile blossoms, andthe best of whiskey, it has no equal for the cure of fits, or falling sickness,or anything like fits also for; indigestion, dyspepsia, and livercomplaints of every grade. A more valuable plant is not found withinthe whole range of the herbal pharmacopoeia. See ''Restoratlce Assimilant"page 469.The follo\ving application is singularly effective in promoting the ab-Borption of the blood, effusion in bruises, and allaying the attendant

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 51pain Take of Vervain, Senna, and WTiite : Pepper, of each equal parts ;make a cataplasm or plaster by mixing with white of eggs.It is also most valuable as a cure for diarrhoea, stomachic and enteriopaius, bowel complaints, and a superexcellent tonic.I first brought the notice of physicians to this plant about twelve yearaago, previous to which it was unknown as a remedy, but which is nowused by very many physicians, whose reports of its virtues in variouamedical journals, published works, and to me by correspondence, are aaflattering as my own.Dose.— Of the powdered root, from one to two scruples ;the dose ofthe tufusion is from two to four wtue-glassf uls three or four times o,day, if an emetic is desired.BLACK COHOSH (CiMiciFUGA Kacemosa).Common Names. Rattleroot, Squaw Root, Black SnaJce Boot.Medicinal Part. The root.DescHption.— This plant is a tail, leafy perennial herb, with a largfeknotty root, having long slender fibres. The stem is simple, smooth,and furrowed, and from three to nine feethigh. The flower is a small and fetid one.History.— It is a native of the United States,inhabiting upland woods and hillsides, andflowering from May to August. The root isthe medicinal part. It contains a resin, towhich the names of Cimicifitgin or Macrotinhave been given ;likewise fatty substances,starch, gum, tannic acid, etc. The leaves ofCimicifuga are said to drive away bugs hence;its name from cimex, a bug, and fugo, to driveaway.Boiling water takes up the properties of theroot but partially, alcohol wholly.Pro])erti(s and Uses.— It is a very active anduseful remedy in many diseases. It is slightlyBlack Coliosh.narcotic, sedative, antispasmodic, and exerts amarked influence over the nervous system. It is successfully used incholera, periodical convulsions, fits, epilepsy, nervous excitability, asthma,delirium tremens, and many spasmodic affections, and in consumption,cough, acute rheumatism, neuralgia, and scrofula. Also, very valuablein amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhcea, and other menstrual and uterineaffections, leucorrhcea, etc. The saturated tincture of the root is a valuableembrocation in all cases of inflammation of the nerves, tic doulou -reuz, crick in the back or sides, rheumatism, old ulcers, etc. It has an

52 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.especial affinity for the uterus, and as it reduces very materially thearterial action, it is, hence, very usefiil la palpitation of the heart, andcardiac affections generally.It exerts a tonic influence over mucous and serous tissues, and is asuperior remedy in a variety of chronic diseases. In my special practiceI use it largely, and its use, in conjunction with other indicated reme-chronic affections.dies, has afforded me flattering success in manyi>tfse.— Flviid extract, half a drachm to two drachms; solid extract,four to eight grains ;of the tincture the dose is from one to three teaspoonsful ;of Cimicifugin the dose is from one to six grains.BLAZING STAR (Liatris Squarrosa).Common Names. Oay Feather, DeviVs Bit, etc.Medicinal — Part. The root.Description. There are three varieties of this plant used in medicine.The above is the most common one. It has a tuberous root, and anerect annual stem from two to five feet high, linear leaves, and flowerseessQe, and of bright purple color.Liatris Spicata, or Button Snake Boot, is very similar to the above.Liatris Scariosa, or Oay Feather, has a perennial tuberous root, witha stout stem from four to five feet high. The leaves are numerous andlanceolate, lower one on long petioles.History.— The two former are natives of the Jliddle and SoathemStates, and the latter is foimd from New England to Wisconsin. Thesesplendid natives flower from August to September. The roots have ahot bitter taste and an agreeable turiêntine odor. The virtues are extractedby alcohol.Properties and — Uses. These plants are diuretic, tonic, stimulant, andemmenagogue. The decoction is very useful in gonon-hoea, gleet, andkidney diseases. It is also of service in uterine diseases. As a garglein sore throat it is of great advantage. These plants axe used for, andBaid to have antidotal powers over snake-bites.BONESET (EUPATORIUM Perfollitum).Common Name. Thoroughwort.Medicinal Parts. The tops and leaves.— Description. Boneset is an indigenous perennial herb, with a horizontalcrooked root ;the stems being round, stout, rough and hairy, fromone to five feet high, and the leaves veiny, serrate, rough, and taperingto along point.— The flowers are white and very numerous.History. Boneset grows in low grounds, on the borders of swamps andBtreams, throughout the United States, flowering in August and Septem-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 53ber. Alcohol or boiling water extracts the virtues of the parts used. Ithas a feeble odor, but a very bitter taste. It contains tannin and theextractive salts of potassa. It is calledBoneset on account that it was formerlysupposedto cause rapid union of brokenbones.Properties and Uses.— It is a very valuablemedicinal agent. The cold infusionor extract is tonic and aperient, the warminfusion diaphoretic and emetic. As atonic it is very useful in remittent, intermittent,and typhoid fevers, dyspepsia,and general debility. In intermittent fevera stong infusion, as hot as can be comfortablyswallowed, is administered for thepurpose of vomiting freely. This is also Boneset.attended with profuse diaphoresis, and,sooner or later, by an evacuation of the bowels. During the intermissionthe cold infusion or extract is given every hour as a tonicand antiijeriodic. In epidemic influenza the warm infusion is valuableas an emetic and diaphoretic, likewise in febrile diseases, catarrh,colds, and wherever such effects are indicated. The warminfusion is also administered to promote the operation of other emetics.Externally., used alone or ia combination with hops or tansy, etc., afomentation of the leaves applied to the bowels is very useful in iaflammation.spasms, and painful affections.Boneset is one of the ingredients of my " Restorative AssimUant,"and is certainly an excellent adjuvant to the Blue Vervain. (See page409.)Dose.— Of the powder, from ten to twenty grains; of the extract,from two to four grains ;of the infusion, from two to four wineglassfuls.BLACK ROOT (Leptahdria Virginica).Common Names. Cvlvefs Physic, Tall Speedwell.Medicinal Part. The root.— Description. It is perennial, with a simple, straight, smooth, herba-( eous stem, and grows from three to four or five feet in height. Theleaves are short petioled, whorled in fours to sevens, lanceolate, acuminate,and finely serrated. The flowers are white, nearly sessile, and verynumerous. Calyx four-parted, corolla small and nearly white; stamens,two. The fruit is a many-seeded capsule.History.— This plant is indigenous to the United States, but is to befound in good condition only in limestone countries. It is often discov-

54 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.ered in new soil, in moist woods, in swamps, etc., but its medicinal virtuesare feeble, excepting when it is found where there is limestone.The root is the part used. It is perennial, irregular, horizontal, woody,and about as thick as the forefinger. It is gathered in the fall of thesecond year. The fresh root should never be used, as it is very violentand uncertain in its operations. The dried root, after having beenproperly prepared, is what may be relied upon for beneficial effects.Leptandrin is its active principle.Properties and Uses.— The fresh root is too irritant to be used, althougha decoction of it may, with care, be used in intermittent fever. Thedried root is laxative, cholagogue, and tonic, and very much used inchronic hepatic diseases. It is an excellent laxative in febrile diseases,and peculiarly applicable in bilious and typhoid fevers. As a laxativeand tonic it is very useful in dyspepsia, especially when associated withtorpidity of the liver. In diarrhoea and dysentery, as a cathartic it frequentlyeffects a cure in one active dose. This admirable remedy is oneof the ingredients of my "Renovating Pill," see page 469.Dose.— Powdered root, twenty to sixty grains ; infusion, half anovmce ; leptandrin, one-fourth grain to a grain.BLOODROOT (Sanguinaria Canadensis).Common Name.Medicinal Part.Red Ptvacoon.The root.Description.— Bloodroot is a smooth, herbaceous, perennial plant, with a fibrous root,which when cut or bruisedemits an orangecoloredjuice. From each bud of the rootstalk there springs a single leaf about sixinches high, and which is cordate and reniform.The flower is white, stamens short,and anthers yellow. The fruit is a two-valvedcapsule.History.— Bloodroot grows throughoi^t theUnited States, in shaded woods and thickets,and rich soils generally, and flowers fromMarch to June. Although the whole plant ismedicinal, the root is the part chiefly used.Bloodroot, The fresh root is fleshy, round, and from oneto foiTT inches in length, and as thick as thefingers. It presents a beautiful appearance when cut and placed undera microscope, seeming like an aggregation of minute precious stones.The dried root is dark brown outside, bright yellow inside ;has a faintvirose odor, and a bitter and acrid taste.It may be readily reduced to

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 55powder. Its active properties are taken up by boiling water or byalcohol. Age and moisture impair the qualities of the root, and it isProperties and Uses.— The actions of Bloodroot vary accordingof the utmost consequence to get that which has been properly gathered,and not kept too long. It yields several principles, among which aresanguinaria, pucciiie, chelidonic acid, a yellowish fixed oU, lignin, andgum.to administration.In small doses it stimulates the digestive organs, actingas a stimulant and tonic. In large doses it is an arterial sedative. Itis usef\il in bronchitis, laryngitis, whooiDiag-cough, and other affectionsof the respiratory organs. It excites the energies of a tor^jid liver, andhas proved beneficial in scrofula, amenorrhoea, and dysentery. Appliedto fungous growths, ulcers, fleshy excrescences, cancerous affections,the powder acts as an escharotic, and the infusion is often applied withbenefit to skin diseases.Dose.-— Of the powder as an emetic, ten to twenty grains ;as a stimulantand expectorant, three to five grains ;to two grains.Tincture, twenty to sixty droijs.as an alterative, half a grainBOX (Buxus Sempekvikens).MEDicnsTAL Part. The leaves.Description.— Box is a small, dense-leaved, hard-wood evergreen tree.The leaves are ovate, deep shining green, becoming red in autumn ;flowers pale yellow and the fruit a six-seeded;globular capsule.History.— The box tree is a native of the west of Asia, but grows ondry hills and sandy elevations generally in Europe, and but rarely onsimilar soil in America. A preparation called Buxina is obtained from,the powdered bark, but the leaves are the parts mainly used in medicalpractice. They readily impart their virtues to alcohol or water.Properties and Uses.— It is cathartic, sudorific, and alterative. Thepreparations of the leaves are excellent for the expulsion of worms, forpurging the bowels, and regulating the action of the liver for ; brealdngfevers, and for purifying the blood and glandular secretions. In syrupit is very valuable as a cure for all diseases of a syphilitic character, andmaybe u.sed alone to great advantage, where the compound syrup ofstillingia cannot be obtained. The still ingia is preferable if it is at allto be had. The dose of a strong decoction, or syrup, of box, is half afluid ounce, three times a day. In very severe cases the dose may beincreased to a fluid ounce ;but this should not be undertaken exceptingWhen intestinal worms are to be destroyedby the advice of a physician.or expelled, the powdered leaves are usuaUy administered in, to children,doses of five grains to; adults, in doses of from ten to fifteengrains. It possesses antispasmodic qualities, and has been given with

56 TKE COMPLETE IIEUBALIST.good effect in hysteria, epilepsy, chorea (St. Titus' Dance), etc. Chipsof the wood (decoction) are useful in chronic rheumatism. The chiefvalue of the Buxits Semjêrvirens, however, centres in its antisyphiliticvirtues. I combtae it with corydalis (Turkey pea) and the compoundsyrup of stillingia, in such a manner that it will surely cure syphilis inthe first, second, or third stage also certaiu forms of scrofula and;Bcurvy. In other diseases it is no better than many other plants mentionedin this book.The reader wiU do well to remember that the common garden boxpossesses the medical qualities of the Buxus Sempervirens to a feebleextent only. The powerful antisjT)hLlitic virtues of which I have spokencan be procured only from the leaves of the tree reared in Asia, the influencesof that climate being requisite to perfect them.BlICHU (Baros:ma Crenata).Medicinajl Pakt. TJie lectves.Descripticm.— This plant has a slender, smooth, upright, perennialBtem, between two and three feet high. The leaves are opposite, flat,about an inch long, ovate or obovate, acute, serrated, and dotted. Theflowers are — pink, and fruit an ovate capsule.nistory. The Buchu plant is a native of Southern Africa. It doesnot grow very prolificaUy. There are two other varieties from whichthe leaves are taken, and which are of equal value with the BaromnaCrenata. The leaves are the i)arts ^vhich are termed officinal. TheHottentots gather these leaves (which emit a sort of minty odor) andpowder them. "The powder," says a traveler, "they have namedBooko^ and they use it for anointing their bodies." They also distil theleaves, and obtaia from them a strong spirituous liquor somewhat resemblingpale brandy, which they not only use for con\'ivial purposes,but for the cure of vaiious diseases, particularly those which are locatedin the stomach, bladder, bowels, and kidneys. A decoction of theleaves is systematically applied by them, with success, we are told, towovmds ;but this is an assertion of which we have no direct proof. Aswe get them, the leaves are nearly, or quite, an inch in length, and froma sixth to half an inch in width, elhptical, lanceolate, slightly acute, orshorter and obtuse ;their margin is serrated and glandular, upper surfacesmooth, and of a clear shining green, the under surface paler, withscattered oil points. They taste and smell like pennyroyal; but areneither heating nor bitter when chewed. They have to be kept verycarefully, if their odor and virtues are desired to be thoroughly preservedfor any reasonable length of time. The leaves of aU the varieties aresomewhat similar, and possess about tho same qualities. They yield theirvolatile oU and extractive (upon which their virtues are mainly dependent)to alcohol or water.

THE COMPLETE HERI5ALIST. 57Properties and Uses.— Buchu is aromatic and stimulant, diuretic anddiaphoretic. It is employed in dyspepsia with a palliative effect, but ischiefly administered in chronic inflammation of the bladder, irritationof the membrane of the urethra, uric acid gravel, diabetes in its firststage, and in incontinence of urine. It is recommended, without g-oodreason, for cutaneous and rheumatic affections. I have no doubt Buchuis of some importance in chronic diseases of the urino-genital organs,for I have tried it;but I am sure that we have many native remedieswhich are altogether superior, and which are neglected only because thepublic is so familiar with them that they do not care to give them a fairtrial.Dose.— Of the powder, twenty to thirty grains ;ounces; tincture, one^ or two drachms ;fl.infusion, two to fourextract, thirty to sixty drops.BURNING BUSH (EtroNYMUS Atropurpukeus).Common Names. WaJwo, Spindle Tree, etc.Medicinal Part. The bark of the root.Description.— yâhoo is a small shrub or bush, with smooth branches,and from five to ten feet high. The leaves are from two to five inchesin length, lanceolate, acute, and finely serrate. Flowers dark purple,and the fruit a crimson, five-celled capsule. There is another varietyknown as Euonynms Americanvs., which is equally useful medicinally,and this and the foreg'oing are both known by the name of Wahoo betterthan by any — other title.History. These jilants grow in many sections of the United States, inwoods and thickets, and in river bottoms, flowering in June. The barkof the root has a bitter and unpleasant taste in its natural shape, andyields its quaUties to water and alcohol. The active principle is Euonymin.Properties and Uses.— It is tonic, laxative, alterative, diuretic, andexpectorant. It is serviceable in dyspepsia, torpid liver, constipation,dropsy, and pulmonary diseases. In intermittents it serves a goodpurpose.Dose.— Of the powder, twenty to thirty grains ; tincture, one to fourdrachms; Euonymin, one-eighth to half a grain.BUTTER WEED (Erigeron Canadense).Common Names. CoWs Tail.,Pride Weed, Horse Weed, Canada Flea-Bane.Medicinal Part.The inJiole plant.Description.— This, is an indigenous, annual herb, with a high bristly,hairy stem, from six inches to nine feet high. The leaves are lanceolate;flowers small, white, and very numerous.History.— Butterweed is common to the Northern and Middle States,3*

58 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.grows in fields and meadows, by road-sides, and flowers from June tOSeptember. It should be gathered when in bloom, and carefully dried.It has a feeble odor, somewhat astringent taste, and yields its virtues toalcohol or water.Properties and Uses.— It is tonic, diuretic, and astringent. It is usefulin gravel, diabetes, dropsy, and iu many kidney diseases. It canalso be employed in diarrhoea, dysentery, etc. The volatile oil may beused instead of the infusion.J)ose.— Of the powder, half a drachm; infusion, two to four ounces;fl. extract, teaspoonful ; oil, from four to six drops on sugar.CAHINCA (Chiococca Racemosa).CoiniON Name. Sruno Berry.Medicinal — Part. The bark of the root.Description. This is a climbing shrub, with a round branched root,and a stem from eight to twelve feet high. The leaves are ovate andsmooth ;flowers white and odorless, and become yellow and redolent ;calyx, five-cleft; corolla, funnel-shaped; stamens, five. The fruit is asmall white — berry.History. This plant is a native of the West Indies, Florida, andSouth America. The root has a coffee-like taste, of a reddish-browncolor, and a disagreeable odor. It affords the Cahincic Acid, its mostimportant medicinal agent.Properties and Uses. — In medium doses it aids the urinary discharge,increases the action of the heart, and promotes perspiration. It hasbeen found efficient in amenorrhoea, rheumatism, syphilis, etc., and iaused in Brazil as an antidote to snake-bites.Hose.— Of the powder, from twenty to sixty grains.CALICO BUSH (Kalmia Latifolia).CoMSiON Names. S/ieep Laurel., Spoonwood, Mountain Laurel, LambkM.Medicinal — Part. The leaves.Description. This handsome plant is a shrub from four to eight feethigh, with crooked stems and a rough bark. The leaves are evergreen,ovate, lanceolate, acute at each end. on long petioles, and from two tothree inches long. The flowers are white and numerous. The fruit isa dry capsule.— /Zwior?/. Sheep Laurel inhabits the rooky hills and elevated groundsof most parts of the United States. Its beautiful flowers appear inJune and July. The leaves are reputed to be poisonous to sheep andother animals, and it is said that birds which have eaten them willpoison those who eat the birds. The leaves are the officmal part. At-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 59tention was called to their medicinal virtues by the use which theIndians make of them, viz. a decoction,by which they commit suicide.Properties and Uses.— The plant, in medicinal doses, is antisyphilitic,sedative to the heart, and somewhat astringent. It is a most efficientagent in syphilis, fevers, jaimdice, neuralgia, and inflammation. Thepreparation shovild be used with great care and prudence. In cases ofpoisoning with this plant, either man or beast, whiskey is the best antidote.Externally, stewed with lard, it is serviceable as an ointment forvarious skin diseases.Dose.— The saturated tincture of the leaves is the best form of administration.It is given in from ten to twenty drops every two orthree hours. Powdered leaves, from ten to twenty grains.Common Name.Medicinal Part.CANCER ROOT (Oroeanche Virginiana).Beech Drops.The plant.Descriptio7i.—'Ih.\s is a parasitic plant, with a smooth, leafless stemfrom a foot to a foot and a half in height, with slender branches givenoff the whole length of it.The root is scaly and tuberous.History. —This plant is native to North America, and generally a parasiteupon the roots of beech trees, flowering in August and September.The whole plant is of a dull red color, without any verdure. It has adisagreeable, astringent taste It yields its virtues to water and alcohol.Properties and Uses.— An eminent astringent. Used with benefit influxes and in diarrhoea, but possesses no property of curing cancer. Itcan be used with advantage in erysipelas. Locally apjilied to wounds, itprevents or arrests the process of mortification. It is also useful as anapplication to obstinate ulcers, aphthous ulcerations, etc. etc. It exerts,the same influence upon the capillary system as the mineral drug tinctureof iron.Common Name. Indian Hemp.Medicinal Part. The root.«CANNABIS INDICA.Description.— This is an herbaceous annual, growing about three feethigh, with an erect, branched, angular bright green stem. The leavesare alternate, or opposite, on long lax foot-stalks, roughish, with sharplyserrated leaflets tapering into a long, smooth entire point. The maleflowers are drooping and long, the females simple and erect. The seedsare small, ash-colored, and inodorous.— History. Cannabis Indica, or Cannabis Sativa, is a native of theCaucasus, Persia, but grows in the hiUy regions of Northern India. Iti« cultivated in many parts of Europe and Asia ;but medicine of value

GOTHE COMPLETE HERBALIST.can only be made from the Indian variety, the active principle of theplant being developed only by the heat of the climate of Hindostan.The dried tops and resin are the parts used. The preparations c;illedChurrus, Gunjah, Bhang, Hashish, etc., sold in this country, are mostlyfeeble imitations of the genuine articles, and are comparativelyworthless. Even the few specimens of the genuine productions whichreach the shops, and are sold at high prices, are crude and inferior, andcan in no wise impart the effects which attach to the pure article. It isa matter of great difficulty to procure the genuine article even directfrom dealers in India, unless you have had years of experience as apractising herbal physician, and have established bvisiness connections invarious parts of the world as an importer of rare and pure medicinalherbs, barks, roots, resins, etc.The Cannabis Sativa, or common hemp, possessessimilar properties,and can be substituted if the Asiatic hemp is not procurable.Properties and Uses.— It is narcotic, anodyne, and antispasmodic. Ithas been successfully employed in gout, neuralgia, rheumatism, lockedjaw,convulsions, chorea, hysteria, and uterine hemorrhage ;but it ischiefly valuable asan invigorator of mind and body. Its exhilaratingqualities are unequalled, and it is a certain restorative in low mentalconditions, as well as in cases of extreme debility and emaciation. Insuch cases it may be regarded as a real rejuvenator. It should be takenby the advice of one experienced in its uses, in order that its meritsmay be properly and fairly experienced. The spurious hemp shouldnever be taken, as it produces, what the genuine does not, unpleasantconsequences. I have used this article in many a preparation withgreat success.CASSIA MAKILANDICA.Common Names. American Senna, Wild Senna.Medicinal Part. The leaves.Description.— This is a perennial herb, growing from four to six feethigh, with round, smooth, and slightly hairy stenjs. The leaves havelong petiohis, ovate at base each; petiole has eight or ten leaflets, whichare oblong, smooth, mucronate, an inch or two long, and quite narrow.The flowers are bright yellow, and the finit is a legume from two tofour inches long.History.— The American Senna is to be found from New England toCarolina, growing in rich soils here and there. It flowers from June toSeptember, and the leaves are gathered, for their medicinal virtues,while the plant is in Ijloom. They yield their virtues to alcohol oiwater.Properties and Uses.— It is one of the most important herbalcatharticsfurnished by America, and is mcutioued here solely on the ground

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 61that it is equally valuable as the foreign Senna, or ordinary Senna ofthe drug-shoi3s, and costs much less. The analysis of the leaves showsthat they contain albumen, mucilage, starch, yellow coloring matter,volatile oil, fatty matter, resin, liguin, and salts of potassa, and lime.Dose.— Of the powder, from a half-drachm to two and a halfdrachms; infusion, four or five ouncesCATECHU (AcaciaCatechu).Common Names. Cutch, Gamhii\ Terra Japotiica.Medicinal Part. Extract of the wood.Description.— Catechu i§ a small-sized tree from fifteen to twentyfeet high. The bark is thick, and branches spreading. Leaves bipinnate.Flowers numerous, white or pale yellow, and the fruit a leguuie.History.— This tree is common to the East Indian continent, thrivingin Bengal, and on the Malabar coast. As found in the shops it is insquare, round, and in-egular pieces, variable in color, friable, odorless,astringent taste. Soluble in hot water, depositing a reddish matter oncooling.Properties and uses.— This is a strong astringent. In chronic diarrhoea,chronic catarrh, chronic dysentery, it proves beneficial, and it is avaluable agent as a local application in throat diseases, especially suchas singers are subject to. The tincture is often useful as a local applicationto fissured nipples of nui'sing women.Z'ose.—Of the powder, from five to twenty grains ;of the tincture,from twenty minims to half an ounce.CEDRON (SiMABA Cedron).Medicinal Part. The seed.Description.— Simaba is a small tree, with an erect stem about half afoot in diameter, branching luxuriantly at the top. Leaves obovate,large, and serrated ;flowers sessile, pale brown, and the fruit a solitarydrupe.History.— This tree grows in New Grenada and Central America. Itsvalue as a medicinal agent has long been known in Costa Rica, Trinidad,etc.,and from thence was communicated to scientific gentlemen inFrance. The seed, which is the part used, is about an inch and a halflong, nearly an inch broad, and about half an inch thick. It is hard, butcan be easily cut by a common knife. It is inodorous, but tastes likequassia or aloes, and yields its properties to water or alcohol. In SouthAmerica the properties of these seeds were known as early as the year1700. At that time they were applied more especially as an antidote tothe bites of poisonous serpents, and similar affections.Properties and Uses.— It is an antispasmodic, and one of the mostvaluable articles of the kind known to educated herbalists. It is very

fcr2THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.useful in all nervous affections, and is administered in one or two graindoses . As it can only be obtained from those who, like myself, importit especially, it is unnecessary to say that it should not be administeredwithout the advice of competent herbal physicians. To give an idea ofits value as an antispasmodic, I mention that it is a cure for hydrophobia,and an antidote for the majority of acro-narcotic poisons.CELANDINE (Chelidonium Majus).Common Name. Tetter Wort.Medicinal Parts. Herb and root.— Description. This plant is an evergreen perennial, with a stem fromone to two feet iu height, branched, swelled at the joints, leafy, round,and smooth;the leaves are smooth, spreading, very deeply pinnatified ;leaflets in from two to four pairs, from one and a half to two and a halfinches long, and about two-thirds as broad, the terminal one largest, aUovate, cuneately incised or lobed the lateral ones sometimes dUated at;the lower margin, near the base almost as if auricled ;c(ôr of all, adeep shining green ;the flowers are bright yellow, umbellate, on long,often hairy stocks.— History. Celandine is a pale green, fleshy herb, indigenous to Europeand naturalized in the United States;it grows along fences, by-roads,in waste places, etc. ,and flowers from May to October. If the plant bewovmded, a bright yellow, offensive juice flows out, which has a persistent,nauseous, bitter taste, with a biting sensation in the mouth andfauces. The root is the most intensely bitter part of the plant, and ismore commonly preferred. Drying diminishes its activity. It yields itsvirtues to alcohol or water.Properties and Uses.— It is stimulant, acrid, alterative, diuretic, diaphoretic,purgative, and vulnerary. It is used internally in decoctionor tincture, and externally in poultice or ointment for scrofula, cutaneousdiseases, and pUes. It is likewise good in hepatic affections, orliver complaints, and exerts a special influence on the spleen. As adrastic hydragogue, or purge, it is fuUy equal to gamboge. The juice,when applied to the skin, produces inflammations, and even vesications.It has long been known as a caustic for the removal of warts ;it is alsoapplied to indolent ulcers, fungous growths, etc. ,and is useful in removingspecks and opacities of the cornea of the eye.Celandine is from the Greek word Chclidon, which signifies a swallow.The ancients assert that if you put out the eyes of yoimg swallows whenthey are in the nest, the old ones will restore their eyes again with thisherb. It is said that we may mar the apple of the bird's eye with aneedle, and that the old birds \vill restore their sight again by means ofthis herb. Never having made any such cruel experiments, I am notprepared to say whether any such miracolous power of healing losa of

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 63Bight ia a virtue of the plant, or whether it is an instinct or gift inherentof the swallow itself.Celandine is also used in curing salt-rheum, tetter, or ringworm. Itis superior to arnica as a vulnerary an alcoholic tincture of the root;(three ounces to a pint) will be found an unrivalled application to preventor subdue traumatic inflammations.Dose.— Of the powdered root, from half a drachm to one drachm ;ofthe fresh juice, from twenty to forty drops, in some bland hquid of;the tincture, from one to two fluid drachms ;of the aqueous extract,from five to ten grains.CENTAUET (Sabbatla. Angularis).Common Name. Rose Pink.Medicinal Part. The herb.Description.— This plant has a yellow fibrous, biennial root, with anerect, smooth, quadrangular stem, with the angles winged, having manyopposite branches, and growing from one to two feet in height. Theleaves are opposite, fine-veined, smooth, entire,from one to five inches in length, andfrom half an inch to one and a half incheswide, clasping the stem. The flowers arenumerous, from an inch and a quarter to aninch and a half in diameter, of a rich rose orcarnation color, standing, as it were, at thetops of one umbril or tuft, very lOie those ofSt. JohrCs wort, opening themselves in theday-time and closing at night, after whichcome seeds in little short husks, in forms likeunto wheat corn. There are three varietiesof the Centaury in England, one kind bearingwhite flowers, another yellow, and anotherred.All have medicinal properties, althoughthe American variety is considered preferableto the European Centaury.Histary.— This plant iscommon to mostparts of the United Centaury.States, growing in moistmeadows, among high grass, on the prairies, and in damp, rich soils,flowering from June to Sei^tember. The whole herb is used. It hasa very bitter taste, and yields its virtues to water or alcohol. The besttime for gathering it is during the flowering season. In England theyuse the red Centaury in diseases of the blood, the yeUov;- in cholericdiseases, and the white in those of phlegm and water.Properties and Uses.— It is an exceUent tonic. It is used in all fallperiodic febrile diseases, both as a preventive and a remedy. It is also

64 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.serviceable as a bitter tonic in dyspepsia and convalescence from feveraWhen administered in warm infusion it is a domestic remedy for worms,and to restore the menstrual secretion.Dose.— Of the powder, from half a drachm to a drachm of the cold;infusion, a teacupful eveiy two or three hours;of the tincture, a wineglassfulof the;extract, from two to six grains.CENTURY PLANT (Agave Americana).Common Name. SouiJi America7i Agave.Medicinal Part. The inspissatedjuice.Description.— This plant, which is also sometimes called the Centuryfrom an erroneous idea that it blossoms but once in a hundredPlant,years, is the largest of all herbaceous plants. It is an evergreen, anddoes not blossom often.InHistory.— It flourishes in the warmer latitudes of South America,where its juice is expressed by the natives and allowed to ferment.this condition it is called pulque, and is used as an exhilarating beverage.The natives can drink large quantities of this liquor without gettingvery much intoxicated;but it is very severe upon those who arenot accustomed to it.Properties and — Uses. The fresh juice is used by the South Americansto regulate the action of the bowels and kidneys, and is considered veryvaluable for dyspepsia and diseasesof the bladder. The South Americanwomen use the juice and thedecoction to jiromote menstruation.Chamomile.I can say of my own knowledgethat, in proper combination, it is asuperior anti-syphilitic, and that inscorbutic affections it is vsdthoutmany superiors. The dose is fromhalf a fluid ounce to two ounces,three times a day.The Agave Virginica, or FalseAloe, is not to be confounded withthis, as that plant is a laxative andcarminative .CHAMOMILE (Anthemis No-BILIS).Medicinal Part.The Flowers.Description. — This is a perennial herb, with a strong fibrous root.The stems in a wild state are prostrate, but in gardens more upright,

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 65about a span long, round, hoUo-w, furrowed, and downy; the leavespale gi-een, pinnate, sessile, with thread-shaped leaflets. The flower-headsterminal, rather larger than the daisy, and of yellow color, or whitish.Histoi'y.— Chamomile is indigenous to Southern Europe we hare;also a common or wild Chamomile {Matricaria CJinmoiiuUa) growing inthe United States, but it is not considered as good as the RomanChamomile for medicinal purijoses, which is the kind I use. The whiteflowers are the best ; they have an aromatic, agi'eeably bitter taste, andpeculiar odor. They yield their properties to alcohol and water.Properties and — Uses. Chamomile is a tonic; one or two teacupfulsof the warm infusion wiU usually vomit. The cold infusion is highlyuseful in dyspepsia, and in all cases of weak or irritable stomachs, alsoin intermittent and typhoid fevers. The oil is carminative and antispasmodic,and is used in flatulency, coUc, cramp in the stomach, hysteria,nervous diseases, and painful menstruation.A poultice of Chamomile will often prevent gangrene, and remove itwhen present. It is an ingredient in my " Restorative AssimUant," andis a most excellent adjutant and corrigent in that great remedy.Dose.— Half a drachm to two drachms of the flowers. Of the infusion,half a teacupful to a teacupful ;of the oU, five to fifteen drops onBugar.Medicinal Part.CHERRY LAUREL (Prunus Laukocerasus).The leaves.— Description. This is a small evergreenshrub or tree with smooth branches. Leaveswith short petioles, oval-oblong, seirate,acute, and smooth. Flowers shorter thanthe leaves, calyx inferior, corolla has fivewhite petals ;stamens about twenty and;fruit a round, black, smooth drape.History.— Originally a native of AsiaMinor, from whence it was introduced intoEurope in 1576, and subsequently fromEurope to the United States. It is now commonin gardens and shrubberies. The leaveshave scarcely any odor until bniised, thenthey have a bitter almond odor;taste verybitter, aromatic, and shghtly astringent.They impart thek vii-tues to water and alcohol.Properties and Uses.— An excellent sedative.Useful in tic-douloureux,phthisis, spasmodic cough, palpitation of the heart, and in aU spasmodicaffections.^Cherry LanreL

OGTHE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Dose.— Powdered leaves, four to eight grains; laurel water,thirty drops.ten toCHICKWEED (Stellaria Media).Medicinal — Part. The herb.Description. This plant is an annual or biennial weed, from six tofifteen inches in length, with a prostrate, brittle, and leafy stem. Theleaves are ovate-cordate ;the lower ones on hairy petioles. The flowersai-e small and white, petals two-parted, stamens three, five, or ten.History.— It is a common plant in Europe and America, growing infields and around dwellings, in moist, shady places. It flowei-s fromthe beginning of spring till the last of autumn. The seeds aie eaten bypoultry and birds. The whole herb is used when recent.Properties and — Uses. It is a cooling demulcent. The fresh leavesbraised and applied as a poultice to indolent, intractable ulcers, evenwhen of many years' standing, wiU produce most immediate and decidedbeneficial results, to be changed two or three times a day. Thebruised leaves wiU likewise be found an invaluable application in acuteophthalmia. An ointment made by braising the recent leaves in. freshlard, may be used as a cooling application to erysipelatous and otherforms of ulceration, as well as many forms of cutaneous diseases.CHOCOLATE ROOT, Geum Rivale (Water Avens), Geum Virginianum( White Avens).Common Names. Throat Root, Purple Avens.Medicinal Part. The root.Descriptio7i. — Geum Rivale, or Purple Avens, is a perennial, deepgreen herb; woody root; leaves nearly lyrate, crer.ate-deutate, andfrom four to six inches long. The flowers are few and yellowish piirplein color.Geum Vxrginianum, or Throat Boot, is also a perennial, with asmall, crooked root. The stem is two or three feet high. The leavesare pinnate or lyrate flowers rather small and white; ;and the fruit anachenium. The former is common to the United States and Europe,flowering in June or July, and the latter only to the United States,flowering from June to August.History.— These plants, with other varieties, have long been used indomestic practice. The whole herb contains medicinal properties, butthe officinal aiid most efficient part is the root. Boiling water or alcoholextracts their virtues.Projêrtir.'i ami Uses. — Is tonic and astringent. It is used in pa.'ssiveand chronic hemorrhag(!s, chronic diarrhoea and dysentery, leucor-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 67rhoea, dyspepsia, pulmonary affections, congestions of the abdominalviscera, etc.Dose.—Of the powder, from twenty to thirty grains ;of the decoction,from two tablespoonftds to a wineglassful, three or four times a day.CINCHONA.Common Names. Peruvimi Bark, Jesuits' Bark.Medicinal Part. The bark.Description.—Tê bark is obtained from the Cincluma Calisaya, CincfionaCondaminea, Cindwiia Succirubra, and Cinchona Lancifolia.These trees are all evergreen trees or shrubs. Their generic characteris to have opposite entire leaves;flowers white, or usually roseate orpurplish, and very fragrant ; calyx a turbinated tube;coroUa salvershaped; stamens, five; anthers, linear ;style, simple ; stigma, bifid. The fruit acapsule, ovate or oblong, filled with numeroiiswinged seeds. About thirteen varietiesof cinchona are known to commerce,but the above are the most important. Ofthese species the former three yield respectivelythe pale, yellow, and red cinchonabarks, and the fourth is one of thesources of quinine.Histm-y.— Cinchona is a very old discovery,and takes its name from the wifeof the Sjianish viceroy, Count de Cinchon,who was cured of fever by it, at Lima,about the year 1638. For some time afterits introduction into Europe, the Jesuits,who received the bark from their brethrenin Peru, alone uised it, and kept to themselvesthe secret of its origiu ;and theiruse of it was so successful that it receivedCinchona.the name which stDl clings to it of "Jesuits' Bark." The bark richestin the antiperiodic alkaloids is the Cinchona Calisaya. The geographicalrange of the cinchonas appears to be exclusively confined to theAndes, within the boundaries of Peru, Bolivia, Equador, and NewGranada. Thirteen species furnish the barks of commerce, and all ofthem are found growing from one to ten thousand feet above the levelof the sea. The four species we have named at the head of this articleare, however, the only ones recognized by the United States Pharmacopoeia,and are the favorites everywhere. Since the seventeenth centurythese barks have been the study of men versed in medical andchemical science, and they and the preparations made fiôm them rank

68 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.among the most important articles of the Materia Medica. It containsnumerous active principles, but the most important, and one chieflyused, is quinine.Properties and Uses.— Cinchona bark is tonic, antiperiodic, astringentto a moderate extent, and eminentlj' febrifuge. It is topically (or externally)antiseptic, and is of much value when applied to gangrenousulcerations, or used for gargles and washes in erysipelas, ulcerated soreetc. I do not recommend the use of the bark in casesthroat, mouth,where the stomach is mry much weakened (although it is employed inevery disease in which there is deficient tone), because the woody fibrein the powder will most generally disagree. When taken internally itimparts a sensation of warmth to the stomach, which gradually spreadsover the whole body the; pulse becomes stronger and is accelerated,and the various organs are gently stimulated. It may be used withbenefit in ordinary cases of dyspepsia, general debility, and all febrile,eruptive, and inflammatory diseases, in whatever stage they may be.In all cases of night-sweating, or great feebleness, it is valuable. Asan antiperiodic it is not siirpassed by anything else used. When itexcites nausea, add an aromatic; if purging, ojoium ;ifcostiveness,rhubarb. .Quinine is a white flocculent powder, inodorous, and has a very bittertaste. It is very sparingly soluble in warm water, still less so in coldwater. It is readily soluble in hot alcohol, and tolerably so in ether. Itis always best to administer quinine instead of the bark, unless some ofthe effects of the other i^rinciples are desired.Dose.— Of the powder, half a drachm to a drachm;fluid extract, tento sixty drops ; of quinine, from one to fifteen grains, according topurpose.CINQUE-FOIL (PoTENTiLLA Canadensis).Common Name. Five- Finger.Medicinal Part. The root.Deacripiion.— This perennial plant has a procumbent stem from twoto eighteen inches in length. The leaves are palmate, leaflets obovate,and flowers yellow, on sohtary pedicels.There are two varieties of this plant, the P. ramiUa, which is veryismall and delicate, flowering in April and May, and growing in diy,sandy soils, and the P. Simj)lcx, a larger plant, growing in richer soils,and flowering from June to August.History.— Five-finger is common to the United States, growing byroad-sides, on meadow banks and waste grounds, and flowering fromApril to October. The root is the part used. It has a bitterish, styptictaste, and yields its virtues to water.Properties and Uses. — It is tonic and astringent. A decoction is use-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 69ful in fevers, bowel complaints, night sweats, menorrliagia, and otherhemon-hages. It makes an excellent gargle for spongy, bleeding gums,and ulcerated mouth and throat.The PoTENTiLLA ToRMENTiLLA, or Sept-Foil of Europe, possessessimilar quahties, and may be used by my readers in that countiy if theAmerican root is not to be obtained.CLEAVERS (Galium APARmE).Common Names. Ooose Grass, Catchweed, Bed-Straw.Medicinal — Part. The herb.Descriptwn.- It is an annual succulent plant, with a weak, procumbent,quadrangular, retrosely-i^rickled stem, which grows from two to sixfeet high, and is hairy at the joints. The leaves are one or two inchesin length, and two or three lines in breadth; rough on the margin andtapering the base. The flowers are white, small, and scattered.History.— This plant is common to Europe and the United States,growing in cultivated grounds, moist thickets, and along banks of rivers,and flowering from June to Sej^tember. In the gi'een state the planthas an iinpleasant odor;but it is inodorous when dried, with an acidulous,astringent, and bitter taste. Cold or warm water extracts the virtuet>of the plant ; boiling water destroys them. The roots dye apermanent red.—Properties a7id Uses.- It is a most valuable refrigerant and diuretic,and wiU be found very beneficial in many diseases of the urinary organs,as suppression of urine, calculous affections, inflammation of the kidaeysand bladder, and in the scalding of urine in gonorrhoea. It is contra-indicatedin diseases of a passive character, on account of itsrefrigerant and sedative effects on the system, but may be used freelyin fevers and all acute diseases. An infusion may be made by maceratingan ounce and a half of the herb in a pint of warm water for twohours, of which from two to four fluid ounccB may be given threeor four times a day when cold. It may be sweetened with sugar orhoney. It has also been found useful in many cutaneous diseases, aspsoriasis, eczema, lichen, cancer, and scrofula, and is more particularlyuseful in these diseases when they are combined with strumous diathesis.The best form for administration is that of the inspissated juice,which may be in one or two drachm doses, thi-ee times a day.The plant called Galium Tinctorium, or Small Cleavers, is nervine,anti-spasmodic, expectorant, and diaphoretic. It is used successfully inA strong decoction of the herb may be given inasthma, cough, and chronic bronchitis, exerting its influence principallyupon the respiratory organs. The plant has a pungent, aromatic, pleasant,persistent taste.doses of from one to four fluid ounces, and repeated two or three times

70 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.a day, according to circumstances.permanent red.The root of this plant will also dye aCOCA (Erythroxtlon Coca).Medicfnal Part. The herb.Description.— I first became acquainted with this most remarkableplant many years ago, while traveling in BoUvia, South America, in thebeautiful valleys of the Cordilleras. The Coca is a bush which rarelyattains six feet in height, and does not often exceed three. Its foliageis of a bright green, its flowers white, and its fruit small and red. Whenthe plants are just about eighteen inches high they are transplantedfrom the seed-beds into fields called cocales. The ripe leaves are gatheredwith the fingers. They are dried by spreading them in the sun,Bometimes on woollen cloths. The operation requires gi-eat care, for theplant must be protected from all dampness, which changes its color, andthus diminishes its value. It is then packed in bags, weighing fromfifty to one hundred and fifty pounds, which are often transported togreat distances. In the Vice-royalty of Lima, in the latter part of thelast century, Castelnau represents the consumption of the leaf at threeand a half millions of pounds, and worth one million and a quarter ofSpanish dollars, while at the same time the total consumption in Peruwas two and a half millions of dollars. The importance of the Cocatrade, however, is diminishing as the Ked Man disappears. The Indiansmix the Coca with a small quantity of lime, and constantly carry a smallbag of it on all their excursions. They take it from three to six timesa day. Dr. GscnuDi [Travels in Peru., page 453] mentions an Indian ofsixty-two years of age, who was employed by him, and though at veryhard work for five days, took no other noui-ishment, and rested but twohours of the night. Immediately, or soon after this, he accomplished ajourney of one hundred miles in two days, and said that he was readyto do the same thing again if they woiild give him a new supply of Coca.Castelnau says he himself knew of instances as extraordinaiy. In thetime of the Incas the Coca was regarded as sacred.Properties— itnd Uses. Its physiological actions are as follows :—1. It stimulates the stomach and promotes digestion.2. In large doses it augments animal heat and accelerates the pulseand respiration.3. It induces slight constipation.4. In moderate doses, from one to four drachms, it stimulates thenervous system, so as to render it more tolerant of muscular fatigxie.5. In larger doses it gives rise to hallucinations and true delirium.6. Its most precious property is that of inducing the most pleasantvisions {'' phantasmagaria'''') without any subsequent depression of thenervous energies.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 717. Probably it diminishes some of the secretions.The Coca has doubtless many other medical properties of a high order,and deserves further investigation.It stimulates powerfully the digestive functions, while at the sametime it exercises a calmative influence over the mucous membranes ofthe stomach and bowels. In this double action upon the stomach—stimvilant and calmative— it resembles Columbo.It is anti-spasmodic, and is of great service in many nervous disorders,and particularly in spermatorrh

7f? THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.quality. It contains, besides oils, resins, and gnms,sulphates of lime and magnesia.bassorin and theColocyntJdn is its active principle.Prcqicrties and Uses.— It is a powerful hydragogue cathartic, producingcopious watery evacuations. It should never be used alone, butbe combined with other cathartics. It may be used advantageously inpassive dropsy and cerebral derangements. In combination with hyoscyamusit loses its irritant properties, and may be so employed wheneverits peculiar cathartic effects are desired. Hippocrates used colocynthas a pessary to promote menstruation.Dose.— Five to ten grains.COLT'S FOOT (TussiLAGO Farfaka).Common Names. Cough Wort, FoaHs Foot, Hoi'se Hoof, and BuWsFoot.MEDicrNAL Part. TJie leaves.Descriptio-n.— Colt's foot has a long, perennial, creeping, fibrous rhizome.The leaves are erect, cordate, sharply dentate, smooth greenabove, and pure white and cottony beneath. They do not appear untilthe flowers are withered, and are from five to eight inches long, andabout an inch broad. The flowers are large and bright yellow.—Ilistoi'y. This plant grows in Europe, the Crimea, Persia, Siberia,and the East Indies, from the sea-shore to elevations of neai'ly eightthousand feet. It also grows in the United States, in wet places, on thesides of brooks, flowering in March and April. Its presence is a certainindication of a clayey soil. The loaves are rather fragrant, and continueso after having becu carefully dried. The leaves are the parts used,though all parts of the plant are active, and should always be employed,especially the leaves, flowers, and root. The leaves should be collectedat about the period they have nearly reached their full size, the flowersas soon as they commence opening, and the root immediately after thamaturity of the leaves. "When dried, all parts have a bitter, mucilaginoustaste, and yield their proiierties to water or diluted alcohol.Properties and Uses.— It is emollient, demulcent, and slightly tonic.The decoction is usually administered in doses of from one to three orfour fluid ounces, and is highly serviceable in coughs, asthma, whoopingcough,and other pulmonary complaints also useful in scrofula. The;powdered leaves form a good errhine for giddiness, headache, nasal obstructions,etc. It is also used externally in fonn of poultice in scrofuloustumors.Medicinal Part.COLUTMBO (CocctTLUS palmatus).I'he root.— DencrijAion. Columbo, so important in the present practice of medicine,is a climbing plant, with a perennial sort which is quite thick and

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 73branching. The root is covered with a thin brown skin, marked withtransverse warts. The stems, of which one or two proceed from thesame root, are twining, simple in the male plant, branched in the female,round, hairy, and about an inch or an inch and a half in circumference.The leaves stand on rounded glandular-hairy footstalks, and are alternate,distant, cordate, and have three, seven, or nine lobes and nerves.The flowers — are small and inconspicuous.History. This plant inhabits the forests near the southeastern coastof Africa, in the neighborhood of Mozambique, where the natives callit Kalumb. The root is dug up in the dry season in the month of March,and is cut in slices, strung on cords, and hung up to dry. The odor ofColumbo is sUghtly aromatic the taste; bitter, and also mucilaginous.The root is easily pulverized, but spoils by keeping after having beenreduced to a powder. It is best to powder it only as it is required foruse. The active principle of Columbo is called Colambiii. The root alsoyields Berberin., an excellent stomachic, which is produced from theBarberry.Properties and Uses.— It is one of the purest bitter tonics in the world,and in dyspepsia, chronic diarrhoea, and dysentery, as well as in convalescencefrom febrile and inflammatory diseases, it can hardly be surpassedas a remedial agent. It is most useful in the remittent andintermittent fevers of hot climates. It is used in many combinations,according to indications.Dose.— Of the powder, ten to thirty grains of the; infusion, one ortwo ounces ;of the tincture, from one to two drachms.COMFREY (Symphyttjm Officinale).Medicinal Part. The root.Description.— Comfrey has an oblong, fleshy, perennial root, black onthe outside and whitish within, containing a glutinous or clammy, tastelessjuice, with divers very large, hairy, green leaves lying on the ground,so hairy, or so prickly, that if they touch any tender parts of the hands,face, or body, it will cause it to itch. The stalks are hollowed and cornered,very hairy, having leaves that grow below, but less and less up tothe top at the; joints of the stalk it is divided into many branches, atthe ends of which stand many flowers, in order one above another, whichare somewhat long and hollow like the finger of a glove, of a pale,whitish color;after them come small black seeds. There is another sortwhich bears flowers of a pale purple color, having similar medicinal properties.History.— Comfreyis a native of Europe, but naturalized in the UnitedStates, growing on low grounds and moist places, and flowering aU summer.The root is officinal and contains a large amount of mucilage,which is readily extracted by water.4

74 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Properties and Uses.— The plant is demulcent and slightly astringent.All mucilaginous agents exert an influence on mucous tissues, hencethe cure of many pulmonary and other aiiections in which these tissueshave been chiefly implicated, by their internal use. Physicians mustnot expect a serous disease to yield to remedies which act on mucousmembranes only ;to determine the true value of a medicinal agent, theymust first ascertain the true character of the affection, as well as of thetissues involved. Again, mucflaginous agents are always beneficial inscrofulous and anaemic habits. Comfrey root is very useful in diarrhoea,dysentery, coughs, hemoptysis or bleeding of the lungs, and other pulmonaryaffections also in leucorrhoea and female; debility: aU these beingprincipally affections of mucous membranes.It may be boiled in water, wine, or made into a syrup, and taken indoses of from a wineglassful to a teacupful of the preparation, two orthree times a day.Externally the fresh root, bruised, forms an exceUent application tobruises, rui)tures, fresh wounds, sore breasts, ulcers, white swellings,etc.CUNDUIIANGO (Equatoria Gakciana).Medicenal — Part. The bark of the vine.Descnption. Cundurango, or Condor Vine, a name derived from twowords, cundur and angii, whose marveUous medicinal properties have latelybeen made known to the world, and which is now so greatly interestingthe medical profession, is a climbing vine, resembling much in its habitsthe grape vine of our forests. The vines are from three to five inchesdiameter. They are quite flexible when fresh, but when dry very brittle.The bark is externally of a greenish-gray color, and has numeroussmaU warty excrescences. The leaves are large, sometimes reachingsix inches in length by five in breadth, opposite, simple, entire, dentate,cordate, and of a dark green color. The flowers are small, arranged incomplete umbels ;stamens five; petals five ; sep.als five and filaments;small. The fniit is a pair of pods, and seeds numerous and dark brown.It should be more properly caUed Cundurangu. as there is no

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 75duced into medical practice by Dr. Egniûren, brother of the Governorof the province of Loja, both of whom ciired many cases of syîhilis andcancerous ulcers in the trial of it. The subject was brought to thenotice of our government by our minister at Quito. The Departmentof State, at once realizing the value of the discovery and the intense interestwith which our people would seek after information concerningit, published a circular, setting forth its great value as a remedy. Thisaction of the government at once inspired that confidence to which theplant is entitled. It was tested in a case of cancer afflicting the motherof Vice-President Colfax, and at once asserted its value. It has sincebeen used by progressive physicians, and the success it has given in cancerous and syphilitic affections renders it worthy of the name of a specifie, equally as much so as cinchona. It is a singular coincidence thatthese two specific products of the herbal world should grow in the sameregions. The natives insist that there are two varieties of the bark, theamarillo^ or yellow, and bianco^ or white;but upon inspection I findthey are the same, the difference in color depending upon the strongrays of the sun. When freshly cut the vines give an abimdance ofmilky, viscous juice or sap, the odor of which is balsamic, and flavordecidedly bitter and aromatic.Its price is exceedingly high, but this has not deterred me from usingit where I deemed it necessary in special cases. I can furnish itby mail,put up in sealed bags, at $5.00 per half pound, with directions for makingit into syrup (which is the best method of preparing it), with dose, etc.The fluid extract is much higher, $3.00 per ounce.Properties and Uses.— An unequalled remedy for cancer, syphilis, ulcers,In a short period, when taken, the typical symptoms subside, theetc.pain is diminished, the discharge thickens and becomes less offensive,the tumor becomes softer, the deposits lessen, the expression improves,and a cure is speedily effected. It has also diuretic and tonic powers,and cures many nervous diseases. I have given this remedy competenttrials in cases of cancer and syphilis, and the results were so satisfactoryas to surprise me.Dose.— Of the powder, one to two drachms fluid ; extract, one drachm.(Much that is spurious is sold in the market.)COPAIBA (CoPAiFEKA Officinalis).Common Name. Balsam of Copaiba.Medicinal Part. The oleo-resinous juice.Description.— Copaiba is a tall and handsome tree, with many small,The leaves are large andcrooked branches, and a grayish-brown bark.equally pinnated, leaflets in pairs of from two to five, petioles short.The flowers are white; calyx four-parted ; stamens, ten fruit obovate,two-valved, and;one-seeded.

76 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.nistory.— There are several species which furnish oil of copaiba,all natives of South America and West Indies. The juice is obtainedby deep incisions being made in the trunk during or followingthe wet season;the balsam (which, however, is not a balsam, as it containsno benzoic acid) flows freely, being clear, transparent, and fluid,but becoming pale yellowish in time. The oU is unpleasant in smelland taste.Properties and Uses.— In large doses Copaiba is an irritant, but inproper doses it is stimulant, cathartic, and diuretic. It exerts a favorableinfluence on the mucous tissues of the system, diminishing excessivesecretions, and for this purpose it is chiefly employed. Takeninternally it gives warmth to the gastric region, and sometimes provokesnausea and emesis. It is especially useful in chronic mucous affections,as gonorrhcBa, bronchitis, diseases of the bladder, gleet, chronic catarrh,diarrhoea, and dysentery, etc., etc. It was formerly regarded as aspecific for gonorrhoea, but has lost some of its prestige. Locally it isan excellent application to fistulas, chilblains, old ulcers, etc.Dose. — From twenty to sixty drops in emulsion with yolk of egg andmint or cinnamon water.CKANBERRY (High).—(Viburnum Opulus.)Medicinal — Part. The bark.Description. It is a nearly smooth and upright shrub, or small tree,usually from five to twelve feet in height, with several stems from thesame root branched above;the leaves are three-lobed, three-veined,broadly -wedged shape, and crenately toothed on the side. The flowersare white, or reddish-white;the fruit ovoid, red, very acid, rijiens late,and remains upon the bush after the leaves have fallen. It resemblesthe common cranberry, and is sometimes substituted for it.History.— It is indigenous to the northern part of the United Statesand Canadas, being a handsome shrub, growing in low rich lands, woods,and borders of fields, flowering in June, and presenting at this time avery showy appearance. The flowers are succeeded by red and veiyacid berries, resembling low cranberries, and which remain through thewinter. The bark is the officinal part, as met with in di'ug-stores.It is frequently put iip by Shakers, when it is somewhat flattened fi-om,:>ressure. It has no smell, but has a peculiar, not unpleasant, bitterish,and astringent taste. It yields its properties to water or diluted alcohol.Vihiirnine is its active principle.Prtyi)ertie.H nml U.ses.— It is a powerful antispasmodic, and hence generallykno^vn among American practitioners as Cramp Bark. It is vciyeffective in cramps and spasms of all kinds, as asthma, hysteria, crampsof femides during pregnancy, preventing the attacks entirely if useddaily for the last two or three months of gestation.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 77The following forms an excellent preparation for the relief of spasmodicattacks, viz. : take of Cramp bark, two ounces; scull-cap skunkcabbage, of each one ounce ; cloves, half an ounce ; capsicum, twodrachms. Have all in powder, coarsely bruised, and add to them twoquarts of sherry or native wine. Dose of this, half a wiaeglassful twoor three times a day.It may here be remarked that a poultice of the fruit of the Low Cranberryis very efficacious iu indolent and malignant ulcers, malignantscarlet fever, applied to the throat;in erysipelas, and other similar diseases.Probably the High Cranberry will effect the same result.Dose.— Of the decoction, or vinous tincture, one glassful two or threetimes a day.Common Names.Dove's Foot, Crow Foot, Alum Root, Spotted Geranium,etc.Medicinal Part.CRANESBILL (Geranium Maculatum).The root.Description. — This plant has a perennial, horizontal, thick, rough, andknotty root, Avith many small fibres. The stems are grayish-green,erect, round, and a foot or two high. The leaves are spreading andhairy, and the blossoms large, and generally purple, mostly in pairs.The Dove's Foot, or Cranebill, which grows in England,is a differentplant, beaiing many small bright-red flowers of five leaves apiece, thoughit possesses medicinal properties similar to the American varieties.Histm'y.— Geranium is a native of the United States, growing innearly all parts of it, in low grounds, open woods, etc. , blossoming fromApril to June. The root is the officinal part. Its virtues are yielded towater or alcohol. Oeranin is its active principle.Properties and Uses.— It is a powerful astringent, used in the secondstage of dysentery, diarrhoea, and cholera infantum;in infusion, withmilk. Both internally and externally it may be used wherever astringentsare indicated, in hemorrhages, indolent ulcers, aphthous soremouth, ophthalmia, leucorrhoea, gleet, hematuria, monorrhagia, diabetes,and excessive chronic mucous discharges ;also to cure mercurialsalivation. Relaxation of the uvula may be benefited by gargling witha decoction of the root, as well as aphthous ulceration of the mouthand throat. From its freedom from any nauseous or unpleasant qualities,it is well adapted to infants and persons with fastidious stomachs.In cases of bleeding piles, a strong decoction of the root should be injectedinto the rectum, and retained as long as possible. Troublesomeepistaxis, or bleeding from the nose, wounds, or small vessels, and fromthe extraction of teeth, may be checked effectually by applying thepowder to the bleeding orifice, and, if possible, covering with a compressof cotton. With Aletri's Farinosa ( Unicorn root) in decoction, and

78 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.taken intemaily, it has proved of superior efficacy in diabetes and inBright's disease of the kidneys. A mixture or solution of two parts ofhydrastin and one of geranin will be found of unrivalled efficacy in allchronic mucous diseases, as in gleet, leucorrhoea, ophthalmia, gastricaffections, catarrh, and ulceration of the bladder, etc. A decoction oftwo parts of geranium and one of sanguinaria (Bhodroot) forms an excellentinjection for gleet and leucorrhoea.Dose of geranium powder, from twenty to thirty grains;of the decoction,a tablespoonful to a wineglassful.CRAWLEY (CoRALLORHizA Odontorhiza).Common Names. Dragon's Claw, Cm'al root^ etc.Medicinal Part. The root.I)esc7-iption.—TMB is a singular, leafless plant, with coral-like rootstocks.The root is a collection of small fleshy tubers the; flowers,fiom ten to twenty in niimber, are of a brownish-green color, and thefruit a large oblong capsule.History. — The plant is a native of the United States, growing aboutthe roots of trees, in rich woods, from Maine to Florida, flowering fromJuly to October. The entire plant is destitute of verdiu-e. The rootonly is used for medical purposes. It is small, dark brown, resemblingcloves, or a hen's claws has a; strong, nitrous smell, and a mucilaginous,slightly bitter, astringent taste.Properties and Uses.— It is probably the most powerful, prompt, andcertain diaphoretic in the materia medica but its; scarcity and highprice prevents it from coming in general use. It is also sedative, andpromotes perspiration without producing any excitement in the system.Its chief value is as a diaphoretic in fevers, especially in typhus, andinflammatory diseases. It has proved effectual in acute erysipelas,cramps, flatulency, pleurisy, and night-sweats ;it relieves hectic feverwithout debilitating the patient. Its vii'tues are especially marked inthe low stages of fevers.Combined with caulophyllin it forms an excellent agent in amenorrhceaand dysmenoiThoea, or scanty or painful meusti'uation, and is unsurpassedin after-pains, suppression of lochia, and the febrile symptomswhich sometimes occur at the parturient period.In fevers Crawley may be advantageously combined with leptandrLnor podophyllin, when it is found necessary to act upon the bowels crliver;and mixed with dio.scorein it wUl be fomid almost a specific inflatulent and bilious colic.Dose.— From twenty to thirty grains of the powdered root, given inwater as warm as the patient can drink, and repeated everj- hour or two,

THE COMPLETE HEKBALIST. 79according to circumstances. The powder should always be kept in wellclosedvials. It constitutes the fever powders of some practitioners.CROWFOOT (Rajstunculus Btilbosus).Medicinai. P.\bts. The cormus and herb.Description.— This plant is not to be confounded with the Geraniummaculatwn, which is also caUed Crowfoot. The cormus or root of thisherb is a perennial, solid, fleshy, roimdish, and depressed, sendiag outradicles from its under sides. The root sends up annually erect hairystems, six to eighteen inches in height. The leaves are on long petioles,dentate and hairy. Each stem supports several sohtary golden-yeUowflowers ; sepals, oblong and hairy ; petals, five, cordate stamens numerousand;hairy.UistM'y. — This plant is common in Eurojie and the United States,growing in fields and pastures, and flowering in May, June, and July.There a great many varieties, but all possess similar quahties, and designatedby the general name of Butter-cup. When any part of theseplants is chewed, it occasions much pain, inflammation, excoriation ofthe mouth, and much heat and pains in the stomach, if it be takeninternally.Properties and Uses.— This plant is too acrid to be used internally,especially when fresh. WTien applied externally it is powerfully rubefacientand epispastic. It isemployed in its recent state in rheumaticneuralgia and other diseases where vesication and coim^ter-irritationare indicated. Its action, however, is generally so violent that it is seldomused. The beggars use it to produce and keep open sores to excitesympathy. It has been used with success in obstinate cases of nursingsore-mouth— an infusion being made by adding two drachms of therecent root, cut into small pieces, to one pint of hot water, when cold atablespoonful being given two or three times a day, and the mouth frequentlywashed with a much stronger infusion.CUBEBS (Piper Cubeba).Medicinal Part. The berries.Description.— This is a perennial plant, with a climbing stem, roundbranches, about as thick as a goose-quill, ash-colored, and rooting at thejoints. The leaves are from four to six and a half inches long by oneand a half to two inches broad, ovate-oblong, acummate, and verysmooth. Flowers arranged in spikes at the end of the branches fruit,;a berry rather longer than that of black pepper.Uistory.— Cubebs is a native of Java and other i-slands of the IndianOcean, growing in the forests without cultivation. The fruit is gatheredbefore fully ripe, and then dried. It afEords a volatile oil, which is mucb

80 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.used. Cubebs has a pleasant, aromatic odor, and a hot, bitter taste.Cubebin is the active principle.Properties and Uses.— It is mildly stimulant, expectorant, stomachic,and carminative. It acts particularly on mucous tissues, and arrestsexcessive discharges, especially from the urethra. It exercises an influenceover the urinaiy apparatus, rendering the urine of deeper color.It is successfully employed in gonorrhoea, gleet, leucorrhoea, chronicbladder diceases, bronchial affections, and atony of the stomach andbowels.Dose.— Of the powder, half a drachm to a drachm ; tincture, twofluid drachms; oil, ten to thirty drops.DAISY (Leucanthemum Vulgare).Common Names. Ox-eye Daisy.^ White Weed.Medicinal Parts. The leaves and flowers.— DcscriiMon. This is a perennial herb, having an erect, branching,and furrowed stem, from one to two feet high. The leaves are few,alternate, lanceolate-serrate, the lower ones petiolate ;the upper onessmall, subulate, and sessile.History.— The plant was introduced into the United States fromEurope, and is a very troublesome weed to farmers in nearly &yexj section.It bears white flowers in June and July. The leaves are odorousand somewhat acid;the flowers are bitterish; they impart their virtuesto water.Properties and Uses.— It is tonic, diuretic, and anti-spasmodic, and, inlarge doses, emetic. It is used as a tonic instead of Chamomile flowers,and is serviceable in whooping-cough, asthma, and nervous excitability.Very beneficial externally and internally in leucorrhoea. Its internaluse is highly recommended in colliquative perspiration. Externally itis a good application to wounds, ulcers, scald-head, and some othercutaneous diseases. Dose of the decoction, from a wineglassful to ateacupful, two or three times a day. The fresh leaves or flowers willdestroy or drive away fleas.Medicinal Part.DANDELION (Leontodon Taraxacum).The root.Description.— Dandelion is a perennial, top-shaped herb, having avery milky root. The leaves are aU radical, shining green in color,sessile, and pinnate. The scape or flower stem is onger than theleaves, five or six inches in height, and bearing a single yellow flower.The fruit an achenium.History.— This plant is a native of Greece, but is now found growingabundantly in Europe and the United States, in fields, gardens, andalong road-sides, flowering from April to November. The root only is

THE COMPLETE IIEUJ3ALIST. 81the officinal part, and should be collected when the plant is in flo^^'ex*.Alcohol or boiling water extracts its properties. The young plant isfrequently used as a salad or green, and possesses some slight narcoticproperties.Properties and Uses.— The dried root possesses but Uttle medicinalvirtue;but when fresh, is a stomachic and tonic, with slightly diirretioand aperient actions. It has long been supposed to exert an influencseupon the biliary organs, removing torpor and engorgement of the liveras well as of the spleen ;it is also reputed beneficial in dropsies owing towant of action of the abdominal organs, in uterine obstructions, chronicdiseases of the skin, etc.Common Name^Medicinal Pakt.DEVIL'SIts virtues, however, are much over-rated.BIT (Helonias Diocia).False JJnimrn Root, Drooping Star Wort, etc.The root.—Description. This is an herbaceous perennial plant, with a largobulbous root, from which arises a very smooth angular stem one or twofeet in height. The cauline leaves are lanceolate, acute, and small ;the radical leaves (or those springing from the root) are broader andfrom four to eight inches in length. The flowers are small, very numerous,greenish-white, disposed in long, terminal, nodding racemes, resemblingplumes. The fruit is a capsule.—History. This plant is indigenous to the United States, and is abundantin some of the Western States, growing in woodlands, meadows,and moist situations, and flowering in June and July.Properties and Uses.— In large doses it is emetic, and when fresh, sialagogue.In doses of ten or fifteen grains of the powdered root, repeatedthree or four times a day, it has been found very beneficial in dyspepsia,loss of appetite, and for the removal of worms. It is beneficial in cohc,and in atony of the generative organs. It is invaluable in uterine diseases,acting as a uterine tonic, and gradually removing abnormal conditions,whUe at the same time it imparts tone and vigor to the reproductiveorgans. Hence, it is much used in leucorrhoea, amenorrhoea,dysmenorrhoea, and to remove the tendency to repeated and successivemiscarriage. The plant will kiU cattle feeding on it, and the decoction,insects, bugs, and lice.Dose.— Of the powder, from twenty to forty grains of the; decoction,from a wineglassful to a teacupful.The Hdonias Bidlata, with purple flowers, and probably some otheispecies possess similar medicinal virtues.DOCK (EuMEX Crispus).The root.Medicinal Part.Description.— There are four varieties of Dock which may be used in

82 TUE COMPLETE HERBALIST.medicine : the Rumex Aquaticus (Great AVater Dock) ;Rumex Britan-?u"ca (Water Dock); Rumex Abtusifolms (Blunt-leaved Dock); and theDock.R. Crispns, or Yellow Dock. They all possess similarmedicinal qualities, but the Yellow Dock is theonly one entitled to extensive consideration. It hasa deep, spindle-shaped yellow root, with a stemtwo or three feet high. The leaves are lanceolate,acute, and of a lig-ht green color. The flowers arenumerous, jjale green, drooping, and interspersedwith leaves below. The fruit is a nut contracted ateach end.— Histoi'y. The Docks are natives of Europe, exceptingthe blunt-leaved, which is indigenous, butthey have all been introduced into the United States.Yellow Dock grows in cultivated grounds, wastegrounds, about rubbish, etc. , flowering in June andJuly. The root has scarcely any odor, but an astringentbitter taste, and yields its virtues to waterand alcohol.Properties and Uses.— Yellow Dock is an alterative,tonic and detergent, and eminently useful in scorbxitic, cutaneous,scrofulous, cancerous and syi3hilitic affections, leprosy, elephahtiasis,etc. For all impurities of the bloodit has no equal, especially if properlycompounded with appropriateadjutants and corrigents. The freshroot bruised in cream, lard, orbutter, forms a good ointment forvarious affections. This admirablealterative is one of the ingredientsof my Blood Purifier (see page 469),in which it is associated with othereminent alteratives, making thecompound worthy of the reputationit has achieved.DOGWOOD (CoRNus Florida).Common Names. Boxwood,Flowering Cornel, Green Ozier.Medicinal Part. 77ie bark.Description.— Dogwood is a smallDogfwood.indigenous tree from twelve to thirty feet high, with a very hard anicompact wood, and covered with a rough and brownish bark. The treeis of slow growth. The leaves are opposite, smooth, ovate, acute, dark

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 83green above, paler beneath. The flowers are very small, of a greenishyellow color, and constitute the chief beavity of the tree when in bloom.The fruit is an oval drupe of a glossy scarlet color, containing a nut withtwo cells and two seeds.— History. This tree grows in various parts of the United States it;flowers in April and May. The fruit matures in autumn. The wood isused for many purposes. The bark yields its virtues to water and alcohol.The chemical qualities are tannic and gaUic acids, resin, gum, oil,wax, Uguin, Hrae, potassa, and iron.Properties and — Uses. It is tonic, astringent, and slightly stimulant.It is an excellent substitute for Peruvian bark, and may be used whenthe foreign remedyis not to be obtained, or when it fails, or where itcannot be administered. The bark should only be used in its dried state.Cornine., its active principle, is much used as a substitute for quinine.Dogwood, or green ozier, exerts its best virtues in the shape of anointment. It is detergent in all inflammatory conditions, destructive tomorbid growths, and at variance with diseased nutrition. It stimulatesgranulations, increases the reparative process, induces circulation ofhealthy blood to the parts, removes effete matter, vitalizes the tissues,and speedily removes pain from the diseased parts. It fulfils theseconditions in my great healing remedy, the "Herbal Ointment," seepageDose.— 469.Of the powder, twenty to sixty grains; extract, five to tengrains ;comine, from one to ten grains.DRAGON ROOT (Arum TRrpnYLLUM).Common Names. Wake Robin, Indian Turnip, Jack in the Pulpii, eto.Medicinal — Part. The cormus w root.Description. This plant has a roimd, flattened, perennial rhizome;the upper part is tunicated like an onion. The leaves are generally oneor two, standing on long, sheathing footstalks;leaflets oval, mostlyentire, acuminate, smooth, and paler on the under side.History.— It inhabits North and South America, is found in wet locations,and flowers from May to June. The whole plant is acrid, but theroot is the only part employed. It is of various sizes, turnip-shaped,dark and corrugated externaUy, and milk-white within, seldom exceedingtwo and a half inches in diameter. When first dug it is too fiercelyacrid for internal employment, as it will leave an impression upon thetongue, lips, and fauces, like that of a severe scald, followed by inflammationand tenderness, which, however, may be somewhat mollified bymUk. It exerts no such influence upon the external skin, except uponlong and continued application. The root loses its acrimony by age,and should always be used when partially dried. In addition to itsacrid principle, it contains a large proportion of starch, with a portion

81 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.of gum, albumen, and saccharine matter. When the acrid matter isdriven off by heat, the root yields a pure, delicate, amylaceous matter,resembling arrow-root, very white and nutritive.Properties and Uses.— It is acrid, expectorant, and diaiihoretic, usedin asthma, hooping-cough, chronic bronchitis, chronic rheumatism, painsin the chest, colic, low stages of ty]jhus, and general debility ;externallyin scrofulous tumors, scald-head, and various skin diseases.Dose. — Of the gi'ated root, in syrup or mucilage, ten grains, three orfour times a day.ELDER (Sambucus Canadensis).Medicinal Parts. The floiccrs and berries.Description.— This is a common, well-known native American plant,from five to twelve feet high, with a shruljby stem, filled with a lightand porous pith, especially when young. The bark is rather scabrousand cinereous. The leaves are nearly bipinnate, antiposed. The flowersare numerous, white, in very large level-topped, five-parted cymes, andhave a heavy odor. The European Elder, though larger than the Americankind, similar in its general characteristics and iDroperties.History.— It is an indigenous shmb, growing in all parts of the UnitedStates, in low, damp grounds, thickets, and waste places, flowering inJune and July, and maturing its berries in September and October.The officinal parts are the flowers, the berries, and the inner bark.Properties and Uses.— In warm infusion the flowers are diaphoreticand gently stimulant. In cold infusion they are diuretic, alterative,and cooling, and may be used in all diseases requiring such action, as inhepatic derangements of children, erysipelas, erysipelatous diseases, etc.In infusion with Maiden-hair and Beech-drops, they will be found veryvaluable in all ciysipclatous diseases. TJie expressed juice of the berries.êvaporated to the consistence of a syrup, is a valuable aperient andalterative;one ounce of it wUl purge. An infvision of the young leafbiidsis likewise purgativej and sometimes acts with violence. Theflowers and expressed juice of the berries have been beneficially employedin scrofula, cutaneous diseases, syphilis, rheumatism, etc. Theinner green bark is cathartic;an infusion of it in wine, or the expressedjuice, will purge moderately in doses from half a fluid ounce to a fluidounce. Large doses i)roduce cmesis or vomiting. In small doses it producesan efficacious deobstruent, promoting all the fluid secretions, andis nmch used in dropsy, especially that following scarlatina and otherfebrile and exanthematous complaints, as well as in many chronic diseases.Beaten up with lard or cream, it forms an excellent discutientointment, of much value in l)uriis, scalds, and some cutaneous diseases.The juice of tlie root in half-omice doses, taken daily, acts as a hydragoguecathartic, and stimulating diuretic, and will be found valuable in all

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 85dropsical affections. The icucr bark of Elder ishydragogue and emeticocathartic.Has been successfully used in epilepsy, by taking it frombranches one or two years old, scraping off the gray outer bark, andsteeping two ounces of it in. five ounces of cold or hot water for fortyeighthours. Strain and give a wineglassful every fifteen minutes whenthe fit is threatening the patient : fasting. Resume it every six or eightdays.Medicinal Part.ELECA3IPANE (Inula Helenium).The root.Description.— This plant has a thick, top-shaped, aromatic, and perennialroot, with a thick, leafy, round, solid stem, from four to six feethigh. The leaves are large, ovate, dark gi-een above, downy and hoarybeneath, with a fleshy mid-rib. The flowers are of a bright yellow color,and the fruit an achenium.History.— Elecampane is common in Europe, and cultivated in theUnited States. It grows in pastures and along road-sides, blossomingfrom July to September. The root is the part used, and should begathered in the second year of its development, and during the fallmonths. It yields its properties to water and alcohol, more especiallyto the former.Properties and Uses.— It is aromatic, stimulant, tonic, emmenagogue,diuretic, and diaphoretic. It is much used in chronic ijulmouary affections,weakness of the digestive organs, hepatic torpor, dyspepsia,Dose.— etc.Of the powder, from one scruple to one drachm of the infusion,one to two fluid;ounces.ERGOT (Secale Cornutum).CojiMON Names. Spurred or Smut Eye.Medicinal Part. The degenerated seeds.— Description. Ergot is the name given to the fungoid, degeneratedseeds of the common rye, which is the result of a parasitic plant calledOidium Abortifaciens.Histoi'y.— Ergot consists of grains, varying in length, of a violet-blackcolor;odor fishy, peculiar, and nauseous. Their taste is not very marked,but is disagreeable and slightly acrid. They should be gathered previousto harvest.•Properties and Uses.— Ergot has a remarkable effect upon the humansystem, and when persisted in for a length of time as an article of foodmanifests certain symptoms termed ergotism. Its chief use as a medicineis to promote uterine contractions in slow, natural labors. It is alsouseful in checking menorrhagia, uterine hemorrhages, and to expelpolyiji. It is also employed in gonorrhoea, amenorrhoea, paraplegia,paralysis of the bladder, fever and ague.

86 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.This is a valuable remedy to the obstetrician and midwife, but its useshould not be persisted in too long, as it often produces dangeroussymptoms.Dose.— Of the jjowder, five, ten, or fifteen grains fluid; extract, thirtydrops.ERYNGO (Eryngium Aquaticum).Common Names. Buttynsnake Root, liattlesnake^s Master, etc.Medicinal — Part. The root.Description. This indigenous, perennial herb has a simple stem fromone to five feet high. The root is a tuber;the leaves are one or twofeet long, half an inch to an inch wide, and taper-pointed. The flowersare white or — pale, and inconspicuous.History. This plant is indigenous, growing in swamps and low, wetlands from Vii'ginia to Texas, especially on prairie lands, blossoming inAugust. The root is the officinal part. Water or alcohol extracts itsproperties.Properties and Uses.— It is aphrodisiac, exciting venereal desires andstrengthening the procreative organs. It is also dmretic, stimulant,diaphoretic, expectorant, and, in large doses, emetic. Very Useful indropsy, nephritic and calculous affections, also in scrofula and syphilis.It is valuable as a diaphoretic and expectorant in pulmonary affections.It is a good substitute for Senega. The pulverized root, in doses of twoor three grains, is very effectual in hemorrhoids and prolapsus ani. Twoounces of the pulverized root, added to one pint of good Holland gin, iseffectual in obstinate cases of gonorrhoea and gleet, to be administeredin doses of one or two fluid drachms, three or four times a day. Bysome practitioners the root is employed as a speoiJJc in gonorrhoea, gleet,and leucorrhcea;used internally in syrup, decoction, or tincture— andthe decoction applied locally by injection. Used externally and internally,it cures the bites of snakes and insects.Dose.— Of the powder, from twenty to foi-ty grains of the; decoction,which is principally used, from two to four fluid ounces, several times aday.EYE-BRIGHT (Euphrasia Officinalis)..Medicinal Part. T7ie leaves.Description.— This is an elegant little annual plant, with a square,downy, leafy stem, from one to five inches in height. The leaves areentirely opposite, ovate or cordate, and downy ;the flowers very abun-of colors. The fruit is an ob-dant, inodorous, with a brilliant varietylong pod, filled with numerous seeds.History. — Thia plant is indigenous to Europe and America, bearing

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 87red or wliite flowers in July. The leaves are commonly employed;they are inodorous, but of a bitter, astringent taste. Water extractstheir virtues.Properties and Virtues.— Slightly tonic and astringent. Useful inform of infusion or poultice, in catarrhal ophthalmia also of service;iaall mucous diseases attended with increased discharges ; also, ia cough,hoarseness, ear-ache, and head-ache, which have supervened upon catarrhalaffections. Four fluid ounces of the infusion taken every morningupon an empty stomach, and also every night at bed-time, has beenfound successful in helping epilepsy.FERNS (FiLiCES).Royal Flowering Fern.Common Name. Buckhorn Brake.Medicinal Part. The root.Osmunda Regalis.Descrij)tion.— This Fern has a hard, scaly, tuberous root, quite fibrous,and a whitish core in the centre. The fronds are tliree or four feethigh, bright green, and doubly pinnate. The numerous leaflets aresessile and oblong, some of the upper ones cut.History.— This beautiful Fern is found in meadows, and low, moistgrounds, throughout the United States, blossoming in June. The mainroot or caudex is the ofBcinal part it is about two inches;long, and hasthe shape of a buck's horn. It contains an abundance of mucilage, whichis extracted by boiling water. The roots should be collected in August,or about the latter part of May, and dried with great care, as they areapt to become mouldy.The Osmunda Cinnamomea, or cinnamon-colored Fern, is inferior tothe preceding, but is frequently used for the same medical purposes.Properties and Uses.— Mucilaginous, tonic, and styptic. Used incoughs, diarrhoea, and dysentery also used as a tonic; during convalescencefrom exhausting diseases. One root, infused in a pint of hotwater for half an hour, will convert the whole into a thick jelly, veryvaluable in leucorrhoea and other female weaknesses. The mucilagemixed with brandy is a popular remedy as an external application forsubluxations and debility of the muscles of the back. For internal usethe roots may be infused in hot water, sweetened, and ginger, cinnamon,brandy, etc. , added, if not contra-indicated.FEMALE FERN (Polypodium Vulgare).Common Names. Rock Polypod, Brake Root., Common Polypody.Medicinal Parts. The root and tops.Description. — This perennial has a creeping, irregular, brown root.The fronds are from six to twelve inches high, green, smooth, and

88 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.deeply pinnatified. The fruit on the lower surface of the fronds is inlarge golden dots or capsules.Ilistori/.—This tern is common on shady rocks in woods and mountainsthroughout the United States. The root has a peculiar and ratherunpleasant odor, and somewhat sickening taste. "Water extracts itsproperties.Properties and — U-te-i. This plant is pectoral, demulcent, purgative,and anthelmintic. A decoction of syrup has been found very valuablein pulmonaiy and hepatic diseases. A strong decoction is a good purgative,and will expel tenia and other worms. Dose of the powderedfrom (me to four drachms. Of the decoction or syrup, from oneplant,to four fluid ounces, three or four times a day.Medicinal Part,MALE FERN (AsPiDiUJi Filix Mas).llierhkome.Description.— KiAe Fern has a large, perennial, tufted, scaly rhizome,sending forth yeaiiy several leaves, three or four feet high, erect, oval,lanceolBjte,pinnace,acute,brightgreen, and''; leafynearly to bottomtheir stalkstl|e;and midribs havingtough, brown, andtransparent scalesthroughout. Leafletsnumerous,crowded, oblong, obtuse,and crenatethroughout.Hi story.— MaleFern grows in allparts of the UnitedStates and Europe.The root has a darkbrown epiderm, isalmost inodorous,and a nauseous swesttaste. It contains a green fat oil, gum, resin, lignin, tannic acid,pectin, albumen, etc. It should be gathered from June to September.After gathering,it should be carefully prepared, as on the preparationits ^^rtuoa depend. It loses its virtues in two years if not properlypreserved."3Male Fern.

THE COMPLETK HERBALIST. 89Properties and Uses.— It is used for the expulsion of worms, especiallytape-worms. It was used as such by PUny, Dioscorides, Theophrastus,and Galen. It was the celebrated secret remedy of Madame NoufCer, thewidow of a Swiss surgeon, who sold her secret to Louis XVI. for 18,000francs. It is, in fact, a royal anthelmintic, and worthy of all the highcommendations it has received from ages past up to the present time.It is one of the ingredients of my " Male Fern Vermifuge." See page4G9.FEVERFEW(Pyrethrum Parthenium).Medicinal Part. The herb.Description.— Feverfew is a perennial herbaceous plant, with a taper-Theing root, and an erect, round, and leafy stem about two feet high.leaves are alternate, petiolate, hoary green, with leaflets inclining toovate and dentate. The flowers are white and compound, and the fruita wingless, angular, and uniform achenium.History.—The j^lant is a native of Europe, but common in the UnitedStates;found occasionally in a wild state, but generally cultivated ingardens, and blossoms in June and July.but much better to alcohol.It imparts its virtues to water,Proj)erties and Uses.— It is tonic, carminative, emmenagogue, vermifuge,and stimulant. The warm infusion is an excellent remedy inrecent colds, flatulency, worms, irregular menstruation, hysteria, suppressionof urine, and in some febrile diseases. In hysteria or flatulency,one teaspoonful of the comiiound spirits of lavender forms a valuableaddition to the dose of the infusion, which is from two to four fluidounces. The cold infusion or extract makes a valuable tonic. Theleaves, in poultice, are an excellent local application in severe pain orswelling of the bowels, etc. Bees are said to dislike this plant verymuch, and a handful of the flower-heads carried where they are willcause them to keep at a distance.FIGWORT (Scrophtjlaria Nodosa).Medicinal Parts. The leaves and root.Description.— Figwort has a perennial, whitish, and iibrous root, witha leafy, erect, smooth stem from two to four feet high. The leavesare opposite, ovate ;the upper lanceolate, acute, of deep green color,and from three to seven inches in length. The flowers are small, anddark purple in color. The fruit is an ovate-oblon-g capsixle.History.— This plant is a native of Europe, but is found growing indifferent parts of the United States, in woods, hedges, damp copses,and banks, blossoming from July to October, The plants known bythe names of Carpcntefs Square, Heal All, Square Stalk, etc. (

90 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.landica and

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 91downy stem, about a foot high. The leaves are alternate, from eight totwelve inches long, about one-fourth as wide;oblong, acute, lanceolate, erect, and entire. Theflowers are large and bright yellow, some withpetals, and some without petals. The flowersopen in sunshine and cast their petals next day.History.— It is indigenous to aU parts of theUnited States, growing in dry, sandy> soils, andblossoming from May to July. The leaves andstems are covered with a white down, hence itsname. The whole plant is officinal, having a bitterish,astringent, slightly aromatic taste, andyields its properties to hot water. Prof. Eaton,in his work on botany, records this curious fact ofthe plant: "In November and December of 181GI saw hundreds of these plants sending out broad,thin, curved ice crystals, about an inch in breadthfrom near the roots. These were melted away byday, and renewed every morning for more thantwenty-five days in succession."Kock Rose.Properties and Uses.— This plant has long beenused as a valuable remedy for scrofu.la, in which disease it performs someastonishing cures. It is used in fonn of decoction, syrup, or fluid extract,but had better be used in combination with other remedies. In combinationwith CorydaUs Formosa and Stillingia it forms a most valuable remedy.It is tonic and astringent, as well as antiscrofulcus. It can be usedwith advantage in diarrhoea, as a gargle in scarlatina and aphthous ulcerations,and as a wash in scrofrdous ophthalmia. Externally, a poultice ofthe leaves is appUed to scrofulous tumors and ulcers. An oil has beenprocured from the plant which is said to be highly valuable in cancerousaffections.The HeliantJiemum, Coi'ymbosum, or Frost-weed, growing in the pinebarrens and sterile lands of the Southern and Jliddle States, possessessimilar qualities, and may be employed if the former frost-weed is notto be had. This excellent alterative is a constituent of that happy combinationof alteratives composing my "Blood Purifier," see page 469.FUMITORY (FuMARiA Officinalis).MEDicrNAL Part. The leaves.Description.— Fumitory is an annual, glaucous plant, with a sub-erect,much branched, spreading, leafy and angular stem, growing from ten tofifteen inches high. The leaves are mostly alternate. Culpepper, whoknew the plant which is now used, better than anybody else, said that" at the top of the branches stand many small flowers, as it were in a long

92 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Bpike oue above another, made like little birds, of a reddish pm-plecolor, with whitish bellies, after which come small round husks, containingsmall black seeds. The root is small, yellow, and not very long, andfull of juice when it is young. " The fruit, or nut, is ovoid or globose,one-seeded or valveless.The seeds are crestless.—History. Fumitory is found growing in cultivated soils in Europeand America, and flowers in May, June, and Jxily. The leaves are theparts used. Culpepper recomm#nded the whole plant, but the modemdecision is to use the leaves, gathered at the proper times, alone. Theyhave no odor, but taste bitter under all circumstances. They are to beused when fresh, and possess the .same qualities as Culpejjper affixes tothe fresh root, viz. :malate of lime and bitter extractive principles.Properties and — Uses. Its virtues are chiefly tonic, and those who sufferfrom diseases of the stomach know too well that a tonic, if properlydefined, is, simple as it may be, one of the most important remediesfor human ailments nature has provided. Its chief value is foundin its action upon the liver. It is used, in combination, with excellenteffect in cutaneous diseases, liver complaints, such as jaixndice,costiveness, scurvy, and in debility of the stomach. An infusion of theleaves is usually given in a wineglass (full) every four hours. The flowersand tops have been applied, macerated in wine, to dyspepsici' withpartial good effect.GAMBIR PLANT (Uncaria Gambir).JlEDicrNAL — Part. Extract of the leaves and young shoots.Description. Gambir is a stout climbing shrub with round branches.Leaves ovate, lanceolate, acute, smooth, and have short petioles. Flowersin loose heads, green and pink ; calyx short, coroUa funnel-shaped ;Btamens five,and the fruit a two-ceUed capsule.History.— It is an inhabitant of the East Indian Archipelago, where itis extensively cultivated. On the island of Bingtang alone there areGO, 000 Gambir plantations. It affords what is known as pale catechu.It is chiefly imported from Singapore.It is found in cubes which floaton water, externally brown, internally pale brick red, breaking easily.Taste bitter, very astringent, and mucilaginous. BoQing water almostcompletely dissolves it. It is used in the arts for tanning.Properties and — Uses. It is employed as an astringent. In variousaffections of the mouth it is an efficacious astringent. It is also excellentas a stomachic in dyspeptic complaints, especially when accompaniedwith pyrosis. It should be used just before taking food. It isan excellent astringent in chronic diarrhcea and dysentery.Hose.— From ten to forty graina.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 93GELSEMIN (Gelseminum Sempervirens).Common Names. Telloio Jessamine, Woodbine, Wild Jessamine.Medicinal Part. The root.Descriptio7i.— This plant has a twining, smooth, glabrous stom, withopposite, perennial, lanceolate, entire leaves, which are dark greenabove and pale beneath. The flowers are yellow, and have an agreeableodor. Calyx is very small, with five sepals, corolla funnel-shaped, stamensfive, pistils two, and the fruit a two-ceUed capsule.— History. Yellow jessamine abounds throughout the Southern States,growing luxuriantly, and climbing from tree to tree, forming an agreeableshade. It is cultivated as an ornamental vine, and flowers fromMarch to May. The root yields its virtues to water and alcohol. Gelseminis its active principle. It also contains a fixed oil, acrid resin, yellowcoloring matter, a heavy volatile oil, a crystalline substance, andsalts of potassa, lime, magnesia, ii'on, and silica.P rojêrtiesand Uses.— It is an unrivalled febrifuge, possessing relaxingand antispasmodic properties. It is efficacious in nervous and biliousheadache, colds, pneumonia, hemorrhages, leucorrhcea, ague-cake, butes^secially in all kinds of fevers, quieting all nei-vous irritability andexcitement, equalizing the cii'culation, promoting perspiration, and rectifyingthe various secretions, without causing nausea, vomiting, andpurging, and is adapted to any stage of the disease. It may follow anypreceding treatment with safety. Its effects are clouded vision, doublesightedness,or even complete prostration, and inability to open theeyes. These, however, pass completely off in a few hours, leaving thepatient refreshed, and completely restored. When the effects are inducedno more of the remedyis requii'ed. It is also of greatservice in various cardiac diseases,spermatorrhoea, and othergenital diseases ;but its useshould be confined entii-ely tothe advice of the physician.Dose.— The tincture is thefoi-m ia which it is employed.The dose is from ten to fiftydrops in a wineglass half fullof water;to be repeated everytwo hours, as long as required.GENTIAN (GentianaLutea),Medicinal Part.The root.Gentian.Description. — This plant has a long, thick, cylindrical, wrinkled,ringed, forked, perennial root, browTi externally, and yellow within,

94 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.with a stem three or four feet high, hollow, stout, and erect;leavesovate-oblong, five- veined, pale, bright green the blossoms are;large, ofa bright yellow, in many-flowered whorls and the fruit is a; capsule,stalked, oblong, — and two-valved.History. This plant is common in Central and Southern Europe, especiallyon the Pyrenees and Alps, being foimd from 3,000 to 5,000 feetabove the level of the sea. The root affords the medicinal portion, andis brought to America chiefly from Havre and Marseilles. It has afeeble aromatic odor, and a taste at fii'st faintly sweetish, and thenpurely, intensely, and permanently bitter. It imparts its virtues readilyto cold or hot water, alcohol, wine, spuits, or suliihuric ether.Properties and Uses.— Is a powerful tonic, improves the appetite,strengthens digestion, gives force to the circulation, and slightly elevatesthe heat of the body. Very useful in debility, exhaustion, dyspepsia,gout, amenorrhoea, hysteria, scrofula, inter mittents, worms, and diarrhoea.Dose.— Of the powder, ten to thirty grains of the;extract, one to tengrains ;of the infusion, a tablespoonf ul to a wineglassful ;of the tincture,one or two teaspoonfuls.Uncrystallized gentianin is a most valuable substitute for quinia,acting as readily and efficaciously on the spleen, in doses of from Qfteento thirty grains, twice a day.Gentiana Catesbei, or the Blue., or American Gentian., has aperennial, branching, somewhat fleshy root, with a simple, erect, roughstem, eight or ten inches in height, and bears large blue flowers. Itgrows in the grassy swamps and meadows of North and South Carolina,blossoming from September to December. The root is little inferior tothe foreign gentian, and may be used as a substitute for it in all cases,in the same doses and preparations.Gentiana Quinqueflora, or Five -flowered Oentian^ sometimescalled Gall-weed, on account of its intense bitterness, is very useful inheadache, liver complaint, jaundice, etc. The plant is found fromVermont to Pennsylvania, and a variety of it is common throughoutthe Western States. It grows in woods and pastures, and flowers inSeptember and October. It may be regarded as a valuable tonic andcholagogue, and deserves further investigation of its therapeutic properties.There is another kind of gentian {Oentiana Ochroleuca)., known bythe names of Marsh Gentian, Yellowish-white Gentian, Straw-coloredGentian, and Sampson Snake-weed. It has a stout, smoothi.sh, ascendingstem, one or two inches in height, its leaves two to foiu" inches long,and three-fourths to an inch and a half in width, with straw-coloredflowers two inches long by three-quarters thick, disposed m a dense,tenniual cyme, and often in axillaiy cymes. It is found in Canada

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 95and the Southern and Western States, though rarely in the latter, blossominghi September and October;the root is the officinal part, althoughthe tops are often employed. They are bitter, tonic, anthelmintic, andastringent. Used in dyspepsia, intennittents, dysentery, and aU diseasesof periodicity.To two ounces of the tops and roots pour on a pint and a half of boilingwater, and when nearly cold add a half-jpint of brandy. Dose, fromone to three tablespoonfuls every half -hour, gradually increasiug as thestomach can bear it, lengthening the intervals between the doses. It Lsalso used for bites of snakes, etc.Common Name.Medicinal Part.GILLENIA (GiLLENiA Trifoliata),Indian Physie.—The bark of the root.Description. Gillenia is an indigenous, perennial herb, with an irregular,brownish, somewhat tuberous root, having many long, knotted,stringy fibres. The several stems are from the same root, about two orthree feet high, erect, slender, smooth, and of a reddish or brownishcolor. The leaves are alternate, subsessile leaflets ; lanceolate, acuminate,sharply dentated flowers are; white, with a reddish tinge ;andthe fruit a two-valved, one-celled capsule. Seeds are oblong, brown,and bitter.— History. This species is found scattered over the United States fromCanada to Florida, on the eastern side of the Alleghanies, occurring inopen hilly woods, in light gravelly soU. The period of flowering is inMay, and the fruit is matured in August. The root yields its virtues toboiling water and alcohol.Properties and Uses. — It is emetic, cathartic, diaphoretic, expectorant,and tonic. It resembles ipecac in action. It is useful in amenorrhcea,rheumatism, dropsy, costiveness, dyspepsia, worms, and intermittentfever. It may be used in all fevers where emetics are required.Dose.— As an emetic, twenty to thirty-five grains of the powder, asoften as required ;as a tonic, two to four grains ;as a diaphoretic, sixgrains in cold water, and repeated at intervals of two or three hours.GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM.Common Name. Cotton.Medicinal Part. The inner lark of the root.Description.— Cotton is a biennial or triennial herb, wath a fusiformroot, with a round pubescent branching stem about five feet high. Theleaves are hoary, palmate, with five sub-lanceolate, rather acute lobes ;flowers are yellow ; calyx cup-shaped, petals five, deciduous, with apurple spot near the base; stigmas, three or five and the fruit a three;or five-celled capsule, with three or five seeds involved in cotton.

96 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.History.— It is a native of Asia;but is cultivated extensively in manyparts of the world, and in the Southern portions of America more successfullythan anywhere else. The inner bark of the recent root is thepart chieflj' used in medicine. Its active principle, which is that administeredby aU educated herbal physicians, is called Qossypiin.Projierties and Usea.— The jDreparation Gossypiiri is most excellent fordiseases of the utero-genital organs. In these diseases it evinces its soleand only virtues, and it ought, on every occasion where it can be procuredin its purity, to be used in the stead of ergot, or smut rye, incases of difficult labor. The latter wiU produce uterine inflammation,and puei-peral fever, whUe gossypiin will achieve the beneficial effectsfor which ergot is usually administered, and leave the system perfectlyfree from any prejudicial after-results. The active piinciple of fresh cottonroot forms a most wonderfid uterine tonic, ard, if correctly prepared,will be found invaluable in sterility, vaginitis, whites, menstrual irregularities,gi-een sickness, etc. I do not recommend the use of the decoctionof the root by inexperienced persons. The seeds are said to possesssuperior anti-periodic properties.GLOBE FLOWER (Cephalanthus Occidentalis).Common Names. Button Bush, Pond Dogwood, etc. iMedicinal Part. — The bark.*Description.— This is a handsome shrub, growing from six to twelveor more feet high, with a rough bark on the stem, but smooth on thebranches. The leaves are opposite, oval, acuminate, in whorls of three,from three to five inches long by two to three wide. The flowers arewhite, and resemble those of the sycamore, and the fruit a hard and drycapsule.— Ilintory.- This plant is indigenous, and found in damp places, alongthe margins of rivers, ponds, etc., flowering from June to September.The bark is very bitter, and yields its virtues to water and alcohol.Projicrties and Uses.— Tonic, febrifuge, aperient, and diuretic. It isused with much success in iatermittent and remittent fevers. The innerbark of the root forms an agreeable bitter, and is employed in coughs andIt deserves more notice than it receives, for my experience withgravel.it teaches me that it is a valuable medicinal plant.GOLDEX SEAL (Hydrastis Canadensis).Common Names. Yelhio Puccoon, Ground Pasj)berry, TurmerieJl(K)t,etc.Medicinal Part.The root.— DeKoription. This indigenous plant has a perennial root or rhizome,wliich is tortuous, knotty, creeping, internally of a bright yellow color,with long fibres. The stem is erect, simple, herbaceous, rounded, from

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 97six to twelve inches high, bearing two unequal terminal leaves. Thetwo leaves are alternate, palmate, having from three to five lobes, hairy,dark-green, cordate at base, from four to nine iaches wide when fullgrown. The flower is a soUtary one, small, white or rose-colored, audthe fruit resembles a raspberry, is red, and consists of many two-seededdiupes.Ilistorp. — Golden seal is found growing in shady woods, in rich soils,aiid damp meadows in different parts of the United States and Canada,but is more abundant west of the Alleghanies. It flowers in May andJune. The root is the officinal part. Its virtues are imparted to wateror alcohol. The root is of a beautiful yellowcolor, and when fresh is juicy, and usedby the Indians to color their clothing, etc.Properties and — Uses. The root is a powerfultonic, at the same time exerting anespecial influence upon the mucous surfacesand tissues, with which it comes in contact.Internally, it is successfully administered indyspepsia, chronic affections of the mucouscoats of the stomach, erysipelas ; remittent,intermittent, and typhoid fevers; toipor ofthe liver, and wherever tonics are required.In some instances it proves laxative, butwithout any astringency, and seems to rankin therapeutical action between rhubarb andblood-root.A strong decoction of two parts of GoldenSeal and one part of Geranium or CranebiU,GoUcn Seal.is very valuable in gleet, chronic gonorrhoea,and leucorrhcea, used in injection. It is likewise of much benefit in ^?^cipientstricture., spermatorrhoia., and inflammation and ulceration of theinternal coat of the bladder. Ulceration of the internal coat of thebladder may be cured by the decoction of Golden Seal alone. It mustbe injected into the bladder, and held there as long as the patient canconveniently retain To it. be repeated three or four times a day, immediatelyafter emptying the bladder.Dose.— Of the powder, from ten to thirty grains ;of the tincture, fromone to two fluid drachms.Common Name.Medicinal Part.GOLD THREAD (Coptis Tuifolia).Mouth-root.The root.Description.— This plant has a small, creeping, pereimial root, of abright yellow color the stems are;round, slender, and at the base areoQ

98 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.invested with ovate, acuminate, yellowish scales.The leaves are evergreen,on long, slender petioles ; leaflets roundish, acute at base, smalland smooth, and veiny and sessile. The flower is a small starry whiteone, and the fruit an oblong capsule, containing many small blackseeds.— History. Goldthread is found growing in dark swamps and sphagnouswoods in the northern parts of the United States, and in Canada,Greenland, Iceland, and Siberia. It flowers early in the spring to July.The root is the medicinal part, and autumn is the season for collectingit.Properties and Uses.— It is a pure and powerful bitter tonic, somewhatlike quassia, gentian, and columbo, without any astringency. Itmay be beneficially used in aU cases where a bitter tonic is required, andis decidedly efficacious as a wash or gargle, when a decoction, in variousulcerations of the mouth. In dyspepsia, and in chronic inflammationof the stomach, equal parts of goldthread and golden seal, made intoa decoction, with elixir vitriol added in proper quantity, will not onlyprove effectual, but in many instances wfll permanently destroy theappetite for alcoholic beverages.Dose.— Of the powder or tincture, from half a drachm to a drachm;of the decoction, the dose is from one wineglassful to a teacupfut, Thetincture, made by adding an ounce of the powdered root to a pint ofdiluted alcohol, is preferable to the powder. The dose is from twentydrops to a teaspoonful, three times a day.GUAIAC (GuAiACUM Officinale).Common Name. Lignum Vitce.JIedicenal Parts. The wood and resin.Description.— This is a tree of slow growth, attaining a height of fromthirty to forty feet;stem commonly crooked;bark fiin-owed;woodvery hard, heavy, the fibres crossing each other diagonally. Leavesbijugate leaflets obovate or; oval, obtuse, and evergreen. Flowers lightblue, and the fruit an obcordate capsule.Jlistori/.— This tree is an inhabitant of the West Indian Islands, andon the neighboring part of the continent. The wood is used by turnersfor making block-sheaves, pestles, etc., and isvery hard and dm-able.Both the wood and resin are used in medicine. Alcohol is the bestsolvent.Properties and Uses.—The wood or resign, taken internally, commonlyexcites a warmth in the stomach, a dryness of mouth, or thirst. It isan acrid stimulant, and increases the heat of the body and acceleratesthe circulation.If the body be kept warm while using the decoction, itis diaphoretic ;if cool, it is diuretic.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 99It is used in ckronic rheumatism, cutaneous diseases, scrofula, andsyphiliticDose.— diseases.Decoction of the wood, two to four ounces;of powdered resin,five to twenty grains ; tinctiu-e, one to four tluid drachms.HAZEL (Witch) (HAMAiiELis Virginica).Common NAirES. Winterbloom., Snaj^ping-Jiazelnut, Spotted Alder.Medicinal Parts. The bark and leaves.Description.— This indigenous shrub consists of several crooked,branching stems, from the same root, from four to six inches in diameterand ten to twelve feet high, covered with a smooth gray bark. Theleaves are on short petioles, alternate, oval or obovate flowers ; yellow ;calyx small, petals four, and the fruit a nut-like capsule or pod.of the United— History. It grows in damp woods, in nearly all partsStates, flowering from September to November, when the leaves arefalling, and maturing its seeds the next summer. The barks and leavesare the parts used in medicine. They possess a degree of fragrance,and when chewed are at first somewhat bitter, very sensibly astringent,and then leave a pungent sweetish taste, which remains for a considerabletime. Water extracts their virtues. The shoots are used as diciningrods to discover water and metals under ground by certain adepts inthe occult arts.Properties and Uses.— It is tonic, astringent, and sedative. A decoctionof the bark isvery useful in hemoptysis, hematemesis, andother hemorrhaj,-es or bleedings, as well as in diarrhoea, dysenteiy,and excessive mucous discharges. It is employed mth great advantagein incipient phthisis or consumption, in which it is supposed to uniteanodyne influences with its others.The Indians use it in the form of poultice, in external inflammations,swellings, and all tumors of a painful character.The decoction may be advantageously used as a wash or injectionfor sore mouth, painful tumors, external inflammations, bowol complaints,prolapsus ani and uteri, leucorrhoea, gleet, and ophthalmia.An Ointment made with lard, and a decoction of white-oak bark,apple-tree bark, and witch-hazel, is a very valuable remedy for hemorrhoidsor piles.The following forms a useful preparation Take equal parts of witchhazelbark, golden seal, and lobelia leaves, the two first made into a:strong decoction, after which add the lobelia to the hot liquid, andcover ;when cold, strain. This decoction, as a collyrium, will frequentlyand speedily cure the most obstinate and long-standing cases ofophthalmia.Dose of the witch-hazel decoction alone, from a wineglassful to a teacupful,three or four times a day.

100 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.HELLEBORE (American) (Veratrum Yiride).Common Names. Swamp Hellebore^ Indian Poke^ Itch-weed.Medicinal Part. The rhizome.Description. — This plant has a perennial, thick, and fleshy rhizome,ttmicated at the upper part, sending off a multitude of large whitishroots. The stem is from three to five feet high ;lower leaves from sixHellebore.inches to a foot long, oval, acuminate; upper leavesgradually narrower, linear, lanceolate, and all alternate.The flowers are numerous and green, partof them barren.— Ilistoi'y. American Hellebore is native to theUnited States, growing in swamps, low grounds,and moist meadows, blossoming in June and July.The roots should be gathered in autumn, and as itrapidly loses its virtues, it should be gathered annuallyand kept in weU-closed vessels. Whenfresh, it has a very strong, unpleasant odor, butwhen dried is inodorous. It has a sweetish-bittertaste, succeeded by a persistent acridity.Properties and Uses.— It has many very'^valuableproperties. It is slightly acrid, confining thisaction to the mouth and fauces. It is unsiirpassedby any article as an exjêctorant. As a diaphoretic,it is one of the most certain of the whole materiamedica, often exciting gi'eat coolness and coldnessof the surface. In suitable doses it can be reliedupon to bring the pulse down from a hundred andfifty beats in a minute to forty, or even to thirty.Sometimes it renders the skin merely soft and moist, and at othersof the heart, acute rheumatism, and in manyproduces free and abundant perspiration. In fevers, in some diseasesother conditions which involvean excited state of the circulation, it is of exceeding great value.As a deobstruent or alterative, it far surpasses iodine, and thereforeused with great advantage in the treatment of cancer, scrofula, and consumption.It is nervine, and never narcotic, which property rendersit of great value in all painful diseases, or such as are accompaniedwith spasmodic action, convulsions, morbid irritability and irritativemobility, as in chorea, epilepsy or fits, pneumonia, puerperal fever,neuralgia, etc., producing these effects without stupefying and torpifyingthe system, as opium is known to do. As an emetic, it is slow, butcertain and efficient, rousing the liver to action, and vomits withoutoccasioning prostration or exhaustion like other emetics, being themore valuable in not being cathartic. It is peculiarly adapted as a!i

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 101emetic in whooping-cough, croup, asthma, scarlet fever, and in all caseswhere there is much febrile or inflammatory action. As an arterialsedative it stands unparalleled and unequalled, while in small doses itcreates and promotes appetite beyond any agent known to medical men.It has recently come into use, and may be justly regarded as one ofthe most valuable contributions to the list of medicines in a hundredyears.Dose.— Veratrum is usually given in the form of a tincture, the formulabeing of the dried root, eight ounces to sixteen ounces diluted.835 alcohol, macerating for two weeks, then to be expressed and filtered.To an adult eight drops are given, which should be repealedevery three hours, increasing the dose one or two drops every timenntU nausea or vomiting, or reduction of the pulse to sixty-five or seventy,ensue, then reduce to one-half in all cases. Females and personsfrom fourteen to eighteen should commence with six drops and increaseas above. For children, from two to five years, begin with two drops,and increase one drop only. Below two years of age, one drop is sufficient.If taken in so large a dose asto produce vomiting or too much depression,a full dose of morphine oropium, in a little brandy or ginger, isa complete antidote. In pneumonia,typhoid fever, and many other diseases,it must be continued from three toseven days after the symptoms havesubsided. In typhoid fever, whileusing the veratrum, quinia is absolutelyinadmissible. It is administered in alittle sweetened water, and its employmentin moderate doses, or short ofnausea, may be continued indefinitelywithout the least inconvenience.The Helleborus Niger, Black Hellebore.,inhabiting the subalpine andsouthern parts of Europe, was formerlymuch used in palsy, insanity, apoplexy,HeUebonis Niger.dropsy, epilepsy, etc. but is now more,or less discarded. It has diuretic and emmenagogue properties, butas it is very toxical in effects, its use is not to be advised in domesticpractice.HENBANE (Hyoscyamus Niger).Medicinal, — Parts. The leaves and seeds.Description. Henbane is a biennial plant. It has a long, thick, spindle-shaped,corrugated root, which is of a brown color externally, but

103 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.whitish internally. The stem sometimes reaches the height of twofeet, but often stops at an altitude of six inches. The leaves are large,oblong, acute, alternate, and of a pale, dull green color. They havelong, glandular hairs upon the midrib. The flowers are funnel-shaped,of a dull yellow color, with purijle veins and orifice. The seeds aremany, small, obovate, and brownish.Histary.— Henbane is original with Europe, but has been naturalizedin America. It grows in waste grounds, and flowers from July to September.The leaves and seeds are the parts medicinally used. Theleaves are collected in the second year, when the plant is in flower the;seeds are gathered when perfectly ripe. It grows more plentifully thanelsewhere in America, in the waste grounds of old settlements, in graveyards,and around the foundations of ruined houses. Bruise the recentleaves, and they emit a strong narcotic odor, like tobacco. Dry them,and they have little smell or taste. Their virtues are completely extractedby diluted alcohol. The active principle of Henbane is calledJlyosckmiia, but all the recognized preparations are now known by thegeneral name of Hyoscyamus.Properties and Uses.— Henbane is a powerful narcotic, but, unless improperlyand injudiciously used, it is not ' ' dangerously " poisonous, aswe learn from King. All narcotics are ' ' dangerously " poisonous if dangerouslyadministered. Nature grows wild her most potent medicinalherbs, and those which, if used by persons who understand them, arecurative of the very worst alflictions of the human race, are also destructiveto a small extent if applied and admiuistered by parties whohave not thoroughly studied their properties. Medicinally used. Henbaneis calmative, hypnotic, anodyne, and antispasmodic. It is muchbetter than opium, as it does not produce constipation. It is alwaysgiven, where opium does not agree, with the very best effects. I use itprincipally to cause sleep, and remove irregular nervous action. Combinedwith other preparations mentioned in many parts of this volume,it is most excellent for gout, rheumatism, asthma, chronic cough, neuralgia,irritations of the urinary organs, etc. The leaves make fine externalpreparations for glandular swellings or ulcers, etc. I instruct mypatients never to use it,under any circumstances, without the advice ofa good herbal physician.HOARHOUND (Marrubium Vulgare),MEDicrNAL — Part. Theherb.Description. This well-known herb has a fibrous, perennial root andnumerous annual, bushy stems, leaf}', and branching from the bottomto one or two feet in height. The leaves are roundish-ovate, rough andveiny above, woolly on the under surface, one or two inches in diameter;the flowers small and white.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 103Ektory.—RoaAoxmd is a native of Europe, but has been naturalizedin the United States, where it is very common. It grows on dry sandyfields, waste grounds, and road-sides, flowering from June to September.The entire plant has a white or hoary appearance ;the whole herb ismedicinal, and should be gathered before its efflorescence. It has apeculiar, rather agreeable, vinous, balsamic odor, and a very bitter, aromatic,somewhat acrid and persistent taste.alcohol or water.Properties and Uses.— A stimulant, tonic,Its virtues are imparted toexpectorant, and diuretic.It is used in the form of syrup., in coughs, colds, chronic catarrh,asthma, and aU pulmonary affections. The warm infusion will produceperspiration and flow of urine, and is used with great benefit in jaundice,asthnaa, hoarseness, amenorrhoea, and hysteria. The cold infusion isan excellent tonic in some forms of dyspepsia. It \vill expel worms andact as a purgative in large doses. It enters into the composition ofseveral syrups and candies.Dose.— Of the powder, one drachm ;half to a teacupfuLof the infusion or syrui), fromHOUND'S TONGUE (Cynoglosstjm Officinale).Medicinal Parts. The leaves and root.Description.— This biennial plant has an erect stem one or two feethigh. The leaves are hoary, with soft down on both sides, acute, lanceolate,radical ones petiolate, cauUne ones sessile, with cordate bases.The flowers are in clusters, calyx do^vny, corolla reddish purple, andfruit a depressed acheuium.History.— Cynoglossum Officinale grows on the road-sides and wasteplaces of both Europe and America. The leaves and the root are theparts used in medicine;but the preference I give to the root. This,upon being gathered, emits an unpleasant and somewhat heavy odor,which vanishes when it is dried. Its taste is bitter and mawkish. Thefresh root is spoken of by several herbalists as being better than thedesiccated or dried, but this probably arises fTom the fact that the rootsthey used had not been gathered at the proper time, dried in the correctway, or kept in a skilful manner. The dried root is quite as activeas the fresh, if prepared by a person who knows its qualities.Properties and Uses.— It is chiefly valuable for coughs, catarrhs,bleeding from the lungs, and other disorganizations of the respiratoryapparatus. The leaves and root are both applied, with great benefit,as a poultice to old ulcers, scrofulous tumors, bums, goitre, and recentbruises and abrasions. In my several remedies the values of manyof the plants described at length in these pages are most thoroughlyembraced. The object in giving such plants a descriptive space eachis to enable the reader, in extraordinary emergencies, to be 7iis own

104 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.•physician until he can g-et a better one, and to show him that whathe treads on may, without his knowledge, contain the germs of hisrejuvenation.Cynoglossum Morrisoni, or Virginia Mouse-ear, Beggars' Lice,Dysentery Weed, etc., is an annual weed with an erect hairy, leafystem, two to four feet high. Leaves three to four inches long, oblong,lanceolate;flowers very small, white, or pale blue. It grows in rockygrounds and among rubbish. The whole plant has an unpleasant odor.The root is the medicinal part. It is very efficacious in diarrhoea anddysentery. The root may be chewed or given in powder or infusion adlibitum.HOPS (Htxmtjltjs Luptilus).Medicinal Part. The strobiles or cones.Description.— This well-known twining plant has a perennial root,with many annual angular stems. The leaves are opposite, deep green,serrated, venated, and very roixgh. The flowers are numerous and of agreenish color. Fruit a strobile.Ilistoi'y.— This plant is found in China, the Canary Islands, all partsof Europe, and in many places in the United States. It is largely .cultivatedin England and the United States for its cones or strobiles, -v^hichare used medicinally, and in the manufacture of beer, ale, and porter.The odor of hops is peculiar and somewhat agreeable, their taste slightlyastringent and exceedingly bitter. They yield their virtues to boilingwater, but a better solvent than water is diluted alcohol. Lupulin isthe yellow powder procured by beating or rubbing the strobiles, andthen sifting out the grains, which form about one-seventh part of theHops. Lupulin is in globose kidney-shaped grains, golden yellow andsomewhat transparent, and preferable to the Hops itself. LnpuUte isthe bitter principle of Hops, and is obtained by making an aqueoussolution of Lupulin.Projierties and Uses.— Hops are tonic, hypnotic, febrifuge, antilithic,and anthelmintic. They are principally used for their sedative or hypnoticaction— -producing sleep, removing restlessness, and abating pain,but sometimes failing to do so. A pillow stuffed with Hops is a favoriteway for obtaining sleep. The lupulin or its tincture is used in deliriumtremens, nervous irritation, anxiety, exhaustion, and does not disorderthe stomach, nor cause constipation, as with opium. It is also u.seful iuafter-pains, to prevent chordee, suppress venereal desires, etc. Externally,in the form of a fomentation alone, or combined with Boneset orother bitter herbs, it has proved beneficial in pneumonia, pleurisy, gastritis,enteritis, and as an application to painful swellings and tumors.An ointment, made by boiling two parts of Stramonium leaves and oneof Hops in lard, is an excellent application in salt rheum, ulcers, and

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 105painful tumors. It is a powerful antaphrodisiac, composing the genitalorgans, quieting painful erections in gonorrhoea,Dose.— etc.Fluid extract, half a drachm to a drachm;solid extract, fiveto twenty grains ;tincture (two and a half ounces of hops to one pint ofalcohol), three to six drachms ; infusion (four drachms to one pint ofhot water), a wineglass to a cupful of Lupxilin^ the dose six to tengrains ;tinct. of Lupulin (two ounces of Lupulin to one pint of alcohol),one to two teaspoonfuls in sweetened water. Fifteen to twenty grainswell rubbed up with white sugar ia a mortar is very efficacious in priapism,chordee, and spermatorrhoea.Medicinal Part.HOUSE-LEEK (SEMPERvrvuM Tectorum).The leaves.— Description. House-leek has a fibrous root, with several tufts of oblong,acute, extremely succulent leaves. The stem from the centre ofthese tufts is about a foot high, erect, round, and downy flowers;large,pale rose-colored, and scentless. Offsets spreading.History.— This perennial plant is a native of Europe, and is so succulentthat it vsdll grow on dry walls, roofs of houses, etc. It flowers inAugust. It is much cultivated in some places. The leaves containsuper-malate of lime.Properties and Uses.— The fresh leaves are useful as a refrigerantwhen bruised, and applied as a poultice ia erysipelatous affections, burns,stings of iasects, and other inflammatory conditions of the skin. Theleaves, sliced in two, and the inner surface applied to warts is a positiveskin diseases. The leaves alsocure for them. It can be used for manypossess an astringent property, serviceable in many cases.HYSSOP (Hyssopus Officinalis).Medicinal Parts. The tops and leaves.Description.— Hyssop is a perennial herb, with square stems, woodyat the base, and a foot or two in height, with rod-like branches. Theleaves are opposite, sessile, linear, and lanceolate, green on each side ;flowers, bluish-purple, seldom white;stamens four.History.— It is an inhabitant of Europe and this country, being raisedprincipally in gardens, and flowers in July. The taste of the leaves ishot, spicy, and somewhat bitter, and yield their virtues to water andalcohol. They contain yellow oil and sulphur.Properties and Uses.— Stimrdant, aromatic, carminative, and tonic.Generally used in quinsy and other sore-throats, as a gargle with sage.As an expectorant it is beneficial in asthma, coughs, etc. The leavesapplied to bruises speedily relieve the pain and remove the discoloration.5*

106 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Common Name.Medicinal Part.IBERISAMAEA.Bitter Candy Tuft.The seeds.Description.— This plant has a herbaceous stem, about a foot inheight, with — acute, toothed leaves, and bright white flowers.History. The leaves, stem, root, and seeds are used;the seeds especially.The plant is an annual, carefully cultivated in Europe, butgrows wild also. It flowers in June and July.Properties and Uses.— The ancients employed it in gout, rheumatism,and diseases of a kindred nature. We use it, compounded with otherherbal preparations, for such diseases in their worst fonns, and we alsouse it by itself, in certain proportions, to allay excited action of theheart, particidarly where the heart is enlarged. In asthma, bronchitis,and dropsy it is now considered one of the most excellent ingredients ofcertain cures for those afliictions. The dose is from one to five grains ofthe powdered seeds.Medicinal Part.ICELAND MOSS (Cetraria Islandica).Tlie plant.Descrijition and History.— Iceland Moss is a perennial, f oliaceot^s plantfrom two to four inches high ;a native of Britain and the northerncountries of Eiu-ope, particularly Iceland. It is diversified in its color,being brownish or grajish-white in some parts, and of a reddish hue inothers. It is without odor, with a mucilaginous, bitter, somewhatastringent taste, and when dry the lichen is crisp, cartilaginous, and coriaceous,and is convertible into a grayish-white powder. It swells up inwater, absorbing more than its own weight of that fluid, and communicatinga portion of its bitterness to it, as weU as a little mucilage when;long chewed it is converted into a mucilaginous pulp, and when boiledin water the decoction becomes a linn jelly on cooling.Properties and Uses.— It is demulcent, tonic, and nutritious. Usedas a demulcent in chronic catarrh, chronic dyscnteiy, and diarrhoea, andas a tonic in dyspepsia, convalescence, and exhausting diseases. Boiledwith milk it forms an excellent nutritive and tonic in phthisis and generaldebUity. Its tonic virtues depend upon its cetrarin^ which, if removed,renders the lichen merely nutritious.IRON WEED (Vernonia Fasciculata).Medicinal Part. The root.Dcicrijyt'on.— This is an indigenous, perennial, coarse, purplish-greeuweed, with a stem from three to ten feet high. The leaves are fromfour to eight inches long, one or two broad, lanceolate, tapering to eachend.Corolla showy, and dark purple.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 107History.— This is a very common plant to tlie Western States, growingin woods and prairies, and along rivers and streams, flowering from Julyto September. The root is bitter, and imparts its virtues to water andalcohol.Properties and Uses.— It is a bitter tonic, deobstruent, and alterative.In powder or decoction the root is beneficial in amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhcea,leucorrhcea, and menorihagia. It is useful in scrofula and somecutaneous diseases.Dose.— Of the decoction, one or two fluid ounces;of the tincture, oneor two fluid drachms. The leaves or powdered root make an excellentdiscutient application to tumors.IVY (American)(Ampelopsis QumQijEFOLiA).Common Names. Woodbine, Virginia Creeper., Five Leaves, FalseOrape, Wild icood-vine.Medicinal Parts. The bark and twigs.Description.— This is a woody vine, with a creeping stem, digitateleaves leaflets ; acuminate, petiolate, dentate, and smooth;flowers inconspicuous,greenish, or white and the fruit a;berry, acid, dark blue,and small.History.— The American Ivy is a common, famUiar, shrubby vine,climbing extensively, and, by means of its radiating tendrils, supportingitself fii-mly on trees, stone walls, churches, etc., and ascending to theheight of from fifty to a hundred feet. The bark and the twigs are theparts usually used. Its taste is acrid and persistent, though not unpleasant,and its decoction is mucilaginous. The bark should be collectedafter the berries have ripened. It is like the ivy of England andother countries.Properties and Uses.— Alterative, tonic, astringent, and expectorant.It is used principally in form of syrup in scrofula, dropsy, bronchitis,and other pulmonary complaints. An old author affirms that there is avery great antipathy between wine and ivy, and therefore it is a remedyto preserve against drunkenness, and to relieve or cure intoxication bydrinking a draught of wine in which a handful of bruised ivy leaveshave been boiled.Dose.— Of the decoction of syrup, from one to four tablespoonfuls,three times a day.JALAP (Ipomcea Jalafa).Medicinal Part. Tlieroot.Description.— Jalap has a fleshy, tuberous root, with numerous roundishtubercles. It has several stems, which are smooth, browmish, sUghtlyrough, with a tendency to twine. The leaves are on long petioles, the

108 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.first hastate, succeeding ones cordate, acuminate, and mucronate.Jalap.energetic influence on the bowels, or toobtain large evacuations. In intestinal inflammationsit should not be used.Base.— Powder, ten grains.calyx has no bracts;Thecorolla funnel-shaped,pui-ple, and long. Fruit a capsule.History.— This plant grows in Mexico,at an elevation of nearly six thousand feetabove the level of the sea, near Chicanquiacoand Xalapa, from which it is exported, andfrom which last-named place it also receivesits name. It is generally imported in bags,containing one or two hundred pounds. Theworm-eaten root is the most energetic, aathe active part is untouched by them.soluble in water and alcohol.It isProperties and Uses.— Jalap is irritantand cathartic, operating energetically, andproduces liquid stools. It is chiefly employedwhen it is desired to produce anJAMESTOWN WEED (Datura Stramonium).CoM^îON Names. Thorn- Apple, Stinkwced, Apple-peru, etc.MEDicmAL Parts. The leaves and seeds.Description.— This plant is a bushy, smooth, fetid, annual plant, twoor three feet in height, and in rich soil even more. The root is ratherlarge, of a whitish color, giving off many fibres. The stem is muchbranched, forked, spreading, leafy, of a yellowish-green color. Theleaves are large and smooth, from the forks of the stem, and are unevenat the base. The flowers are about three inches long, erect, large, andwhite. The fruit is a large, dry, prickly capsule, with four valves andnumerous black reniform seeds. There is the Datura Tatvla, or pui-pleStramonium, which differs from the above in having a deep purple stem,etc.History.— Stramonium is a well-known poisonous weed, growing uponwaste grounds ;uad road-sides, in all parts of the United States. It isfound in very m;uiy parts of the world. The whole plant has a fetid,narcotic odor, which diminishes as it dries. Almost every part of theplant is possessed of medicinal properties, but the officinal parts are theleaves and seeds. The leaves should be gathered when the flowers arefull-blown, and carefully dried in the shade. They impart their propertiesto water, alcohol, and the fixed oils. The seeds are small, reniform,compressed, roughish, dark brown or black when ripe, grayish-brown^

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 109when, unripe. They yield what is called Daiuria^ which may be obtainedby exhausting the bruised seeds with boiling rectified alcohol, andthen proceeding as for the active principle of other seeds of a similarcharacter.Properties and Uses.— In large doses it is an energetic narcotic poison.The victims of this poison suffer the most intense agonies, and die inmaniacal delirium. In medicinal doses it is an anodyne, antispasmodic,and is often used as a substitute for opium. It is used with fair effectin cases of mania, epilepsy, gastritis, delirium tremens, and enteritis;also in neuralgia, rheumatism, and all periodic pains. The dried andsmoked leaves are useful in spasmodic asthma, but as there are othermeans much more certain to cure, and less dangerous, I,and other herbalists,seldom or never recommend them. Daturia is seldom employedin medicine, being a very active and powerfrd poison. I should advisemy readers never to emjiloy it, vmless they be physicians but I deemed;proper to give it a place in this work, as its medicinal qualities are quiteimportant, if its use is intrusted to proper and educated persons.JUNIPER(JuNiPERUS Communis).Medicinal Part. The berries.Descri^^tion.— This is a small evergreen shrub, never attaining theheight of a tree, with many very close branches. The leaves areattached to the stem in threes. The fruit is fleshy, of dark-purplishcolor, ripening — the second year from the flower.Histoi'y. Juniper grows in diy woods and hills, and flowers in May.The American berries contain less virtue than those imported fromEurope. The oil is contained in the spirituous hquor called Hollandgin. The berries yield their properties to hot water and alcohol.Properties and Uses.— The berries and oil are stimulating, carminative,and diuretic.It is especially useful in averting mucous discharges,especially from the iirethra.Dose^— Of the berries, from one to two drachms ;of the oil, from fourto twenty minims.KINO (Pterocarpus Marsupium),Medicinal — Part. Concrete juice.JJescHption. Kino is a leafy tree, vdth the outer coat of the barkbrown, and the inner red, fibrous, and astringent. Branches smooth,leaves alternate; leaflets, from five to seven, alternate, elliptical, andrather emarginate flowers;very numerous, white, with a tinge of yellow;fruit a legume on a long petiole.— Hiatvry. Kino is the juice of the tree, obtained by making longitudinalincisions in the bark. It flows freely, is of a red color, and bydryiugr it in the sun it cracks into irregular angular masses. The frag-

110 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,ments are reddish, black, translucent, and niby-red on the edges, inodorous,and very astiingent. When chewed it tinges the saliva bloodred.Alcohol dissolves about two-thirds of it. It is chiellj importedfi-om Malabar. It inhabits the Circur moimtains and forests of theMalabar coast.Properties and Uses.— Employed in medicine as an energetic astringentonly, principally in obstinate chronic diarrhoea. It is also administeredas an astiingent in leucorrhoea and sanguineous exudations. As atopical remedy, it is ai)plied to llabby ulcers, and used as a gargle, injection,and wash.Dose.— Of the powder, from ten to thirty grains.KIDNEY LIVER-LEAF (Hepatic A Americvna).Medicinal — Part. The plant.Description. This is a perennial plant, the root of which consists ofnumerous strong fibres. The leaves are all radical, on long, hairy petioles,smooth, evergreen, cordate at base, the new ones appearing laterthan the flowers. The flowers appear almost as soon as the snow leavesthe ground in the spring. Fruit an ovate achenium.Hepatica Actitaloba, or Ueart Liver-lc(iJ\ which possesses the^samemedicinal qualities, differs from the above in having the leaves with threeovate, pointed lobes, or sometimeis five-lobcd. They both bear white,blue, or purplish flowers, which apjiear late in March or early in Aj^ril.History.— These plants are common to the United States, growing inwoods and upon elevated situations— the former, which is the most common,being found on sides of hills, exposed to the north, and the latteron the southern aspect. The plants yield their virtues to water.Properties and Uses.— It is a mild, mucilaginous astringent, and isfreely used in infusion, in fevers, disêases of the liver;and for bleedingfrom the lungs, coughs, etc., it is a most valuable curative.Dose.— Infusion taken ad libitum.KOUSSO (Bkayera Anthelmintica).Medicinal Part. The leaves.Description.— This is a tree, growing about twenty feet high, withround rusty branches. The leaves are crowded, alternate leaflets;oblong, acute, and sen-ate ;flowers small, greeni.sh, and becoming purplethe fruit so far unknown.;— History. This tree gi-ows upon the table-lands of Northeastern Abyssinia,at an elevation of several thousand feet. The flowers are theparts used. They are gathered when in full bloom, and are used intheir fresh state, but are equally valuable when properly dried. Afterdrying they are powdered, and in this form they are mixed with warm

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Illwater and administered. The value of this medicine has been knownfor a long time, having been introduced in the French practice overforty years ago. It is qiiitedifficult to procure even theadulterated or spurious articlera America or England ;the genuine is not to be obtainedat any price in thedrug-stores. In the stores,however, can be obtained, atgreat cost, an active resinousprinciple, extracted from theflovirers, and sometimes theunripe fruit, to which thenames of Tamiin and Kmis-»m have been given. Thedose of this is set down attwenty grains.Prcqêrtles and Uses.— Inlarge doses it wUl produceheat of the stomach, nausea,and sometimes vomiting,and occasionally will actKousso.powerfully on the bowels;bitt this is only when injudiciously taken.Its chief ijroperty is developed in the destruction and expulsion of worms,espedally the twpe-icwm. It is the surest of all remedies for that distressingaffliction, when compounded with other ingredients which Ihave mentioned elsewhere. Taken in the proper dose, it seems to haveno general effect, but operates wholly and solely upon the worms. Thedose of the powdered flowers in infusion is half an ounce to half a pintof warm water. It must be reduced for children. If the medicine doesnot operate in four hours, use castor-oil.nay Male Fern Vermifuge. (See page 469.)It is one of the ingi-edients ofLADIES' SLIPPER (Cypripedium Pubescens).Common Names. American Valerian., JJmhel, Nerve-root, Yelloio-Mbccasin flower, Noali^s Ark.Medicinal Part. The root.Description.— This indigenous plant has a perennial, fibrous, fleshyroot, from which arise several round leafy stems, from twelve to eighteeninches high. The leaves are from three to six inches long, by two orthree broad, oblong, lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, alternate, generallythe same number on each side. Flowers large and very showy,and pale yellow.

112 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.History.— This plant grows here in rich woods and meadows, andflowers in May and June. There are several varieties of it, but as theyall possess the same medicinal properties, a description of each is notrequisite or desirable.Properties and Uses.— The fibrous roots are the parts used in medicine,and they should be gathered and carefully cleansed in August orSeptember. The properties and uses are various. The preparationsmade from these roots are tonic and stimulant, diaphoretic, and antispasmodic,and are considered to be unequalled in remedying hysteria,chorea, nervous headache, and all cases of nervous irritability. Combinedwith a certain foreign plant of a mucilaginous character, andgrowing near the sea-shore, it is an unfailing cure of fever and ague.The preparation has, however, to be skilfully comijounded. Any oneafflicted by fever and ague may write to me for particulars and I willgladly and promptly furnish them. They are also used for delirium,neuralgia, and hypochondria. The form of preparation is an alcoholicextract.Dose.— From ten to twenty grains ; tincture, from one to three fluiddrachms; infusion, from one to four fluid ounces. "When made intopowder, one drachm in warm water is a dose, and may beseason, as often as may be required.repeated, inLARCH (Abies Larix).Medicinal Part. Resinous exudation.Deserifition.— Larch is a very lofty and graceful tree, with widespreadingbranches. The buds are alternate, perermial, cup-shaped,scaly, producing annually a pencil-like tuft. Male flowers drooping,about half an inch long, yellow ;female flowers erect, larger than themale flowers, and variegated with green and pink ;cones erect, ovate,about an inch long, purple when young, reddish-brown when ripe.History.— The Larch grows in the mountainous regions of Europe,and yields the article of use and commerce known as Venice turpentine.The bark contains a large amount of tannic acid.Properties and Uses.— The medicinal properties are those known to beconfined to turpentine.LARGE FLO^VERING SPURGE (Euphorbia Corollata).Common Names. Blooming Spurge^ Milk-weed, Bowman^s Root.,etc.Medicinal — Part. The lark of the root.Description. This is a perennial plant with a round, slender, erectstem, one or two feet high, with a yellowish, large, and branching root.The leaves are scattered, sessile, oblong-obovate, smooth in some plants.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 113very hairy in others, and from one to two inches in length, Flowerawhite and showy, and fruit a three-celled capsule.History.— This plant grows ijlentifuUy in Canada and the UnitedStates, in dry fields and woods, and flowers from Jime to September.The bark of the root is the part used. The plant is readily detected bya milky fluid which exudes from the stem, when that is broken. Thisfluid, if applied to warts or wens, is of great benefit, in most cases banishingthe offensive excrescences.Properties and Uses.— It is emetic, diaphoretic, expectorant, andepispastic.As an emetic the powdered bark of the root (say from fifteen totwenty grains) is mild, pleasant, and efficacious.Dose.-— As an expectorant it is administered three grains at a time,mixed with honey, molasses, or sugar as a; cathartic, from four to tengrains are required. It is regarded, in doses of fifteen or twenty grains,as one of the very best remedies ever discovered for the dropsy. Ithas cured hydrothorax and ascites when aU other means have failed.Medicinal Parts.LARKSPUR (Delphinum Consolida).The root and seeds.Description. —Larkspur is an annual herb, with a simple slender root,a leafy stem, from a foot and a half to two feet high, with alternatespreading branches. The leaves are sessile ;flowers bright blue andpurple.Delphenum Staphisagiiia, or Stavesaere., which possesses the sameproperties as Larkspur, but to a greater degree, is an elegant uprightherb, about the same height as Larkspur. Leaves broad, palmate, andpetioled. Flowers bluish-gray. Fruit a capsule.History.— Larlcspur is a native of Europe, but has become naturalizedin the United States, growdng in woods and fields. Stavesacre is nativeto Europe, growing in waste places.Properties and Uses.— In medicinal doses emetic, cathartic, and narcotic.It has also vermifuge properties. The whole plant containsan acid principle which is sure death to all kinds of domestic vermin.The flowers and leaves were extensively used in the United States armyduring the rebeUion, to kill lice, and it is pretty weU authenticated thatthe same substance forms the basis of the many preparations offered forthe destruction of all noxious insects whose room is better than theircompany. The flowers are emmenagogue, diuretic, and vermifuge.A tincture of the seeds, it is said, will cure asthma and dropsy. Also aspecific for cholera morbus.Dose. — Two ounces of the seed added to one quart of diluted alcoholmakes the tincture, of which ten drops may be given three times a dsij^.This, however, should be used only in extreme cases.

114 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.LAVENDER (Lavandula Vera ajstd Lavandula Spica).Medicinal Part. The flowers.DescripUon.— Lavandula Vera is a small shrub from one to two feethigh, but sometimes attaining six feet. The leaves are oblong-linearor lanceolate, entire, opposite, and sessile. The flowers are of lilaccolor, small and in whorls.Lavandula Spica is more dwarfish and more hoary than the last.Leaves oblong-lanceolate. This plant is not used in medicine, but furnishesthe oil of i^pike,much used in the preparation of artistical varnishesand by porcelain painters.— lUtitory. Lavandula Vera grows in the dry soils of Southern Europe,and flowers in July and August. It is largely cultivated in this covmtry.The whole plant is aromatic, but the flowers are the parts l^sed, andshould be gathered shortly after their appearance, and carefully dried.The disease to which this plant is subject can only be prevented by notallowing them to grow too closely together.Froperties and Uses. — It is a tonic, stimulant, and carminative, usefulmostly in diseases of the nervous system.LEVER-WOOD (Astrya Virginica).*Common Names. Iron-inood, Hop-Tiornbeam,.Medicinal Part. T?ie inner wood.Description.— This small tree of from twenty-five to thirty feet inheight is remarkable for its fine, naiTow, brownish bark. The wood iawhite, hard, and strong ;leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate, andsomewhat downy. Flowers, fertile and sterile, green, and appear withthe leaves.— History. The inner wood and bark are the parts in which reside thecurative virtues, and the latter, which are immense, readily yield towater. The tree flowers ia April and May, and is common to the UnitedStates. The bark and wood should be gathered ia August or September.Propen-ties and Vse^s.— Lever-wood is anti-periodic, tonic, and alterative.It is very good ia cases of intermittent fever, neuralgia, nervousdebflity, scrofula, and dyspepsia. It is sometimes admioistered, withfair success, as a remedy for fever and ague.-Dose.— Decoction, one or two fluid ounces, three or four times a day.LIFE-ROOT (Senecio Aureus).Common Names. Sqvaw-iceed, liagwort, False Valerian, GoldenSenecio, and Female TtegulaU/r.Medicinal Parts. Tlie root and herb.Description.—Li£e-ioot has an erect, smoothish stem, one or two feet

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 115high. Radical leaves are simple and rounded, mostly cordate andlong petioled, lower caiiliae leaves lyrate, upper ones few, dentate andsessile. Flowers golden-yellow.History.— The plant is perennial and indigenous, growing on lowmarshy grounds, and on the banks of creeks. The northern and westemparts of Europe are where it is mostly found, and the flowers culminatein May and June. The root and herb are the parts employed formedical purposes. There are several varieties of this plant, but as allpossess the same medicinal properties, it is unnecessary to specify them.The whole herb is used of all the varieties.Properties and Uses.— It is diuretic, pectoral, diaphoretic, and tonic,and exerts a very powerful and pecxiliar influence upon the reproductiveorgans of females. This has given it the name of Female Regulator.Combmed with the LUy, and other native and foreign plants, it is oneof the most certain cures ia the world for aggravated cases of leucorrhcea;also in cases of menstrual suppression. It will operate excellentlyin gravel, and other urinary affections.Dose.— Ordinary decoction, four ounces.Medicinal Part.LILZ (Meadow) (Lilitjm Candidu>i).The root.— Description. The thick stem of this plant is from three to four feethigh, and arises from a perennial bulb or root. Leaves scattered, lanceolate,and narrowed at the base. Flowers are large, snow-white, andsmooth inside.History.— The Meadow Lily is an exotic. It is a native of Syria andAsia Minor. The flowers are regarded as being very beautiful, but arenot vised for medical purposes. The plant is principally cultivated forthe flowers. The bulb is the part used for its curative properties.Water extracts its virtues.Properties and Uses.— It is mucilaginous, demulcent, tonic, andastringent. It is chosen by some of our best botanical practitioners as acertain remedy for leucorrhoea and falling of the womb, and for thoseaffections, when combined with Life-Root and other herbal prejjarations,is without an equal. Sometunes the recent root is used to advantagein dropsy. Boiled in mUk, it is also useful for ulcers, inflammations,fever-sores, etc. I use it in combination with other indicated plants asan injection in leucorrhoea, with very gratifying success.LION'S FOOT (Nabulus Albus).Common Names. White Lettuce, Rattle-snake Root.Medicinal Part. The plant.Description.— This indigenous perennial herb has a smooth stem, stout

116 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.and purplish, from two to four feet high. Radical leaves angoilarhastate,cauline ones lanceolate, and all irregularly dentate.Sistory.— This plant grows plentifully in moist woods and in rich soils,from New England to Iowa, and from Canada to Carolixia. The root,leaves, and juice of the plant are employed.Properties and Uses.— A decoction of the root taken internally willoperate most favorably in cases of dysentery. The milky juice of theplant is taken internally, while the leaves, steeped in water, are appliedas a poultice (and frequently changed) for the bite of a serpent.LOBELIA (Lobelia Inflata).Common Names. Indian Tobae-co., Wild Tobacco.Medicinal Parts. The leaves and seedsDescription.— Lobelia is an annual or biennial indigenous plant, witha fibrous root, and an erect, angular, very hairy stem, from six inches tothree feet in height. The leaves are alternate,ovate-lanceolate, serrate, veiny, and hairy ;flowerssmall, numerous, iiale-blue ;fruit a two-ceUedovoid capsule, containing numerous smaU brownseeds.History.— Lobelia flowers from July to November,and grows in nearly all parts of the UnitedStates, in iields, woods, and meadows. The wholeplant is active, and the stalks are used indisoi'iminatelywith the leaves by those who are best acquaintedwith its properties. The root is supposedto be more energetic, medicinally, than anyother part of the plant. The proper time forgathering is from the last of July to the middleof October. The plant should be dried in theshade, and then be preserved in packages or coveredvessels, more especially if it be reduced topowder. It was used in domestic practice by theLobelia.people of New England long before the time ofSamuel Thompson, its assumed discoverer.Properties and Uses.— Administered internally it is emetic, nauseant,expectorant, relaxant, sedative, anti-spasmodic, and secondarily cathartic,diaphoretic, and astringent. It is extensively used to subduespasms, and will give relief in epilepsy, tetanus, cramps, hysteria, chorea,and convulsions;but it is merely a temporary relief when administeredinternally, and if not used with great skill and caution in thatin the formway, may do as much harm as good. Applied externally,of an ointment, combined with healing and soothing barks and roots, itis decidedly the best counter-irritant known to mankind. Inthis shape

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 117its equal has never been. discoYered, and probably never will be. Thiais one of the ingredients of the "Herbal Ointment," a fuU descriptionof which wiU be found on page 469 of this work. There are any numberof officinal preparations of LobeUa, but it is the opinion of the authorthat its chief value consists in being made into an ointment, withother rare and potent ingredients. There is nothing in nature that canfavorably compare with it in tliis form. In other shapes it may be useful;but it is also dangerous unless given with care.LOUSEWORT (Gerakdia Pedicularia).ComjVION Names. Fever-weed, American Foxglove, etc.JVIedicinal Part. The herb.Description.— The stem of this plant is bushy, taU, two or three feetin height. The leaves are numerous, opposite, ovate-lanceolate;flowerslarge, yellow, and trumpet-shaped ; calyx five-cleft, corolla yellow,and fruit a — two-celled capsule.History. This most elegant plant grows in dry copses, pine ridges,and barren woods and mountains, from Canada to Georgia, floweringin August and September."Water or alcohol extracts its virtues.Properties aud Uses.— It is diaphoretic, antiseptic, and sedative.Used principally in febrile and inflammatory diseases;a warm infusionproduces a free and copious perspiration in a short time. Very valuablein ephemeral fever.Dose.— Of the infusion, from one to three fluid oimces.LUNGWORT (PuLMONARLA. Officinalis).Medicinal Part. The leaves.Description.— This rough plant has a stem about one foot high. Theradical leaves ovate, cordate;cauline one, ovate and sessile. Flowers,blue; calyx, five-angled ; corolla, funnel-shaped ; stigma, emargtaate ;and the fruit — a roundish, obtuse achenium. (See Illustration, page 16.)History. Lungwort is a herbaceous perennial, growong in Europe andthis country in northern latitudes. In Europe it is a rough-leavedplant, but in this country the entire plant is smooth, which exhibits thepecuhar chmatic influence. It is showy, and freely cultivated. Itflowers in May. The leaves are used for medical purposes. They arewithout any particular odor. Water extracts their properties.Properties and Uses.— It is demulcent and mucilaginous, and in decoctionvery useful in bleeding from the lungs, and bronchial and catarrhalaffections, and other disorders of the respiratory organs. Its virtuesseem to be entirely expended upon the lungs, and it is certainly an efficaciousremedial agent for all morbid conditions of those organs.ingredient in the "Acacian Balsam," see page 469,It ia an

118 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.JIADDER (RUBIA TiNCTORUM).The root.Medicestal Part.Description.— This plant has a perennial, long, cylindrical root, aboutthe thickness of a quill, and deep reddish-brown. It has several herbaceous,brittle stems. The leaves are from four to six in a whorl, lanceolate,mucronate, two or three inches long, and about one-thii-d as wide.Flowers small — and yellow.Histcn'y. Madder is a native of the Mediten-anean and SouthernEuropean coimtries. The drug is chiefly imported from Holland andFrance. The root is collected in the third year of the plant, when it isfreed from its outer covering and dried.its red and purple.It is valued as a dye-stuff forProperties and Uses.— It is sometimes used to promote the menstrualand urinary discharges, but is not in very great favor. Combined in apreparation with other ingredients, it is of some considerable remedialvalue.Dose.— Thirty grains, three or four times a day. If used frequently,it wUl color the bones red.Common Name.Medicinal Part.MAD-DOG W'EED (Alisma Plantago).Water Plantain.The leaves.Description. — This perennial herb has all radical, oval, oblong, orlanceolate leaves, from four to six inches in length, on long radicalpetioles. The flowers are small and white, and the fruit a three-corneredacheuium.— History. It inhabits the North American continent as well as Europe,grows in wateiy jjlaces, and flowers in July.Properties and Uses.— It was once considered a capital remedy forhydrophobia, hence its name but; experience has demonstrated that aaa cure for this horrible infliction it is impotent. In urinary diseasesand affections, an infusion of the leaves, which must be dried and pow-.dercd, is veryDose.— efficacious.Of the infusion above mentioned, from four to six fluid ounces,three or four times a day. The fresh leaves, when bruised, form a verygood but mild counter-irritant.MAIDENHAIR (Adiantum Pedatum).The herb.Medicinal Part.Description.— This is a most delicate and graceful fern, growing fromtwelve to fifteen inches high, with a slender, polished stalk. Frondpcdate, with pinnate branches.History. — Maidenhair is perennial, and grows throughout the United*

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 119States in deep woods, on moist, ricli soil. The leaves are bitterish andsomewhat aromatic, and part with their virtues upon being immersed inboUing water.Properties and Uses.— It is refrigerant, expectorant, tonic, and subastringent.A decoction of the plant is most gratefuUy cooling in febrilediseases, and it is a great benefit in coughs, catarrh, hoarseness, influenza,asthma, pleurisy, etc. The decoction, or syrup, can be used freely.Common Names.Sassafras, etc.MEDicrNAL, Part.MAGNOLIA (IVlAGNOLiAGlauca).White Bay, Beaver-tree, Sweet Magnolia, SwampThe bark.Description.— This tree varies in height from six to thirty feet, beingtaUer in the South than in the North. The leaves are alternate, petioled,entire, and of elliptical shape. The flowers are large and solitary, andof gratefrd odor. The fruit is a cone.Histori/.—The therapeutical virtues of these trees are found in thebark and fruit. The bark of both the trunk and the root is employed.The odor is aromatic, and the taste bitterish, warm, and pungent. It isgathered during the sjiring and summer. It has smooth and ash-coloredbark, elegant, odoriferous, cream-colored flowers, and can be found inmorasses from Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico. It flowers fromMay to August. There are other varieties which do not require especialmention or description.Pro2)erties and Uses.— The bark is an aromatic, tonic bitter, and isalso anti-periodic. It is used much in the stead of cinchona, and willremedy the intermittent fevers when cinchona has failed. It is usedfrequently as a substitute for Peruvian Bark, as it can be continued fora longer time and with more safety. Properly prepared it may be usedas a substitute for tobacco, and will break the habit of tobacco-chewing.Dose.— In powder, half-drachm or drachm doses, five or six times afive or six times aday. The infusion is taken in wineglassful doses,day. The tincture, made by adding two ounces of the cones to a pintof brandy, will be found beneficial in dyspepsia and chronic rheumatism.MALLOW (Common) (Malva SYL^':ESTRIs).Common Name. High-mallow.Medicinal Part. The Herb.Description.— This plant is a perennial, and has a round stem two orthree feet high, and a tapering, branching, whitish root. The leavesare alternate, deep green, soft, and downy. The flowers are large,numerous, and of purple color ; calyx five-cleft ; petals five stamens;indefinite; poUen large, whitish.but is naturalized in thiaHiatory. — The maUow is a native of Europe,

120 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.country. It grows abundantly in fields, waysides, and waste places, andflowers from May to October. The whole plant, especially the root,aboujads in mucilage.Properties and Uses.— It possesses the properties common to mucilaginousherbs, aiid an infusion thereof forms an excellent demulcent iacoughs, irritations of the air-passages, flux, affections of the kidney andbladder, etc. In inflammatory conditions of the external parts, thebruised herb forms an excellent application, making, as i-tdoes, a naturalemollient cataplasm.Malva Rotundifolta, or Loio-mnUoio, called by children, who arefond of eating the fruit, cheeses, possesses similar qualities.MANDRAIvE (Podophyllum Peltatum).CosiMON Names. Map-Apple, Wild Lemon, Baccoon-berrp, WildMandrake.Medicinal Part. The root.— Description. This plant, which is illustrated by a cut, is an iadigenousperennial herb, with a jointed, dark-brown root, about half tbe size ofthe finger, very fibrous, and internallyMandrake.yellow. The stem is simple, r»und,smooth, erect, about a foot high, dividingat the top into two petioles,from three to six inches long, eachsupporting a leaf. The leaves are large,palmate, oftener cordate, smooth, yellott-ish-greenon top, paler beneath.The flower is solitary in the fork ofthe stem, large, white, and somewhatfragrant. The fruit is fleshy, of alemon color, and in flavor resemblesthe strawben-y.There is another plant called mandrake,but which is the Atropa Mandragoi'a,a plant belonging to thenight-shade iamily. The cut I giveof this plant is quite truthfiil. It isnot used in medicine. It inhabits theshores of the Mediterranean, and foundlurking in dai'k woods, in the gloomy thickets on the banks of sluggishrivers. It is fetid, poisonous, and repulsive. Even its golden fruit hasthis nauseous odor. How, then, came it ever to usurp its dominion overmen ? Its strong narcotic powers may have had some influence ;butthe peculiar form of its root, in which the resemblance of the human

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 121shape, as will be observed, is quite apparent, probably led to itsuse in.magic.In popular belief, it became invested with half-human attributes;andcries and groans attested its pain when torn from the ground. Gatheredwith peculiar rites under theshadow of a gallows, it causedmoney to multiply, but deathovertook the daring searcher formandrake who committed anerror in the ritual. There isnothing new under the sun, andas no small number of the oldtimemagical effects are renewedunder new names, our book mayreach some spot where the mandrakehas been brought forwardby some new schemer, and playits part in deluding the silly.History.— The Mandrake isfoimd throiighout the UnitedStates, in low, shady situations,rich woods, and fields, and flowersin May and June. The fruitmatures ia September and October.It is scarcer in New England than elsewhere. The Indians wereweU acquainted with the virtues of this plant. The proper time forcollecting the root is in the latter part of October or early part ofNovember, soon after the fruit has ripened. Its active principle isPo&yphyUin, which acts upon the liver ia. the same manner, but farsuperior to mercury, and with intelligent physicians it has dethronedthat noxious mineral as a cholagogue.Properties and Uses.— Mandrake is cathartic, emetic, alterative, anthelmintic,hydragogue, and sialagogue. It is an active and certaiacathartic. As a deobstruent it has no superior, acting through and uponall the tissues of the system, and its action continues for a long time.In bilious and ty^jhoid febrUe diseases it is very valuable as an emetocathartic,break ng up the disease quickly. In chronic liver diseases ithas no equal in the whole range of medicine. It can also be used as analterative. In constipation it acts upon the bowels without disposingthem to subsequent costiveness. It is also very beneficial in uterinediseases, and its office as a great remedj' is extensive. It is one of the' 'ingredients of my Renovating Pill. " See page 469.Dose.— Of the powdered root, as a cathartic, from ten to thirty grains ;of the tincture, from ten to forty drops.6Atropa Mandragora.

122 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.MATICO (Piper Angustifolium).Medicinal Pakt. The leaves.Description.— This is a tall shrub, presenting a singular appearancefrom its pointed stem and branches. The leaves are harsh, shortstalked,oblong-lanceolate, and acuminate. Flowers hermaphrodite.History.— This plant grows at Huanaco and elsewherein Peru. The dried leaves are the parts used, and have astrong fragrant odor, and a warm, aromatic taste. Theycontain a dark -green resin, chloroiahyll, brown and yellowcoloring matter, gum, nitrate of potassa, maticine^ a volatileoil, salts, and lignin. The plant has long been usedby the Indians of Peru in venereal diseases, but mostlyfor diseases of the mucous membranes, over which it hasa complete mastery. Having been employed as a mechanicalagent to stanch blood by a soldier, it has receivedthe name of Soldiers' Herb.Properties and C/ses.^Matico is an aromatic stimtilant.It is extremely useful to arrest discharges from m-ucoussurfaces, leucorrhcea, gonorrhoea, and catarrh of the bladder.As a topical agent for stanching blood it is excellent,and is used by surgeons to arrest venous hemorrhage.Matico Leaf.For the above affections Matico serves its office well, but its greatest useand efficacy is exhibited in nasal catarrh. It is an absolute specific forthis disease.I have long employed it— even before it was admitted inthe various pharmacopoeias — in my special treatment for catarrh, and Ihave yet to find a case in which it failed. I use it both internally andtopically, and combine it with such other remedial agents as are suggestedby the character of each individual case. Catarrh (see page 3(53)has long been regarded by the profession as incurable, but in thisremedy the incontrovertible aphorism that " every disease has its specific" is still further exemplified, and human progress will ere long completethe analogy, ifthey but investigate the majestic tree, the lowlyshrub, or creeping herb.MECHAMECK (Convolvulus Panduratus).Common Names. Wild Jalap., Man-in-the- Earth., Man-in-the- Ground,Wild Potato.Medicinal Part. The root.Description.— This has a perennial, very large tapering root, fromwhich arise several long, round, slender, purplish stems, from four toeight feet high. The leaves are cordate at base, alternate, and acunii-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 123nate, and about two or three inclies long. Flowers large and white,opening iu the forenoon fruit an;oblong, two-celled capsule.History.— Mechameck belongs to the United States, and grows ialight, sandy soils. It flowers from June to August, but is rarely foundin northern latitudes. The root is the officinal part. Its best solvent iaalcohol or spirits. Water will extract its active properties.Properties and Uses.— It is a cathartic if powdered and taken in dosesof from forty to sixty grabis. The infusion, taken in wiueglassful dosesevery hour, is useful in dropsy, strangury, and calculous affections. Itseems to exert an influence over the lungs, liver, and kidneys, withoutexcessive diuresis or catharsis. The milky juice of the root is said tobe a protection against the bite of the rattlesnake.MEADOW SAFFRON (CoLcnicuM Autumnale).Medicinal Parts.The cormus and seeds.— Description. The cormus of this plant is large, ovate, and fleshy.The leaves are dark-green, very smooth, obtuse, above a foot long, aninch and a half broad, keeled, produced in the spring along with thecapsules. Flowers several, bright-purple, with a white tube appearingin the autumn without the leaves. Fruit a capsule, seeds whitish andpolished.History.— It grows in meadows and low, rich soils in many parts ofEurope, and is common in England. The plant is annual or perennial,according to the manner in which it is proisagated. The root resemblesthat of the tulip, and contains a white acrid juice. The bulb shouldbe gathered about the beginning of July, and the seeds early in August.ColcMcia is the active principle.Properties and Uses.— It is sedative, cathartic, diuretic, and emetic.Used in gout and gouty rheumatism, drojDsy, palpitation of the heart;care should be used in its employment. The tincture is the best formof administration, of which the dose is from twenty to sixty drops.Common Name.Medicinal Parts.MONKSHOOD (Aconitum Napellus).Wolfs-hane.Leaves and root.Description. — This plant has a small napifoma root, and simple,straight, erect stems, about five feet high. The leaves are alternate,petioled, dark-green above, paler beneath. The flowers are large, deepbluish-purple, sometimes white, and hairy ;fruit a capsule.History.— This perennial herb is a native of most parts of Europe,growing in wooded hills and plains, and is much cultivated in gardens.It flowers in May and June. All parts of the jilant contain powerfullypoisonou-S properties ;but the root is the part most generally employedfor medical purposes. It yields Aconitina.

124 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Properties and Uses.— Although Aconite in the hands of the intelligentphysician is of great service, it should not be used in domesticpractice. In improper doses all preparations of aconite act as anenergetic acro-narcotic poison. As a sedative and anodyne, it is usefulin all febrile and inflammatoiy diseases, and, indeed, in all affections inwhich there is an increase of nervous, vascular, or muscular action. Inacute rheumatism, pneumonia, peritonitis, gastritis, and many otheracute disorders, it has been used with the most decided advantage.Its action is more especially displayed in the highest grades of feverand inflammation.Dose. — The best preparation is the alcoholic extract, formed by evaporatinga tincture made of a pound of aconite and a quart of alcohol.The dose of this is one-eighth of a grain.MOSS (CoRSicAJsr),Medicinal Part,llie wJiole plant.(Fucus Helmestthicorton).— Description. This marine plant has a cartilaginous, tufted, entangledfrond, with branches marked indistinctly with transverse streaks. Thelower part is dirty -yellow, the branches more or less *purple.Histwy. — It is found gro-ndng on the Mediterranean coast, and especiallyon the Island of Corsica. It is cartilaginous in consistence, isof a dull and reddish-bro^^^l color, has a bitter, salt, and nauseous taste,but its odor is rather pleasant. Water dissolves its active princiiiles.Properties and Uses.— It is an excellent anthelmintic. The influenceit exercises upon the economy is entirely inappreciable, but it actavery powerfully on intestinal worms. Dr. Johnson says: "It destroysany worms domiciliating in the bowels as effectually as choke-dampswould destroy the life of a miner." This excellent vermifuge plant isone of the ingredients of my Male Fern Vermifuge, see page 4^9.Dose. — From ten to sixty grains, mixed with molasses or syrup, or ininfusion.The Fucus Vesiculosis, Sea-wrack, or Bladder Fucus, possesses analogousproperties.Medicinal Parts.MOTHERWORT (Leontjrus Cardiaca),The to]}s and leaves.— Description. This perennial plant has stems from two to five feet inheight. The leaves are opposite, dark-green, rough, and downy. Theflowers are purplish or whitish-red ; calyx, rigid and bristly ; corolla,purplish anthers in; pairs, and fruit an oblong achenium.History. — Motherwort is an exotic plant, but extensively introducedinto the United States, growing in fields and pastures, and floweringfrom May to September. It has a peculiar, aromatic, not disagreeable

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 125odor, and a slightly aromatic bitter taste. It yields its properties towater and alcohol.Properties and Uses.— It is antispasmodic, emmenagogue, nervine, andlaxative. In amenorrhoea from colds it is excellent, if given in warminfusion.It is very useful in hysteria, nervous complaints, pains peculiarto females, delirium tremens, wakefulness, liver affections, etc. ,etc.It is a veiy valuable remedy for many purposes, and deserves greaterattention than it receives.Dose.— Decoction, two to four ounces;Medicinal Parts.MULLEIN (Verbascum Thapsus).The leaves a/id flotcers.extract, three to six grains.Description. — This biennial plant has a straight, tall, stout, woolly,simple stem. The leaves are alternate, oblong, acute, and rough on bothBides. The flowers are of a golden-jêllow color; calyx, five-parted ;corolla, five-lobed; stamens, five ;and fruit, a capsule or pod.History. —Mullein is common in the United States, but was undoubtedlyintroduced from Europe. It grows in recent clearings, slovenlyfields, and along the side of roads, flowering from June to August.The leaves and the flowers are the parts used. They have a faint,rather pleasant odor, and a somewhat bitterish, albuminous taste, andyield their virtues to boiling water.Properties and Uses.-— It is demiTlcent, diuretic, anodyne, and antispasmodic,the infusion being useful in coughs, catarrh, bleeding fromthe mouth or lungs, diarrhoea, dysentery, and jiiles. It may be boiled inmilk, sweetened, and rendered more palatable b}' aromatics, for internaluse, especially bowel complaints. A fomentation of the leaves in hotvinegar and water forms an excellent local application for inflamedpiles, ulcers, and tumors, mumps, acute inflammation of the tonsils,malignant sore throat, etc. A handful of them may be also placed inan old teapot, with hot water, and the steam be inhaled through thespout, in the same complaints.MYERH (Balsamodendron Myrrha).Medicinal — Part. T/ie resinous exudation.Description. This plant has a shrubby, arborescent stem, epinescentbranches, a very pale gray bark, and yellowish-white wood. The leavesare temate, — on short petioles ; leaflets, obovate ; flowers, unknown.History. The Myrrh-tree grows in Arabia, and in the regions betweenAbyssinia and the Red Sea. The juice flows naturally, like cherry-treegum, upon the bark. At first it is soft and pale yeUow, but by dryingbecomes hard, darker and redder, and forms the medicinal Gum MyrrJi.It is readily powdered, and has a peculiar, agreeable, balsamic odor,and a bitter, aromatic, not unpleasant taste.

126 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Properties and Uses.— It is a stimulant of the nmcous tissues, andused to promote expectoration, as well as menstruation ;and is highlyuseful in enfeebled conditions of the body, excessive mucous secretion,chronic catarrh, leucorrhcea, etc. Also in laryngitis, bronchitis, humoralasthma, and other diseases of the air-tubes, accompanied with profusesecretion, but expelled with difficulty. It is vahâble in suppressedmenses and cases of ana;mia;also as a local application to indolentBores, gangrenous ulcers, aphthous or sloughy sore throat, spongy andulcerated condition of the gum, caries of the teeth, etc.Dose.— In powder and pill, ten to thirty grains ;of the tiucture, fromhalf to two teaspoonfuls.NARROW LEAF VIRGINIA THYME (Pycaj^themum Virginicum).Common Name.Prairie Hyssop.Medicinal — Part. The plant.Description. This pubescent plant has a simple stem, growing fromone to two feet high. The leaves are sessile, entire, and linear;flowersare white, — and fruit an achenium.Ilistory. It is foiuid in low grounds, dry hills,and plains, from\ Ohioand Illinois extending southward, and flowering in July and Ai^gust.The whole plant is used, and has the taste and odor peculiar to the*mintfamily.Properties and Uses. — It is diaphoretic, stimulant, antispasmodic,carminative, and tonic. A warm infusion is very useful in puerperal,remittent, and other forms of fever, coughs, colds, catarrhs, etc. ,and isalso of much benefit in spasmodic diseases, especially colic, cramp of thestomach, and spasms of infants. The cold infusion is a good tonic andstimulant during convalescence from exhausting diseases. It forms amost certain remedy for catarrh when combined with other native andforeign herbs and roots.Dose.— From one to four fluid ounces of the warm or cold infusion,several times a day.The P. Pihsum, P. Aristatum or Wild Basil, and P. Incanum, havesimilar properties.Common Name.Medicinai, Parts.NETTLE (Urtica Dioca).Great Stinging Nettle.The root and leaves.— Description. This is a perennial, herbaceous, dull-green plant, armedwith small prickles, which emit an acrid fluid when pressed. The stemis from two to four feet high root ; creephig and branchiug. The leavesare opposite, cordate, lance-ovate, and conspicuously acuminate. Flowersare small and green.History.— The Common Nettle is well known both in America and in

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 127Europe, and grows in waste places, beside hedges and in gardens, floweringfrom June to September. The leaves and root are the parts used.The prickles of the Common Nettle contain Formic Acid. The youngshoots have been boiled and eaten as a remedy for scui-\'^y.Properties and Uses.— It is astringent, tonic, and diuretic. In decoctionthey are valuable in diarrhoea, dysenteiy, and piles ;also in hemorrhages,scorbutic and febrile affections, gravel, and other nejihritic complaints.The leaves of the fresh Common Nettle stimulate, inflame,and raise blisters upon those portions of the skin to which they may beapplied, and they have, as a natural consequence, often been used as apowerful rubefacient. They are also an excellent styptic, checking theflow of blood from surfaces almost immediately upon their application.The seeds and flowers are given in -wine for agues.Dose.— Of the powdered root or leaves, from twenty to forty grains ;of the decoction, from two to four fluid ounces.Urtica Urens, or Dwarf Nettle., possesses similar qualities, and isvery efficacious in uterine hemorrhage.Urtica Pamila, Cool-weed, Rich-toeed., or Stingless Nettle., has alsoactive properties. It gives relief in inflammations, painful sweUings,erysipelas, and the topical poison of rhus.NET LEAF PLANTAIN (Goodyera Pubescens).Common Names. Scrofula-weed, Addefs Violet, Rattle-s7inTce Leaf,etc.Medicinal Part.The leaves.— DescHption. The scape or stem of this plant is from eight to twelveinches high, springing from a perennial root. The leaves are radical,ovate, and dark green. The flowers are white, numerous, and pubescent.History.— This herb grows in various parts of the United States, inrich woods and under evergreens, and is commoner southward thannorthward, although there is a variety ( Ooodtjera Beperis) which is plentifulin colder regions of America. It bears yeUowish-white flowers inJuly and August. The leaves are the parts employed, and yield theirvirtues to boiling water.Properties and Uses.— It is anti-scrofulous, and is known to have curedsevere cases of scrofida. The fresh leaves are steeped in milk and appliedto scrofulous ulcers as a poultice, or the bruised leaves may be laidon them, and in either case they must be removed every three hoiu's;at the same time an infiision must be taken as freely as the stomach wiUallow. It is also good as a wash in scrofulous ophthalmia. In my opinionscrofula is one of the most obstinate and many-shaped alflictionato which the human race is subjected, but ia the production of this and

128 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.other native and foreign plants, nature lias shown her great charityand kindness towards us.NIGHTSHADE (Garden) (Solan um Nigrum).Medicinal Part. The leaves.Description.— This is a fetid, narcotic, bushy herb, with a fibrousroot, and an erect, branching, thornless stem, one or two feet high.Leaves are ovate, dentated, smooth, and the margins have the appearanceas if gnawed by bisects. Flowers white or pale-violet ; fruit, aberry.History.— This plant is also called Deadly Nightshade, but is not tobe confounded with Belladonna. It is found growing along old walls,fences, and in gardens, in various parts of the United States, floweringin July and August. The leaves yield their virtues to water and alcohol.Properties and Uses.— It is a narcotic and sedative, producing, whengiven in large doses, sickness and vertigo. One to three grains of theleaves, infused in water, will produce a copious perspiration and purgeon the day following. They have been freely used in cancer, scurvy,and scrofulous affections, in the form of an ointment. Verj' smalldoses are taken internally. These should always be prescribed^ andtheir effects watched by a physician.It is better to use the plant onlyin the form of an ointment. The berries axe poisonous, and will producetorpor, insensibility, and death.NORWAY PINE (Abies Excelsa).Medicinal Part. The concrete juice.Description.— This is a large tree, often having a diameter exceedingfour feet, and attaining an altitude of one hundred and forty feet.Leaves are short, scattered, mucronate, dark-green, and glossy above.'Hifitori/.— It is an inhabitant of Germany, Russia, and Norway, andother northern parts of Europe, as well as of Asia. It affords the Frankincenseof commerce, which, when boiled in water and strained, formsthe ofliciualBiiv(jujidij Pitch.—Propertie.'< (tud Uses. Burgundy Pitch is generally used externallyto produce a redness of the surface, with a slight serous exhalation. Itis emploj'cd as a counter- irritant in chronic diseases of the lungs,stomach, intestines, etc ,and is regarded with favor as a local applicationin rheumatic affections.NUX VOMICA (Stkyciinos Nux Vomica).Medicinal Part.The seeds.— Description. This is a moderate-sized tree, with a short and pretty

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. J 29thick trunk. The wood is white, hard, and bitter. The leaves are opposite,oval, and smooth on both sides.Flowers small, greenish-white, funnelshaped,and have a disagreeable odor.The fruit is a berry, round, and aboutthe size of a large apple, enclosing fivewhitish seeds.History.— It is an inhabitant of Coromandel,Ceylon, and other parts ofthe East Indies. The active principlesof the seeds are strychnine andhrucia.Properties and Uses.— It is an energeticpoison, exertingits influenceNux Vomica.chiefly upon the cerebro-spinal system. It is supposed to affect thespinal cord principally. It is a favorite medicine for paralysis and nervousdebility generally. If a poisonous dose is given it will producespasms like tetanus or lock-jaw. It is tonic, and increases the actionof various excretory organs. Where want of nervous energy exists it isan admirable remedy. Its range of service is quite extensive, and valuablefor many indications;but as great caution is required in its administration,it should only be employed by the educated physician.OAK—^White, Red, akd Black (Quercus Alba, Rubra, andMediclnal Part.The bark.TiNCTORIA).Description.—These forest-trees vary in size, according to the climateand soil. In diameter they are from three to six feet;in height, fromsixty to a hundred feet. They are too well known to require any botanicaldescription.History.— Quercus is a very extensive and valuable genus, consistingof many species, a large proportion of which grow in the United States.Their usual character is that of astringent, and the three above describedare those which have been more particularly employed in medicine. Thebark of the tree is the portion used. White oak bark is the one chieflyused in medicine. It is of a pale broi^Tiish color, faintly odorous, veryastringent, with a slight bitterness, tough, breaking with a stringy orfibrous fractirre, and not readily powdered. It contains a very largeproportion of tannic acid. Black oak bark is also used as an astringentexternally, but is rarely employed internally, as it is liable to derangethe bowels. It is also used in tanning and for dyeing. Red oak barkalso contains considerable tannin, and is chiefly applied externally m thetreatment of cancers, indolent ulcers, etc.Properties and Uses.— The bark is slightly tonic, powerfully astrin.'6' I

130 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.gent, and antiseptic. It is useful internally in chronic diarrhoea, chroniomucous discharges, passive hemorrhages, and wherever an internal astringentis required. In colliquative sweats the decoction is usuallycombined with lime-water. The gargle and injection are extensivelyused for sore throat, whites, piles, etc. A bath of the decoction is oftenadvantageous in cutaneous diseases, but should only be used when orderedby a physician.Dose.— Of the decoction, one or two fluid ounces;of the extract, fromfive to twenty grains.QUERCUS INFECTORIA, or Dyers' Oak, is a small shrub, which furnishesthe morbid excrescences, Galls, which, or the gallic acid obtainedfrom them, may be used wherever an astringent is called for.OLD IIAN'S BEAED (Chionantuus Virginica).Common Names. Fringe Tree, Poison Ash.Medicinal Part. Bark of the root.Description.— This is a shrub or small tree, growing from eight totwenty-five feet high. The leaves are opposite, oval, oblong, veiny, andsmooth;flowers are in dense panicles ; calyx very small;corolla snowwhite,consisting of four petals and fruit a;fleshy, oval, purple diaipe.History.— This plant is very ornamental, and is much cultivated ingardens, from Pennsylvania to Tennessee. It grows on river-banks andon elevated places, presenting clusters of snow-white flowers in Mayand June. The bark of the root, which imparts its properties to wateror alcohol, is the part used.Properties and Uses.—The bark is aperient, alterative, and diuretic,with some narcotic properties. An infusion is recommended for bilious,typhoid, and intermittent fevers. To convalescents who are sufferingfrom the effects of exhaustive diseases it is an excellent tonic and restorative.It can be used to advantage as a poultice for ulcers, wovmds,and external inflammations.Dose.— Of the infusion, from the half a fluid ounce to two fluid ounces,repeated several times through the day, according to the influence it exertsupon the system.OLD FIELD BALSAM (Gnapualium Polycepiialum).Common Names. Indian Posy, Sweet-scented Life White Everlasting,Balsam, etc.Medicinal Part. The herb.woolly, and much branched stem, one or two feet high.flowers tubular and yellow.HiMory. —Old Field Balsam is foimd in Canada and various parts ofDescri]ition.—Thh indigenous herbaceous annual has an erect, whitish,The leaves are alternate,sessile, lanceolate, acute, and entire;the United States, growing in old fields and on dry barren lands, flower-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 131ing' in July and Augrist. The leaves have a pleasant, aromatic smell,and are the parts used. They readily yield their properties to water.Praperties and Uses.— It is an astringent. Ulcerations of the mouthand throat are relieved by chevnng the leaves and blossoms. In feversa warm iufusion is found to be very serviceable;also in quinsy, andpulmonary and bronchial complaints. It is also valuable, in infusion,for diseases of the bowels and hemorrhages ;and the leaves, applied tobruises, indolent tumors, and other local affections, are very efficacious.Antemaria Margabitacea, or Pearl-flowered Life Everlasting, aperennial, possesses similar medicinal qualities.OPIUM (Papaver Somniferum).Common Name. Poppy.Medicinal — Part. Concrete juice of unripe capsule.Description. An annual herb, with an erect, rotmd, green, smoothstem, from two to four feet high. Leaves large, oblong, green ; marginawavy, incised, and toothed;teeth sometimes tipped with a rigid hair.Flowers large, calyx smooth, and the fruit a large, smooth, globose capsule.There are two varieties, the black and lohite.History.— A native of Asia and Egypt. It grows apparently wild insome parts of Europe and in England, but has escaped the gardens.Cultivated in Asia Minor, Egyj^t, Persia, and India, for the opium obtainedfrom it. The white variety is cultivated on the plains of India,and the black in the Himalayas. Its virtues have been knowoi to theancients;for Homer speaks of the poppy growing in gardens. Poppycapsules contain a small quantity of the principles found in opium, andthe effect is similar, but much weaker than it possesses. They are usedmedicinally ;but opium is almost universally used.Properties and Uses.— Opium is a narcotic and stimulant, actingunder various circumstances as a sedative, antispasmodic, febrifuge,and diaphoretic. It is anodyne, and extensively used for that purpose.It contains many active principles, morphia and codeia being, however,the most important. There is no herbal medicine more extensivelyused, as well as abused, than Opium, and though a valuable remedy, itsindiscriminate use is pernicious, as it is capable of doing great harm.Laudanum and paregoric are the forms mostly used in domestic practice,but the "soothing syrups" and "carminatives" found in everynursery and household all contain Opium in some form, and work agreat deal of mischief.Dose.— Opium, one grain ; laudanum, twenty drops ; paregoric, a tea-Bpoonful.

132 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.PAPOOSE BOOT (Caulophyllttm Thalictroides).Common NAirss. Blue Cohosh, Squato Root, etc.Medicinal Part. TJic root.— Description. This is a smooth, glaucous plant, purple when young',with a high, round stem, one to three feet hisrh. Leaves bitemate ortritemate, leaflets oval, petiolate, pale beneath, and from two to threeinches long. The flowers appear in May or June.History.— It is a handsome perennial plant, growing in all parts ofthe United States, near running streams, and in low, moist, richgrounds also in; swamps and on islands. The seeds, which ripen inAugust, make a decoction which closely resembles cofEee. The berriesare dry and rather mawkish. Its active principle is CaulojihylUn.Propej'ties and Uses.— It is princijially used as an emmenagogue,parturient, and antispasmodic. It also possesses diuretic, diaphoretic,and anthelmintic properties. It is employed in rheumatism, colic,cramps, hiccough, epilepsy, hysteria, uterine inflammation, etc. It is avaluable remedy in all chronic uterine diseases, but should be given incombination with such other remedies as the case requires.Zfose.— Of the decoction, from two to four fluid ounces, three or fourtimes a day.PAREIRA BRAVA (Cissampelos Pareira).CojiMON Na.mks. Velvet Leaf, Ice Vine.7'he root.Medicinal Part.— Description. This plant is a shrub, with a round woody root andsmooth stems. Leaves roundish, peltate, subcordate, and smoothabove when full grown. Flowers sIfeaU, and the fruit a scarlet, round,reniform, shrivelled beny.History.— This is a native of the West India Islands and the SpanishMain. It is sometimes imported under the name of abuta or butuaroot.It comes in cylindrical pieces, sometimes flattened, and some asthick as a child's arm, and a foot or more in length. The alkaloidobtained from it has been called Ci-ssampelin, or Pelosin.Propn-tics and Uses.— Tonic, diuretic, and aperient. Used in chronicinflammation of the bladder, and various disorders of the urinaryorgans. It is also serviceable in leucorrhoea and gonorrhoea. It ishighly beneficial in calculous affections, rheumatism, and jaundice.Z'wse.— Of the infusion, one to four ounces; extract, ten to twentygrains.Medicinal Part.PARSLEY (PETKI)SELINUM SATIVUM).The root.Description. — This biennial plant has a fleshy, spindle-shaped root

TIIK COMPLETE HERBALIST. 133and an erect, smooth, branching stem. The radical leaves are biternate,bright green, and on long petioles ; leaflets wedge-shaped. Flowerswhite or greenish, and petals rounded and barely emarginate.History.— Although Parsley is reared in all parts of the civilizedworld as a culinary vegetable, it is a native of Europe. The root is theofficinal part.From the seeds French chemists have succeeded in obtainingan essential oU, named Apiol, which has proved to be a goodsubstitute for quinia in intermittent fevers, and for ergot as a parturient.Projjertieff and Uses.— It is diuretic, and veiy excellent in dropsy,especially that following scarlatina and other exanthematous diseases.It is also frequently used to remedy retention of urine, strangury, andgonorrhoea. The seeds are sometimes used as carminatives. They killvermin in the head. The leaves, bruised, are a good application forcontusions, swelled breasts, and enlarged glands. The bruised leavesapplied to the breasts are used by wet-nurses to " dry up " the milk.Dose.— Of the oil, for diuretic purposes, three or four drops a day ;ofthe infusion, two to four fluid ounces, three or four times a day.PARTRIDGE BERRY (Mitchella Repens).Common Names. One Bei'ry, Checkerberry^ Winter Clover, Deerterry^Squnw-viue, etc.Medicinal Part. The vine.Description.— This indigenous evergreen herb has a perennial root,from which arises a smooth and creeping stem. The leaves are ovate,slightly cordate, opposite, flat and dark -green flowers are;white, oftentinged with red, in pairs, very fragrant, and have united ovaries. Calyxfour-parted corolla ; funnel-shaped ;stamens four, inserted on the corolla.The — fruit is a dry berry-like double drupe.History. Partridge Berry is indigenous to the United States. Itgrows both in dry woods and swamjjy places, and flowers in June andJuly. The berry is bright scarlet and edible, but nearly tasteless. Theleaves, which look something like clover, remain green throughout thewinter. The whole plant is used, readily imparting its virtues to alcoholor boiling water.Properties and Uses.— Partridge Berry is parturient (producing orpromoting child-birth, or labor), diuretic, and astringent. In all uterinediseases it is highly beneficial. The Indian women use it for weeksbefore confinement, in order to render iârturition safe and easy. Ladieswho wash to use it for that purpose, however, should consult an herbalphysician of experience for a proper, safe, and effectual preparation.The remedy is exclusively American, not being used, or even noticed, byEuropean practitioners.Dose.— Of a strong decoction, from two to four fluid ounces, three ox

134 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.four times a day. The berries are good for dysentery. They are alsohighly spoken of as a cure for sore nipples. The application for thenipples is made by boiling a strong decoction of the leaves down to athick liquid, and then adding cream to it. It is not, however, equal tothe Herbal Ointment, for an account of which see page 4G9.PENNYROYAL (Hedeoma Pulegioides).Common Names. Tickweed^ Squawmint, etc.Medicinal Part. The 7ierb.— Description. This is an indigenous annual plant, with a fibrous, yellowishroot, and an erect, branching stem, from six to twelve incheshigh. The leaves are half an inch or more long, opposite, oblong, andon short petioles ;floral leaves similar. The flowers are quite small andlight-blue in color.History.— This plant should not be confounded with the Mentha pulegioides,or European Pennyroyal. It grows in barren woods and dryfields, and particularly in limestone countries, flowering from June toSeptember and October, rendering the air fragi-ant to some distancearound it. It is common to nearly all parts of the United States. It issaid to be very obnoxious to fleas. "»Prapei'ties and Uses.— It is stimulant, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, andcarminative. The warm infusion, used freely, will promote perspiration,restore suppressed lochia or after-flow, and excite the menstrualdischarge when recently checked. It is very much used by females forthis last purpose— a large draught being taken at bedtime, the feet beingpreviously bathed in hot water.PEONY (Pônia Officinalis).Medicinal Part. The root.DescrijMon.— Peony has many thick, long-spreading, perennial roots,running deep into the ground, with an erect, herbaceous, large, green,and branching stem, about two or three feet high. The leaves are large ;leaflets ovate-lanceolate and smooth. The flowers are large, red, andand fruit a many-seeded, fleshy follicle.solitary ;History.— This plant is indigenous to Southern Europe, and is cultivatedin gardens in the United States and elsewhere, on account of theelegance of its large flowers, which appear from ]\Iay to August. Theroot is the officinal part. This, with the seeds and flowers, yields itsvirtues to diluted spirits.Properties and Usm. — It is antispasmodic and tonic, and can be advantageouslyemployed in chorea, epil(!psy, spasms, and various ncrvouaaffections. An infusion of value is made by adding an ounce of the root,in coarse powder, to a pint of a boiling liquid, composed of one part ofgood gin and two parts of water.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 135Dose.— Two or three fluid ounces (sweetened), three or four times aday.PERUYIAN BALSAM (Mykospekmum Peruifekum).Medicinal Part.The balsamic exudation.— Description. The tree from which this is procured is large, with ,ithick, straight, smooth trunk, and a coarse, gray, compact, heavy, granulatedbark. The bark is of a pale straw color, filled with resin, wliich,according to its quantity, changes the color to citron, yeUow, red, or darkchestnut;smell and taste grateful, balsamic, and aromatic. The leavesare pinnate leaflets; alternate, o"blong or ovate, acuminate, and emarginate.The flowers are ia axillaiy racemes, and the fruit is a pendulous,straw-colored samara.Ilistoi'y.— The tree is common to the forests of Peru, and flowersfrom July to October. The natives call it Quinquino. It contains alarge amount of balsamic juice, which yields copiously when the bark isincised. Balsam of Peru, in thin layers, has a dark, reddish-browncolor;in bulk it is black, or of the color of molasses. The natives steepthe fruit in rum, caU the liquid balsamito, and use it largely for medicalpurposes.Properties and Uses.— It is expectorant and stimulant, acting especiallyon mucous tissues. Its reparative action on the lungs in consumption isdecided, removing the secretions, healing the ulcers, and expelling thetuberculous matter. In all chronic diseases of the lungs and bronchialtubes it is without a superior.Externally it can be applied to old ulcers,wounds, ringworm, etc.This valuable remedy is one of the ingredients of my" Acacian Balsam," wherein it is properly combinedwith many other valuable associates.PINKROOT (Sptgelia Marilandica).Common Names. Carolina Pink or Worm Grass.Medicinal Part. The root.Description.— This herbaceous, indigenous plant hasa perennial, very fibrous, yellow root, which sends iipseveral erect, smooth stems of purplish color, from sixto twenty inches high. The leaves are opposite, sessile,ovate-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, entire, andsmooth. Flowers few in number and chib-shaped.Fruit a double capsule.History.— It inhabits the Southern States, and isseldom found north of the Potomac. It was used by Pinkroot.the Indians as an anthelmintic liefore the discovery ofAmerica, and was formerly collected for the market by the Creeks and

136 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Cherokees in the northern part of Georgia, but since their removal thesupply comes from the far Southwest.Properties and Uses.— It is an active and certain vermifuge, especiallyamong children. Given alone it is very apt to produce various unpleasantsymptoms, increased action of the heart, dizziness, etc. I extractfrom the root a resinous principle, to which I have given the name ofSpigeliin, which has all of the \'irtues of the root, but does not produceany derangement. I employ the Spigeliin in my " Male Fern Vernufuge."See page 469.PIPSISSEWA (Chimaphila IJmbellata).CoADioN Xames. Wintergreen, Prince's Pine, Oround HoUy, etc.Medicfnal Part. TJie whole plant.Description. — This is a small evergreen, nearly herbaceous, perennialherb, with a creeping rhizome, from which spring several erect stems,woody at their base, and from four toeight inches high. The leaves are fromtwo to three inches long, on short petioles,and of dark green-color, paler below.The flowers are of light-purple color,and exhale a fragrant odor. The pbllenPipsissewa.is white, and the fruit is an erect fivecelledcapsule.History.— This plant is indigenous tothe north temperate regions of bothhemispheres, and is met with in dry,shady woods, flowering from May toAugust. The leaves have no odor whendried, but when fresh and rubbed theyare rather fragrant. Boiling water oralcohol extracts their virtues. They containresin, gum, lignin, and saline substances.Properties and Uses.—Ît is diiiretic, tonic, alterative, and astringent.It is psppcially useful in scrofula and chronic rheumatism. In diseasesof the kidneys and drop.sy it exerts a decided curative power. In urinarj'diseases it is preferable to uva iirsi, on account of being less obnoxiousto the stomach. In dropsy it cannot be so well depended uponwithout the use of some more active measures in combination with it.PLEURISY ROOT (Asclepias Tuderosa).Co.MMON Names. Butterfly-iceed, Wind-root, Tub&r-root.Mj-iDiciNAL Part. The root.Description. — This plant has a perennial, large, fleshy, white, fusiform

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 137root, from which numerous stems arise, growing from one to three feethigh, which are more or less erect, round, hairy, green or red, and growingin bunches from the root. The leaves are alternate, lacceolate,hairy, dark green above, and paler beneath.The flowers are numerous, erect, and of abeautifully bright orange color. The fruitis a long, narrow, green follicle. Seeds areovate, and terminate in long Bilken hairs.History.— It is a native of the UnitedStates, more particularly of the SouthernStates, inhabiting gravelly and sandy soils,and flowering in July and August. Theroot is the medicinal part. When freshit has a disagreeable, slightly acrimonioustaste, but when dried the taste is slightlybitter. Boiling water extracts its virtues.Asdepin is the active principle.Pleurisy Root.Properties and Uses.— Pleurisy Root is much used in decoction orinfusion, for the purpose of promoting perspiration and expectorationin diseases of the respiratory organs, especially pleurisy, inflammationof the lungs, catarrhal affections, consumption, etc. It is likewisecarminative, tonic, diuretic, and antispasmodic, but does notstimulate. Acute rheumatism, fever, dysentery, etc., are benefitedby a free use of the warm infusion. It is also highly efiBcacious inBome cases of dyspepsia. In uterine difficulties it has also beenfound of great value. Its chief use, however, is in bronchial andpulmonary complaints, and it serves its indications in these complaintsmost admirably. It is one of the ingredients of my AcacianBalsam. See page 469.Dose.— Of the powder, twenty to sixty grains, three or four times aday. Of a strong tincture, one or two wineglasses full four or fivatimes a day, until perspiration is produced.POKE (Phytolacca Decandra).Common Names. Pigeon-berry^ Garget., Scoke, Coakum, etc.Medicinal Parts. The root, leaves, and berries.Description.— This indigenous plant has a perennial root of largesize, frequently exceeding a man's leg in diameter, fleshy, fibrous, easilycut or broken, and covered with a thin brownish bark. The stems areannual, about an inch in diameter, round, smooth, when young green,and grow from five to nine feet in height. The leaves are scattered,petiolate, smooth on both sides, and about five inches long and threebroad. The flowers are numerous, small, and greenish-white in oolor ;and the berries are round, dark-purijle, and in long clusters.

138 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.History.— This plant is common in many parts of the cormtiy, growingin dry fields, hillsides, and roadsides, and flowering in July andAugust. It is also found in Europe and northern parts of Africa. Theleaves should be gathered just previous to the ripening of the berries.The berries are collected when fully matured. Phytolacdn is its activeprinciple.Properties and Uses.— Poke is emetic, cathartic, alterative, and slightlynarcotic. The root excites the whole glandular system, and is very usefulin syphilitic, scrofulous, rheumatic, and cutaneous diseases. It isan excellent remedy for the removal of mercurio-syphilitic affections.Very few, if any, of the alteratives have superior power to Poke,if itis properly gathered and prepared for medicinal use. It is an ingredientin my " Blood Purifier," which will be found fully described onpage 469.Medicinal Parts.POJIEGRANATE (PtnsriCA Granatum).Description. — This is a smaU tree or shrub.The rind of the fruity and bark of the root.The leaves are opposite,entire, smooth, and two or three inches long. The flowers are large,red, two or three, and nearly sessile. Calyx five-cleft, coroUa consistsof five much crumpled petals. The fruit is a large pericarp,* quitepleasant in flavor, and quite watery.llb^torij.— The Pomegranate is Asiatic, but has been naturalized inthe West Indies and the Southern States.Properties and Uses.— The flowers and rind ofthe fruit are astringent, and are used for the arrestof mucous discharges, hemorrhages, nightsweats,and diarrhoea accompanying consumption.They are also very good for intermittent fever andtape-worm. The bark of the root is used as aspecific for tape-worm, but its chief virtues arehealing and balsamic, if taken for ulcerations ofthe lungs.Dose.— The dose of the rind or flowers in powderis from one to two scruples, and in decoction fromone to three fluid ounces.PRICKLY ASH (XakthoxylumFraxinetjm).etc.CoiMON Names. Yellow-wood. Toothache-buf

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 139leaflets ovate and acute. The flowers are small, greenish, and appearbefore the leaves. The fruit is an oval capsule, varying from greento red in color.Hktory.— It is a native of North America, growing from Canada toVirginia, and west to the Mississippi, in woods, thickets, and on riverbanks, and flowering in April and May. The medicinal parts rendertheir virtues to water and alcohol. Xanthoxyline is its active principle.Properties and Uses.— Prickly Ash is stimulant, tonic, alterative,and sialagogue. It is used as a stimulant in languid states of thesystem, and as a sialagogue in paralysis of the tongue and mouth.It is highly beneficial in chronic rheumatism, colic, syphUis, hepaticderangements, and wherever a stimulating alterative is required.Dose of the powder, from ten to thirty grains, three times a day. Theberries are stimulant, carminative, and antispasmodic, acting especiallyon the mucous tissues.The Aralia Sjrinosa, or Southern Prickly Ash, differs from Xanthoxylum,both in botanical character and medicinal virtues.PRIVET (LlGUSTRUM VULGARE).Common Names. Privy, Prim, etc.Medicinal Part. The leaves.— Deserij)tion. This is a smooth shrub, growing five or six feet high.The leaves are dark-green, one or two inches in length, about half aswide, entire, smooth, lanceolate, and on short petioles. The flowersare small, white, and numerous, and fruit a spherical black berry. InEngland the Privet is carried up with many slender branches to a reasonableheight and breadth, to cover arbors, bowers, and banquetinghouses, and brought or wrought into many fantastic forms, as birds,men, horses.History.— It is supposed to have been introduced into I ^rica fromEngland, but it is indigenous to Missouri, and found growing in wildwoods and thickets from New England to Virginia and Ohio. It is alsocultivated in American gardens. The leaves are used for medicinalpurjioses. They have but little odor, and an agreeable bitterish andastringent taste. They yield their virtues to water or alcohol. Theberries are reputed cathartic, and the bark is said to be as effectual asthe leaves, as it contains sugar, mannite, starch, bitter resin, bitterextractive, albumen, salts, and a peculiar substance called Ligvstrin.Properties and Uses.— The leaves are astringent. A decoction ofthem is valuable in chronic bowel complaints, ulcerations of stomachand bowels, or as a gargle for ulcers of mouth and throat. It is alsogood as an injection for ulcerated ears with ofi'ensive discharges, leucorrhoea,etc. This ingredient I use in a wash for leucorrhosa, whichnever fails to cure.

140 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Doie.— Of the powdered leaves thirty to sixty grains,day ;of the decoction two to four teacupfuls.three times aQUASSIA (PrcK^NiA Excelsa).Common N^vmes. Bitter-wood^ Bitter-ash.Medicinal Part. 2'he toood.Descrij)tion.— This is a tree growing from fifty to one hundred feethigh, with an erect stem, three or more feet ia diameter at the stem.The bark is grajash and smooth. The leaves are alternate, unequallypinnate leaflets ; opposite, oblong, acuminate, and unequal at thebase. Flowers are small, pale or yellowish-green. Fruit three drupes,about the size of a pea. The Quassia Amara, or bitter quassia, is ashrub, moderately-sized branching tree, having a grayishHistory.— bark.Quassia Amara inhabits Surinam, Guiana, Colombia, Panama,and the West India Islands. It flowers in November and December.The bark, wood, and root, which are intensely bitter, are usedto the greatest advantage in malignant fevers. For the medicinal partsof this tree, as they seldom reach England or America, we get as asubstitute the Picrmia Excelsa of Jamaica and other neighborihg islands,which flowers in October and November, and in the two svteceedtngmonths matures its fruit.Properties and Uses. — Quassia is tonic, febrifuge, and anthelmintic.Cups made of the wood have been used for many years by persons requiringa powerful tonic. Any liquid standing in one of these vesselsa few moments will become thoroughly impregnated byits peculiarmedicinal qualities. Wherever a bitter tonic is required, Quassia is anexcellent remedy.Dose.— Of the powder, thirty grains of the; infusion, from one tothree fluid ounces;of the tincture, one or two fluid drachms, and ofthe extract, from two to ten grains.QUEEN OF THE MEADOW (Eupatorium Purpureum).Common Names. Grarel-root, Joe-pie, Trumpet-weed.Medicinal Part. The root.Description.— This is a herbaceous plant, with a perennial, woodyroot, with many long dark-brown fibres, sending up one or more solidgreen, sometimes purplish, stems, five or six fe(!t in height. The leavesare oblong-ovate or lanceolate, coarsely serrate, and from three to sixin a whorl. The flowers are tubular, purple, often vaiying to whitish.History.— Queen of the Meadow grows in low places, dry woods ormeadows, in the Northern, Western, and Middle States of the AmericanUnion, and flowers in August and September. The root is the officinalpart. It has a smell resembling old hay, and a slightly bitter, aromatic

THE COMPLETE HERBAXIST. 141taste, which is faintly astringent but not unpleasant. It j-ields itsproperties to water by decoction or spirits.Properties and Uses.— It is diuretic, stimulant, astringent, and tonic.It is used in aU chronic urinary disorders, as well as in hematuria, gout,and rheumatism, with moderate good effect.Dose.— Of the decoction, from two to four fluid ounces, three or fourtimes a day.RAGGED CUP (SiLPniUM Perfoliatxjji).Common Name.Indian Cup-plant.IVlEDiciNAL Part. The root.— Description. This plant has a perennial, horizontal, pitted rhizome,and a large smooth herbaceous stem, from four to seven feet high. Theleaves are opposite, ovate, from eight to fourteen inches long by fourto seven wide. The flowers are yellowish, and the fruit a broadlyovate winged achenium.History.— This plant is common to the Western States, and is foundgrowing in rich bottoms, bearing numerous yellow flowers, which areperfected in August. It has a large, long, and crooked root, which isthe part used medicinally, and which readily imparts its properties toalcohol or water. It will yield a bitterish giim, somewhat similar tofrankincense, which is frequently used to sweeten the breath.Properties and Uses.— It is tonic, diaphoretic, and alterative. Astrong infusion of the root, made by long steeping, or an extract, issaid to be one of the best remedies for the removal of ague-cake, or enlargedspleen. It is also useful in intermittent an-^l remittent fevers,internal bruises, debility, ulcers, liver affections, and as a general alterativerestorative. The gum is said to be stimulant and antispasmodic.The spleen is an organ whose functions the very best of the old-schoolphysicians cannot define;but that it is the seat of very many most distressingdiseases is a fact which not one of them will pretend to deny.It is, as nearly as can be ascertained by the most laborious research, adependent of the hver and stomach, and what deranges it derangesboth the stomach and the liver.SiLPHiUM Gummipertjm, or Rosin-weed, and Silphium LAcrar-ATUM, or Cornjiass-iceed, are used in intermittent fever, and are beneficialin dry, obstinate coughs. They often cure the heaves in horses.EATTLE BUSH (Baptisia Tinctoria).Common Names. Wild Indigo., Horsefly Weed.Medicinal Part. The bark of the root and leaves.Description. — The blackish and wood root of this perennial plantsends up a stem which is very much branched, round, smooth, and fromtwo to three feet liigh. The leaves are small and alternate, leaflets

142 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.rounded at their extremity ; calyx four- cleft, and fruit a short, bluishblacklegume.History.— This small shrub grows in dry places in many parts of theUnited States, and bears bright yellow flowers in July and August.The fruit is of a bluish-black color in the form of an oblong pod, audcontains indigo, tannin, an acid, and bapUsin. Any portion of theplant, when dried, yields a blue dye, which is, however, not equal invalue to indigo. If the shoots are used after they acquire a green colorthey %vill cause drastic purgation. Alcohol or water wUl take up theactive properties of this plant. Mediciaally, both the root and theleaves are valuable, and deserve to be better known than they are atpresent as remedial agents. The virtues of the root reside chiefly inthe bark.Properties and Uses.— It is purgative, emetic, astringent, and antiseptic.For its antiseptic qiaalities or projierties it is more highlyesteemed than for any other. A decoction of the bark of the root isefficacious in the cure of all kinds of external sores and ulcerations. Itis used La decoction or syrup, for scarlatina, typhus, and all oases wherethere is a tendency to putrescency. As a fomentation it is very, usefulin ulcers, tumors, sore nipples, etc. and, may be so used if you "^cannotget a superior remedy, as the Herbal Ointment.Dose.— Of the decoction, one tablespoonful every two or four hours,as required. The decoction is made by boiling one ounce of the powderedbark in two pints of water vmtil they are reduced to one pint.RED RASPBERRY (Ruuus Strigosus.)MEDicmAL Parts. Tlie hark of the root, and leaves.Description. — This is a shrubby, strongly hispid plant, about four feethigh. Leaves, pinnate ; leaflets, oblong-ovate. Flowers, white ;corolla,cup-shaped ;and fruit, a red berry, of a rich delicious flavor.History.— The Red Raspberry grows wild, and is common to Canadaand the Northern and liliddle United States. It grows in hedges andthickets, and upon neglected fields. It flowers in May, and its fruitripens from June to August. The leaves aud bark of the root are theparts used medicinally. They impart their properties to water, givingto the infusion an odor and flavor somewhat similar to black tea.Properties and Uses.— It is very useful as an astringent. An infusionor decoction of the leaves has been found an excellent remedy in diarrhoea,dysentery, and cholera infantum, and all diseases of a kindrednature. It is somewhat freely used as a wash and injection for leucorrhoea,gleet, gonorrhoea, and prolapsus uteri and ani. The decoction ofthe leaves combined with cream will suppress nausea and vomiting. Itis sometimes used as an aid in labor, aud has been efficacious in promot-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 143ing uterine contractions -when ergot has failed. This plant is one of thoingredients of my prepared remedy for the above diseases.Dose.— Of the decoction, from one to four fluid ounces, several timesa day. Of the pulverized root bark, which is sometimes used, fromtwenty to thirty grains.The Rubv^ Trivially, or Dcirbcrry, and Ruhus ViUosus, or Blackberry,contain similar medical qualities, and may be used instead.RED ROOT (Ceanothus Americanus).Common Names. Neio Jorsey Tea., Wild Snow-baU.Medicinal Part. The bark of the root.Description.— This plant has a large root with a red or brownish bark,tolerably thick, and body of dai-k-red color. The stems are from twoto four feet high, slender, with many reddish, round, smooth branches.The leaves are ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate, acumiuate, rather smoothabove, and cordate at the base. The flowers are minute and white, andfruit a dry capsule.History. — This plant is very abundant in the United States, especiallyin the western portions thereof. It grows in dry woodlands, bowers,etc. ,and flowers from Jiine to August. The leaves are sometimes usedas a substitute for Chinese tea, which, when dried, they much resemble.The root, which is officinal, contains a large amount of Prussic acid.Ceanothine is the name that has been given to its active principle.Properties and — Uses. Red Root is astringent, expectorant, sedative,anti-spasmodic, and anti-syphilitic. It is used vrith great good effect indysentery, asthma, chronic bronchitis, whooping-cough, and consumption.It is also successftdly used as a gargle in aphthse of children,sore mouth subsequent to fevers, and sore throats.Dose.— Of decoction, one tablespoonful three times a day.Medicinal Part.RHATA]STr (Krameria Triaxdria).The root.— Description. The root of this plant is horizontal, very long, -with athick bark. The stem is round and procumbent, branches two or threefeet long when; young, white and silky ;when old, dark and naked.The leaves are alternate, sessile, oblong and obovate, hoary and entire.The flowers are red on short stalks. Calyx has foxir sepals, and corollafour petals. The fruit is a dry, hairy drupe.History.— Rhatany flowers all the year round, and grows upon thesandy, dry, and gravelly hills of Peru. The root is the officinal part,and is dug up iu Large quantities after the rains. It was made officinalin 1780 by Ruiz, but long before that the natives had used it as a strong

144 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.astringent for various diseases, afflictions, maladies, and complaintsIn Portugal, to which the Peruvians send the bulk of the roots gathered,it is used to adulterate red wines. The best method of extracting themedicinal qualities of the root, is to put it powdered in a displacer andpass water through. This will bring a brick-red aqueous solution,which will embrace all the medicinal virtues. There is a false Rhatany,the source of which is unknown.Properties and — Uses. It is a powerful astringent, and slightly tonic.It is beneficial wherever powerful astringents are required, and may beused to advantage, if properly prepared, for all diseases which call forthe application of a decided astringent.EHEUJVIATISM ROOT (Jeffersonia Dephylla).Common Names. Twin-leaf^ Ground- Squirrel Pea.Medicinal Part. The root.Description.— This plant is perennial, and has a horizontal rJiizoma orfleshy root, with matted fibrous radicles. The stem is simple, naked,one-flowered, and from eight to fourteen inches in height. The leavesare in pairs, broader than long, ending in an obtuse point, smooth andpetioled ; flowers, large and white;and fruit an obovate capsule.History.— This plant is found from New York to Marj'land and Virginia,and in many parts of the Western States. It grows chiefly inlimestone soil, but also is found in woods and near rivers, irrespective oflimestone, and flowers in April and May. The root is the part used,and its virtues are extracted by water or alcohol. A chemical analysisof this plant showed it to contain tannic acid, gum, starch, pectin, fattybitter matter, similar to polygalic acid, carbonate and sulphate ofresin,potassa, lime, iron, magnesia, silica, etc.Properties and. Uses. — It is diuretic, alterative, antispasmodic, and astimulating diaphoretic.It is successfully \ised in chronic rheumatism,secondary or mercurio-syphilis, dropsy, in many nervous affections,spasms, cramps, nervous excitability, etc. As a gargle it is useful indiseases of the throat.Dose.— Of the decoction, from two to four fluid ounces, three or fouxtimes a day. Of the saturated tincture, from one to three fluid drachms,three times a day.RHUBARB (RuEUM Palmatum).Medicinal — Part. The root.Description. The scientific world happens to be in much argumentas to the exact plant or plants from which Rhubarb is produced. It is,

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 145however, well known to all instructed herbalists that Rhubarb is theroot of a Rheum, and that the plantfrom which the drug- of the shops isobtained chieflj^ inhabits Chinese Tartary,and grows wild on the mountainsand highlands of that section of theglobe.Tliat the truth of its botanicalidentity is not elicited is owing- to asevere prohibition of the Chinese government.Every sacrifice to obtain thetrue plant or the seed has been in vain.Rheum Palmatum.History.— There are several varietiesmet with in commerce termed the Russian,Chinese, English, ar.d French Rhubarb, among which the R,ussianfaintly asti'tngent taste, and when chewed tinges the saliva yeUow.is considered the best. The names are given, not that they are producedin indicated countries, but of the channels by which they arethrown upon the market. Rhubarb has a peculiar aromatic odor, bitter,It contains oxalate of lime in abundance.Properties and Uses.— Rhubarb is cathartic, astringent, and tonic;asa cathartic it acts by increasing the muscular action of the bowelsrather than augmenting their secretions. It is much used as a laxativefor infants, its mildness and tonic qualities making it peculiarly applicable.It is a valuable medicine.Dose.— Of the powder, as a purgative, from ten to thu-ty grains. Asa laxative, from five to ten grains. As a tonic, from one to five grains.Of the tincture or syrup, one to two fluid drachms.ROSEMARY (Rosmarinus Officinalis).Medicinal P.\rt. T/te tops.Description.— Rosemarj' is an erect, perennial, evergreen shrub, twoto four feet high, with numerous branches of an ash color, and denselyleafy. The leaves are sessile, opposite, and linear, over an inch inlength, dark-green and shining above, and downy. The flowers arefew, bright — blue or white. Calyx purplish.History. Rosemary is a native of the countries surrounding theMediterranean, and is cultivated in nearly every garden for its fragranceand beauty. It flowers in April and May. The parts used inmedicine are the flowering tops.Proj)erties and Uses.— It is stimulant, antispasmodic, and emmenagogue.The oil is principally employed as a perfume for ointments, liniments,and embrocations.Dose.— Of the oil, internally, from three to six drops.7 K

146 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.PYROLA (Round-leaved) (Pyrola Rotund ifolla.).Common Najies. False Wzntergreen, S7dn-leaf, Canker- Lettuce,Pear-leaf Wintergreen, etc.Medicinal Part. The herb.DescHption. — This is a low, perennial, evergreen herb.The leaves areradical, ovate, nearly two inches in diameter, smooth, shining, andthick. The jietioles are much long-er than the leaf. The flowers aremany, large, fragi'ant, white, and drooping. The fruit is a five-celled,many-seeded capsule.Hutory.— This plant is common in damp and shady woods in variousparts of the United States, flowering in June and Jixly. The whole plantis used, and imparts its medicinal properties to water.Properties and ITftes.— It is astringent, diuretic, tonic, and antispasmodic.The decoction is much used in all skin diseases, and is good toeradicate a scrofulous taint from the system. It is used in injection forwhites and various diseases of the womb. The herb is applied withprofit as a poultice to tdcers, swellings, boUs, felons, and inflammations.The decoction will be found beneficial as a gargle for sore throat andmouth, and as a wash for sore or ophthalmic eyes. Administer ii internallyfor gravel, ulceration of the bladder, bloody urine, and otherurinary diseases ; also, for epilepsy and other nervous afl'ections.Pose.— Of the decoction, one fluid ounce, three times a day; of theextract, two to four grains.SAFFRON (Dyers') (Cartiiamus Tinctorius).Common Names. iSnfflower, Pastard Saffron.Medicinal Part. The flowers.Pescription.— This annual plant has a smooth, striate stem, from oneto two feet high, and branching at the top. The leaves are alternate,ovate-lanceolate, sessile, smooth, and shining. The flowers are numerous,long, slender, and orange-colored.Corolla five-cleft.History.— This plant is cultivated in England and America, althoughit is a native of Egypt and the countries surroimding the Mediterranean.The orange-red florets are the officinal parts. The cultivated Saftioweris usually sold in the shops, and contains two coloring matters : the firstof which is yellow and soluble in water;the second a beautiful red,and readily soluble in alkaline solutions only.Prr/f,erties and Uses.— It will restore the menstrual discharge whenthe latter has been recently suppressed by cold, if used in warm infu-Bion. It will also, when taken in the same form, produce an action ofthe bowels. In measles, scarlet fever, and other eruptive maladies, it isalso considered an excellent diaphoretic. The seeds are sometimes usedaa purgative and emmenagoguc, but, in my opinion, are of no great

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 147ralue. The infusion is made by boiling a drachm or two of the flowersin water, and may be taken tolerably freely.Common Name. Garden Sage.Medicinal Part. TJie leaves.SAGE (Salvla. Officinalis).Description. — Sage is a plant with a pubescent stem, erect branches,hoary with down, leafy at the base, about a foot or foot and a halflong. The leaves are opposite, entire, petioled, ovate-lanceolate, thelowermost white, with wool beneath. The tlowers are blue and inwhorls.— Jlistory. Sage is a native of Southern Europe, and has been naturalizedfor very many years in this country as a garden plant. The leavesand tops should be carefully gathered and dried during its floweringseason, which is in June and July. They have a pectdiax, strong, aromatic,camphorous odor, and a sharp, warm, sUghtly bitter taste, wliichproperties are owing to its volatile oU, which may be obtained by distillingthe plant with water. It imparts its vktues to boiling water in infu-Bion, but more especially to alcohol.Properties and Uses.— It is feebly tonic, and astringent, expectorant,diaphoretic, and having properties common to aromatics. The infusionis much valued in cases of gastric debility, checking flatulency withspeed and certainty.The warm infusion will cause active diuresis by checking its diaphoretictendency. It is called by some a most capital remedy for spermatorrhcea,and for excessive venereal desire, and I am one of those whoknow from experience in my practice that it is grand for what is termedsexual debility when its use is indicated. The infusion is much usedas a gargle for inflammation and ulceration of the throat and relaxeduvula, either alone or combined with vinegar, honey, or sumach.ST. IGNATIUS' BEAN (Ignatius Amara).Description.— The Ignatius Amara is a branching tree with long, taper,smooth, scrambling branches. The leaves are veiny, smooth, anda span long. The flowers are long, nodding, and white, and smell likejasmine. The fruit is small and pear-shaped, and the seeds numberabout twenty, are angular, and are imbedded in a soft pulp.History.— The tree is indigenoiis to the Philippine Islands, and theseeds thereof are the St. Ignatius' Bean of the drug-shops. The beanyields its properties best to alcohol, but will also yield them to water.It contains about one-third more strychnia than nux-vomica, but is seldomused for the production of strychnia on accoxint of its extremescarcity.Properties andUses.— Very similar to nux-vomica seeds, but more en-

148 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.ergetic. It is used in nervous debility, amenorrhoea, chlorosis, epilepsy,wonas, etc., with partial good effect, but is a dangerous article howeverwell prepared, and shovdd be used only by the advice of a professionalgentleman, upon whose tnith and ability you may place the utmost confidence.It should not be employed in domestic practice.Dose.— Of the powdered seed, one grain ;of the alcoholic extract, oneeighthof a grain.ST.Medicinal Parts.JOHN'S WORT (Hypericum Perforatum).The tops andfloiccrs.— Description. This is a beautiful shrub, and is a great ornament toour meadows. It has a hard and woody root, which abides in thegroiind many years, shooting anew every year. The stalks nm up abouttwo feet high, spreading many branches-, having deep-green, ovate, obtuse,and opposite leaves, which are full of small holes, which areplainly seen when the leaf is held up to the light. At the tops of thestalks and branches stand yellow flowers of five leaves apiece, withmany yellow threads in the middle, which, being bruised, yield [a reddishjuice, like blood, after which come small, round heads, whêiniscontained small blackish seed, smelling like resin. The fruit is a threecelledcapsule.— Ilistory. This plant grows abundantly in this country and Europe,and proves exceedingly annoying to farmers. It flowers from June toAugust. It has a peculiar terebinthine odor, and a balsamic, bitterishtaste. It yields its properties to water, alcohol, and ether.Projiertics and Uses.— It is astringent, sedative, and diuretic. Iteuppresses the urine, and is very applicable in chronic urinary affections,diarrhoea, dj-sentery, jaundice, monorrhagia, hysteria, nervousaffections, hemoptysis, and other hemorrhages. Externally, in fomentation,or used as an ointment, it is serviceable in dispeUing hard tumors,caked breasts, bruises, etc.Dose.— Of the powder, from half a drachm to two drachms ; infusion,one to two ounces.Common Name.Mkiucinal Part.SANICLE (Sanicula Marilandica).Black-snake Boot.27ie root.Descnption.— Sanicle is an indigenous, perennial herb, with a smooth,furrowed stem, from one to three feet high. The leaves are digitate,mostly radical, and on petioles from six to twelve inches long. Caulineleaves few, and nearly sessile. The flowers are mostly barren,white, sometimes yellowish, feilile ones sessile.Jli-ttori/.— It is common to the United States and Canada, and iafound in low woods and thickets, flowering in June. The fibrous i-oot

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.l-t9is aromatic in taste and odor. It imparts its virtues to water andalcohol.Properties and Uses.— In its action upon the system it resemblesvalerian very much, possessing nervine and anodyne properties. Domestically,it is used with advantage in intermittent fevers, sore-throat,erysipelas, and cutaneous affections. It is very efficacious in chorea,and is very beneficially employed ia various nervous affections.Dose. — Powder, one drachm; decoction, from one to four ounces.Medicinal Part.SAESAPARILLA (Smilax Officinalis).The root.Description.— The stem of this plant is twining', angular, and prickly,the young shoots being xmarmed. The leaves are ovate-oblong, acute,cordate, smooth, and about a foot long. The petioles are an iuch long,bearing tendrils above the base. Botanically, nothing is known of theflowers.This pUmt grows in New Granada, on the banks of the Magdaline,near Bajorque. Great quantities are sent to Mompox and Carthagena,and from thence to Jamaica and Cadiz.The Smilax Sypihilitica^ S. Papyracea., S. Iledica, S. China., and S.SarsapariUa are all members of the same family of plants their medicinalqualities are similar, and they form the SarsapariUa of commerce,;with the exception of the S. SarsapariUa, which is native to the UnitedStates, flowering from May to August. The American plant is regardedby some as inert, but why so I do not know. The plant extensivelyknown in the South as Bamboo Brier., which is but a species ofSarsapariUa, certainly possesses medicinal qualities equal, if not superior,to commercial SarsapariUa. ProfessionaUy, I employ the HondurasSarsapariUa, which I regard as the best.History.— The SarsapariUa of commerce consists of veiy long roots,having a thick bark of a grayish or brownish color. They have scarcelyany odor, but possess a mucilaginous taste. Those roots that have adeep orange tint are the best, and the stronger the acrid and nauseousqualities, the better are the properties of the root. Water and alcoholextract its medicinal qualities. By chemical analysis it contains sulseparin,a coloring matter, starch, chloride of potassium, an essential oil,bassorin, albumen, pectic and acetic acid, and the several salts of lime,potassa, magnesia, and oxide of iron.Properties and — Uses. An alterative. When properly prepared it exertsa favorable change over the system. It has great repute in syphiliticdiseases. In several chronic diseases, as of the skin, rheumatic affections,passive dropsy, etc., it is of service. Its chief use, however,is an adjuvant to other alteratives ;its individual properties being toofeeble to answer all the conditions required of an alterative.Bose. —Of the powder, thirty grains of the infusion or; syrup, fourfluid ounces.

150 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Medicinal Part.SASSAFRAS (Latjrus Sassafras).The bark of the root.— Descri'ption. This is a small tree, varj'ing in height from ten to fortyfeet. The bark is rough and grayish, that of the twigs smooth andgreen. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, bright green, very variablein form, smooth above and dov\Tiy beneath. The flowers appear beforethe leaves, — are small, greenish-yellow ;fruit an oval succulent drupe.Hist

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 151History.— It is an indigenous herb, growing in damp places, meadows,ditches, and by the side of ponds, flowering in July and August. Thewhole plant is medicinal, and should be gathered while in flower, driedin the shade, and kept in well-closed tin vessels. Chemically it containsan essential oil,a yellowish-green fixed oil, chlorophyll, a volatile matter,albumen, an astringent princixDle, lignin, chloride of soda, salts ofiron, silica, etc.Properties and Uses.— It is a valuable nervine, tonic, and antispasmodic,used in chorea, convulsions, fits,delirium tremens, and aU nervous affections,supporting the nerves, quieting and strengtherdng the system.In delirium tremens an infusion dnmk freely will soon produce a calmsleep. In aU cases of nervous excitability, restlessness, or wakefulness,etc. ,it exerts beneficial results.Dose.— Of the fluid extract, from half to a teaspoonful; of the tincture(four ounces scull-cap to a pint of diluted alcohol), one to two teaspoonfuls;Common Name.Medicinal Part.of the infusion, a wineglassful, three times a day.SENEKA (PoLYGALA Senega).Seneca Snake-Boot.The root.Description. — This indigenous plant has a perennial, fii-m, hard, branchingroot, with a thick bark, and sends up several annual stems, whichare erect, smooth, from eight to fourteen inches high, occasionally tingedwith red. The leaves are alternate, nearly sessile, lanceolate, with asharpish point, smooth flowers white; ; calyx consists of five sepals,corolla of three petals ;and capsules are smaU, two-ceUed and twovalved.found in various parts of the United States, in rocky— IlitiUrry. It iswoods and on hill-sides, flowering in July. It is more abundant in theWest and South than in the East. The officinal root varies in size fromtwo to four or five lines in diameter, crooked, and a carinate Hne extendsthe whole length of it. Its chemical constituents are polygaUc,virgineic, pectic, and tannic acids, coloring matter, an oil, cerin, gum,albumen, salts of alumina, silica, magnesia, and iron.Properties and Uses.— In large doses emetic and cathartic in ordinary;doses it stimulates the secretions, acting particularly as a siala-In activegogue, expectorant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and emmenagogue.inflammatory diseases it should not be employed. In protracted pneumonia,commencing stages of croup, humoral asthma, etc. it is a, goodexpectorant.Dose.— Powder, five to twenty grains infusion or;syrup, half an ounceto two ounces ; polygalic acid, one-fourth to oae-half grain.

152 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.SKtnS'K CABBAGE (Symplocaupus Foettdtjs).Common Names. Skunk-weed^ Pole-cat weed, Meadow Cabbage.Medicinal Parts, llie roots and seeds.— Description. This plant has been a troublesome one for botanists toclassify but the term; Sym.plocarpus is nowgenerally preferred. It is perennial, having alarge, abrupt root, or tuber, with numerouscrowded, fleshy fibres, which extend some distanceiato the groimd. The spathe appearsbefore the leaves, is ovate, spotted, and striped,pui-ple and yellowish-green, the edges foldedinward, and at length coalescing. The flowersare numerous, of a dull purple within thespathe, on a short, oval spadix. Calyx consistsof four fleshy, wedge-shaped sepals ; coroUa,none; stamens, four seeds round and; fleshy,and about — as large as a pea.Histoi'y. Skunk Cabbageis a native of theUnited States, growing in moist grounds, floweringin March and April, and maturingits *fruitin AugustSkunk and September, forming a roughened,globular mass, two or three inches iaCabbage.diameter, and shedding its bullet-like fruit, one-third to half an inch indiameter, which are filled with a singular solid, fleshy embryo. Theparts used are the seeds and roots, which have an extremely disagreeableodor, AVater or alcohol extracts their virtues. Chemically it containsa fixed oU, wax, starch, volatile oil and fat, salts of lime, silica,iron, and manganese.Prt/jierties and Uses.— Internally it is a stimulant, exerting expectorant,antispasmodic, vidth slightly narcotic influences. It is successfullyused in asthma, whooping-cough, nervous irritability, hysteria, fits, epilepsy,convulsions, chronic catarrh, pulmonary and bronchial affections.Externally, hi the form of an ointment, it aids reparative processes,discusses tumors, stimulates granulations, cases pain, etc. It is an ingredientin my world-renowned " Herbal Ointment." (See page 469.)JMse.— Fluid extract, twenty to eighty drops ;tincture (three ouncesof root or seed to a pint of alcohol), half a teasi30onful ; syrup (twoounces of fluid extract to eight ounces of simple syrup), two or threeteaspoon fuls.SOAP-WORT (Saponarta OKFicrsALis).Common Name. Bouncing Bet.Mp:uicinal — Parts. The root and leaves.Description. This is a stout perennial, herbaceous plant, with a stem

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 163from one to two feet in height. The leaves are lanceolate, smooth :flowers are many, large, flesh-colored, or pale-pmk, and often double ;fruit an oblong one-ceUed capsule.History.— This plant grows in roadsides and waste places in Europeand the United States. It flowers in the early part of July La Europe,but in America in the early part of August. The leaves and root are theparts used medicinally. They have a sweet and bitter taste combined,"with a suksequent persistent pungency and a benumbing sensation."When the root and leaves are subjected to the extractive powers ofwater they yield a residue something like soap-suds. Their active pro-—perties are brought out by either water or alcohol by the latter particularly.The root gives a principle called Sa^x/nia, which is very valuable.Pnqyerties and Uses.— It is largely and valuably employed in thetreatment of diseases of the liver, scrofulous, syphilitic, and cutaneousafflictions of a severe character also ; catarrh, rheumatism, gonorrhoea,whites, and green sickness. Saponin can be prepared only by a competentherbal chemist. In its absence use decoctions of the leaves androots. Dose of tne decoction, from one to two fluid ounces, three timesa day. I employ the saponaceous qualities of this plant, which I extractfrom the root by chemical processes in my laboratory, as a con'stituent of my " Renovating Pill." (See page 469.)SOLOMON'S SEAL (CoNV allaria Multiflora).Medicinal Part.The root.Description. — The stem of this plant issmooth, from one to four feethigh, and growing from a perennial root. The leaves are alternate,lanceolate, smooth, and glossy above, paler and pubescent beneath;flowers greenish -white, and fruit a dark-blue or blackish beiTy. Thereis another variety, the Convallaria Bacemosa, the root of which possessessimilar qualities to that of Solomon's Seal.History.— Both plants are to be found throughout the United State?and Canada. They flower from May to August. The root, which isthe part used, is inodorous, but has a sweetish mucUagitious taste, whichis followed by a slight sense of bitterness.Froj)erties and — Uscfi. The root is tonic, mucilaguious, and astringent.The decoction is successfully used in whites, pectoral affections, menorrhagia,female debility, inflammation of the stomach and intestineseiysipelas, neuralgia, itch, local inflammations, etc. Dose of the decoction,one to three ounces, three times a day.SORREL (Wood) (Oxalis Acetosella).The loJujle herh.Medicinal Part.Description.— This is a smaU perennial herb, with a creeping andscaly-toothod root-stock. The leaves are numerous, radical, and on7*

154 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.long, weak, hairy stalks leaflets ; broadly obcordate, and of yellowishgreencolor. Flowers white, yellowish at the base, and scentless. Fruita five-lobed, oblong capsule.History.— It is indigenous to Europe and this country, growing inwoody and shady places, and flowering from April to June. It is inodorous,and has a pleasantly acid taste. The acidity is due to oxalicacid, which, in combination with potassa, forms the binoxolate of thatalkali. The ''Salts of Sorrel" formerly so much used to remove tnkspotsand iron-mai'ks from linen, ismerely this salt separated from theplant.Properties and Uses.— Cooling and diuretic ;useful in febrile diseases,hemorrhages, gonorrhoea, chronic catarrh, urinary affections, scurvy,etc. Care is to be observed in its use.RuMEX AcETosA, or Garden Sorrel, Rumex Acetosella, or SheepSorrel, and Rumex Vesicarius possess similar qualities.SquirtingCucumber.SQUIRTING CUCUIVIBER (Momordica Elaterium).Medicinal Part. The feculence of the juice of tiie fruit.Descnption.— This hispid and glaucous plant has several stems growingfrom the same root. The leaves are cordate, Somewhatlobed, and on long stalks. Flowers monoecious andyellow. Fruit oblong, obtuse at each end, separating fromits sialk with violence, and expelling its seeds and mucuswith considerable force, in consequence of the sudden contractionof the sides.History.— This plant is indigenoias to the south of Europe,growing in poor soils, in waste places, and floweringin July. The juice aroiind the seeds is the oflScinal part,and which, when properly prepared, forms the Ebtteriumof commerce. It must be collected a little before theperiod of ripening.Projiertics and Uses.— It is an energetic hydragoguecathartic, operating with great violence in doses of a fewgrains, and very apt to cause diffuse inflammation of thestomach and bowels, characterized by vomiting, gripingpain, and profuse diarrhoea. It is used chiefly in obstinatedropsy, and as a revulsive in cerebral affections, or wherevera revcllent effect is desired. Owing to its activecathartic properties, it isalways best to commence withvery small doses, from the uncertainty of the preparation.Dose.— From one-eighth to one-half a gxain.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 155STAR-GKASS (Aletris Farinosa).Common Names. Colic-root^ Ague-root^ Crow-corn, Unicorn root, etcMedicinal Part. T?ie root.Descriptio7i.— This plant has a perennial root, with radical leaves,sessile, lying flat on the ground, ribbed, broad, lanceolate, smooth, thelarge ones being about four inches long. The flower-stem is from oneto three feet high, erect and simple, bearing a bell-shaped flower, which,as it grows old, has a wrinkled, mealy appearance. The fruit is a triangularcapsule.History.— It isindigenous to North America, growing in low grounds,sandy soils, and at the edges of woods. Its flowers are white, and appearfrom May to August. The root is the part used. Alcohol is thebest solvent.Properties and Uses.— Its root, when thoroughly dried, is an intenselybitter tonic, and in decoction or tincture is of great utility in dyspepsia,general or local debility, flatulent colic, hysteria, etc. It greatlystrengthens the female generative organs, affording protection againstmiscaxTiage and in; chlorosis, amenorrhcea, dysmenorrhoea, engorgedcondition of the uterus, prolapsus of that organ, is a very superior vegetableagent.Dose.— Of the powdered root, from five to ten grains, three times aday; of the saturated tincture, five to fifteen drops.STILLINGIA (Stillingia Sylvatica).Common Names. Queeii's Root, Qtieen^s Delight, Tawroot, andSilcer-leaf.Medicinal Part.The root.Description. — 'Yhis perennial herb has a glabrous, somewhat angledstem, from two to four feet high, which, when broken, gives out a milkysap. The leaves are sessile, somewhat leatheiy, and tapering at thebase. The flowers are yellow, and arranged on a tenninal spike. Fruita three-grained capsule.Ili-Htory. Queen's Root grows in sandy soils,and is a native of thesouthern part of the United States. The root is the part used. Itshould be used as soon after being gathered as possible, as age impairsits properties. The latter yield to water, but are better extracted bydiluted alcohol. Its properties appear to be owing to a very acrid oil,known as the Oil of Stillingia.Froperties and Uses.— In large doses stillingia vomits and purges, accompaniedwnth more or less prostration of the system. In less dosesit is an alterative, exerting an influence over the secretory functionsunsurpassed by any other known alterative. Itis veiy extensively used inalsoalso, with combinationsall the various forms of primary and secondary syphilitic affections;in scrofulous, hepatic, and cutaneous affections;

156 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.of anise or caraway, for laryngitis and bronchitis. The oil, unless wellmcorporated with some mucilaginous or saccharine substance, shouldnever be used iuternally. This great alterative is one of the principal' 'sjonstituents in my Blood Purifier. " See page 469.Dose.— Tincture, half a drachm to a drachm; decoction, one or twoounces.STONEROOT (CoLLiNsoNiA Canadensis).Common Names. Ilardhack., Horseweed., Ueal-aU^ Sichweed, Oxbrd/n,etc.Medicinal Part. The plant.Description.— This plant has a knobby root, and a four-sided stem,from one to four feet in height. The leaves are thin, broadly ovate,acuminate, coarsely serrate, from six to eight inches long, and from twoto four broad. Flowers large, corolla greenish-yellow stamens; two,and very long ;seeds four, of which two or three are sterile.History.— This plant grows in moist woods from Canada to Carolina,and flowers from July to September. The whole plant has a strongodor and a pungent and spicy taste. The odor of the fresh root isslightly disagreeable. The whole plant is generally used, and ha$ itsvalue. The chief virtues of the plant are, however, concentrated in* theroot, which 'should always be used when fresh. Its active priaciple isCoUinsonin, which name is derived from its discoverer, Peter Collinson.Properties and Uses.— It is used with good effect in chronic catarrhof the bladder (as are other plants mentioned elsewhere), whites, andweak stomach. It exerts a strong influence over all the mucous tissues.It is a very fair stimivlant, and a gentle tonic and diuretic. The preparationcalled Collinsomn is very valuable as a remedy for hemorrhoids,and all other diseases of the rectum, and for such afflictions I recommendit highly. It is chiefly used in inveterate and chronic cases. Thelargest dose is five grains ;the average dose two grains. The infusionor decoction of the plant may be moderately used without additionalremedies, and in some instances so may the ColUttsonin ; hvA in aboutevery case a skilful combination of the latter with other standard preparationsis necessary to insure easy and speedy restoration to good health.Stoneroot is used externally— the leaves particularly— in fomentationand poultice, and biTiises, wounds, blows, sprains, contusions, cuts, ulcers,sores, etc. I cannot call the attention of the reader too strongly tothe effect the preparation called Collinsonin has upon all affections of theurinary organs. It should be combined with other indicated remedies.SUMACH (Rhus Glabkum).Medicinal Parts. The bark and fruit.Description. —Sumach is a shrub, from six to fifteen feet high, con-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 157eisting of many straggling' branches, covered with a pale-gray bark, havingoccasionally a reddish tint. The leaves are alternate, consist of fromsix to fifteen leaflets, which are lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate,shiaiag and green above, whitish beneath, becoming red in the fall.The flowers are greenish red, and fruit a small red drupe, hanging inclusters, with a crimson down, extremely sour to the taste, which is dueto malate of — lime.History. Sumach grows in the thickets and waste grounds of Canadaand the United States. It flowers in June and July, but matures itsfruit ia September and October. The bark and berries are oificinal.The berri( s should be gathered before rains have washed away the acidproperties which reside in their external, downy efliorescence. Boththe bark and berries yield their active influence to water. Great careis to be taken in the selection of several species of Rhus, as many ofthem are highly poisonous.Pi'(ypcrtieJi and Uses.— The berries are refrigerant and diuretic; thebark is tonic, astringent, and antiseptic. The bark of the root hassometimes been used with success in decoction or syrup as a palliativeof gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, diarrhoea, hectic fever, dysentery, and scrofula.Combined with the barks of white pine and slippery elm, in certainparticular doses of decoction, it will, with other very simple treatment,cure syphilis.Dose.— From one to three fluid ounces of the decoction of bark. Ofthe infusion of berries, from one to four fluid ounces.SWAMP BEGGARS' TICK (Bidens Connata).Medicinal Parts. TJie root and seeds.Descrijitwn.— This herb has a smooth stem, from one to three feethigh. The leaves are lanceolate, opposite, serrate, acuminate, and decurrenton the petiole. Flowers, terminal; florets, yellow and; fruit,a wedge-formed achenium.History.— This is a common weed, foiind in wet grounds, rich fields,Bwamps, and ditches, from New England to Missouri. It flowers in August.The root and seeds are employed medicinally, and may be usedin decoction, infusion, or tincture.Properties and Uses.— The root and seeds are emmenagogue and expectorantthe; seeds, in powder or tincture, have been used iu amenorrhoca,dysmenorrhoea, and some other uterine derangements, and aninfusion of the root has proved beneficial in severe cough. It has beenused with great success for palpitation of the heart, and for croup. Forthis latter afliiction a strong infusion of the leaves, sweetened withhoney, and admiuistered in tablespoonful doses every fifteen minutesuntil vomiting is produced, is regarded a cure. The leaves heated tothe form of a poultice and laid upon the throat and chest iu cases of

158 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.bronchial and laryngeal attacks from exposure to cold, etc., are verybeneficial.BiDENS BiPiNNATA, or Spanish Needles, and Bidens Frondosa, orBeggar Tick, can be employed, medically, the same.Medicinal Part.SW'EET GUM (LiQUiDAMBAR Styraciplua).The concrete juice.Descnption.— The Sweet Gum tree grows to the height of from fiftyto sixty feet. Its bark isgray and deeply furrowed, and there are corkyridges on the branches ;the leaves are palmate, rounded, smooth, andshining, fragrant when bruised, and turn a deep red in the fall.a kind of strobUe.Fruit,—History. This tree is very abundant in the Southern and MiddleStates, and can be found in the moist woods of nearly all parts of theUnion. From incisions made in the tree a gum exudes which is resinousand adhesive, and somewhat like white tvu'pentine in appearance.Properties and Uses.— As a remedy for catarrhs, coughs, and pulmonaiyaffections generally, it is without an equal, although physicians g'enerallydo not use it in their practice. It is also very valuable for feversores,fistula, scrofula, etc., when made into an ointment.*Dose.— The dose internally is from ten to twenty grains, according tocircumstances.TACAIVIAHAC (PoPULUS Balsamifera).Common Najie. Balsam Poîlar.Medicinal Part. The buds.Descnption.— This tree, also called Tacamahac Poplar, attains theheight of from fifty to seventy feet, witli a trunk about eighteen inchesin diameter. The branches are smooth, round, and deep browm. Theleaves are ovate, gradually tapering, and pointed, deep-green above, andsmooth on both sides.History.— This tree is found in Siberia, and in the northern parts ofthe United States and Canada. In America it is in blossom in AprU.The leaf-buds arc the officinal part. They should be collected in thespring, in order that the fragrant resinous matter with which they arecovered may be properly separated in boiling water, for upon this theirvirtues depend. They have an agreeable, incense-like odor, and an unplea.sant,bitterish ta.ste. The balsamic juice is collected in Canada inshells, and sent to Europe under the name of T(tca;nah

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 159anti-scorbutic. In tinctTire they have been beneficially employed inaffections of the stomach and kidneys, and in scurvy and rheumatism.Sometimes they are applied in that form as a remedy for affections ofthe chest. The bark is known to be tonic and cathartic, and wlU proveof sei-vice in gout and rheumatism.Dose.— Of a tincture of the buds, from one to four fluid drachms;ofan extract of the bark, five to fifteen grains, three times a day.PoPTJLTJS Tbemuloides, White Poplar^ or Aspen, the well-knowntree, furnishes us with PopuU/i and Salada ; and is tonic and febrifuge,useful in intermittents. It has also good diuretic properties, and isbeneficial in urinary affections, gonorrhoea, gleet, etc.TANSY (Tanacettjm Vulgare).Medicinal Part. T/ie herb.Description.— Tansy has a perennial creeping root, and an erect herbaceousstem, one to three feet high. The leaves are smoothish, darkgreen; flowers, golden-yeUow ; fruit, an achenium.History.— Indigenous to Europe, but has been introduced into thiscountry and cultivated by many but; grows also spontaneously in oldgrormds, along roads, flowering in the latter part of summer. Dryingimpairs much of the activity of the plant. It contains volatile oil, wax,stearine, chlorophyll, bitter resin, yeUow coloring matter, tannin withgallic acid, bitter extractive gum, and tanacetic acid, which is crystallizableand precipitates lime, baryta, and oxide of lead.Proj)erties and Uses.— It is tonic, emmenagogue, and diaphoretic. Insmall doses, the cold infusion wiU be found useful in convalescence fromexhausting diseases, dyspepsia, hysteria, and jaundice. The warm infusionis diaphoretic and emmenagogue. It bears a good reputation inBuppressed menstruation, but should be used only when the suppressionis due to morbid causes.THYME (TnYMus Vulgaris;.Medicnal Part. The herb.Description.— Thyme is a small undershrub, with numerous erectThestems, procumbent at base, and from six to ten inches ua height.leaves are oblong-ovate, lanceolate, and numerous. The flowers arebluish-purple, small, and arranged on leafy whorled spikes.History.— A native of Europe, but introduced into this country, andextensively cultivated in gardens for culinary purposes. It blossoms inthe summer, when it should be collected and carefully dried. It has aBtrong, pungent, spicy taste and odor, both of which are retained by carefuldrying. The herb yields its properties to boiling water and alcohol.Properties and Uses.— Tonic, carminative, emmenagogue, and antiepasmodic.The cold infusion is beneficial in dyspepsia with weak and

IGOTHE COMPLETE HERBALIST.irritable stomacli. The warm infusion is useful as a parturient, also inhysteria, dysmenorrhcca, flatulence, colic, and to promote perspiration.The leaves are used externally in fonientation.The Thymus Serpyllus, Wild 17ii//ne or Mother of Thyme, has similarvirtues to the above.TOLU (Myrospermum Toluiferum).MEDicmAii Part. The hnlmmic exudation.DeacHptioii.— A full botanical description of this tree has not yet beengiven, but it is supposed that it is similar to the Balsam of Peru tree,differing only in the leaflets, which in this tree are thin, membranous,obovate, tajier-poiiited — the terminal ones;larger than the others.Hiatory. It is a tree which gi-ows throughout the forests of SouthAmerica, especially on the elevated parts near Carthagena, Tolu, andin the Magdaleua provinces of Columbia. The balsam is obtained bymaking incisions into the tree, and which flows into wax vessels. Itis exported from Carthagena in tin, earthen, and other vessels. It hasa pale, 5-ello\\'ish-red or brown color, solid and brittle, an agreeablevanilla-lLke odor, and a sweetish ai'omatic taste. It is soluble in alcohol,ether, and essential oils. *Projierties and Uses.— It is, like Balsam of Peru, a stimulant, tonic,and expectorant, and cannot be equalled for its curative effects in casesof consumption, catarrh, bronchitis, asthma, and all inflammatory, ulcerated,spasmodic, or other morbid conditions of the respiratory organsand their adjuncts. The balsam dissolved in ether, and the vaportherefrom inhaled, is reported beneficial in coughs and bronchial affectionsof long standing, and I have no doubt it is so, as its virtues in suchcomplaints are very wonderful.TURKEY CORN (Corydalis Formosa).Common Navies. Wild Turkey-pea, Staggei'-weed, Choice Didytra.Medicinal Part. The root.Descripti

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 161Stic, scrofulous, and cachectic conditions it is one of the best remedies.Its tonic properties render it valuable as an alterative in all enfeebledconditions. Its tonic properties are similar to Gentian, Columbo, andother pure bitters. Its magical properties as an alterative renders itone of the most valuable remedies in the whole range of medicine.Corydaliamay be substituted for the herb. It is one of the ingredients inmy " Blood Purifier." (See page 469.)Dose.— Of the infusion, one to four ounces;saturated tincture, half totwo drachms; corydalia, one-half to a grain.VALERIAN (Valeriana Officinalis).Common Name. Great 'Wild Valerian.Medicinal Part. The root.Descnj)tion. — This is a large herb, with a perennial, tuberous, fetidroot, most aromatic when growing in dry pastures, and a smooth, hollow,furrowed stem, about four feet in height. The leaves are pinnate, opposite; leaflets, from seven to ten pairs, lanceolate, coarsely serrated, andon long foot-stalks. The flowers are flesh-colored, smaU, and fragrant.History.— Valerian is a Euroijean plant, growing in wet places, or evenin dry pastures, flowering in June and July. Several varieties grow iaAmerica, and are used, but the English Valerian is by all odds the best.The officinal part is the root. The taste of the root is warm, camphoraceous,slightly bitter, somewhat acrid, and nauseous. The odor is notconsiderable it is; fetid, characteristic, and highly attractive to cats,and, it is said, to rats also. Besides valerianic acid the root containsstarch, albumen, valerianin, yeUow extractive matter, balsamic resin,mucUage, valerianate of potassa, malates of potassa and hme, and phosphateof lime and silica.Proj)erties and Uses.— Valerian excites the cerebro-spinal system. Inlarge doses it causes headaches, mental excitement, visual fllusions, giddiness,restlessness, agitation, and even spasmodic movements. Inmedicinal doses it acts as a stimulating tonic, anti-spasmodic, and calmative.It is temporarily beneficial in all cases where a nervous stimulantis required. The extract is worthless. The infusion and fluid extractcontain all the virtues of the plant.Dose.—Ot the infusion, one or two fluid ounces, as often as may beprescribed by a physician.VANILLA (Vanilla Aromatica).Medicinal Part. TJie fruit or jwds.Description.— Vanilla Aromatica is a shrubby, climbing, aerial parasite,growing in the clefts of rocks, or attaching itself to the trunks oftrees. It suspends itself to contiguous objects, and is truly an aerialplant. The stem is round, about as thick as the finger, from twenty to

162 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.tMrty feet in length, and oftener thicker at the summit than at the base.The leaves are alternate, oblong, entire, on short petioles, green, fleshy,and pointed by a species of abortive tendril. The flowers are yellowishwhite. The fruit is a species of bean, yellow or buff color, of an agreeablearomatic odor;the beans must be diied with care or they will losetheir properties.— History. Vanilla grows in Mexico and other parts of tropical SouthAmerica. There are several species which are supposed to furnish theVanilla of commerce. It yields its virtues to water or alcohol.Properties and Uses. — It is an aromatic stimulant, and is used, in infusion,in hysteria, rheumatism, and low forms of fever. It is alsocalled an aphrodisiac, powerfully exciting the generative system. Vanillais said to exhilarate the brain, prevent sleep, increase muscular energy,and stimulate the sexual propensities.WAFER-ASH (Ptelea Trtfoliata).CoTMON Names. Wing-seed, Shrubby Trefoil, Swamp Dogwood, etc.Mediclnal Part. The bark of the root.— Description. This is a shrub from six to eight feet in height, wiih theleaves trifoliate, and marked with pellucid dots the leaflets are; sessile,ovate, shortly acuminate, downy beneath when yoimg. The flowers arepolygamous, greenish- white, nearly half an inch in diameter, and ofdisagreeable odor. Stamens, mostly four ; style short, and fruit a twocelledsamara.History.— Wafer-Ash, or Ptelea, is a shrub common to America, growingmost abundantly west of the Alleghanies, in shady, moist placesand edges of woods, and also in rocky places. It flowers in June. Thebark of the root is officinal, and yields its virtues to boiling water.Alcohol, however, is its best solvent.Pteleiu is its active principle.Pro])erties and Uses. — It is especially tonic and unirritating. It issaid to be very useful as a promoter of the appetite, and as a remedy forgeneral debility. It will be tolerated by the stomach when other tonicsare rejected. Some think it equal, in cases of fever (intermittent), toqiiinia. In convidescence from fever it serves an admirable purîose.of the tincture, one or twoDose.— Of the i:)owder, ten to thirty grains ;drachms ;of the extract, live to ten grains ; ptelein, one or two grains.WALNUT (White),(Juglans Cinekea).Common Names. Butternut, Oil Nut, etc.Medicinal Parts. Inner bark of the root, and leaves.Description. — This indigenous tree attains a height of from thirty tofifty feet, with a trunk about four feet in diameter;the branches arewide-spreading, and covered with a smooth gray bark. The leaves arealternate, twelve to twenty inches long, and consist of seven or eight

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 163pairs of leaflets, which are oblong-lanceolate, and finely serrate. Maleand female flowers distinct upon the same tree. Fruit a dark-coloredhard nut, kernel oily, pleasant-flavored, and edible.JuGLA^sis — Nigra, or Black Walnut, a well-kno\TQ tree, is also medicinal.Histoj-y. Butternut is found throughout the New England, Middle,and Western States, on cold, uneven, rocky soils, flowering in April andMay, and maturing its fruit at or about the middle of autumn. Itsofficinal parts are its leaves and the inner bark of the root. The lattershould be gathered from April to July. It contains resin, fixed oil. saccharinematter, lime, potassa, a peculiar principle, and tannic acid. TheBlack Walnut flowers and ripens its fruit at the same time with the Butternut.Jtiglnndin is the active principle.Properties and Uses.— Butternut is a gentle and agreeable cathartic,and does not induce constipation after its action. In cases of habitualconstijâtion or other intestinal diseases, it has considerable value. Jtis used in decoction in cases of fever, and in the murrain of cattle. Thejuice of the rind of the Black Walnut wUl cure herpes, eczema, porrigO;etc., and a decoction of it has been used to remove worms. The Europeanwalnut has been found to be efiicacious in cases of scrofula.WATER PEPPER (Polygonum Punctatum).Common Name. Smartweed.Medicinal Part.T/ie whole herb.Description. — This is an annual plant,with a smooth stem, branched, often deciimbentat the base, of reddish or greenish-browncolor, and growing from one totwo feet high. The leaves are alternate,lanceolate, petiolate, with pellucid dots,wavy, and scabrous on the margin. Theflowers are small, greenish-white or puiiÎe,and are disposed in loose, slender, drooping,but finally erect spikes.History.— It is a well-known plant, growingin England and America, in ditches, lowgrounds, among rubbish, and about brooksand water-courses. It flowers in Augustand September. The whole plant is officinal.It has a biting, pungent, acrid taste,and imparts its virtues to alcohol or water.It should be collected and made into a tincturewhile fresh. When it is old it is almostWater Pepper.worthless. The English variety of this plant possesses the same properties.Properties and Uses. — It is stimulant, diuretic, emmenagogue, anti-

164 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.septic, diaphoretic, etc. The infusion in cold water has been foundserviceable in gravel, colds and coughs, and in xnUk sickness. In cholera,the patients wrapped in a sheet moistened with a hot decoction haverecovered.It is used as a wash in chronic erysipelatous inflammations. Thefresh leaves bruised with the leaves of May-weed, and moistened withthe oil of turpentine, and applied to the skin, will speedily vesicate.The infusion in cold water forms an excellent local application in thesore mouth of nursing women, and in mercurial ptyalism or salivation.The decoction or infusion in hot water is not so active as when preparedin cold or warm water. It has very many virtues;and its office in. my" Restorative Assimilant" (see page 469) it performs weU.Dose.— Of the infusion, from a wineglassful to a teacupful, three orfoiir times a day.VVORMSEED (CnENOPODiuM Anthelminticum),Common Name. Jerusalem Oak.Medicinal Part. The seeds.Description.— This plant has a perennial branched root, with an. erect,herbaceous stem, from one to three feet high. The leaves are alternate,oblong-lanceolate, of yeUowish-green color, and marked belieathwith smaU resinous particles. The numerous flowers axe of the samecolor as the leaves. Seeds solitary and lenticular.— llistoi'y. This plant grows in waste places in almost all parts of theUnited States, flowering from July to September, and ripening its seedsthroughout the fall, at which time they should be collected. The wholeplant has a disagreeable odor, and the seeds partake of the same odor.Properties and Uses.— Anthelmintic and antispasmodic. Excellent t»expel the lumbrici from children. The oil is the best form of administration, which may be given in doses of four to eight drops on sugar.The infusion with milk is also given often in wineglassful doses.Medicin.\l Parts.WORMWOOD (Artemisia Absinthium).T/ie tops and leaves.— Uescription. This is a perennial plant, with a woody root, branchedat the cro\vn, and ha\'ing numerous fibres below. The whole herb iscovered with close, silky hoarincss;the stems are numerous, bushy,and from one to two feet in height. Their lower part exists for someyears, from which young shoots spring forth every year, decaying incold weather. The leaves are alternate, broadish, and blunted, thelower ones on long petioles, upjicr ones on shorter, broader, and somewhatwinged ones.lUxtorji.— Wormwood grows nearly all over the world, from theUnited States to Siberia. It flowers from June to September. The

THE COMPLETE HEIliSALIST. 165tops and leaves are the parts used. The dried herb, with the flowers,has a whitish ây appearance, a strong, aromatic odor, and is extremelybitter to the taste. Alcohol or water takes up its active principles.It yields what is known to druggists as Absinthine.Properties and Uses. — It is anthelmintic, tonic, and narcotic. It isused for many diseases, among which may be enumerated intermittentfever, jaundice, worms, want of appetite, amenorrhcea, chronic leucorrhoea,obstinate diarrhoea, etc. It is also used externally in countryplaces as a fomentation for sprains, bruises, and local inflammations.Taken too often, or in large quantities, it will irritate the stomach, anddangerously increase the action of the heart and arteries.Dose.— Of the powder, ten to twenty grains ; infusion, one or twoounces.Santonin., a weU-known anthelraintic, is the peculiar principle obtainedfrom the Artemisia Sardonica.Dose.— Three or four grains, twice a day.Common Name.YAM (WILD),(DioscoREA Villosa).Colic root.IVIedicinal Part. The rootDescription.— This is a delicate twining vine, with a perennial root.From this root proceeds a smooth, woolly, reddish-brown stem, the sixthof an inch in diameter, and from five to fifteen or eighteen feet long.The leaves average two to four inches in length, and about three-quartersof their length in width. They are glabrous on the upper surface,with soft hairs on the lower. The flowers are of a pale greenish yellowcolor, and are very small. The seeds are one or two in each cell, and flat.History.— There are several species of yam-root which grow in theWest Indies, and which che natives eat as we do potatoes, but these arenot medicinally Hke the Dioscorea Villosa, which I have describedabove, and which is a slender vine growing wild in the United Statesand Canada, and found rixnning over bushes and fences, and twiningabout the growths in thickets and hedges. The farther south we go themore prolific it is. It flowers in June and July. The root, which isthe part used, is long, branched, crooked, and woody. From this ismade a iireparation called Dioscorein., or Dioscorin, which contains all itsactive qualities.Properties and Uses.— Antispasmodic. Half a pint of the decoctionhas been used, in almost innumerable cases of bilious colic, with greatgood effect the same is also;employed for spasm of the bowels, and toallay violent nausea ; especially., however, the unaccountable nausea ofpregnant women. Dioscorein possesses the properties of the crude rootin a marvellous degree. I use it mainly for bilious colic it is the; verybest reUef and promptest cure now known. I also give it in some forms

166 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.of uterine disease (always, however, combined with other material of asimilarly excellent character), but my use of it is chiefly for biliouscolic, and for this I commend it to the public.Doxe.— Of the decoction, two to four ounces; tincture, twenty tosixty drops ;Dioscorein, one to four grains.YARROW (AchilleaMillefolium").Common Names. Milfoil, Tliousand Seal, Nose-bleed.Medicinal Part. The herb.Descriptioji.—Yaxrow, also called Thousand Seal, is from ten to twentyinches high, with a simple stem, branching at the top, and many long,crowded, alternate and dentate leaves spread upon the ground, finelycut, and divided into many parts. The flowers are white or rose-colored,and aiTayed in knots iipon divers green stalks, which arise fromamong the leaves. Fruit an oblong, flattened achenium.History. —Yarrow inhabits Europe and North America;it is found inpastures, meadows, and along road-sides, flowering from May to October.The plant possesses a faint, pleasant, peculiar fragrance, and arather shaqD, rough, astringent taste, which properties are due to tannicand achiUeic acid, essential oil,and bitter extractive, alcohol or waterbeing its proper menstruvim.Properties and Uses.— It is astringent, alterative, and diuretic, in decoction.It is efficacious in bleeding from the lungs and other hemorrhages,incontinence of urine, piles, and dysentery. It is valuable inamenorrhoea, or suppressed or restrained menses, flatulency, and spasmodicdiseases. It forms a useful injection in leucorrhoea or whites,also in menorrhagia, or profuse or too long continued menstruation. Anointment cures wounds, ulcers, fistulas, and the head bathed in a decoctionprevents the falling out of the hair;while the leaves chewed inthe mouth will frequently ease the tooth-ache. Achilles is supposedto be the first that left the virtues of this herb to jjosterity, hence theactive principle of this plant is called Achilleine, which is much used as asubstitute for quinia in intermittent fevers in the South of Europe.Dose.— The infusion of Yarrow is given in doses of from a wineglassfulto a teacupful, three or four times a day ;the essential oU from fiveto twenty drops. In menorrhagia or profuse menstruation, a tablespoonfulof the saturated tincture may be given three or four times aday.Achillea PtarmirM, or Sneeze-wort, has leaves entirely different fromthe Yarrow, and should not be mistaken one for the other. The wholeof this plant is pungent, exciting an increased flow of saliva ;and thepowder of the dried leaves, when snuffed into the nostrils, producessneezing, which issupposed to be owing to their Email, sharp, and marginalteeth.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 167YELLOW PAMLLA (Menispekmum Canadense).CoJiMON Names.Medicinal Part.Vine-maple, Moonseed.TJie root.— Description. This plant has a perennial, horizontal, very long woodyroot, of a beautiful yellow color. The stem is round and climbiag, andabout a foot in length. The leaves are roundish, cordate, peltate,smooth, glaucous green above, palerbelow, entire, and four or five inchesin diamete*. The flowers are in clusters,and are small and yellow. Thefruit, a drupe, is about the third ofan inch in diameter, and one-seeded.History.— Yellow Parilla grows inmoist woods and hedges, and nearstreams, from Canada to Carolina,and west to the Mississippi. It flowersin July. The root, which is thepart used, has a bitter, lasting, butnot unpleasant acrid taste, and yieldsits virtues to water and alcohol. It iscaUed, not without justice, AmericanSarsaparilla, and its active principle,known as merdspermin, shows that itmight have received a name less expressiveof its merits.Properties and — Uses. The authorsof herbalist dispensatories have setdown YeUow Parilla as ' ' tonic, laxa-Tellow Parilla.tive, alterative, and diuretic," and it seems to possess all these qualities.Every plant of medicinal value, however, possesses one virtue which isparamount to all others. Yellow Parilla is essentially and particularlyanti-syphilitic, anti-scroihxlous, anti-scorbutic, and anti-mercvirial. Asa purifier of the blood, it is equal to the imiDorted sarsaparilla as weget the latter, and its active principle, menispermin, may be used withgreat good effect in all diseases arising from either hereditary or acquiredimpurities of the system. It exerts its influence principally onthe gastric and salivary glands, and is found expressly beneficial incases of adhesive inflammation, and where it is found necessary tobreak up organized deposits, and hasten disintegration of tissue. I useit principally for those diseases arising from a vitiated condition of theblood, but sometimes apply it to dyspepsia. A decoction of the plantmay be used to advantage as an embrocation in gouty, rheumatic, andcutaneous affections. The dose of the menispiermia is from one to fourgrains. When it produces vomiting reduce the dose.

168 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.r>Lîsr TSTHEIR COLLECTION ANI> PRESEKVATION .A Physician who would cure diseases, or seek to assist Nature to throwoff all morbid accumulations from the body, should have a single eye tothe perfection, purity, or quality of the remedial agents he may feel calledupon to employ. Plants should be gathered at a proper period, and undercorrect climatic influences, and always chosen from those in a wild or uncultivatedstate.The roots of an annual plant will yield their most active medicalproperties just before the flowering season, whereas this class of roots areerroneously gathered after the flowering season ;in consequence, thej' areless active, and do not retain their qualities for any reliable time. Theroots of the biennial plants are most energetic If gathered when the leaveshave fallen fiom the plant, in the autumn of the first j'ear while the;roots of perennial plants are most active when gathered between the decayof the flowers and leaves and the renewal of verdure of the followingSpring. Bulbs are to be collected as soon as matured, or soon aftef theloss of the foliage, in order to secure their most active principles.Herbaceous stems should be collected after the foliage, but beford theblossoms have developed themselves, while ligneous or woody stemsshould be collected after the decay of the leaves and previous to the vegetationof the succeeding Spring.Barks are to be gathered in the Spring previous to flowering, or inAutumn after the foliage has disappeared. Spring is the best time togather resinous barks, and Autumn for the others.Leaves are best when gathered between the period of flowering andmaturation of the fi-uit or seeds. Biennial plants, however, do not perfectthemselves the first year, consequently their leaves should be gatheredonly during the second year of the growth of the plant.Flowers are to be collected when about to open, or immediately afterthey have expanded, although I prefer the buds. Flowers, buds, and leaves,are to be gathered in dry weather, after the dew is off from them, or inthe evening before it falls, and freed from all impurities. Aromaticsshould be collected after the flower-buds are formed, while stalks andtwigs are best if erathered soon after the decay of the flowers. Berries, succulentfruits, and seeds are to be collected only when ripe, except in somefew cases where tlie medicinal virtue is contained in the unripe article.Roots are to be well washed, rejecting all worm-eaten or decayed portions.Bulbs are cleaned and dried as roots. Barks, stems, twigs, and woods arebest dried iu a moderate suu-()eat, and sliould be taken every night into awell-ventilated room, where the dew or rain will not touch them, and laidupon sticks, slats, or boards which are some few inches apart, so that theair may be well circulated through. The best method of drying leaves isto strip them from the stem, lay them loosely upon a flooring where thesun shines moderately and the air circulates sutliciently to avoid mould—keep them well stirred. The custom of steaming or moistening leaves inorder to pack them moie solidly after having been dried, is exceedinglyimproper, as the articles become thereby much deterioi-ated in qualityand soon get musty.Seeds are dried in the same manner as stems and leaves. Aromatic herbsand annual plants are dried as advised for leaves similarly prepared.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 169MECHANICALARTICLES.The followiu;;toy mail, secmcly packed from observation. We ofter thmn to our parrmis itecauseof tlieirbeiiiK in many respects superior to others offered for sale at doublethe price we ask for them.articles, so necessary in mauy instances, will be sent, prepaidEAR TRUMPETS.The conversation tube suits the mostobstinate cases of deafness, and is particularlyconvenient at the dinner-table andin company, as private conversation canbe carried on without attracting the attentionof others.Conversation Tubes.—Worsted, Silk,German Silver $3. Nickle Plated,Ivory Mounts, $3, $5, ,f 10. Nickle Plated $5. $5.00.There are thousands of persons with one or both ears supposed lo be perfectlyuseless, who in many cases might hear very well were the sonorous undulations conveyedto them by anificial Ear Trumpets, thus drawing blood to the parts and restoringhealthy action. The hearing will thus Oe greatly improved, if notaltogether cured.URINALS.We have taken great pains to have the urinals offered below, light, soft, durableand of a fine finish. Thoy are manufactured from the finest quality of vulcanizedrubber.Fig. 91 representsa Day andNightUrinal. The longtube connecting thescrotal and penisportion to the reservoirwill allow thewearer to move andturn in bed withoutchanging the positionof the reservoir.This tube can be removedand the otherportions joined together,which permitsit to be wornduring the day whileattending to business.Fig. 94 has aperfect scrotal supportattached.Children's Urinals,with reservoir, $4 ;without reservoir. $3

170 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.HARD RUBBER SYRINGE.The above syringe is very durable, being made of hard rubber. By insert,in

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 171ESSAYS 0]SrHTGIEIÊ, ETC.Man isFood and Drinks.an omnivorous creature, partaking of the nature both of thecarnivorous and herbiverous animal. Hence, it is reasonable to supposethat man should subsist on a mixed diet, consisting both of animal andvegetable substances. To settle this matter, we must appeal to man'sorganization. His structure will tell us something we need not mistake.All the works of the Creator show design. Everything he has made hasa use, and is so contrived as to be adapted to that use. Lions, tigers,and other animals, for example, which feed on flesh alone, have a shortaUmentary— canal it being only about three times the length of an animal'sbody. Animals which eat no flesh— a sheep example— for have very longsecond stomachs ;while the duodenum, or second stomach of the humanbeiug, is of a medium capacity which;fact, in connection with the peculiarformation of his teeth and his erect or upright position, prove conclusively that man was destined to adapt himself to any clime, and topartake of any kind of food, animal or vegetable, as may be naturallyBuppUed for his subsistence by the hand of Providence. For instance,the inhabitants of the Polar regions subsist principally on animal substances,and that, too, of the most oleaginous or fatty sorts.Those tribes of men, laborers, hunters, etc., living in cold climates,who subsist almost wholly on flesh, fish, or fowl, devour on an averageabout seven pounds per diem. In fact, the quantity of animal food con-flesh-eaters in practice, seemssumed by some human beings, who arealmost incredible. Captain Parry relates the case of an Esquimaux lad,who at a meal, which lasted twenty hours, consumed four pounds of rawas well as four pounds of broiled sea-horse flesh, one and a half pints ofgravy, besides one and three-quarter pounds of bread, three glasses ofraw spirits, one tumbler of strong grog, and nine pints of water. CaptainCochrane states, in a " Narrative of Travels through Siberian Tartary,''^that he has repeatedly seen a Yakut or Largouse eat forty poundsof meat in a day ;and it is stated that the men in the Hudson's BayCompany are allowed a ration of seven or eight pounds of ordinary fleshmeat per diem.Charles Francis Hall, in his work called ' ' Arctic Researches and Lifeamong the Esquimaux,'''' relates his strange experiences among the tribesof the country, with whom he became, as it were, naturalized. Sjêakingof the kinds of food they used, and the enormous quantity con-

172 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.sumed, Captain Hall remarks :— " The skin of the Mysticetus (Greenlandwhale) is a great treat to the Esquimaux, who eat it raw. The ' blackskin ' is three-fourths of an inch thick, and looks like india-rubber. Itis good eating in a raw state, even for a white man, as I know from experiencebut when boiled and soused in; vinegar it is most excellent."The Captain afterwards saw the natives cutting up the Jcrang (meat) ofthe whale into such huge slices as their wives could cany and as; theyworked they kept on eating, until boat-load after boat-load was sentover the ice to be deposited in the villages of the vicinity. All day long"were they eating, which led the Captain to exclaim : ^Vhat enormous"stomachs these Esquimaux have ! He came to the conclusion, however,that the Esquimaux practice of eating their food raw is a good one— at least, for the better preservation of their health. To one educatedotherwise, as we civilized whites are, the Esquimaux custom of feedingon uncooked meats is highly repulsive but; eating meats raw or cookedis' 'entirely a matter of education. God has made of one blood aU nationsof men to dwell on the whole face of the earth, and has determinedthe times before appoiuted, and the bounds of their habitations." Takethe Esquimaux away from the Arctic regions, and they would sooA disappearfrom the face of the earth.The Esquimaux are a hardy and happy people are; comparatively freefrom diseases, and are never known to die of scrofula or consumption, asone of the consequences of eatrag so enormously of oleaghious or greasyanimal substances.On other hand, in contrast to the gormandizing propensities of the Esquimaux,there are many examples of people living in cold climates subsistingon coarse bread, not exceeding the average amount of one jjoundof wheat, rye, or corn, daily but such;persons, unless exceedingly activeiu their habits, seldom escape from the penalties of scrofula and consumption,for the simjjle reason that they soon fail to sup2ily themselveswith the meats or fatty animal substances necessary for the boat and lifeof the body. The Canadian teamsters live almost exclusively upon breadand fat, which, ia a temperate climate, would produce nausea and skraeruptions.In warm climates, as in China, Hindoostan, Africa, and the tropics, thefood of the natives is principally composed of vegetables and fruits— ricebeing the general diet, with only animal or other food enough to amountto a condiment or seasoning. Though the amount of food consumed bysome of the nations is very small, and their habits very temperate, we donot find that even they are any the less liable to many of the diseaseswhich afflict those who eat largely of a mixed diet. It is reasonable tosuppose, however, that less food and lighter clothing are required inwarm or hot climates than in these of the temperate and frigid.The negroes on the plantations of Mssissippi and Alabama grow sleek

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 173and live to an advanced age by subsisting largely on fat pork and hominy,com bread, sweet potatoes, rice, etc. In tlue pampas of Brazil andBuenos Ayres, where immense herds of wild cattle are found, the hunterscatch these bovines, strip them of their hides and horns, and, if hungry,wUl cut out a huge chunk of beef, half roast it,and eat it withoutsalt or bread. In some parts of Brazil the natives feed on a flour madefrom the roots of a certain plant or tree, moistening the same with thejuice of the orange or lemon. Othersfind support in the yam, the banana,or plantain, etc., while they are hugely addicted to drinking a speciesof whiskey called aguardiente.In Asia and Africa many of the natives derive their staple nutritionfrom gum acacia, and among us many an invahd has derived healthynourishment from preparations containing gum acacia, when his stomachwould neither bear nor digest any other article in the shape of food. InPeru the Indians wUl subsist for a month at a time by chewing a plantcalled erj'throxylin coca, and in the mean time perform journeys of hundreds01 miles. The Hindoos live principally on rice, and are considereda long-lived and a very docile people. On the other hand, many of theIndian tribes of North America, who live on roots, barks, berries, etc.,are very savage and warlike in their habits. The Chinese drink strongtea, and the Tui'ks coffee equally as strong, without apparent detrimentto their general health. The laboring Scotch thrive partially on oatmealporridge, without using a particle of meat. The Irish want nothing betterthan plenty of potatoes, cabbage, and buttermilk. The English,French, German, Italian, Spanish, and other civilized people of Europelive upon mixed diet, though each have their peculiar Ukes and dislikesin the shape of dishes, and the average health of each nation is about thesame. So in America they eat everythuig and anything, without particularinjury to the constitution, except when eating too fast and too muchat a time, which is a proverbial national error.People are liable to eat what they have been taught or educated to eat,without stopping to inquire concerning any physiological laws on thesubject. Scrofula is the most prevalent of aU diseases,— this fact beingjustly attributed not to pork or food of any kind, but to the manner inwhich the people are lodged, living in small or unventUated apartments,crowded together and breathing foul air and the pestiferous etliuvias oftheir own bodies.There can be no doubt that many of the maladies incident to the humanrace are produced through the agency of improper food, over-feeding,etc., on the internal organs ; yet it can be readily shown that a fai"greater o.mount of maladies are induced through the medium of atmosphericimpressions and vicissitudes on the external surface of the body.More diseases arise from breathing foul air, or from lack of the naturalatmospheric air, than from the worst or poorest kind of food. DLseaae,

174 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.as it is intherefore, is not so much a result of the kind of food we eat,What may be excellent for one man may bethe quantity and quality.very injurious for another ; custom, habits, idiosyncrasies, temperaments,etc., having- a great deal to do ia the digestion of food, and convertingit iato wholesome or nutritious blood, capable of supplying all thetissues of the body with their natural needs or stimuli. Very few peopleseem to know what their stomachs were intended for, or even knowwhere they are situated. All sorts of deleterious substances arecrammed into the stomach by thousands of people. When any articleof food is repidsive to any of the senses, it had better be avoided as anarticle of diet. This antipathy is so intense ia some as to amount to actualidiosyncrasy. The sympathy and antipathy displayed by some personswith regard to alimentary food or drinks are extremely curious.Some notable instances are on record. BoYLE fainted when he heardthe splashing of water or liquids.ScALiGER turned pale at the sight ofwater-cresses ;Erasmus became feverish when he saw a fish. Zimmermantells us of a lady who shuddered when touching the velvety skin ofa peach. There are whole famiUes who entertain a horror of cheesij ;onthe other hand, there was a physician. Dr. Starke, of Edinburgh,' wholost his life by subsisting almost entirely upon Some it. people ihavebeen unable to take mutton even when administered in the microscopicform of pills. There is a case of a man falling down at the smell ofmutton, as if bereaved of life, and in strong convulsions. Sir JamesEyre, in his well-known little book, mentions three curious instances ofidiosyncrasy the case of a gentleman who could not eat a : single strawberrywith imiûnity ;the case of another, whose head would becomefrightfully swollen if he touched the smallest particle of hare the case;of a third, who would ine\atably have an attack of gout a few hoursafter eating We fish. ourselves know of a lady iu Connecticut who willturn pale and faint at the smell of an apple. She could certainly claiminnocence with reference to tempting any Adam.This ignorance of the uses of the stomach, or rather abuse of the functions,is sometimes the source of much suffering and disease. Besidesthe gastric tubes which supjaly the stomach with the gastric juice, whichis necessary to dissolve the food before it can be converted into blood, itis extensively covered with a net-work of nerves and blood-vessels, renderingthe stomach very sensitive and very hable to intlammation. Thisinflammation sometimes becomes very active, producing vomiting, pain,fever, etc. aU caused , by imjirudence in diet. It is a warning. If thewarning be not heeded, this inflammation becomes chronic;the nerveslose their sensibility ;the stomach becomes inactive, and that most distressingof all diseases, dyspepsia (and often epilepsy or fits), takes up itsabode as a permanent guest. Most frequently it comes on more slowlyand without apparent wamiag.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 175The food we eat has to be properly digested. People are apt to supposethat digestion is performed in the stomach only. This is a mistakaThe stomach performs the greater part of the work, but it is greatly assistedby other organs besides. Digestion really begins in the mouth.Besides the teeth, which are the true organs of digestion, there are situatedin the cavity of the mouth three small bodies called saUvary glands,which pour out a lluid called saliva (or spittle), which is just as necessaryto the proper digestion of food as the gastric juice itself. The morethoroughly the food is mixed with saliva, the more perfect will be digestion.This should teach us to eat slowly, and to chew so well thatevery mouthful of food may contain a proper amount of it. It shoiddalso teach us that this saliva is too valuable a substance to be contaminatedwith tobacco-juice, or wasted in expectoration from smoking, especiallywhere the temperament is nervous. Saliva is constantly beingpoured into the cavity of the mouth, whether we are asleep or awake.As a general thing, in a healthy person, about five wine-glasses frdl of salivaare secreted in a day.We eat that the body may be supported with blood, for our food, beforeit can become a part of the body, must first be converted into blood.A full-grown, healthy working-man consumes in one year about twelvehundred pounds — of victuals and drink that is,about eight times his ownweight ; yet, if he should weigh himself at the end of the year, he wouldfind that he weighs very httle more or less than he did at the beginning.Now what has become of the t ./elve hvindred pounds he has eaten ? Ithas been wasted away. With every motion, every breath, avery operationof the mind, the body has been wasted, and food has been requiredto support the waste.The one great cause of the wasting of the body, and of the constantdemand for food, is action. If the muscles could be kept from moving,our lungs from breathing, and our minds from thinking, then we mightnot require food, for there would be uo waste. This condition of things,of course, could never exist without death speedily follo%ving.Exercising violently excites hunger, since it makes us breathe faster,and therefore causes us to inhale more air. A man of sedentary habitsdoes not require so much food as a laboring man, because he does notwaste away as fast. Much of the wasted material of the body is carriedoff by the lungs, in the form of carbonic acid. The skin, too, does itsshare of the work. It not only assists in breathing, but it also carriesout of the system a large portion of its dead particles.Children require more food in proportion than adults, because they aregrowing, and therefore, so to speak, need more to build up their bodies.After we have attained our growth, we neither gain nor lose our weight,provided we are in health, for we consume as much food as the bodywastes. This is called a state of equilibrium. As old age comes on th«'

176 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.body begins to decline in weight, and then we waste more than we consume.Food may be distinguished into two kinds, viz. , nitrogenized and nonnitrogenized.The first class is called the plastic elements of nutrition,and is designed solely to make blood and to form the substance of thewhile the non-nitrogenized kindtissues in the general structure of man;sugar, grape sugar, sugar of milk, wine, beer, and spirits.is necessary to keep up the animal heat, by yielding hydrogen and carbon,to be exhibited in the lungs. The elements of human nutrition andrecuperation are vegetable fibrine, albumen, caseine, and animal fleshand blood;while the elements of respiration are fat, starch, gum, caneThe elementaryprinciples or proximate elements of food consist in water, gum, sugar,starch, lignin, jeUy, fat, fibrine, albumen, caseine, gluten, gelatine,acids, salts, alcohol, etc. All these elements are found in sufficientabundance in either the vegetable or animal kingdoms, and are to beused according to the natural wants of man, or the supply of the waste.No precise rules, therefore, can be laid down to suit every particularstate of either disease or health. Every one, accordingly, should eat anddrink only those things which he may find by experience, habits, or .peculiaritiesto best agree with his condition, and reject aU substances '^^hichhe may iind injurious to his health and general weU-being. It is the]jrovocative variety, or the over-stimulation of the palate, that does thegreater mischief to health. The plainer the food and the fewer thedishes, the greater will be the immunity from disease. Whether thediet be vegetable or animal substances, the result will be the same in relativeproportion to the nutriment yielded. Fish, for scrofulous and consumptivepersons, is a most excellent diet, containing a principle callediodine.Meats contain the most nitrogen, the nitrogenous portions of our foodmake flesh, and go to supply the wear and tear and wastes of the body ;these are ultimately passed from the system in the urine. If more nitrogenousfood is eaten than is needed to supply these wastes. Natureconverts it more rapidly into living tissues, which are, with correspondingrapidity, broken down and converted into urine. This is when thefood is digested ;but when so much is eaten that it cannot be digested.Nature takes alarm as it were, and endeavors to remedy the trouble inone of three ways. The stomach rebels and casts it ofE by vomiting, itis worked out of the system by attacks of diarrhoea, or the human creatureis made uncomfortable generally, and is restless both by day andby night as a further;punishment his appetite is more or less destroyedfor several meals afterwards. Little or no nitrogen is poured off withthe ]iersj)iration, breathing, or fceces.Wiatever diet we use, whether animal or vegetable, the secret of itaiitiUty liesnot only in the quantity and quality, but in the manner in

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 177whicli either kind is cooked, when so prepared for food. Much ignoranceprevails everywhere in this matter of cooking the substances that arerequisite for the sustenance of our bodies. Let any person, unable toeat broccoli or greens cooked in a quart of water, try the efEect of havingthem cooked in a gallon of water, or of having the quart of water changedthree or four times during the process of cooking, and he wiU soon discoverthe diilerence. If good potatoes are ' ' watery, " it is l:)ecause theyare ill-cooked. Fried dishes, rich gravies, and pastry should be avoidedbecause of their tendency to develop fatty acids in the stomach.We may reasonably suppose that the physiology of digestion is yet toolaws as toimperfectly understood to enable us to lay down any precisewhat to eat, drink, and avoid. With a little vigilance, however, eachperson can ascertain for himself what foods do and do not agree withhim. As before intimated, the peculiarities in this respect are remarkable.Some cannot endure fat;others cannot get along without it.Some cannot touch mutton;others are made iU by eggs. Let each findout his own antipathy. Suppose the case of a healthy man— so healthythat he cannot be healthier. We will say the quantity of blood in hisbody IS thirty pounds, and that he loses one pound of this in everytwenty- four hours. Is it not plain enough that he must eat as muchfood in the same time as wih supply the waste of blood he has lost ? Butif he should eat as much as wiU furnish a pound and a half of blood, hewiU have half a pound of blood too much in Ms system. Should he goon adding an extra half pound of blood daily more than is required tosupply the tissues, what then will be the consequences ? Bursting of theblood-vessels. But good Dame Nature has measurably guarded againstany such plethoric catastrophe ; for, after having supplied the waste ofthe body, the undue quantity of blood is converted into fat or adiposematter, thus restoring the blood's volume to a due standard. But thisquasi fat is of no use to the body. It does not give it strength ;on thecontrary, it is an encumbrance to the machinery, and, in more ways thanone, is an evil. He, therefore, who eats too much, even though he digestsor assimilates what he eats, and should be fortunate enough toescape apoplexy, or some other disease, does not add a single particle tohis strength. He only accumulates fat, and incurs the evils thereuntoappertaining— one among many of which I wUl mention— I mean the accumulationof fat about the heart, and interfering, to a most dangerousdegree, with the heart's action. A man's strength resides in his arterialblood— in his muscles and bones and tendons and ligatures— in hisbrawn and sinew;and his degree of strength depends upon the vigor,size, and substance of these ;and if he were to eat without ceasing, hecould not add to their size and substance one atom, nor alter their originalhealthy dimensions. Therefore it is a most uiischievoua fallacy tosuppose that the more a man eats the stronger he grows.8* M

278 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.The quantity of food taken daily should just be sufficient to restore tothe blood what the blood has lost in restoring the waste of the body, andthat should always be proportioned to the degree of bodily exertion tmdergone.But how are we to know the exact amount of the waste that isdaUy going on in our system, in order to apportion the quantity of foodthereto ? Nature tells us not only when, but how much we ought to eatand drink.For instance, when you are excessively thirsty, and when you are inthe act of quenching your thirst with a draught of cold water, you knowwhen you have drunk enough by the cessation of thirst ;but there isanother token, which not only informs you when you have drunk enough,but which also prevents you from drinking more, that is, if you drinkwater only. While you are in the act of drinking, and before your thirsthas been allayed, how rich, how sweet, how delicious is the draught,though it be but water But no sooner has thirst been quenched, than!behold, in an instant aU its dehciousness has vanished ! It is now distastefulto the palate. To him, then, who requires drink, water is delicious;for him who does not require drink, water not only has no rehsh,but impresses the palate disagreeably. To a man laboring unde^ thevery last degree of thirst, even foul ditch water would be a delfbiooadraught but his thirst; having beer quenched, he would turn from itwith disgust. In this instance of water-drinking, then, it is clear thatthe relish depends not on any fiavor residing in the water, but on somecertain condition of the body. It is absurd to say that you caunot drinkwater because you do not like it, for this only proves that you do notwant it;since the reUsh with which you enjoy drink depends upon thefact of your requiring di-ink, and not at all upon the nature of the drinkitself.Now apply this to eating instead of drinking. Place before a hungryworkman stale bread and fat pork, flanked by a jug of cold water.While his hunger remains unappeased, he will eat and drink with an eagerrelish but when his;hunger has been appeased, the bread and meatand water have lost what he supposed to be their delicious flavor.If we ate only simple and natural food, plainly cooked, there would beno danger of eating too much — the loss of relish and the feeling of disgust,consequent upon satisfied hunger, would make it impossible.Indeed,this sense of satiety is as much and as truly a natural token,intended to warn us that we have eaten enough, as the sense of hungeris a token that we require food.As hunger instructs us when to eat, so disrelish teaches us when weshould desist. It would seem that the very ne plus ultra of the cook'sart is to destroy the sensation of disreUsh, which is almost as necessaryto our health as hunger itself. Thus it appears the objectcookery is to make the stomach bear a large quantity of food withoutof modem

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 179nausea— to cram into the stomach as much as it can possibly hold withoutbeing sick.The rule which should regulate the quantity of food to be used isfound in that sensation of disrelish which invariably succeeds to satisfiedappetites. If you be content to live plainly and temperately, you willnever eat too much, but you will always eat enough ;but ifyou wouldrather incur the penalty of disease than forego the pleasure of diningdaintily, all I can say is, you— are welcome to do so but do not pleadignorance— blame only yourself.I have stated already that certain people have been known to eatfrom seven to forty pounds of meat or food in a single day. On theother hand, persons have lived on twelve ounces of food a day, andwere actually exempt from disease. Dr. Franklin, in his younger days,confined himself solely to ten pounds of bread a week, drinking wateronly in the mean time. Rev. John Wesley lived to a great age on sixteenounces a day, although he led a very active life as a preacher ofthe gospel ;and a celebrated Italian nobleman, who led a dissipatedlife till near fifty years of age, suddenly reformed his habits, and Uvedon twelve ounces a day with a single glass of wine, until he had reachedthe hiindredth year of his age. Was the wine one of the means by whichhe prolonged his life ? It no doubt served to cheer his spirits. Andthis leads me to consider somewhat the nature of stimulants. Bystimulants I mean ardent spirits, wines, and strong ales. Are theynecessary as articles of diet? They are not always, but have theiruses. They are iiemicious to the general organism, if too freely indulgedin. Liquids which contain or make solids are better thanwines, etc., yet both have their uses. MUk, the moment it reaches thestomach, is converted into curds and whey. The whey passes off bythe kidneys — the solid curd nourishes the body. Now, if we evaporatea glass of wine on a shallow plate, whatever solid matter it containswill be left dry upon the plate, and this wUl be found to amount toabout as much as may be laid on the extreme point of a penknife blade;and a portion, by no means all— but a portion of this sohd matter I wOIreadily concede — is capable of nourishing the body- and this portion isonly equal to one-third of the flour contained in a single grain of wheat !If we want nourishment merely, why not eat a grain of wheat insteadof drinking a glass of wine ? Yet wine has its uses as an exhilarant tothe mind and body.Once placed beyond the reach of the seductions of the palate, thesimple rule of drink what you want and as much as you want will ofitself suggest the needful limitation. Physiology tells us plainlyenough, not only why liquids are necessary, but how all superfluousquantities are rapidly got rid of.An interdict has been placed against hot drinks, which, if directed

180 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.against tea and coffee so hot as to scald the mncons membrane, is rationalenough, but is simply absurd when directed against hot in favorof cold drinks;the aroma of tea and coffee is produced by heat, consequentlythe pleasant, stimulating effect is considerably diminished whenthey are allowed to get cold.Great diversity prevails as to the kinds of drinks which should beused. Some interdict tea, others only (jreen tea some will not hear;of coffee;others allow mild beer, but protest against the bitter. "WTioeververy closely examines the evidence will probably admit that theexcessive variations in the conchisions prove that no unexceptionableevidence has yet been offered. By this I mean that the evil effectsseverally attributed to the various liquids were do direct conseqiaencesof the action of such liquids, but were due to some other condition.We often lay the blame of a restless night on the tea or coffee, whichwould have been quite inoffensive taken after a simpler dinner, or atanother hour.When a man uniformly finds a cup of tea produce discomfort, nomatter what his dinner may have been, nor at what hour he drinks it,he is justified in the inference that tea disagrees with him;if he findsthat the same effect follow whether he take milk or sugar with his- tea,then he has a strong case against the tea itself, and his experience isevidence as far as it goes. But we should require a great deal of evidenceas jjrecise as this, before impugning the wide and massive inductionin favor of tea, which is dra^vn from the practice of millions.Had tea in itself been injurious, had it been other than positivelybeneficial, the discovery would long ago have been made on a grand scale.The same may be said of coffee. Both tea and coffee may be hurtfulwhen taken at improper times, or by bilious persons ;and a httlevigilance will enable each person to decide for himself when he can,and when he cannot, take them with benefit.I may briefly state my opinion that the great objection against ^\'ine8is its pleasantness, which is apt to lure us iuto drinking more than isneedful. Wine is quite unnecessary for robust men living under healthyconditions;but to them it is also, when moderately taken, quite hanriless.For many delicate men and women, living under certain unhealthyconditions, it is often indispensable. The physician mustdecide in all such cases.Many think they cannot do without something to drink at regularmeals. Cold milk at meals has the disadvantage, if used freely, ofengendering constipation, biliousness, and the long train of minor symptomswhich inevitably follow these conditions.Warm drinks arc preferable in moderate quantities. Field hands oncotton and sugar plantations find a wholesome drink in a mixture ofmolasses, ginger, and water. Thiais a safe driuk for harvesters, as aiê

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 181many other temperate household preparations.these will be found in the proper department of this work.A recipe for many ofWhatever we eat or whatever we drink, let it be only enough barelyto appease the instincts of hunger and thirst. If we rigidly do this, weshall seldom or never be afflicted with dyspepsia, liver complaints, heartdisease, and the thousand ills to which flesh is heir, but will continueto enjoy unceasing rubicund health and vigorous old age.Clothing.Clothing must be adapted to the climate in which a person lives.Warm or heavy clothing is rendered imperative in a northern cUmate,while the lightest and thinnest can only be tolerated in the torrid zones.It is, however, a physiological fact that the more the whole surface ofthe body is exposed to the external air, within certain limits, the morevigorously is its functional action jDerformed, and the better is it enabledto preserve its own proper temperature, as well as to resist all unwholesomeimpressions from vicissitudes of weather, or the extremes of heatand cold. It should always be as light and loose as possible withoutbodily discomfort.The substances principally employed for clothing are linen, cotton,silk, wool, hair, or down. Woollens or flannels, being bad conductorsof heat, afford the greatest immediate protection from cold;and forthe same reason are less debilitating to the cutaneous function than isgenerally supposed. The most healthy clothing for a cold climate, especiallythe year round, is undoubtedly that made of wool. If wornnext to the skin by all classes in summer and winter, an incalculableamount of coughs, colds, diarrhoeas, dysenteries, and fevers would beprevented, as also many sudden and ijremature deaths from croup,diphtheria, and inflammation of the lungs and bladder. Of course, theclothing should be regulated in amount according to the degree of theheat of the weather at the time prevailing. In a very hot day, for instance,a single garment might be sufficient, but on a colder day anadditional garment should be added, and in this way keep the equilibriumof the temperature of the body uniform as possible day by day,the year round. Winter maladies would be prevented by the ability ofa woollen garment to keep the natural heat about the body, instead ofconveying it away as fast as generated, as is done by linen, flaxen,cotton, and silken garments. Indeed, the laboring classes, or those compelledto toil in the sun, would enjoy better health by wearing lightwooUen clothing, than by wearing linen or cotton fabrics. Among theIrish emigrants and others who arrive in the United States during thesummer season, we find many clothed entirely in woollen garments,frequently wearing heavy cloaks or coats, and actually feeling less discomfortfrom the heat than those of our native-bom citizens who are in

182 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.the habit of wearing linen or cotton next to their skin, and similar fabricsover these for outer clothing. It is more healthful to wear wooUeunext to the skin, especially in summer, for the reason that woollentextures absorb the moisture of perspiration so rapidly as to keep theskin measurably dry all the time. It is curious to notice that the waterisconveyed by a woollen garment from the surface of the body to theouter side of the garment, where the microscope shows it condensed inmiUions of pearly drops ;while it is in the experience of all observantpeople, that if a linen shirt becomes damp by perspiration, it remainscold and clammy for a long time afterwards, and, unless removed atonce, will certainly cause some bodily ailment, as palsy, rheumatism,etc. To sit dowTi, or remain inactive with a linen or cotton shirt wetwith perspiration, will speedily cause a chill to the whole body, leadingnot unfrequently to some sudden and fatal disease. In the night-sweatsof consumption, especially, or of any debilitated condition of the systema woollen or flannel night-dress (light for w'arm weather) is immeasurablymore comfortable than cotton or linen, because it preventsthat sepulchral dampness and chilliness of feeling which are otherwiseinevitable. The British government make it imperative that everysailor in the navy shall wear flannel shirts in the hottest dlimates, a rulethat shoidd be adopted by all persons everywhere exposed to variableweather, to extreme heats and colds, merely regulating the amount ofwooUen garments worn to suit the variable temperatures of climates andseasons. In saying all this, however, we must remember that comfortis very much a matter of habit and therefore we should make due;discrimination between .the natural sensation of health and the morbidsensitiveness produced by false customs. For instance, some keep theirV'hole bodies constantly covered by many layers of woollen garments,and yet go into a shivering fit at every unusual breath of cold air. Thereason is, they never adapt their habiliments gradually to the degree of theheat or cold of the season. If it be deemed advisable to wear woollenclothing all the year round, whether summer or winter, it does notfollow that we are to wear more than one or two extra folds of clothingin addition to the uuder garments. The true rule is not to cover allparts of the body equally with the same amount of clothing. The fleshyparts require the least clothing, and the limbs and feet, or less muscularparts, the most. Yet we often wear, in addition to under clothing, athick vest, coat, and overcoat ;and to these will add heavy scarfs of furor wool to the neck, etc., while the legs and feet are seldom clad inmore than a single additional garment to the drawers and stockings.These parts require more clothing, especially in the winter season, thanany other parts of the body. Furs are worn in the United States morefor ornament than benefit. They are the warmest clothing materialsknown ; yet are not adapted for general wear, iDasmuch as they are

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 183apt to overheat the body, and thus render it keenly susceptible to coldaand other afflictions. By consequence, fur neck cloths, caps, etc., arevery pernicious for the head and throat, inducing catarrhs, quinsy sorethroat, and similar afflictions. On the contrary, a light woollen waistcoatworn constantly over the breast, summer and winter, would guardagainst these and other evils, and insure vigorous strength to the lungsor respiratoiy apparatus, and thus should not be dispensed with even indog-days. The simple rule is to keep the head cool and the feet warmat all seasons of the year. Cheap and pretty silks, of which there aremany varieties, are materials which are admirable for ladies' evening,dinner, or walking dresses, and cost less in the end than other fabrics.While I contend that woollen or flannel clothing is the most suitablefor the colder or even the more temperate climates, it is not for me toobject to the use of linen or cotton clothing for those living in the torridor tropical climes. Indeed, cotton and linen would seem best adaptedto such climes. In the north, many persons cannot wear flannel nextto the skin, on account of inducing some peculiar cutaneous affection ;while others prefer such fabrics from choice, although exposed to allvicissitudes, never experiencing any evil effects from such a course.Such persons usually lead an active, out-door life, or are accustomed toexposing their bodies frequently, especially their chests, to atmosphericinfluences.In a strictly hygienic regulation of dress, however, the color of theclothing is not to be disregarded. White color reflects the rays of theBun;black absorbs them. Light colored clothing is, therefore, morecomfortable and sanitary in warm weather than dark colored, becausethe former repels the heat, while it is readily received and retained bythe latter. The heat-reflecting or heat-retaining property of differentfabrics varies exactly with their lighter or darker shades of color. Thisdifference, however, is much greater in the luminous rays of light thanin the non-lummous. When, therefore, we are not exposed to the sun,the subject of color is of very little importance. The absorbing powerof dark surfaces renders the skins of dark-colored animals, as well asthe darker persons or races of the human family, less liable to bescorched or blistered by the direct rays of the sun than are those of alighter color.As to the cut or fashion of garments, that is a matter to be decidedby the taste or habits of the wearer. Fashion, however, is very arbitrary,and seldom consults hygiene in matters of dress. Of late yearsehe has really much improved, as to the regulation of attire with regardto both health and elegance. The hooped skirt, which at the outset ofits career was so mercilessly ridiculed, has proved to be a great blessingto the ladies, as it enables them to dispense with a heavy drag of solidskirts, and gives their lower limbti free and easy play and motion. The

keeping184 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.hats or head-coverings now worn by both sexes are, in a sanitary pointof view, far superior to those worn by our immediate ancestors, beingvery light, and affording free ventilation, which is indispensable for theavoidance of headaches, rushing of blood to the head, and many otherafflictions.I can therefore only say that the first physiological rule for dress isto have all garments as light in texture and as loose in fashion as isconsistent with bodily comfort, or such as will admit of the most perfectfreedom in the exercise of every muscle in the body. Inequality ofclothing, as before remarked, is a far more frequent cause of colds thandeficient clothing. For instance, if a person exposes a part of the bodyusually protected by clothing to a strong current of cold air, he will takecold sooner than by an equal exiDOsure of the whole body. A greatsafeguard against disease is to regulate the texture and quantity ofclothing according to the temperature of the climate in which a personlives, avoiding extreme colds or extreme heats the '; clothingalways fresh and clean (especially that of the feet), and wearing a differentgarment at night from that worn during the day, not omittingthe cleanliness of the whole body in the general hygiene of wearingapparel. "^Sleep.Sleep is as much a necessity to the existence of all animal organizationsas light, air, or any other element incident to their maintenanceand healthful development. The constitutional relation of man to thechanges of the seasons, and the succession of days and nights^ impliesthe necessity of sleep. Natural or functional sleep is a complete cessationof the operations of the brain and sensory nervous ganglia, andis, therefore, attended with entire unconsciousness. Thoroughly healthypeople, it is believed, never dream. Dreaming implies imperfectrest— some disturbing cause, usually gastric irritation, exciting the brainto feeble and disordered functional action. Individuals of very studioushabits, and those whose labors are disproportionately intellectual,require more sleep than those whose duties or pursuits require moremanual and less mental exertion. The waste of nervous influence inthe brain of literary or studious persons requires a lo'jger time to berepaired or supplied than in those even who endure the largest amountof physical toil, without particular necessity for active thought whileengaged in their daily manual pursuits. But no avocation or habitaffects this question so much as the quality of the inge.=ta. Those whosubsist principally iirion a vegetable diet, it is said, require less sleepthan those who subsist on both animal and vegetable food. It seemscertain that herbivorous animals sleep less than the carnivorous;whilethe omnivora require more sleep than the herbivora and less than the

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 187tlie aids to healtli, because of their very simplicity. A sensible Dervish,in the Eastern aMegoiy, well aware of this weakness of human natureto despise simple things, and venerate those they do not understand,when called to the Sultan to cure him of a disease, did not dare tosimply advise him to take exercise;but he said to him :— " Here is aball which I have stuffed with certain rare and precious medicLues.And here is a bat, the handle of which I have also stuffed with similar'medicines. Tour Higness must take this bat and with it beat aboutthis ball, until you perspire very freely. You must do this every day. "His Highness did so ; and, in a short time the exercise of playing at batand ball with the Dervish cured the Sultan's malady. But it should beremembered that there are a great naany cases where medicines mustbe given to assist nature, besides the employment of exercise to facilitatethe recovery of the patient.Nevertheless, exercise is one of the chief aids of all others I must recommendto be adopted as eminently essential for the remedying of badhealth, and of preserving that which is already good. It is impossiblefor a healthy adult to be otherwise than active in body or mind, or both ;while it may be asserted, with abundant reason, that laziness is actuallya disease, dependent on some abnormal condition of the organism.variety of social circumstances may operate to produce an indolent dispositionof mind and inactive habit of body, but these also produce a primarycondition of ill-health.The function of respiration, by which the blood is vitalized, and thenutrition of the muscular structure, on which depend all the motivepower or strength of the system, are intimately connected with the circulationof the blood, and this with active exercise. Without this, theremust be unhealthy accumulation somewhere ; and, as the larger arteriesare not permanently dilatable, while the veins and capillary arteries areBO, this accumulation or congestion must take place hi the veins and capillaryor hair-like arteries.When the circulation is feeble from lack of bodily exercise, or othercause, the blood creeps sluggishly along the minute vessels composing theelementary tissue of the body these veins and; capillaries becomegorged, which engorgement operates as a still further impediment to thefree flow of the blood. The blood, when not chculated with due energythrough the ultimate tissues, becomes deteriorated in quality, and so, inturn, fails to supply that proper nutrition upon which, according to itsdegree of purity, all the tissues and functions of the body depend. Ifthe propelling power arising from breathing pure air and using activebodily exercise is not sufficiently energetic, the circulation through theelementary tissue is so slow that the blood loses its healthful arterial huebefore it has reached the extremities of the hair-hke arteries;and thuathat part of the tissue which ought to be filled with arterial blood isA

188 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.gorged only with black venous blood, from whicli the proper secretionnecessary to the nutrition of the body, cannot be separated, either in dueabundance or of a healthy quality. Hence, if this state of congestion bepermitted to exist from lack of active exercise and consequent free respiration,so as to vitalize the blood, there must needs be a speedy wastingof flesh, and all the other phenomena of consumption or any otherdisease. The strength of the system is intimately connected with thecirculation of the blood, as stimulated in its flow by means of activebodily exercise and pure air.This principle is well illustrated in the effects of gymnastics and training,by which the muscles of any part of the body are remarkably invigoratedby regular systematic exercise. People of all trades and occupationsfind those parts of the muscular system which are habituaUy themost exercised to be the most i>owerful.For healthful purposes all that is necessary is, any way, to exercise allparts of the body to a degree of fatigue without exhaiistion that; is, toa degree which will insure an energetic circulation of the blood throughoutthe entire economy. All exercises, however, to secure their fullbenefit, should be coujded either with some object of utility or amusement,otherwise the mind is apt to labor adversely to the body.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 189nothing else will insure so constant, regnlar, and equally divided exercisefor both mmd and body.Walking, running, leaping, hopping, dancing, rowing boats, etc., arephysiologically adapted to strengthen the whole muscular system. Evenboxing and fencing are to be advised when properly regulated. Wrestlingis a dangerous method of developing muscular power. Ten-pins,billiards, etc., are excellent exercises, but useful employment is better.Singing, declaiming, reading, etc., are admirable methods of cultivatingthe vocal powers, and increasing the capacity of the respiratory apparatus.Riding on horseback, hunting, fishing, etc. are all more or less,beneficial in the prevention of disease and promoting good health. Ridingin easy carriages, sailing in boats, swinging, and other passive exercises,are all to be duly considered as remedial expedients for invalids.Amid the many vicissitudes of fortune and the moral crosses to whichfemale life is doomed, I recommend healthful exercise of the body, inorder that the material fabric may be fortified against the thousandcauses of disease continually assailing the sex.Woman comes earUer to maturity by several years than man. Thetree of hfe blossoms and bears fruit sooner in the one sex than in theother.It also sooner withers and sheds its leaves,— but does not soonerdie. Female life at any period is fully as good,— perhaps a little better— in respect to probable duration, than that of the male. It is during theperiod of from fourteen to twenty-one years that the seeds of femalediseases are chiefly sown— or, at least, that the soil is specially preparedfor their reception and growth. The predi.sposition to infirmities anddisorders of various kinds is affected by acts of omission and commis-Bion. In the first class need I mention the deficiency of healthy exerciseof the body in the open air, and of intellectual exercise in judiciousstudies. The hoop and the skip-rope, even in city homes, might useful--ly supersede the piano, the hari>, and guitar, for one hour in the day, atleast. In schools and seminaries there is no excuse— -and, indeed, inmany of them this salutary, jjoint of hygiene is well attended to. Inothers, however, gymnastic exercises have been hastily thrown aside^partly because some enthusiasts have carried them to excess — paHly becausethey were supposed to be inimical to the effeminacy of shape andfeatures so much^rized by parents and progeny,— but chiefly, I suspect,from that languor and disinclination to exertion which characterize thehigher and even the middle classes of female youth. This deficiency ofexercise in the open air may be considered the parent of one-half of femaledisorders. The pallid complexions, the languid movements, thetorpid secretions, the flaccid muscles and disordered functions (includingglandular swellings), and consumption itself, attest the truth of this assertion.The exercises of small children consist in giving them the largest lib-

190 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.erty and plenty of room.The cradle is 'a most pernicious method ofexercising a chUd to sleep, and should be discarded from every family.For the ordinary or wakeful exercises of a child, the modem "babyjumper " will be found a preferable contrivance. Among the poorerclasses, the children, for want of room to stir in, are apt to becomesickly, puny, peevish, and often idiotic.The best time for exercise is in the morning, an hour or so beforebreakfast, when the stomach is partially empty. If it should happen tobe entirely empty, or nearly so, it should be fortified with a cracker ortwo, or some other light aliment. Vigorous evening exercises may alsobe employed by persons of sedentary habits with great advantage." Night work," when mental or physical, is at once a violation of thenatural order of things.Thus, if you would preserve your health, you must take exercise, butnot exercise exceeding your strength. Remember, the body must beinduced to throw off its waste by action before it can be nourished.Nevertheless, it should also be remembered, that exercises of extremeseverity are never required in ordinary cases of health, while in diseaseit must be incompatible with the strength and circumstances whichBurrovind the patient. With plentiful bodily exercise you can scarlpelybe ill,— without bodily exertion you cannot possibly be well. By "well,"I mean the enjoyment of as much strength as may be consistent withyour natural physique.Exercise should be taken to the extent of quickened breathing andsensible perspiration. If in health, walk, when possible, at least fromone to two miles every morning before breakfast. The invahd shouldgo out into the open air, and ramble to the degree of strength he maypossess, avoiding fatigue.Exercise gives health, vigor, and cheerfulness, sound sleep and a keenai>petite. Indeed, the effects of sedentary thoughtfulneas are diseasesthat embitter and shorten life— interrupt rest— give tasteless meals,perpetual languor, and ceaseless anxiety.Cheerful exercise, when at all practicable to be taken, whether activeor passive, is absolutely an indispensable means to prevent or guardagainst disease, and to assist in the recuperative action of medicinewhen the body has become diseased.tAir and Sunshine.As air may be said to be the very pabulum of life, it is highly essentialthat it should be pure,— inasmuch as any deterioration of it neverfails to render the blood impure, and thus liltimately to affect bothmind and body.Air covers the entire globe, pressing alike upon land and water, havinga depth of about forty -five miles.This vast ocean of air we caU an

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 191atmosphere, from two Greek words, signifying vapor and space,— it beingan immense fluid sphere or globe. This atmosphere presses upon man,and upon every object on the surface of the earth, with a force equal tofifteen pounds to every square inch. A man of average size has a surfaceof two thousand five hundred square inches; accordingly, the air inwhich he lives presses upon him with a weight of eighteen tons. Thiswould of course crush every bone in his body, but for the fluids withinhim, which estabUsh an equihbrium, and leave him unoppressed.Pure air contains seventy-nine parts of nitrogen and twenty-oneparts of oxygen. If we add a single part more of oxygen to the air, itwould no longer be atmospheric air, but aqua fortis, an element capableof destroying everything coming beneath its terrible power.The quantity of air consumed by a man of average size at each inspiration,is from fifteen to forty cubic inches, according to the capacity ofthe lungs. Thus, in about an hour, a person consumes about six thousandand sixty-six pints, or two hogsheads of air. This air meets in thelungs in one hour, about one half of that amount of blood, or twentyfourin twenty-four hours. In other words, the quantity of blood whichcirculates through the system is estimated to be about one-eighth ofthe weight of the body. So that a man weighing one hundred andfifty pounds will have in his circulation about eighteen and threequarterpounds of blood. The whole of this large quantity of blood hasbeen proved, by carefid experiment, to circulate through the bloodvesselsin the almost incredible brief period of sixty-five and seventysixone-hundredths seconds of time, and that is veiy little over onemuiute !This indeed seems wonderful, when we consider the vast extentof vessels it has to travel through the; arteries, the veins, and theminute capillaries through which it must be urged with no little force.The physiology of the resiîratory functions explains the relation of anabundant supply of air to the maintenance of health and the attainmentof longevity. Fresh air in the lungs is so immediately essential to life,that most animals in less than one minute, when deprived of it,suffocate,become unconscious, and appear to be dead,— real death occurringin a few minutes if air is not supplied.There are at least three objects to be accomplished by breathing,namely the renewal of the blood and the taking of imiûrities out of it : ;the warming of the body and the; finishing up of the process of digestion,and the change of chyle into nutritive blood. That carbonic acidand water are borne out ofthe lungs with every breath may be easilyproved. If we breathe into lime-water, it wUl become white. This isowing to the carbonic acid in the breath uniting with the hme, and producingcarbonate of Hme. Then if we breathe upon a piece of glass, itbecomes wet, showing that there is watery vapor in the breath. Thatthe blood receives oxygen from the air we breathe, is proved by the fact

192 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,that the in-going breath has one-fourth more oxygen in it than the outgoing.The lungs, then, take out of all the air we breathe one-fourthof its oxygen. If we breathe it over a second, a third, or a fourth time,it not only has less oxygen each time, and is less viseful for the purposesof respii'ation, but it becomes positively more hurtful by reason of thepoisonous carbonic acid which, at every out-going breath, it carries withit from the lungs.Equal in importance with the quantity of air we breathe is its purity.The supply of air for an ordinary man to breathe each minute, is fromseven to ten cubic feet. Now, suppose a himdred persons to be confinedin a room thirty feet in length, breadth, and height, the roomcontaining nearly thirty thousand cubic feet, it follows that the wholeair of the room would be rendered unfit for respiration on account of thevast volume of carbonic acid thrown out of the lungs and skin of theone hundred persons thus crowded together. This proves the importanceof always having an abundant supply of pure atmospheric airalways kept in circulation in crowded assemblies, chiu'ches, schoolrooms,theatres, factories, workshops, and dwellings.Consider the effect of sleeping in a small room, seven feet by iline,not furnished with the means of ventilation. If a person sleeps eighthours in such a room, he will spoil during the time one thousand ninehundred and twenty cubic feet of air, rendering the air of the roompositively dangerous to breathe. Every disease is aggravated by thebreathing of bad air ! Yet it is common to close all the doors andwindows where sick iêrsons are confined, lest the patients shovdd takecold. This is a bad practice. The sick should have plenty of freshair. Their comfort is promoted by it, and their recovery hastened. Itit utterly impossible for the lungs to be expanded in an impure atmosphere,because the air-passages, imtated by the extraneous particles,spasmodically contract to keep them out. The consequence of this is,those persons who reside permanently in an atmosphere charged withforeign ingredients or miasms, find their lungs continually contracting.All sedentary habits weaken the abdominal muscles, and therebylessen the activity of the breathing process. Intense mental application,if long continued, powerfully diminishes the respiratory functions.Persons habitually in deep thought, with the brain laboring at its utmostcapacity, do not breathe deep and free, and are consequently shortlived.All crooked or con.strained bodily positions affect respirationiujurionsly. Heading, writing, sitting, standing, siieaking, or laboring,witli the trunk of the body bent forward, is extremely hurtful. In allmechanical or manual labor, the body should be bent or lean on thehip joints.The trunk sliould always be kept straight. Dispense withbed-curtains, if you can. In bleep the head should never be raised

194 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.naktral, individuals lived on the average four or five hundred years ;the maximum point of longevity recorded— that in the case of Methuselah—being nine hundred and sixty-nine years.Without speculatingupon the problem whether the years of the early historians included thesame period of time as the years of our present almanac, it is sufficient'for all practical pur^joses to know the general law, that human livesmay be lengthened to one or two hundred years, or dwindled to the" shortest sjân," by our vokmtary or individual habits. If it can beproved that any one man has lived one hundred, two hundred, or eventhi-ee hundred years, under favorable hygienic circumstances, it will besufficient evidence of a physiological principle that most men may attainto similar extreme longevity, by a mere simple obedience to the naturallaws of his being.The examples of extreme longevity are too numerous to be detailedeven in a book of many pages, but a few examples may be cited on thispoint. Haller, the celebrated English physician, during his time collectedmore than one thousand cases of persons in Europe who attainedthe ages of from one hundi'ed to one hundred and seventy years. luBaker's " Curse of England," we find a list of one hundred individualswhose ages ranged from ninety-five to three himdred and sevetity!Twenty-two of these reached the age of one hundred and fifty and upwards,and thirty exceeded one hundred and twenty years. Modemstatistics exhibit numerous examples of persons in the United Statesand all parts of the world attaining more than one hundred years. Indeed,it was common to the American Indians, previous to the introductionof ' ' fire-water " among them, to live to one hundred years of age ;although, as a general rule, the duration of life among savage races ismuch shorter than among the civilized and cultivated people of theglobe.In our present artificial state of society, it is not probable that one ina thousand persons dies a natural death. Alas ! disease and violencesweep, with few exceptions, the entire human famUy to an untimelygrave. Even the celebrated Thomas Parr, who died at one hundredand fifty-two years of age, came to an unnatiu-al death by eating tooheartily at a feast given in his honor by an English king ;while RichardLloyd, who was in full health and vigor at one hundred and thirty-twoyears, died soon after from being persuaded to eat tiesh meat and drinkmalt liquor, to which he had never been accustomed in all his life before.On physiological principles, natural death results from a gradual consolidationof the structures of the body. In infancy the fluids are ivmuch larger proportion than the solids, but as we grow older the fluidsdecrease and the solids increase— thus gradually changing the flexibilityand elasticity of youth to the stiffness and immobility of age. Thusin a perfectly normal condition of the organism, all the functions,

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 195powers and senses decline in the same harmonious relations in whichthey were developed. As the process of condensation goes on equallyand imperceptibly, the motive jjowers grow torpid, the nutritive functionsare enfeebled, the sensibility becomes dull, the external senses areobtunded, and lastly, the mental manifestations disappear —^death occurswithout a struggle or a groan.Certain pohtical and social economists have attempted to prove thatold age and a vast population are not desirable things, on the groundthat, while population increases geometrically, the alimentary productionsof the earth only increase arithmetically ; hence, that some schemeof death or destruction is requisite or indispensable to kill off, or clearthe ground of existing human beings as fast as the coming generationsdemand their places. In other words, that it is necessary that disease,violence, pestilence, murder, wars, and death should prevail, because ofthe earth's incapacity to produce sufficient food for the whole race ofhuman beings, were all permitted to live out their natural lives and diea natural death. A small amount of rational investigation will showthe fallacies of all such theories. Indeed, u.nder existing governmentsand social arrangements, more than three-fourths of all the lands andall the labor, so far as the production of the means of human sustenanceis concerned, is literally wasted, or worse than wasted ;while a largeextent of the earth's surface has never yet been brought under cultivation,and that part v»hich is cultivated the best admits of vast improvement.Casting all speculation aside, it will not be denied that this earth wasmade the residence of man, and that Uod expressly enjoined upon himio be fruitful, and to occupy and replenish the earth, giving him at theBame time dominion over all the vegetable and animal kingdoms, as ameans for subsistence and happiness, while progressing through thegradual stages of his natural or terrestrial existence. Hence, the Creatordid not bring man into existence without first furnishing him withthe means of an abundant supply of all the elements requisite for a longlife of health and joy. Man, however, has grossly violated the laws ofnature, and blundered on in his perversity, till life has actually becomea grievous burden, and extreme old age a great and moral curse insteadof a divine and special blessing.Were it necessary, a thousand reasons might be given for believingthat the earth now has, and always will have, room and food enoughfor aU the population that cm be produced by human beings who liveagreeably to the laws of their natural organism. Indeed, it is a phUo-Bophical maxim that "intensive life cannot be extensive." The racesof man have now a hurried, stimulated, forced and disorderly existence,marrying at too early an age, bringing myriads of children intothe world,' 'scarce half made up," only to perish by thousands in tho

196 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.earliest infancy, or to drawl out a miserable and unhealthy existence, iftheir lives are prolonged to manhood's estate, and sink at last, eventhen, into prenaature graves, from continued and perverse abuses of thehygienic and dietetic rules of life.As already said, if the body develops itself slowly and healthfully(as it always will in its natural state), it is only reasonable to supposethat the periods of infancy, childhood, and adolescence or maturitywould be greatly prolonged by the more simple conformity to the originallaws of our being the; period of youth might and would beextended to what we now call" old" age," say threescore and ten,"and ''threescore and ten" would be but the beginning of vigorousmanhood to be indefinitely prolonged, reaching on to a hundred, or eventwo hundred years!The special means to insure sound health and a long life are to avoidall errors in diet and personal habits. As the fluids and solids of thehuman organism are formed from the materials taken into the stomachas food and drink, it follows that we all ought to abstain more than wedo from concentrated materials of aliment, and live more on fruits andvegetable substances, and fret ourselves less with the cares of.' theworld;so all individuals would be able to maintain the juices of* thebody, and reduce, in a large degree, the solid elements which inducerigidity of muscles, thickening of membrane, contraction of organs, allleading to disease, premature debility, old age, and death.Let us all then strive to return to the elementary principles of organicor human life. Let our diet be plain, simple, and of a juicy nature.Let us refrain from excesses of all kinds, whether connected with ourmental or physical ijowers, and thereby secure a long lease on life, attendedwith a thousand blessings unknown to those who lead ' ' fastlives," eat and drink immoderately, and indulge in the various forms ofintemperate or luxurious habits. It is never too late to commence areform in all these things. The oldest person now living might prolonghis life to an indefinite period, by avoiding the eiTors named, and submittinghimself to the prior-ordeal mandates of nature. To assistNature in her work of regeneration and recuperation of the human organism,my "Renovating Pills" willbe found of most wonderful efficacyin connection with the hygienic and dietetic requirements alreadyindicated. They will thus prolong the period of youth to vigorousmanhood, and vigorous manhood to the extremest limit of life ever yetvouchsafed to the human being. The already" old and feeble," socalled, may be sure of having their lives greatly prolonged, and finally,in the inevitable ordinances of Heaven, or the laws of gradual lu'ogressand decay, passing away with cheerful resignation and peace to thatxnysterious bourae from which no mortal traveller ever has returned.

the complete herbalist. 197Life, Health, and Disease.What is life ? In general terms life may be said to be a subtle emanationDeity— of a principle that pervades aU the works of creation,whether organic or inorganic. It is a sort of Entity, whose nature isas mysterious and unfathomable as that of Divinity himself. Manyscientific men have contended that life is electricity^ and arguments andexperiments have been adduced to show that such is the fact. Forinstance, a scientific body of France pulverized stone, and by the use ofelectricity produced from the atoms Kving insects. But this and simdarexperiments are accepted as evidence that electricity is not life, but is aleading phenomenon of its actuality. Life is something neither physicalnor spiritual. It is allied to both, but is neither. It is not soul, forsoul issomething infinitely higher than life— a something of which lifeitself is but an inadequate, visible manifestation.Health is perhaps a subtle thing, yet most importantly palpable toour senses and perceptions. It is that state of the human body in whichthe structure of all the parts is sound, and theii* functions regularly andactively performed, rendering the individutil fit for aU the duties andenjoyments of life. Or, in other words, it is that condition of the animaleconomy when the functions of all the organs, beginning with theheart and lungs, act in natural and harmonious relation, the one with theother, and the whole together, rendering existence not only a state ofcompleteness, but a pleasure, a beauty, and a charm, and therefore thechiefest cause and leading feature of aU from which the human beingderives that phase of joy called bliss. In the various temperaments thephenomena of health are somewhat different ; hence, what would at oncepreserve it in one, might not preserve it in or restore it to another, untilsome reasonable period of time had elapsed. Health varies much inpeople of the many occupations which necessity and circumstanceacompel them to adopt for a livelihood or for pleasure, and the acutenessof the senses which would be necessaiy in some recreative or productiveoccupations, would be morbid in persons otherwise engaged.But the general symptoms of health are, in all temperaments, a sparklingeye, a clean skin, a white and rose-blended complexion (unlesswhere the temperament naturally prescribes a rich and glowing olive),ruby lips, pearly teeth, \intainted breath, glossy hair, expanded chest,elastic spine, muscular limbs, symmetrical waist, well bviUt and firmpelvis, fleshy thighs and calves, and a buoyant grace of the whole body.Added to these we have a rich and melodious voice (wherever theshghtest hoarseness or discordance of tone is noticed look for danger),and a calm and cultivated spirit in the old, a joyous spirit in theyoung. What munificent gifts are these, and who should fail, by everymeans in his power, to secure them ? Disease is the opposite of health.

198 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.and means any departure from the normal condition of the generalorganism, or any impairment or derangement of any fmiction by whichthe regular action of any other one or of the whole are made or forcedto work in an irregular or unnatural manner— producing and entailingdisorder, pain, misery, and death ! We see disease in the lustreless andphrenzied eye, in the pallid and sunken cheeks, in the parched lips, inthe jaundiced or yellow skin, in the contracted chest, in the difficultrespiration, in the racking cough, in the expectoration of tubercles andsputa from the Ivmgs, in the palpitating heart, in the scrofulous soresand ulcers, in the bloated or attenuated abdomen, in the disabled legsand arms, in decayed teeth and toothless jaws, in fetid breath, incrooked spine, in the deformed pelvis, in all derangements of the sexualorgans, in baldness, in disordered stomach and bowels, in neuralgias,rheumatisms, leprosies, spasms, epilepsies, palsies, loss of the senses ofsight, hearing, smelling, taste and touch, hyiôchondrias, manias, drunkenness,pains, aches, wounds, bruises, maimings, and in innumerableother agonies! With the simple methods by which health can be preservedby those who were born to health, how astonishing it is that diseaseand misery are the general rule, and health and pleasure theexception Who of all the human race may now " !say, I have health !I am actually living in a state of nature, or in that perfect mental andphysical condition in which I was or ought to have been bom." Notone, is my reply. We may therefore regard life as a negative ratherthan a positive quality of existence. Occasionally there may be freedomfrom the slightest degree of actual suffering, and yet that pleasurablecondition which would be natural to the regular co-operative work of allthe organs of the body will be wanting.In health our moments tly on lightning wing, and we are scarcelyconscious of their rapid exit in; sickness, on the contrary, our momentsare clogged with leaden heels, and pass in that lingering manner as torender our sufferings seemingly the more acute by reason of the slowor tardy march of time. To the sick, time does not pass lightly, butwith the heavy tread of a giant.How inestimable is that state of being comprehended under the nameof health !— yet how few are ever led to consider its jiriceless value andimportance. Health, perfect health, is not to be found in our presentage among the races of men; yet even in its negative aspect, its mostdeteriorated quality, what were all the joys, aU the riches, aU the advantagesof this world without its possession ? Unless aU, from thehighest to the lowest, from the king to the beggar, learn to prize healthand avoid disease,— death, who is no respecter of persons, will continueto reap his rich harvests among them all. Ctesar could not escape, norcould the renown of a thousand victories dilfuse an auodynic or soporificinfluence over the pillow of the great Napoleon, nor save the laurels of

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 199Marengo from the blighting mists of St. Helena ! Intellectual cultivationoftentimes sows the seeds of physical deterioration. When we seethat the prince is equally liable to the same physical and mental miseriesas the vagrant, it becomes everybody to bear ia remembrance theaxiom that a sound body is the natural basis of a sound mind, and viceverm,^ and that every rational method should be adopted to preservethem. I have shown brietly that there is no condition or state of manthat is exempt from disease and death. It may now be asked, Arethere no means of preventing the ravages of the one, and postponingthe sad triumph of the other ? No means of restoring lost health, or ofrendering sickness compatible with contentment, or even happinessitself ? Yes. The severest diseases are and may be prevented and;are curable and cured— even consumption itself when judicious treatmentis applied. All right-thinking persons will admit that sicknessmay be obviated, disease mitigated, and even death robbed of his preyfor years, by approved remedies ritrhtly employed.Regulating the Passions.It has been truly said that we may religiously observe all the laws of.hygiene in relation to air, hght, drink, food, temperatiu-e, exercise,clothing, sleep, bathing, and the excretions, and yet lack One thing— onegrand essential to human health and happiness. Yes, if our passionsare our masters and not our slaves, tney will nile and ruin us instead ofobeying and serving our behests. There is, therefore, no single hygienicinfluence more conducive to health, happiness, and long life, than acheerfid, equitable temper of mind;and there is nothing that will moresurely disorder the bodily fimctions, exhaust the vital energies, andstamp premature infirmities on the constitution, and hurry us on to anearly grave, than an uneven, imtable, fretful, or passionate mentalhabit.Medical men, at least, well know that a violent fit of passion will suddenlyarrest, alter, or modify the various organic secretions. Excessivemental emotion will deprave and vitiate the secretions as readily as adeadly poison taken into the stomach. A paroxysm of anger will renderthe bile as acid and irritating as a full dose of calomel;excessive fearwiU relax the bowels equal to a strong infusion of tobacco;intense griefwiU arrest the secretions of gastric juice as effectually as beUadoima ;and violent rage will make the saliva as poisonous as will a mercurialsalivation. There are many persons whose rage, either thoroughly realor exaggerated, is so violent that they froth at the mouth, and arethrown into spasms or violent convulsions. These fits of anger are oftenassumed, however, by designing parties for the purpose of frighteningstem parents and guardians and others into the support of their ownviews and wishes. Such persons, finding their displays copied from

200 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.nature of no avail, will suddenly become tame as lambs, but the effectupon their general health is found in the appearance of many nervousdisorganizations, which, if the cause be often repeated, become permanent.Thousands of facts of the above kind could be mentioned, but enoughhas been presented to demonsti-ate the law that a sound body cannotexist unless connected with a well-balanced mind. A vigorous exerciseof the higher mental powers, a lively cultivation of the intellectualfaculties and the moral affections, will never fail to sustain and elevatethe human character, while, on the other hand, the violent indulgenceof the animal propensities and the lower order of the passions, will wearout the mental machinery and enervate all the physiological powers.Will not the inspiration of love exalt the soul to the realms of " bUss,exquisite bliss ? " WiU not the influence of hatred depress the soul,and sink it to the nethermost depth of misery and despair ? Contrastthe emotions of benevolence, or gratitude, or veneration, or conscientiousness,or mirthfulness, or faith, or hope, with that of envy, revenge,jealousy, fear, grief, remorse, or despair The first are as refreshing!.to the soul as the gentle dews of morn to the tender blades of grass ;the other as withering as the fiery blasts of a crater to the verdant Vcdes.The one energizes the mind and reanimates the body— the other sinks,chills, and enfeebles both;one manufactures, creates as it were, vitalpower— the other wastes and destroys body and soul.Those who would maintain permanent and uniform health and liveto an old age, will perceive the necessity for cultivating all the noblerimpulses of our nature with unremitting care and judgment. "WTien we"nourish wrath to keep it warm," we only add to the venom of amalicious heart. That anger which "dwells only in the bosom offools," should have no inheritance in the bosom of the wise andthoughtful of our race. The "evils of life," whatever they may be,arc often " blessings in disguise," and therefore should be met with abrave fortitude and courage, instead of wailing, complaining and lamentation.Fretting, scoldiug, and fault-finding, not only aggravate allthe necessary evils of life, but gi'eatly multiply them, ^\^len we indulgein these faults, we but sow the dragon's teeth to reap a harvest ofgreater sorrows. More than this, we dissipate unwisely our best talentsand energies, and render life a curse instead of a blessing. The grandessential, therefore, of a cheerful mind is self-control. This is the greatlaw of mental hygiene. Before any one can acquire sclf-govemment,he must learn to govern the animal propensities, and make them subservientto the intellectual faculties and moral sentiments. It mayrequire long, patient, and thorough discipline ;it may cost mixch selfdenial,and appear to demand great temjjorary saciificos, but it is worthall itmay cost.Occasionally it is acquired through lung years of bitter

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 201experience ;and sometimes the greater part of a life is spent in sufferingdisappointments, troubles, and crosses, ere the mind is found atpeace with itself, and in right relations to all surrounding nature.Happy are they who can, even in such expensive schools, learn the artof adapting themselves to the invariable laws of the viniverse, whichthey cannot successfully oppose or in any respect alter ! Indeed,the only guarantee a man can have for a long life of health and happinessis to constantly cherish and maintain an even, cheerful, and hopefulspirit.Things for the Sick-Room.Barley Water.— Pearl barley, two ounces ; boiling water, twoquarts. Boil to one quart and strain. If desirable, a little lemon-juiceand sugar may be added. This may be taken freely in all inflammatoryand eruptive diseases :Measles, Scarlet Fever, Small-Pox, etc.Rice Water.— Rice, two ounces; water, two quarts. Boil one hourand a half, and add sugar and nutmeg to suit the taste. When milk isadded to this it makes a very excellent diet for children. Should thebowels be too loose, boil the milk before adding.Sage Tea.— Dried leaves of Sage, half an ounce ; boiling water, onequart. Infuse for half an hour and strain; may add svigar if desired.and other teas are made in the sameBalm, PeiDpermint, Spearmint,manner.A Refreshing Drink in Fevers.— Boil an ounce and a half oftamarinds, two ounces of stoned raisins, and three ounces of cranberriesin three pints of water until two pints remain. Strain, and adda small piece of fresh lemon-peel, which must be removed in half anhour.Arrow Root Jelly.— Stir a tablespoonful of arrow root powderinto half a cupful of cold water, pour in a pint of boiling water, let itstand five or ten minutes, and then sweeten and flavor it to suit thetaste.Irish Moss Jelly.— Irish Moss, half an ounce fresh; milk, one anda half pints. Boil down to a pint. Strain and add sugar and lemonjuicesuflBcient to give it an agreeable flavor.Isinglass Jelly.— Isinglass, two ounces; water, two pints. Boilto one point. Strain, and add one pint milk and one ounce of whitesugar. This is excellent for persons recovering from sickness, and forchildren who have bowel complaints.Tapioca Jelly.— Tapioca, two large spoonfuls ; water, one pint.Boil gently for an hour, or until it appears like a jelly add; sugar, wine,and nutmeg, with lemon-juice to flavor.Rice Jelly.— Mix a quarter of a pound of rice, picked and washed,with half a pound of loaf sugar, and just sulScient water to cover it.

202 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Boil until it assumes a jelly-like appearance.Strain, and season to suitthe taste and condition of the patient.Grapes.— In all cases of fever, very ripe grapes of any kind are abeneficial article of diet, acting as both food and drink, and possessingcooling- and soothing properties. They are also extremely grateful toevery plate.Toast.— To make a most excellent toast for a reduced or convalescentpatient, take bread twenty-four or thirty-six hours old, which has beenmade of a mixture of fine wheat flour and Indian meal, and a pure yeastbatter mixed with eggs. Toast it until of a delicate brown, and then(if the patient be not inclined to fever) immerse it in boiled milk andbutter. If the patient be feveiish, spread it hghtly with cranberry jamor calves'-foot jelly.Rice.— In all cases where a light and nice diet for parties who havebeen or are afllicted with diarrhoea or dysentery is required, rice, inalmost any cooked form, is most agreeable and advantageous. It maybe given with benefit to dyspeptics, unless costiveness accompanies thedyspepsia. To make rice-pudding, take a teacupful of rice, and asmuch sugar, two quarts of milk, and a teaspoonful of salt. Bake, Jwitha moderate heat, for two hours. Rice flour made in a batter,* andbaked upon a griddle, makes a superb cake;and rice-flour gruel, seasonedto the taste, is most excellent for the sick-room.Bread Jelly.— Boil a quart of water and let it cool. Take onethirdof a common loaf of wheat bread, slice it, pare off the crust, andtoast it to a light browTi. Put it in the water in a covered vessel, andboU gently, till you find, on putting some in a spoon to cool, the Liquidhas become a jelly. Strain and cool. When used, warm a cupful,sweeten wdth sugar, and add a little grated lemon-peel.Rice Gruel.— Ground rice, one heaping table-spoonful; water, onequart. BoU gently for twenty minutes, adding, a few minutes before itis done, one table -spoonful of ground cinnamon. Strain and sweeten.Wine may be added when the case demands it.Water Gruel.— Oat or com meal, two table-spoonfuls ;water, onequart. Boil for ten minutes, and strain, adding salt and sugar if desiredby the patient.Sago Gruel.— Sago, two table-spoonfuls ; water, one pint. Boilgently until it thickens stir ; frequently. May add wine, sugar, andnutmeg, according to circumstances.Arrow-Root Gruel.— Arrow root, one table-spoonful ;sweet mUkand boiling water, each one half pint. Sweeten with loaf-sugar. Thisis very good for children whose bowels are irritable.Decoction op Bran.— New wheat bran, one pint; water, threequarts. Boil down to two quarts, strain off the liquor, and add sugar,honey or molasses, according to the taste of the jjationt.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 203Tapioca.— Tapioca is a very delightful food for invalids. Make anordinary pudding of and it, improve the flavor agreeably to the desireof the patient or convalescent, by adding raisins, sugar, prunes, lemonjuice,wine, spices, etc.Beep Liquid. — When the stomach is very weak, take fresh leanbeef, cut it into strips, and jilace the strips into a bottle, with a littlesalt. Place into a kettle of boiling water and let it remain one hour.Pour oil the liquid and add some water. Begin with a small quantity,and use in the same manner and under similar circumstances as beeftea. This is even more nourishing than beef tea.Beep TejV.— Cut one pound of lean beef into shreds, and boil fortwenty minutes in one quart of water, being particular to remove theBcum as often as any rises. WTien it is cool, strain. This is very nourishingand palatable, and is of great value in all cases of extremedebility where no inflammatory action exists, or after the inflammationis subdued. In very low cases, a small tea-spoonful may be administeredevery fifteen or twenty minutes, gradually increasing the amountgiven as the powers of life return. In cases of complete prostration,after the cessation of long exhausting fever, it may be used as directedabove, either alone or in conjunction with a little wine.PanADO. — Put a little water on the fire with a glass of wine, somesugar, and a little grated nutmeg boil aU; together a few seconds, andadd pounded crackers or crumbs of bread;and again boO. for a fewminutes.French Milk Porridge. — Stir some oatmeal and water together,let the mixture stand to clear, and pour ofif the water. Then put morewater to the meal, stir it well, and let it stand till the next day. Strainthrough a fine sieve, and boil the water, adding milk while so doing.The proportion of water must be small. With toast this is admirable.CoM.MON Milk Porridge will be found very palatable in ordinaryEverybody knows how to make it.Buttermilk Pap.— Fresh buttermilk, four parts ; water, one part ;cases.mix, bon, and thicken with Indian meal. Eat with butter, sugar, ormolasses.Coffee MiLic.^Put a dessert-spoonful of ground coffee into a pintof milk;boil it a quarter of an hour with a shaving or two of isinglass ;let it stand ten minutes, and then pour ofP.Restorative Jelly.— Take a leg of well-fed pork, just as cut iip,beat it, and break the bone. Set it over a gentle fire, with three gallonsof water, and simmer to one. Let half an ounce of mace and theBame of nutmegs stew in it. Strain through a fine sieve. When cold,take off the fat. Give a chocolate-cup the first and last thing, and atnoon, adding salt to suit the taste. This is very valuable in all casesoi debUity where animal food is admissible.

204 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Drink in Dysenteut.— Sheep's suet, two ounces; milk, one pint ;starch, half an ounce. Boil gently for thirty minutes. Use as a commondrink. This is excellent for sustaining the strength in bad casesof dj'sentery.Crust Coffee.— Toast slowly a thick piece of bread cut from theoutside of a loaf, until it is well browned, but not blackened. Thenturn upon it boiling water of a sufficient quantity, and keep it from halfan hour to an hour before using. Be sure that the liquid is of a richbrown color before you use it. It is a most excellent drink in all casesof sickness and convalescence.Cranheury Water.— Put a tea-spoonful of cranberries into a cup ofwater and mash them. In the mean time boil two quarts of water withone large spoonful of com or oatmeal, and a bit of lemon-peel then add;the cranberries and as much fine sugar as will leave a smart flavor of thefruit— also a wiae-glassful of sherry. Boil the whole gently for a quarterof an hour, then strain.Wese Wiley.— Heat a pint of new milk until it boils, at which momentpour in as much good wine as will curdle and clarify it. BoQandset it aside until the curd subsides. Do not stir it,but pour the whey ofFcarefully, and add two piuts of boiling water, with loaf-sugar.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 206Slippery Elm Jelly.— Tako of the flour of slippery elm one or twotea-spoonfuls cold; water, one pint. Stir, until a jeUy is formed.Sweeten with loaf sugar or honey. This is excellent for all diseases ofthe throat, chest, and lungs, coughs, colds, bronchitis, inflammation oflungs, etc.It is very nutritious and soothing.Nutritive Fluids.— Below will be found directions for preparingthree nutritious fluids, which are of great value in aU diseases, eitheracute or chronic, that are attended or followed by prostration,— debility,whether general, or of certain organs only, derangement of the digestiveorgans, weak stomach, indigestion, heartburn, or sour stomach, constipatedbowels, torjndity or want of activity of the liver, thin or poorblood. They are highly nutritious, supplying to the blood in such a formthat they are most easily assimilated, the various elements which areneeded to enrich it, and thus enable it to reproduce the various tissuesof the body that have been wasted by disease. In cases where the stomachhas become so weakened and sensitive that the Ughtest food ordrinks cannot be taken without causing much uneasiness and distress,these fluids are invaluable. They strengthen the stomach and neutralizeall undue acidity, while, at the same time, they soothe the irritation bytheir bland and demulcent quaUties. When carefully and properly prepared,according to the direction following, they very nearly resemblerich new milk in color and consistency, while their taste isremarkablypleasant. Care should be taken that all the ingredients are of the bestquality. Soft water must be used in aU cases. Fresh rain-water is tobe preferred, but spring water may be used if perfectly soft. Hardwater will cause the fluids to be of a yeUow color, and if the milk isold, they are apt to separate.Fluid No. 1. — Put one pint of new milk (the fresher the better)two pints of soft water in a vessel perfectly free from all greasy matter,over a slow fire. Rub two even tea-spoonfuls of superfine wheat flourand two tea-spoonfuls of carbonate of magnesia, together with a littlemilk, into a soft batter, free from lumps ;add this to the mUk and wateras soon as they begin to boil. Boil gently for five minutes— /io longer,stirring constantly. Pour into an earthen or glass dish to cool, adding,at the same time, two tea-spoonfuls of loaf sugar, and one tea spoonfuleach of saleratus and table salt, rubbed fine;stir until cold. The fluidmust not be allowed to remain in a metallic vessel of any kind, and itmust be kept in a cool place.Fluid No. 2.— Put one pint of fresh milk and two pints of soft waterin a vessel over a slow fire. Rub together with a little fresh cream intoa soft batter, free from lumps, one table-spoonful each of good sweetrye flour, ground rice, and pure starch— which add to the milk andwater as soon as they begin to boil. Boil for five minutes, stirring con-and

206 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,Btantly. Remove from the fire,and add three tea-spoonfuls of loaf sugarand one tea-spoonful each of saleratus and table salt. Observe thesame precautions as in No. 1 .Fluid No. 8.— Put in a vessel, over a slow fire,one pint of freshmilk and two pints of soft water. When they begin to boil, add onetwo table-spoonfuls pure starch, and twotable-spoonful of wheat flour,tea-spoonfuls of carbonate of magnesia, rubbed together with a littlemUk into a soft batter, free from lumps. Boil gently for five minutes,stirring constantly. Poiir into an earthen vessel to cool, and add onetea-spoonful of the best gum arabic, dissolved in a little warm water, onetea-spoonful each of saleratus and table salt, and one table-spoonful ofpure strained honey. Stir until cold. The same precaution must beobserved as in prejiaring No. 1.Directions.— One half pint or less of these fluids may be taken at adose, and at least three pints should be taken during the day, and theamount gradually increased to two or three quarts. Commence withNo. 1, and use two weeks : then use No. 2 for the same length of time,after which No. 3 is to be used for two weeks. Continue their use aslong as necessary, taking each for two weeks before changing. In all thediseases enumerated above, the use of these fluids, in connection withproper herbal remedies, will ensure a speedy restoration to health. ,Gum Acacia Restorative.— Take two oimces ofpure white gumArabic,-— procure the lump, the powdered is very apt to be adulterated,— pulverize it well, and dissolve by the aid of a gentle heat in a gUl ofwater, stiiTing constantly. When it is entirely dissolved, add threetable-spoonfuls of piire strained honey. Let it remain over the fire untilit becomes of the consistency of a jelly. The heat must be very gentle,it must not boil. If desirable, flavor with lemon or vanilla. This willbe found a very pleasant article of diet for delicate stomachs. Whenthe articles used are pure it will be transparent and of a light goldencolor. This wiU be borne by the weakest stomach, when everything elseis rejected.It is highly nutritious.Malt Infusion.— Infuse one pint of ground malt, for two hours, inthree pints of scalding water. The water should not be brought quite tothe boiling point. Strain, add sugar, if desired;flavor with lemonjuice.This is an excellent di'ink in inflammatory fevers, acute rheumatism,etc.Peas.— Take young and fresh shelled green peas, wash them clean,put them into fresh water, just enough to cover them, and boil them tillthey take up nearly all the water. Season with salt, pepper, and butter.This dish, if jjrepared according to directions, and eaten wai'm, willnot hami any invalid— not even one suffering from diarrhoea.Milk.— In some cases where a milk diet is advisable, owing to thepeculiar condition of the patient's stomach, it will cause distress. This

THE COMPLETE HEBBALIST. 207is frequently the case when there is undue acidity.In such cases let itbe preiDared in the following manner, and it will be found to set well —:Take a tea-cupful of fresh mUk, heat nearly to boiling dissolve in it a;tea-spoonful of loaf sugar ; pour into a large-sized tumbler, and addsufficient plain soda-water to fUl it. Prepared in the above directedmanner it will be perfectly free from all unpleasant effects.Soups for the Convalescent.— To extract the strength frommeat, long and slow boUing is necessary but care must be taken that;the pot is never off the boil. All soups should be made the day beforethey are used, and they should then be strained into earthen jjans.When soup has jellied in the pan, it should not be removed into another.When in danger of not keeping, it should be boiled up.Eggs.— In cases of extreme debility, eggs are most excellent. Theyshould never be boiled hard. The best way to prepare them is to beatthem well with milk and sugar. Where it will be appropriate to thecase, add some fine pale sherry wine.Milk for Infants.— Fresh cow's milk, one part ; water, two parts ;sweeten with a very little loaf sugar. "^Vhen children are raised by hand,it is always necessary to dilute the milk. As the child advances in age,the proportion of water stated above may be gradually lessened.Water Gruel.— Com or oatmeal, two table-spoonfuls; water, onequart. Boil ten or fiteen minutes, and strain. Add salt and sugar tosuit the taste of the patient. This should be used freely, during andafter the operation of cathartic medicines.HOW TO ASSIST THE DOCTORIf there isThe Sick-Rooh.a choice of rooms, the patient's welfare demands that heshould be placed in the one aifording to a greater degree light, pure air,warmth, etc. The patient should not be put into the room which isdark and gloomy, but let it be one that is light and cheerful, and with afire-place in it, if possible.If the illness be fever, an ophthalmic affection, brain disease, or otherdisease requiring quiet, a back room away from the family should be selected,as quiet is absolutely nece.ssary, and the iâtient will not care tolook at anything or to speak much. If, however, he be suffering from anaccident, he will be more contented and cheerful if he is placed near tothe rest of the family, where he can assist in the conversation, watchyour movements, and see you at your labors. It will greatly tend to

208 THK COMPLETE HERBALIST,make him forget to a greater extent his misfortune, and it will also savetime in waiting upon him.The room should be free from all unpleasant odors, and should not beexposed to disagi-eeable efflu\aa from water-closets, sinks, etc. The furnitureof the room should be but very simple and plain, and, in infectiouadiseases, but very little should be placed in the room. If you have everbeen in a hospital, you may have noticed the bare floors, the iron bedsteads,the absence of woollen bed-clothing, and the plaia tables, andmost probably pitied the iamates for their lack of comforts, and iuvoluntarUy the thought may have arisen in your mtud that fortune is morepropitious to you when sick, for your sick-room wouldhave at least a goodcarpet, upholstered furniture, and your bed an easy one to repose upon,and plentifully supplied with woollen blankets, etc. But you and manymore are also deluded in this respect. If you will bear in mind thatwoollen fabrics retain smelU much longer than cotton and linen, and aretherefore less sanitary, you would probably not consider them so advantageous.The room should have no upholstered chairs or sofas, canebottomedor plain wood are preferable, and it would be better if no carpetwas on the floor, except perhaps a narrow strip for you to walk uponto prevent noise, but a clean boarded floor, kept clean and sweet byscrubbing and " elbow-grease " is infinitely better. It is better to )iaveno curtains;but if the room looks too cheerlees without them, use lightmuslin or something which will easily wash.The position of the bed is also very important. In case of accidentthe bed should be placed where the patient feels most comfortable, onlyit should be placed where there is a good light to see and dress thewound but in fever and;small-pox the bed should occupy the positionbetween the door and fireplace. The reason for this is,that as fire cannotbum without air, there must be a draft to feed it;as this becomesheated and escapes up the chimney, it is replaced by a fresh supplydrawn in through the door and window. This prevents a spread of thedisease, as the chimney acts as a ventilating shaft, carrying away theimpurities of the room. A stove will also do this, but to a much lessextent. It is very apparent, therefore, that if a person stands betweenthe bed and the fire-place, he must breathe air laden with the effluviafrom the patient, whereas, on the other side, that is,between the bedand door, he inhales air that has not yet come m contact with the patient.If, from the form of the room, the bed cannot be placed in thisposition, the space between the window and the bed should always beBufji-cient to stand in.The room shoidd always be fully prepared before the patient is placedin it, as the setting it to rights is not only annoying, but may do positiveharm to the patient. The fire, if any is wanted, should particularly bepreviously built, for veiy often the chimney refuses to draw weU, and

THE COMPLETE EERBALIST. 209maythe poor patient is choked with the smoke. He suffer fromi a chestcomplaint, and his difficulty of breathing be so aggravated as to put himin a miserable plight. The windows should not be so fastened that youcannot open them, especially from the top. An equable temperatureshould be kept up, neither too hot nor too cold, and extremes avoided.The bed itself is very worthy of consideration. Unqualifiedly, the bestis a hair mattrass, but, as this is so expensive, it cannot be expected tobe found in every house, but, unless obliged, use no feather bed. It istoo soft, and the patient sinks into holes, so that, in case of wounds orbums, you cannot get at them i^roperly, and besides, if the feathersget wet, you cannot easily put them right again. Good clean straw orchaff, evenly packed, is far superior. It costs but little, to begin with, ismore comfortable, far superior in a sanitary point of view, and has thisadvantage that in case of being spoiled, it can be emptied, the cover:washed, and refilled without loss of time, and at a very trilling expense.The bed should not be too wide, for if the patient needs help, the attendantis obhged to move him kneeling on the bed, or at arms' length,should he be lying in the middle.It is often a matter of much concern how to change the bed-clothingin case of fracture or low states of disease, where the patient cannot bemoved from the bed. The following method :— should be pursued rollup the clothes to be changed tightly to the middle, lengthwise, not acrossthe bed ; put on the clean things with half the width rolled up close tothe other roU, lift the patient on the newly made part, slip off the soiledclothes, unroll the clean ones, and the bed is made.Before the patient is put to bed scour the floor right weU, and wash itwith hot water with a few pennies' worth of chloride of lime, or, if youcannot get this, use a Kttle quicklime, and rub it well into cracks andcomers. The whole of the lime need not be removed, a.s the little particlesleft sticking in the cracks and pores of the wood will prevent in-.sects, give a clean, sweet smell to the place, and tend to keep away infection.After the room is thoroughly dried, it is ready for the sick occupant.If aU this is done, you will have the heaWdeHt sick-chamber possible,and rob the disease of its exciting causes. He must then be well nursed,and as this is so important, the author will next considerNurses and Ndrsing.Next to the physician, the nurse has responsibilities that must be faithfullydischarged, as the life of the patient is not alone dependent uponthe skill of the physician, but in a great measure also upon careful nursing.Eveiy physician will tell you that he recollects cases in his practicewhere all his skill would have been unavailing had it not been for the. excellent nursing that the patient received.o

210'THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Tt i» a common opinion that svomen only can nurse. This is erroneous,as men are frequently met with, especially husbands and brothers, whoare quite as g'entle in their touch, quite as considerate about little wants,and fax more tender and thoughtful than almost any woman. A malenurse has, moreover, one great advantage— his strength. Ask that wifewho requires lifting from the bed, and she wiU tell how safe she feels inher husband's strong arms, and what a comfort it is to be lifted by him.It is a dreadful feeling for a patient not to have full confidence in thepower of the person assisting, and the nervous shock induced by the fearof being let fall, may take days to recover from. It is, therefore, not tobe thought that nursing is peculiarly woman's work, but that men axejust as capable.A — nurse should have five qualifications sobriety, cleanliness, firmness,gentleness, and patience.Sobriety.— The drunken nurse should not be allowed to cross the doorsillof the sick-room. It is no place for her,— she cannot be trusted.Human Mfe is too precious to be entrusted to the care of one who cannotresist the temptation to indulge in intoxicatingCleanliness.— drinks.The nurse should not only keep the room clean, butalways be clean herself. A very little thing will spoil the appetite of aeick person, and nothing offensive, as dressings from wounds or burns,Bhould be allowed to remain in the room. All necessary vessels shouldbe emptied as soon as done with, well washed out, and left in the openair.It should be remembered that bad air is just as poisonous to a personas bad food, and hence it should be frequently changed by openingthe window. The dreaded draft will do no harm, but bears upon itswings the elements conducive to the health of both patient and attendants.The fever-poison is weakened by admixture with pure air just inthe same proportion as spirits are weakened by the addition of water.The food that the patient cannot eat should not be left in the room— itwill breed distaste for it if always in the sight of the patient. Thedrinking-water should be frequently changed, as it absorbs all the gasesin the room, so that if the patient is allowed to drink it, it actually putsback into his stomach what his body exhaled. Always give him freshwater, then, when he wants to drink.Firmness.— The lesson that firmness is not rudeness should be learnedfirst. It is not to be expected that a suffering person knows as wellwhat is best for him as those whose brains are clear. If, therefore, acertain thing is best to be done, do it,do it kindly, but do it,and thepatient will thank youGentleness.— afterwards.It shoiild never be forgotten that gentleness is an absoluterequirement of a nurse. If the poor patient suffers from rheumatismor a broken liml), and the bed-clothes must be changed,it shouldbe done gently, and all needless suffering avoided. If his position in

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 211bed requires change, do not torture him, but gently move him, andavoid all jerks and knocks with great care.Patience. — Need a word be said to the effect that of all beings nursesshould especially be patient ?It should never be forgotten that the differenceis a great one between the nurse and the person under his or hercare, and it should be remembered that in their own experiences theyhave been cross and irritable even when they were well, that they wereeasily pvit out, and so peevish and fretful from the slightest causes.They should then consider how it must be wdth the person taken suddenlyfrom active life and compelled to lie still in one position, or withone whose whole body is racked with pain. The one, therefore, wholoses patience, however sorely tried, and who cannot bear with thesetrials for a while, should stay away from the sick-room in the capacityof nurse.Nursing, in a great measure, is a natural gift either in man or woman,just as much as music, painting, and other things are. It is not everyone, therefore, who is fit for a nurse, not because they wilfully dowrong, but they are not adapted for it. There are many good-heartedyet thoughtless people who would never make good, handy nurses witliall the training in the world.The awkward nurse is a queer creature, and she is everlastingly gettinginto some trouble. If she is going up stairs with her hands full,she is sure to step on the bottom of her dress, and either drops whatshe is carrying or falls herself. If the fire wants coal, she throws on awhole scuttleful, a good part of which falls upon the fender, and thepoor patient is so terrified that he cannot rest for hours. If she has ahole in her dress, or a bit of braid is loose, it will be sure to catch achair or the fire-irons, bringing them down with a rattle. If of matronlyage and wears caps, she will have strings so long that when she stoopsover to catch the patient's whisper, the ends will tickle his nose or otherparts of his face. At least one of her fingers is sure to be enveloped ina rag tied on with black cotton. If the patient wants a little bread andbutter, the knife that has been used for cutting cheese or peeling onionsis unerringly used. If she is cooking cabbage or frying bacon in thenext room, she always forgets to close the door leading to the patient'sroom, fills it with a strong smell which sickens him, and then says thatit is too bad that the patient caimot eat a morsel of food. If the patientthirsts, she will fill the glass full to the brim, put her hand under hishead, bend his neck till his chin toucheathis breast, then puts the glassto his lips, spills a good iârt of it on his clothes, and thinks he is veryawkward to choke over a mouthful of water. If a candle is to belighted, she sticks it in between the bars of the grate, which soon fiUsthe room with the rank smell of biuTiing tallow, and when she finallysucceeds ui lighting it,she finds she has a wick several inches long,

212 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.gained at the expense of the melted tallow;or if it be gas, she takes aBhort bit of paper, turns the gas full on, makes a sudden blaze like aflash of lightning, forgcjts the bit of paper in her hand while she is regulatingthe blaze, bums her fingers, throws the lighted paper on th'^floor, and puts her foot on it. All this doec not escape the patient'snotice, and he gets so nervous and frightened that he loses his night'srest. If the patient is so far convalescent as to be able to sit up in bedto take his food, she will, of course, put the tray on his knees, thenassist him into the sitting posture, and ten chances to one the thingsare upset all over the counterpane.Then there is the fîsny rmrse, and there are many of this sort. Heizeal to benefit the patient is so great, that she sadly overdoes it : shebustles in and out of the room every few minutes, wearies the patientby persistently asking him if he cannot eat something, which she wouldwillingly walk miles to get if wanted, raising him up, tucking in thebed clothes, drawing up and lowering the blinds; one, in fact, who isperfectly miserable if she is not constantly on the move. The fussynurse is generally a kind-hearted, loving creature, and it is her verygoodness which makes her weary the patient, who congratulates him-Belf on the relief gained whenever she vacates the room.Then we have the careless, slovenly nurse. Doctors are always suspiciousof this person ; they can never feel sure that their patients rebllyLad the right quantity of medicine;if she happened to remember itthey would get it,but if not, she would make up for it by giving adouble dose next time. There is no clean glass or cup when wanted.Food is taken to the patient, and if he cannot eat it, it is left there forhours. There are so many crumbs of bread in the bed that it feels tothe patient hke lying on a gx-avel walk. Cinders cover the hearth allover, and the fire is black. The slops, which should have been removedin the evening, are hid under the bed, filling the room with bad smells.Those bits of meat, crumbs of bread, and other matters which havefallen on the floor are left there;the consequence is, that being winter,the mice and perhaps rats finding a wann room and something to eat,think it a comfortable place, and use it accordingly. No one can imaginethe degree of comfort these scampering animals afford to thehelpless creature in bed.Next we have the cruel nurse, who does her duty, but not from love;she carries out the doctor's orders exactly. In matter of duty she isiullt;xiblc;if the medicine has to be taken at a certain time, she bringsit to the minute, and worries the patient into taking it on the instant.Her law in all things is like that of the Medes and Persians, whichaltereth not. She may be perfectly honest in her dealings, but theutter absence of tenderness and compassion makes her an undesirablenurse.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 213And lastly, we have wliat I tmst is a very rare character, the dis7ione.itnurse. She drinks all the wine, and partakes pretty freely of the foodintended for the patient, and tells the doctor that the patient ought toget better according to the quantity of nourishment he gets through.She is also dishonest in another :way she finds it a great deal of troubleto make the patient take his medicine, so she just empties it away, aregular dose at a time, so that when the doctor calls, he may see thatthe bottle is gradually emptying.AH these characters are to be met with, and doctors find one or moreof them in various sick-rooms every day. Now,it is not well to be tooexacting in such matters, but as a good nurse is, next to a good physici.an,necessary to properly combat disease, it is well to object to what arepositive faults.A good nurse should be tender and compassionate, and ought to haveall her five senses in a healthy, active condition. SigJit., that she maybe able to read directions, or read aloud to the patient, and watch thechange of countenance. A quick-sighted nurse will not need to waitfor the sufferer to make his demands;she wiU see in a moment what iswanted from the motion of the eye, or the lips, or a finger. Hearing.,that she may be able to catch the faintest whisper, and not oblige aweak patient to exert the voice or repeat liis requests. Feeling, thatshe may readily detect the temperature of the skin of the patient, andnot use any application which will either scald with heat or chill withoold. Smell, that all impurities in the atmosphere of the room may bereadily detected. Taste, that she may not ofEer food unfit to be used,or improperly cooked ifgood in itself.She need not be highly educated, biit she should be able to readwriting, so that she can fully understand the directi(5ns on the labels.She ought to have a knowledge of common and every-day affairs, andpossess the qualification of "common sense." But she must not placetoo high a valuation on her own opinion or skill, as that may cause herto the wishes of the doctor. She must dcto use either in oppositioneverything for the patient that she can, and deal with the doctor fairly.

214 THE COMPLETE IIEKBALIST.PAET II.DISEASES.The great difficulty of treating disease, by those who are not physicians,5s the liability to mistake the character of the affection, being unablethrough obscurity of the symptoms to ascertain the organ or tissue affected.Without entering minutely into diagnosis, the author wiU endeavorto simpHfy the study of morbid conditions of the human body,BO that the unscientific may more readily ascertain the disease and applythe appropriate remedy or treatment.1. General condition pertaining to :a. Temperature and dryness of skin.b. Condition of pulse— full and quick, or slow and weak.c. Appearance of tongue. ^d. State of bowels and kidneys."ê. Desire for food and drink.2. The general ajipearance of the patient.a. Size— emaciation or increase, general or local.b. Aspect of face or expression.c. Changes of color of skin.3. The position or posture.a. In bed— the manner of lying, on the back or either side, quiet,brestless, etc.Out of bed— posture, gait, stifEness, loss of power of limbs, etc.4 The sensations of the patient.Whenever any of these conditions are at variance with the normalstate, the presumption, or rather certainty, is that some organ or tissueis assailed by disease. Some of the general indications of the patientin many cases often make known the character of the affection, whennot suggested by other symptoms. For instance, the skin is remarkablymoist and soft in delirium tremens;the perspiration profuse andsour in acute rheumatism; exhaustmg sweats in the latter stages ofconsumption or profuse suppuration the; crackling feehng of emphysema,and the pitting under pressure in droi)sy.The pulse is hard and wiry in abdominal inllanunations;in acutehydrocephalus its frequency is very great, slow and labored in brain diseases,irregular in disease of the heart, almost imperceptible in choleraor in the latter stages of the low fevers.•^

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 215The tongue covered with a thin white layer is indicative of disorderof the stomach;when patchy, the stomach is considerably irritated ,when yellow, the patient is bilious;when shining, glazed, and chapped,it indicates long -continued inflammation or ulceration of the bowels;aphthous patches indicate imperfect nutrition, etc.In cholera the stools resemble rice-water ;when clay-colored, it denotesa deficiency of bUe ;when yeast-Uke, fermentation takes place insteadof digestion.The urine is dark-colored in fevers, very limpid and abundant iahysteria, scanty ui dropsies, acid in rheumatism.The aspect is often very significant. In scrofula the comers of thenose and lips are swollen, iu chlorosis a waxy pallor is observed, inmalignant diseases a sallow hue, in heart-diseases a blue color of thelips, in pneumonia a dusky flush, ia phthisis a hectic flush. When theexpression is anxious, it indicates disease of the heart and dyspnoea ;when iînched and contracted, there is much suffering, as in the lowforms of fever;the skin is white in anasmia, yeUow in jaundice andmalignant cases it has a; muddy hue in splenic diseases, blue in cholera,and livid in commencing mortification.If the patient's head is elevated by choice in bed, it denotes heart-disease;when he is very feeble he Lies on his back in; peritonitis the kneesare drawn up in; cramps or pain of the abdomen, he Ues on his side.In order that the reader raay not have a confused idea of what iameant by inflammation, I will describe it insomuch as to give itsjihenomena. These are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. When allthese are present it constitutes inflammation. When a fever or diseaseChronic inflammation ispartakes of this character, it is inflammatory.characterized by aU the essential conditions of the acute fonn, differing,however, in this, by being preceded through all its changes with symptomsso mild that it is only after a certain time that the jiatient is muchinconvenienced constitutionally. Inflammation always denotes increaseof activity of the vascular system. When of a localized character, the increaseis noticed in the capfllary circulation ;when general, as m fevers,or of some important organ, the whole circulatory apparatus is abnormallyactiveMl\smatic Fevers.These, as signified by name, owe their origin to, or are caused by, a peculiarprinciple to wliich the name of malaria or miasm has been given.Of the chemical nature of miasm we literally know nothing ;but wehave abimdant evidence that it is a specific cause of disease. There are,practically, two kinds of malaria :First, koino-miasmata, the productof vegetable decomposition, or terrestrial emanations ; second, Idio-miasmata,tho deleterous etfluvia originating from the decomposition of

216 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.matter derived from the human body.Both of these are prolific causesof disease, jot the profession, owing to the subtile nature of the miasms,are in a great degree ignorant as to the manner of operation. Thesetwo causes may act separately, and produce their different symptoms,or they may operate together, causing a confusion of morbid phenomena.''Marsh gas," or the product of vegetable decomposition, owing toits diversification, is of course the greater cause of disease. Two requisites,heat and moistiu'e, are necessary for its production ;.andhence, where these abound in any quantity, so proportionably is themiasm evolved. For this reason, low, marshy lands are at certain seasonsvery unhealthy, while those regions at a greater elevation are peculiarlyhealthy in this respect. Wherever vegetation is profuse, and towhich abundant heat and moisture are contributed, there we mnyreasonably expect a plentiful product of miasm and consequent disease.Experiments have proved that in decomposition of vegetable matter,animal matter— infusoria — is produced in very rapid succession, havingan exceedingly short-lived existence. These infusoria are inhaled atevery breath, as the air contains swanns of them, but which are imperceptibleto any of the senses. It is reasonable to suppose that they, ina great measure, contribute largely to periodic fevers. The^diseaseagenerally classed as Malarial are Intermittent, Remittent, Yellow,' \indTyjihus Fevers.Întermittent Fever.This is commonly called Fever and Ague, or Chills and Fever. Asthe name implies, the fever is not constant, as in the continual fevers,but inteimits, so that in its career there are well-marked periods of absenceof febrile symptoms. It is a fever characterized by a successionof attacks, with equal intervals and intermissions, that are complete,but irregular, owing to the paroxysms being of uncertain duration. Byt?^ it';v;ans meant the time from the beginning of one paroxysm to thebeginning of the next, and by intermission the period of time betweenthe close of one paroxysm to the beginning of the next. The length ofthe interval detei-mincs the variety of ague. When the interval i.stwenty-four hours, it is called quutidinn ; thirty-six hours, tertian ;andwhen seventy-two hours, it is called quartan. These varieties duplicate,and are then call< d double quotidian, etc.The disease is announced by a paroxysm which has three stages,the cold, the hot, and the sweating. The cold stage is well marked ;the i)aticnt yawns, has a feeling of weakness, stretches, no appetite,and no inclination to move. Paleness is observed in the face and ex«treinities;the patient shakes, the teeth chatter, and the skin shrinks,causing horripilation or "goose-flesh."

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 217When bhis stage declines, the hot stage comes on, which is characterizedby a high fever. This is followed by the sweating stage, whichincreases from a mere moisture at first to a profuse perspiration. Afterthis the body returns to its natui-al temperature, and apparent healthreturns.Dui-ing the cold stage the circulation is thrown upon the internal organs,the spleen becomes congested, which organ is enlarged, causingwhat is known as the ague cake.A quotidian begins generally in the morning, a tertian at noon, and aquartan in the afternoon. The cold stage is shortest in the quotidian,and longest in the quartan. Intermittent fever is more common in thespring and autumn than at other seasons of the year, and ta fall moresevere and dangerous.Treatment. —Commence treatment with a cathartic, as senna or theRenovating Pill. In the cold stage give hot drinks, and even stimulantsmay be of service. Induce warmth and comfort by extra covering,foot-baths, bottles filled with hot water applied to the surface, etc. Inthe hot stage, cooling drinks and anything that mollifies febrile action.When an intermission ensues, administer Peruvian bark, or, preferably,one of its active principles, quinine. This can be given in a largedose, or smaller doses repeated. Fifteen grains may be given at once orin successive doses. It may be taken in pills or in solution with elixirof vitriol. Quinine is a specific in this disease, and it rarely ever failsin curing every case, if the patient be placed under its influence. Peculiarhead symptoms and buzzing in the ears denote the influence of thisadmirable remedy. My experience has not taught me that there ismuch danger in an overdose, and I consider it more or less harmless;yet, like every other remedy, it must be judiciously and intelligentlyadministered. The web of the black spider rolled up in five-grain piUs,and taken, one pill at a time every two hours, is a valuable domesticremedy. Decoctions of dogwood bark are successful in many cases jsoalso of the bark of the tulip tree.Remittent Fever.This is commonly called B'dlovs Fever. It is a disease whose attackis generally sudden and well marked, without prominent premonitorysymptoms, if any, at all times. There is sense of languor and debilityfor a few days previous to the onset; slight headache, lack of appetite,furred tongue, bitter taste in the mouth in the morning, pain in thejoints, and a feeling of uneasiness.The first onset is announced by a rigor or chill, distinct in character,though generally brief and sometimes slight, but at times severe andprolonged. Sometimes the chill is first felt in the feet;at other timescommences at the shoulder-blades, or in the back, running from thence10

218 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.througli the whole body. Usually there is but one well-marked chill ;the paroxysms of fever returning subsequently, and seldom preceded bya cold stage.The symptoms of this disease intensify at certain periods of the day ;preceded occasionally, but not generally, by a chill. Between thisperiod of severity in the febrile symptoms and a similar period followingthere is generally a decrease in the violence of the symptoms, duringwhich the fever moderates, but does not, as in intermittent fever,totally disappear. It remits in severity, and hence the name. Thepulse in the hot stage ranges from one hundred to one hundred andthirty. The pains in the head, back, and limbs are almost insufferable.The covering of the tongue is yellowish or dirty white, and in severecases, in the advanced stage, the tongue is parched, brown or nearlyblack in the centre, and red at the edges. Food is distasteful, andnausea and vomiting ensue, with frequently pain, upon pressure, in theepigastrium. The bowels are at first costive, but become loose, and thefajces are dark and offensive.Treatment.— Give an emetic or cathartic in the formative stage.When the disease is fully developed, sponge the body all over severaltimes a day with cold or tepid water, whichever is most grateful to thepatient, and give cooling drinks, as the effervescing draught. \Vhenthe fever is high, moderate it with tincture or fluid extract of êenhellebore, in doses of from three to ten drops. Dover's powder shouldbe given as a diaphoretic. Ice-water can be drunk at pleasure. Amustard poultice should be placed over the pit of the stomach whenevertenderness exists.Quinine is the great remedy in this disease also, and should be administeredin the same manner as advised in fever and ague. It is to begiven in a remission. \\'henever the fever has been subdued by largedoses of quinine, its administration should not be abniptly ceased, butbe continued in smaller or tonic doses for several weeks aftei-ward.There is a form of fever called Vongtstive. It is also called pcrnicioitsfever. It is not essentially remittent, but may also be intermittent incharacter. The congestion may only operate upon one of the internalorgans, or upon all of them. Congestion may ensue in the earlier orlater stage of the disease. There is usually congestion of the brain,and profound stupor follows. It assumes all types of periodic fevers,but is more frequently quotidian or tertian. The first attack generallysimulates a simple attack of intermittent, and excites but little attention.The second attack is severe, producing great coldness, and thepatient has a deathlike hue of face and extremities. As the diseaseadvances, the heat of the skin becomes pungent. The skin also becomesdry, husky, and parched, followed, after a time, by a cold,clammy sensation. The eyes ore dull and watery, and at times glsissy,

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 219the countenance dull, sleepy, and distressed; the tongue trembles uponprotmsion, indicating weakness, and is at first covered with whitish fur,which changes to either brown or black the ; breathing is difficult, andinspirations often thirty to the minute. Pressure over the liver, stomach,or bowels occasions pain and the mind is often;disturbed, and fallsinto lethargy and stupor, or is delirious.The treatment is the same as in remittent fever. Quinine and theother remedies are of the some signal service. In stupor friction isto be made along the course of the spine with spirits of turpentine orammonia.In convalescence the diet must be light and nutritious, and as strengthreturns may be increased. Exercise out of doors should be encouraged.If recovery be slow, it should be hastened by wine, ale, or brandy, andthe usual vegetable tonics.Any iêrsou who is suffering from almost a continuity of the disease,or the so-called chronic form of malarial fever, desirous of correspondingwith me on the subject, I should be most happy to reply to, for inthe vast and beneficent domain of Herbalism there are many remediesthat can be advised as curative, to mention which would occupy toomuch space in a volume of this size. We can be eclectic in Nature'slaboratory.Yellow-Fever.The first symptoms of this fever seem identical with remittent, oftenwell marked by periodicity, but finally reaction occurs, and it assumesa typhoid character. The disease is ushered in generally with a chill,Bcvere at times, though usually moderate, of short duration, and rarelyrepeated. The chill is followed by slight fever, with increased heat ofsurface but this;rarely rises to any considerable height, and continuesonly for two or three days, when, in cases likely to prove fatal, it is succeededby coldness of surface, etc. Sweating exists in many cases.The pulse is singular in character, but rarely rises above a hundred ;the tongue is moist and white for the first few days, but as the diseaseadvances it becomes red, smooth, shining, and dry, having a blackstreak in the middle. The most prominent symptoms are nausea andvomiting. In fatal cases the vomiting is persistent, and towards thetermination the green biUary matter thrown up changes to a thin blackfluid, having a sediment like the grounds of coft'ee. This is the terribleMack vomit (vomita-nigra) of yellow-fever. The bowels are generallycostive, and the abdomen tender upon pressure. Severe headachegenerally exists, and the countenance bears a singular expression, inwhich a smile seems to play upon the Lips, but the rest of the face bearsa wild or sad look. Restlessness is common to this disease night andday. Blood often escapes from the nose, gums, ears, atomach, bo.wels,

220 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.and urinary passafês. The skin bears a tinged color similar to that injaundice. The disease appears both endemicaUy and epidemically. Atfirst the disease is hard to recognize, presenting but the usual symptomsof fevers in their incipient stage, with no symptoms to distinguishthe disease, or, if any, very obscure ;but when the severe pain in theback and loins exists, the conjunctiva injected, and a red flush of theface and forehead is present, the identity of the disease is no longer indoubt, especially when extraneous circumstances, calculated to suggestthe probabihty of an attack of yellow-fever, are also present.Tkeatment.—In the early stage of the attack it should be treatedas regards medicines, the same as a case of malarial fever. If any derangementof the stomach exists, a gentle emetic is proper ;this rousesthe nervous system from its lethargy, promotes the action of the liverand, by determining the blood to the surface, restores the capillary circulation.The best emetic for this purpose is lobelia combined withboneset. The febrile stage requires a thorough bath with tepid waterand whiskey over the entire surface, w'ith friction by rubbing with atowel or the hand. Large mustard-poultices should be placed over thespine and abdomen. Immediately upon the decline of fever if thesymptoms denote urgency, administer the antiijeriodic remedies advisedin intermittent and remittent fever. The sulphate of quiniq, may becombined with tannin, because the astringent properties of the tahuinhave a beneficial eft'ect in subduing inflammatory action of the mucousmembranes. This remedy should not be delayed a moment if the patientis in a period of prostration, and its retention by the stomachshould be favored by anod;yTies, carminatives, or stimulants, as the casemay require. Oil of turpentine and Cayenne pepper can also be combinedwith advantage m this disease. The strength of the patient mustbe supported by every means that can be employed—gruel and weakanimal broths, bread-water, my nutritive fluids, milk and water, etcare important means for this object. The revulsive influence of ablister over the stomach is of great service in this stage. If reaction i.sinduced and convalescence established, the remaining strength of thepatient must be carefuUy husbanded by proper tonics and wholesomeand digestible diet, increasing the. quantity as the patient gams strength,All exposed to yellow-fever should avoid the night-air and suddenchanges of temperature ; they should sleep in the highest part of thehouse;be moderate in taking exercise; they should take nutritious butnot stimulating food, and never expose themselves to mfccted air withempty stomachs or when fatigued.Typhus Fever.This is also called Hospital, Jail, Camp, Putrid, and Skip Fever. ItisusuaUy preceded by lassitude, debility, and loss of appetite, and

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 221nshered in by rigors and chills, and characterized by frequent exacerbationsand declines during its progress. It generally presents itself asan epidemic, and runs a ixniform course. From the third to the seventhday of the fever the peculiar petechial eruption occurs. It is of a florid,reddish, or reddish-pink color, disappearing on pressure, which distinguishesit from the petechite of typhoid. The breathing is hurried, theskin dry and hot, the tongue thickly coated, and the thirst urgent.There is great distress about the head, which often results in delirium.This stage of excitement continues generally, with little increase orabatement in the symptoms, for some time. The fever is greatesttowards evening, least in the morning. The bowels are generally costive,and if it continues for some time, all the secretions become vitiated,the body exhaling a nauseous odor, and the tongue, gums, and teethbecome coated with a dark-brown slime. Collapse generally follows,voluntary powers depressed, surface relaxed, and diminished in temperature,often covered with a clammy sweat; pulse small and tremulous.The tongue becomes black and dry, voice faint, breathing short, feeble,and very anxious. The mental functions become greatly disordered,the patient is restless and fearful, his delirium is low-muttering, and helies in a state of stupor from which he can be scarcely aroused. Oftenan initatlng cough is present, coming on as if in convulsive paroxysms.In this stage of collapse the patient is disposed to lie on his back, withhis feet dra^vn up, and there is a great tendency in his body to slidetowards the foot of the bed. As the disease progresses, aU the symptoms of prostration increase. A convulsive motion of the tendons, asas in typhoid, is observed ;his stupor becomes fixed; hiccough, involuntarydischarges from the bowels, a cadaverous smell of the body,generally occur towards the close of the disease. Death, in violentcases, is generally preceded by extreme prostration, cold, clammysweats, involuntary fecal discharges, and a discharge of grumous bloodfrom the mouth, nose, and anus or; by convulsions.This is a contagious disease, and emphatically one of poverty and lowlife.Treatment.— Place the patient in a well-ventilated apartment, washthe body with soap and water, and give an emetic and cathartic, if thepatient's condition requires it. Then give quinine in two or three graindoses every two or three hours, until its effects are observable. Controlthe fever with veratmm, as advised in typhoid cases. If greatprostration is jaresent, add capsicum or prickly-ash to the quinine, whichshould be continxied in regular doses throughout the greater part of thecourse of the disease. A decoction of ladies'-slipper, or, preferably, cypripedta,in two or three grain doses every two hours, should be givenin delirium or tendinous convulsions. Support the strength with icedmilk,chicken-broth, beef -tea, milk-punch, etc. The bladder should re-

222 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.ceive attention, and, if distended, should be evacuated by the influenceof a sitz-bath, or by a catheter. In cases of cerebro-spinal congestions,make counter-irritations along the course of the spine, apply cold waterto the head, and bottles of hot water to the feet. Convalescence is tobe aided by the proper tonics, as golden-seal, columbo, etc., and completerepose should be allowed to the convalescent.ERUPTIVE OR EXANTHEIMATOUS FEVERS.These are all characterized by fever and the usual constitutional disturbances,together with an eruption or exanthem distinguishing eachvariety. They owe their origin to animal or vegetable malaria, or bothcombined, and the peculiarities of this class are, that they, when onceaffecting the system, render the patient comparatively exempt from anyfuture attack of the disease.Typhoh) Fever.This is a very insidious disease, its commencement being scarcely per-The patient has a sense of indisposition, but is unable to de-ceptible.scribe his condition. He feels slight debility, a dull and heavy feelingin the head, which increases and terminates in violent frontal headache.At full development of the disease, the limbs are weak, accompanied bylameness, and sometimes rheumatic pain. The bowels may at li^st beconstipated, but in a few days the tendency is to diarrhoea. The pulseis quickened, a creeiîng, chilly sensation is felt, and the skin is dry andwarm. The tongue is but slightly coated, and the appetite oftenremains until' the disease is fully developed. After the full development,a number of small vesicles, called sudammw, may be observed onthe abdomen. They are small, and may escape notice unless carefullyobserved. On the fifth day after the occurrence of these, another eruptionoccurs, which consists of small red or purple spots, resembling tleabites.These spots are called petechiw. If these are observed, the diseaseis unmistakably typhoid fever. "WTien the abdomen is percussed,it yields a drum-like resonance, and a gurgling may be heard on theright side, a little below the navel. Nervous symptoms arise, frequentlydelirium, great pain in different parts of the body, stupor, and a buzzmgnoise in the head are often complained of. The tongue becomes red,watery excrement are frequent.and is protruded with much difficulty, pulse increases, eyes have awatery appearance, and remain partly open when asleep. The breathingbecomes difficult, mouth half open, and a black substance (soi'den)collects on the teeth. The urine becomes nearly suppressed, and has adark-red appearance. The bowels bloat, and evaciiations of frothy andIf the disease is about to terminate vmfavorably,the patient becomes stupid, with low, muttering delirium, hismuscles jerk, hiccoughs, picks at bed-clothes, and labors mxder profound

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 223coma. The anatomical character of this disease is ulceration of certainglands, called Peyerian, of the intestines, which are sometimes perforatedby the process, when, of course, death inevitably follows. The courseof the disease is from 11 to 21 days.Treatment. — If the disease is suspected, the patient should be placedin bed, and his bowels evacuated by warm-water injections, if costive.If indigestible food is contained in his stomach, an emetic of lobeUashould be administered. Rice-gruel should then be given. The tinctureof American Hellebore should, on the approach of the febrile paroxysm,be given until the pulse becomes less frequent, and perspirationensues. Lye and slipperv'-elm poultices should be applied to the abdomenas long as bowel symptoms prove troublesome. Quinine and Hydrastinshould be exhibited, with a view to overcome the periodicity ofthe fever. At the same time a cold infusion of marsh mallow, acacia,and flax-seed, should be taken. Apply cold water to the head, and keepthe feet warm. Control the fever throughout its whole course with theveratrum or aconite. If the patient is restless and unable to sleep, givea little morphine in a decoction of Ladies'-slipper. If the diarrhoea ispersistent, let the patient take a decoction of rhus and cranes-bill.When the red tongue is noticed, administer the spirits of tixrpentine, infrom six to ten drop doses, three or four times a day. Beef-tea, brandy,etc., should be given to support the strength through the course of thedisease. During convalescence care shotdd be taken that the patientdoes not eat hearty food. Convalescence should be assisted by goldensealand other tonics. The danger in the treatment of this disease isover-medication, and hence only such agents as are chemically calledfor should be given, and the patient's strength well supported throughoutthe course of the fever.Diphtheria.Diphtheria is scarcely more than a modification of scarlet fever. Thepatient first complains of lassitude, headache, loss of appetite, hasrigors and chills, active and quick pulse, a light furred tongue, rednessof the back of mouth, enlargement of the glands about the neck,a hot, dry, and pungent skin, and in most cases an exudation upon themucous surfaces of the upper air-passages. This soon becomes organizedinto a tough, white membrane, covering the soft palate andtonsils. These sometimes degenerate into ulcers. The breathing inconsequence of this membrane becomes hurried and difficult, pulsequick, and frequently the asphyxia ensuing ends in death ;it generallyreigns as an epidemic and isregarded as contagious.Treatment.— The first step in the treatment should be a thoroughemetic and an active cathartic ; free perspiration should be producedby aconite or veratrum, and the kidneys should be kept in vigorous

224 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.operation. Flannel cloths, wet with the compound tincture of capsicum,myrrh, and lobelia, should be apj^lied to the neck, changed everyhalf hour, and applied as hot as the patient can bear it.Jugs of hotwater should be applied to the feet. The iullammatiou of the throatshould be subdued by a gargle of a hot decoction of golden-seal. Ifthe disease assumes an unfavorable aspect, give a powder containingone grain of quinine, one-half grain of capsicum, and one grain of hydrastinevery two hours. If the patches ulcerate, use a gargle of sumachand wild indigo. For the difficulty of breathing give sanguinariaand lobelia in emetic doses for the purpose of di.slodging the membrane.The secretions should be increased even to ptyalisra by irisin, the effectof which will be to overcome the adhesiveness of the membrane. The" Herbal Ointment" used for this purpose, and also to subdue the localinflammation, acts specifically and should be used in all cases.During convalescence the diet should be nutritious, and baths, freshair, and a liberal amount of fresh fruits ordered.Small-Pox( Variola).The symptoms are divided into four periods.The period of invasion occupiesabout three days, and is marked by languor, lassitude, restlessness,stretching, gaping, petulance, sullen mood these are followed; by Ghillsand rigors. Towards evening the skin becomes hot and dry, pain atiîcksthe head, loss of appetite, nausea, and frequently lumbago. On thethird day, heat, fever, flushed face, headache, and in ehil

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 225selected, as the catharsis produced is thorough and unattended withsubsequent debility or costiveness. Diaphoretics should be given topromote early appearance of the eruption. The patient should beplaced ia a cool and well-ventilated room, and frequently sponged withtepid water. Not much treatment of a medicinal character is required.The fever should be controlled by aconite or veratrum, as in all activefevers. If complicated with pneumonia, pleurisy, etc., the treatmentnecessary is such as is advised in those diseases. Pitting to a greatextent may be avoided by sweet-oU applied to hands and face.Varioloid is but modified small-pox. It has all the essential characteristicsof the dLsease except its virulence. The treatment is the sameas advised for small pox.The utility of vacciaation is a mooted question. It has unquestionablydone great harm, as in many cases scrofulous and syphilitic taintshave been implanted. Aside from this, however, it has been the meansof almost banishing the dreadful plague from existence, and its practiceshould be encouraged. Great care, however, should be exercised inthe selection of the vaccine virus, so that its purity is unquestionablyestablished before being used as an agent of prevention.Chicken Pox {Varicella).This is a very mild eruptive disease, characterized by a shght feverof short duration, aud followed by vesicles which desquamate about thefifth or sixth day. The fever is sometimes ushered in by slight rigors,though there is seldom any chill. There is often headache, and vomitingoccasionally. The eruption appears in one or two days after theinauguration of the fever. It consists of red spots at first, whichquickly become vesicular, and are frequently attended with itching.Treatment. — Very little treatment i^ required, except incases offeeble vitality, when the disease often assumes a severe character. Insuch cases the stomach and bowels should be well cleansed, the surfacesponged with hot water, and the fever controlled with arterial sedatives.Tonics should be given if the patient is enfeebled. The diet should benutritious, but composed of easily digested articles.Measles (Rubeola).This is an acute inflammation of the entire skin, of an infectious andcontagious nature. It is ushered in with chills, followed by heat, drowsiness,pain in head, back, and limbs, sore throat, dry cough, and othersymptoms common to febrile action, growing in violence until the fourthday. Then the eruption appears, producing heat and itching. Thebreaking out appears in patches of half-moon shape, which disting-uishesthis disease from the other eruptive diseases. They reach their heightat the fifth day on the face and neck, and on the legs about the seventh10* P

a26THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.day. Their decline is in the same order as appearance, disappearingâbout the tenth day, when the scarfskin peals oil in the shape of scurf.Treatment.— If the attack be a mild one, all the treatment necessaryconsists in light diet, acid and demulcent drinks, as flaxseed-teadecoction of slippery-elm, etc. Sponging with tepid water is verygrateful to the sufEerer ia aU cases. If during the first stage theeruption should be tardy ia its coming, it shoidd be hastened by awarm bath, and sweating drinks made from saffron, mulleui, pennyroyal,summer savory, etc. If tardy on account of excessive fever, givettucture of green hellebore, ipecac, lobelia, snake-root, etc. In enfeebledconstitutions stimulants are necessary.Scarlet Fever {Scarlatina).Also a contagious disease. The eruption is in the shape of pimplesof a scarlet hue, displayed iu patches over the whole svirface. Thefever is usually more rutense than ia measles, and accompanied by sorethroat, swollen face, and coated tongue. The greatest degree of rednessis attained at the third or fourth day. The decline is the same asin measles. Scarlet fever is distinguished from other diseases by theswollen condition of the flesh, which spreads out the fingers pecuhai'ly.The throat becomes ulcerated, and swallowing is attended with painand difficulty,measles.There is no cough, which also distinguishes it» fromThe following will show the difference between scarlet fever andmeasles :—In Scarlet Fever.In Measles.The cmption is bright scarlet.It appears on the second day.Is quite smooth to the touch.Is in small round spots.Disappears on pressure.The face is quite dry.The eruption is dark-red color.Does not appear till the fourth day.Is raised.Is larger and crescent-shaped.Doos not disappear.Face swelled ; running from the eyes andand nose.Treatment. — This should be cooling in its nature, cooling drinks,S]:)onging with cold water, etc. In ordinaiy cases little more is required,excepting a few drops of tincture of belladonna may be given severaltimes per day. When high fever exists, give the remedies advised inmeasles. Hot foot-baths are advisable. As this is a prostrative disease,.Deef-tea and the ordinary stimulants should be given from the first.What is called malignant scarlet fever is only a severer form than theabove. Gargles of sage and Cayenne jjepperare used to aUay the throat,afEections. The abscesses in the region of the ear, and consequent deafness,can be obviated by subduing the inflanmiation of that part by theusual methods.

the complete herbalist. 227Nettle Rash.This commences with fever, lusting two or three days then; itchingpimples, diversified in shape, appear, which go off during the day andcome again at night. Teething causes it sometimes, while at othertimes it is due to improperTkeatment.— diet.This is indicated by the cause. If due to indigestiblefood, the stomach must be unloaded by an emetic of blood-root oripecacuanha. A lotion of vinegar and water is of service. Tonics andsimple diet will com^Dlete the ciu'e.Erysipelas.This disease commences vsdth languor, achingor soreness of thelimbs, chilliness, alternating with flushes of heat. The pulse is quick,skin hot, tongue foul, appetite gone, thirst, nausea sometimes; vomiting,headache, restlessness, sore throat, swelling and tenderness ofthe glands of the neck, arm-pits, or groin, according to the seat of thecutaneous inflammation. The eruption usually makes its appearance,about the third day of the fever, in the form of a small reddish spot,somewhat elevated, painful or tender to the touch. This occurs mostfrequently upon the face, especially on the side of the nose, cheek, orrim of the ear. In some instances the inflammation advances slowly,in others it spreads quickly over large portions of the body, accompaniedby tumefaction, and a burning and stinging pain in all cases.About the third day of the inflammation smaU blisters, filled with yellowserum, appear, which break about three days afterward. On thefifth or sixth day they begin to dry, and on the seventh or eighth formcrusts or scabs, which desquamate, and a new skin forms. In phlegmonouserysipelas the inflammation involves not only the skin, but the subcutaneoustissues also, and the symptoms are aU severer. It oftenassumes a very malignant type, and is then a disease of a most fatalcharacter. It is liable to attack wounds;and those who are nursingpatients suffering with erysipelas should never wait upon a woman whohas been but recently confined, as she wiU be very liable to contractpueriieral peritonitis, a very fatal disease.Treatment.— Give a lobelia emetic, a mild purge, and a hot bathat the commencement. In the mild form cover the inflamed patchwith coUodion, and renew every two or three hours. The emetic andpurge should be followed with quinine in two or three grain doses everythree hours. The inflamed surface should also be washed with a de^coction of the bark, or a solution of quinine. Bruised cranberries are agood application. Cloths wrung out of a hot decoction of white -oak;bark and golden-seal shovild be apphed to the inflamed part to preventspreadipg- In wounds apply lint saturated with compound tine-;ture of myn'h and capsicum. If the fever is violent, treat it as in all

228 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.other febrile cases. A nutritive diet should follow medical treatmentas soon as the disease has passed its active career.Rose Rash {Roseola).This is an eruptive disease of little importance. The febrUe symptomsare slight, more or less attended with gastric derangement, whichcontinues two or three days before the rash appears and subsides withit. The cruj^tion generally commences upon the face, is of uniformredness, and causes itching or tingling. The rash continues from oneto five days, and is followed by a slight scaling off of the skin. It isoften the accompaniment of dentition and is not contagious.Treatment.— Little more is necessary than a warm bath and a fewdrops of veratnim. If the eruption is troublesome, two or three dropsof tincture of Belladonna should be added to a tumbler of water, and ateaspoonful given occasionally.Erythema.The eruption of this disease is of superficial redness, generally in irregularpatches, slightly elevated, and attended with heat, tingling, andsometimes slight pain. It may be local or owing to constitutional disturbance.It may be caused by friction of contiguous surfaces, as in thegroin and arm-pits, iu fat infants, particularly when not frequentlywashed. When owing to constitutional causes, it usually appeals onthe face, breast or limbs. It lasts from a few days to a week or longer.Treatment. — If the cause can be ascertained, it should be removedby the proper remedies. Anoint the affected part with a little limewaterand sweet-oil, or bathe with a strong decoction of golden-seal.Glycerine may also be api^lied, but if you can procure the '* HerbalOintment" (see page 469) I advise its application, as it is a specific forthis and kindred affections.Glanders.This may be contracted from the horse, and isa very malignant disease.It is characterized by a purulent and sometimes bloody dischargefrom the nose, a peculiar pustular eruption, and by tumors iu differentparts of the body. Its initial stage is the same as in aU eruptive fevers,attended with neuralgic pains in the limbs. In the course of four orfive days the eruption makes its appearance in different parts of thebody, usually most abundant upon the face and limba The dischargefrom the nose ensues in th

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 229and attendants upon a horse affected with glanders should be very carefulthat they do not come in contact with the vii-us. The affectedhorse should be shot, as the disease is very seldom curtd.Treatment. — Support the strength of the patient, and stimulate theemunctories. This can be best achieved by a thorough alcoholic vaporbath, followed by an active lobelia emetic and a brisk cathartic. Afterthis give quinine, three grains, and baptisin, two grains, every two orthree hours, for a day or two. The nostrils should be syringed withfour times a day.warm water, to which a few drops of creosote has been added, three orThe throat may be gargled with the same preparation.Support the strength with chicken-broth, rice-gruel, cream,punch, porter, ale, etc. If this course is not effectual, repeat everythree or four days.Dandy Fever {Dengue).This disease occasionally prevails as an epidemic in the southern seacoasttowns. There is pain, stiffness of the neck, back, and loins, andswelling of the muscles of the limbs and joints. Intolerance of light,restlessness, chilliness, fever, headache, a full and quick pulse, redeyes, a hot and dry skin, and an intense thu'st prevail. The feverusually lasts from one to two days, when a gradual remission occurs,and the patient feels quite comfortable. After an interval of two orthree days the fever returns, the pains are increased, the tongue isthickly coated, the stomach irritable, and the patient becomes dejectedand fretful. Nausea is a prominent symptom, but seldom any vomitingoccurs. About the sixth or seventh day an eruption, resembling scarlatina,appears, and gives relief to the distressing symptoms. It disappearsafter two or three days, the color of the skin gradually fading,with slight desquamation. The duration of the disease is about eightdays. The causes are evidently miasmatic poison, in concert with epidemicinfluence.Treatment.— Essentially the same as in scarlatina, accompaniedwith such remedies as advised in rheumatism. Quinine, in antiperiodicdoses, should also be administered, and the anodynes should be givenif the pains are severe. Tonics may be required in some cases and in;convalescence, frequent baths, a generous diet, and out-door exercisesshould be prescribed.Purpura.This affection is characterized by a greater or lesser number of lividspots on the skin, from extravasated blood. In simple cases the effusionis confined to the skin and cellular tissues, mostly occurring on thearms, legs, and breasts. The spots at first are small, and resemble fleabites.The countenance is pale, and the patient complains of debility,

230 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.loss of appetite, in-eg-nlarity of the bowels, and periodic fever. If allowedto progress, it will assume a form known as jmrpura hemorrhagicaîn which the spots are longer, and resemble whip-marks or violent bruises.They are bright red at first, but become purple or .livid. A greatvariety of symptoms are presented by each case, and the disease is avery singular one.TREATME^'T. — In the simple form a very liberal diet of fresh vegetables,out-door exercise, and some simple tonic, are all that is necessary.In the hemorrhagic character, quinine, in one or two grain doses,should be given every three hours. Diet should consist of green vegetables,salt meats, eggs, and the free use of lemonade. A liniment ofcamphor, whiskey, and turijentine should be externally applied. If internalhemorrhage occurs, give oil of erigeron, in five-drop doses, everyhalf hour or ; matico, in from five to ten grain doses, may be administeredeverj' twenty minutes until it ceases.ANATOlVry OF THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION.Mouth.— The mouth is separated from the nose by the hard and softpalate, and communicates. It is bounded in front by the lips, and itssides l)y the cheeks. The space between the hps and teeth is called thevestibule. The mouth is lined by a mucous membrane, which is coveredby numerous glands, some being mucous and some salivary. The '^louthcontains a double row of teeth, thirty-two in the aggregate, performingthe first process — in digestion, the masticntwn of food.Tongue. The tongue is an oblong, flattened, muscular body, whichvaries in size and shape ;it is the organ of taste, and also of importancein speech and mastication. Its posterior extremity or root is attachedto a bone, called the hyoid., by yellow fibrous tissue. Its anterior extremityis called the tip ; its intervening portion its body. The mucouscovering of the tongue is very thick ujôn its upper surface, and verythin upon its imder sm-face. Upon its upper surface are a number ofprojections, of various sizes and shapes, called pa/pilkB.The largest areeight or nine in number, called papillw ma.vim(P^ and are situated at theposterior portion of the tongue, in two convergent lines. The smallestpapilla) are fine and pointed, and are found near the middle of thetongue, and are termed flUform. The intermediate papillaj are mostabundant, some oi wlrLchaxa conical, oi\ieTs fungiform. The tongueassists in the process of deglutition.Palate.— Thii palate separates the back portion of the nose fromthe mouth, and is divided into two parts. The hard palate, of a bonybase, covered by mucous membrane, which is continuous with thatof the mouth ;the soft palate is the membranous separation betweenthe back portion of the mouth aud nose. From the middle theuvula projects, about three-quarters of an inch in length ;from each

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 231Bide of the uvula there are two divergent crescentic folds of mucousmembrane, which are called lateral half -arches ; the space betweenwhich constitutes the fauces.Between the anterior and posterior arches of each side is thetonsil gland. The tonsils are about the size of an almond, and consistof a collection of large mucous foUicles.—Salivary Glands. The salivary glands are of light pink color, andtheir secretion is of great sei^vice in mastication and digestion. Theseare three in number — the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual. Theparotid is the largest it Ues on the side of the face in front of t,he;ear, and beneath the sldn. The submaxillary lies in a depression onthe internal face of the lower jaw-bone. The sublingual is the smallestof the three — ;it is situated under the tongue.Phai'ynx. The pharynx is a muscular and membranous sac, communicatingwith the mouth, nose, oesophagus, larynx, and the tube(Eustachian) leading to the ear. Its length is about five inches, althoughthis varies by extension and contraction. Its uses are for deglutition,respiration, and modulation of the voice.— (Esophagus. This is the canal that conveys the food from the pharynxto the stomach. Its length is about nine or ten inches, and its diameteris not uniform, gradually increasing (as it descends). Its upperportion is the narrowest part of the alimentary canal;and henceforeign bodies which are too large to pass through the alimentarycanal are generally arrested in the neck. It never contains air. Deglutitionis performed by the contraction of the longitudinal fibres of theoesophagus, which shortenthe passage, and bycontraction of its circularfibres successivelyfrom above downward.Stomach.— The stomachis a conoidal sac,somewhat bent or curved,and situated belowthe breast-bone or inthe epigastric region.The left^ extremity ismuch the larger, andterminates in a roundedsac;at the upper portionsof this extremityis the cardiac orifice^The Stomach.where the ccsophagus iscontinued into the stomach, immediately below the diaphragm.The

from232'THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.rig'ht extremity is continuous with the intestines, and its orifice iscalled the 'pyloric. The structure of the pylorus is much thicker thanthat of any other portion. The stomach is held in its position by theojsophagus' and the duodenum,'" as well as by reflexions of the peritoneum.The upper and lower curvatures of the stomach are called thegreater and lesser cuvatures. ° " Near the pyloric extremity of the stomachis a small dilatation' called the antrum fyhri. The dimensions ofthe stomach are variable, depending upon the mode of life. It has fourcoats;the peritoneal, muscular, cellular and mucous.In the stomach the food receives the admixture of the gastric juice,which is the solvent agent of digestion. The fluids taken into thestomach are for the most part absorbed from it;the solids, with theexception of the insoluble parts, are by the action of the gastric juicereduced to a substance called chyme., which in general is grayish, semifluid,homogeneous, with a slightly acid taste and smell. The chyme isthen poured into the duodenum through the pyloric orifice for thesubsequent action of the intestines.Intestines.— The intestinal canal is from thirty to thirty-five feet inlength, and is divided into large and sm.all intestines. The small intestineis four-fifths of the length of the whole canal, reaching the,pylorus to the large intestine it is; cylindrical, and about ona inch indiameter; there is a gradual diminution La calibre as it descends. ', Itscoats are the same as those of the stomach. The naucous coat is Veryvascular, and its absorbents are very numerous. The glands are thecrypts or follicles of Lieberkuhn, the glands of Peyer, the solitaryglands, and Brunner's glands.The small intestine is divided into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.The Duodenum commences at the pylorus, and is about twelve incheslong. The common duct formed by the junction of the bile and gallducts opens into it about four or five inches from the pylorus. TheJejunum (from jejunus, em.pty) constitutes the upper two-fifths of thasmall intestine, and the ileum the remaining three-fifths.The large intestine reaches from the ileum to the anus, and is onefifthin length of the whole canal; it differs much from the smallintestine, and has a sacculated appearance. It likewise has four coats.It is di%'ided into cascum, colon, and rectum.The Ccecum is a cul-de-sac or blind sac, and the commencement ofthe large intestine, and hence often called the caput coli. At theuiferior portion is a worm-like process called the appendix vermiformis.On the side of the caecum is the ileo-cwcal valve, an elliptical openingwhereby the small intestine empties into the large.The Colon, is the largest portion of the large intestine; graduallydiminishes in diameter until it terminates in the sigmoid or S-liketlexure on the left side. It ascends on the right side, and forming an

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 233arch transversely, descends upon tlie left side. The Rectum is the terminatingportion of the large intestine, and reaches from the sigmoidflexure to the amis. It is somewhat barrel-shaped, being larger in themiddle than at either end.DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.Stomatitis.This is characterized by inflammation of the mouth.It may involvethe whole membrane, or be confined to isolated portions. The firstprominent symptom is a loss of taste, and a sensation similar to thatproduced by scalding liquids. The surface is red, very tender, andpainful. The inflammation may extend to the fauces, nasal passages,and Eustachian tube. The stomach often becomes irritable, bowels loose,and the patient debilitated and emaciated. When caused by vitiatedsecretions, produced by the disturbed condition of the lymphatics whilesuckling, it is known as ^'•nursing sore-Tnouth^^^ or technically, follicularstomatitLi. It may then extend to the stomach and bowels, causingulceration, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, dysentery, and great prostration of thenervous system ;and if not arrested, the mucous membranes of the airpassages are involved, producing cough, expectoration, tuberculous degenerationand death. The teeth may fall out, and the gums be absorbed.AphthoB or Thrush is another form of stomatitis. It is generally characterizedby small ulcers scattered over the surface, or in patches ofwhite exudation, which may become thick and absorbed, and leave araw-looking surface, or a foul spot. Children are very liable to it,and itis generally caused by acidity of the stomach, or general derangementof that organ by improper diet or unhealthyTkp:atment.— milk.This depends upon the cause, which, if ascertained,should be removed. If due to carious teeth, they should be removed,and ifowing to dyspepsia, the proper remedies should be given. Themouth should be frequently washed with a warm decoction of goldenseal. The system should be supported with tonics, a generous diet, anda liberal use of fresh succulent vegetables, as grapes, etc., should beprescribed. Sage-tea gargles are very usefvil. The mother should alsopay attention to her diet, so as not to supply the babe with impropermilk. If due to acidity of the stomach, the necessary absorbentsshould be administered.Glossitis.This is inflammation of the substance of the tongue, involving itsmuscular structure. It usually commences with a throbbing pain in thetongue, followed soon after mth redness and swelling. In the course

234 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.of a few hours the tongue enlarg-es so much as to fill the whole mouth,forces open the jaws, and protrudes from the mouth. Some fever usuallyaccompanies it.Swallowing is usually almost impossible, speechgone, abscesses may form, and the tongue may even become mortified.Treatment.—If due to a disordered state of the stomach, an activelobeUa emetic should be given, and followed with an anti-biUous purge,like the Renovating Pill. If due to scalds or bums, the mouth should bewashed with mucilage of flaxseed and slippery elm. If due to mercui-y,vapor baths should be taken, a free use of the syrup of stillingia resortedto, and equal parts of charcoal and yeast used as a gargle.Quinsy {Tonsillitis).This consists of inflammation of the tonsils, which may in manycases extend to the adjacent tissues. It usuaUy commences with a slightchill, foUowed by much febrile excitement, uneasy feelmg in the throat,and difficulty of swaUowing, which increases in severity very rapidlyuntil at last deglutition becomes almost impossible. There is a constantdisposition to swallow, in order to free the fauces from a tenacious,colorless mucus which adheres to that part. The respiration is notmuch affected unless in bad cases. From the commencement there isfever, severe headache, and a rapid pulse. The termination is usuallyan abscess, which at length opens, and a discharge of very fetid pus en-Bues, which affords relief. The duration of the disease is usually afcouta week, and is scarcely ever fatal.Treatment.—Administer a free lobeUa emetic, and anoint the throatthoroughly with the Herbal Ointment. In ordinary forms this will besufficient. If an abscess, however, forms, it should be evacuated byan incision. In malarial districts, quinine in anti-periodic doses may benecessary, and if the fever is severe, veratrum should be given. Thethroat should be gargled with a decoction of golden seal, and to preventtermination into induration and permanent enlargement, alterativesBhould be given, especially in strumous habits.Pharyngitis.This is characterized either by acute, sub-acute, or chronic inflammationof the pharj-nx. There is slight pam upon pressure, or in the actof swallowing. It is seldom attended with fever, but in severe casesabscesses may form, causing great difficulty in swaUowing and breathing.In the acute form the inflammation is usually Umited to themucous membrane, and simply constitutes an ery thematic affection.The clironic form is known as " dergi/maii's sore throat,'' and is attendedwith a dry, hacldng cough, hoarseness, and a sense of fatigue of thevocal organs after a slight exercise.Treatment.— The treatment of simple pharyngitis is but little more

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 235than merely to regulate the stomach and bowels, the external applicationof cold packs, and a few days' resj;. In the chronic form an invigoratingand tonic course of treatment should be pursued, in connectionA\ath rest, baths, and pure air. To relieve the local difficulty, onegrain of stillingia may be mixed with a drachm of sugar, divided into tenpowders, of which one should be taken every two hours. The inhalationof hot vapor from bitter herbs is to be recommended. Blood-root•in connection -with constitutional treatment is highly beneficial. Patientswill find that my "Acacian Balsam " in the chronic form is a virtualspecific the Herbal Ointment should also be; outwardly apphed. Ifowing to a complicated constitutional disorder, or if it exists in associationwith catarrh, it constitutes an affection reciuiring the most skilfultreatment, and those who may wish my advice in such cases may referto page 390 for general directions for consultation.Paeotitis {Mumps).Mumps is an inflammatory affection of the salivary glands, especiallythe parotids. It generally commences with slight fever, stiffness of thejaws, and a slight pain or swelling in one jr both parotid glands. Theparts are hot, painful, and very tender upon pressure. Mastication andswallowing become painfxil, which causes considerable nervous irritabihty.Metastasis to the breasts of the female and to testicles of themale is liable to occur, especially if the patient is subjected to undueexposure. Inflammation of the brain may occur in some cases. Itreaches its height in about four days, disappeaiing entirely about theseventh.Treatment.— Keep the patient quiet, and give a mild purge. Forexternal application a Uuiment of goose-fat and camphor is very beneficial.If there be much fever, resort to the usual anti-febrile treatment.If inflammation of the brain should ensue, resort to activecathartics, and give small doses of macrotin and quinine. The " HerbalOintment " will be found a superior remedy, see page 469.ffiSOPHAGITIS.This is an inflammation of the oesophagus, or that portion of thealimentary canal which conveys the food from the pharynx to thestomach. Heat and pain, increased by swaUowiug, at some point alongthe tube, are the earliest symptoms. Occasionally there is pain betweenthe shoulders, and, perhaps, tenderness on pressure, with more or lessdifficulty in swallowing. Hiccough, an eructation of glairy mucus, andvomiting, are sometimes present. There is also more or less constitutionaldisturbance. Ulcers and abscesses may form. It may becomechronic, and stricture of the canal at any part of its passage may result,

236 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.which may so effectually prevent deglutition as to cause death bystarvation.A Treatment.— In the acute form, the stomach should be cleansed bya lobelia emetic, and the bowels opened by a purge. The surfaceshould be sponged with hot water, and sufficient tincture of veratrumgiven to maintain a gentle diaphoresis. In the chronic form the alterativesare to be administered, and the bowels occasionally purged. Thepatient should be confined mostly to a vegetable diet of fluid character.Frequent sips from a decoction of golden seal and slippery elm shouldbe taken. Stricture of the oesophagus should only be treated by acompetent physician, as the means emi)loyed for its cure might do moreharm in improper hands than any possible good.Inflammation op the Stomach (Gastritis).This usually commences in the acute form with violent vomiting anda burning pain in the region of the stomach. Swallowing becomes difficult,thirst id intense, tongue is dry and smooth, headache often violent,delirium and prostration are present. If the stomach only is inflamed,there is constipation ;but if the bowels also are affected, there isdiaiThoea. The attendant fever is as common, and the disease mayassume such a gravity that death inevitably ensues, especially in perforationof the stomach. Chronic gastritis is a common disorder. It isgenerally of a mUd character, unless of long continuance, when it niayoccasion considerable organic disorder. Its approach is gradual, presentinga variety of symptoms, but may be known from dyspepsia in therebeing more pain at some particular point, and more frequent vomitingafter taking food.Treatment.— Give an emetic, and cleanse the stomach by means oflarge draughts of warm water. Counter-irritation should be resorted toover the stomach. The vomiting may be checked by opium, and thetincture of crawley may be given to control the fever. If produced bya con-osive poison, the necessary antidotes will, of course, be required.All solid foods should be withheld, and the drinks should be mucilaginous,as marshmallow, slippery elm, gum-water, etc.The treatment of chronic gastritis is not so easily stated.It dependsgreatly upon associated conditions and complications. Diet is an importantelement in the treatment. My '* Restorative AssimUant" internally,and "'Herbal Ointment" externally, generally cure each case; butsome cases are of such a serious character that a cure can only beeffected by special symptomatic treatment. Those desiring to consultme are referred to questions, page 390 .Cancer op tiik STOM.\cn.The early .symptoms of cancer of the stomach are usually similar tochronic gastritis. The appetite is impaired, and frequent nausea and

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 237vomiting supervene. The pain in the stomach is of a lancinating character.The gastric functions are impaired, and the mucous dischargesbecome sour and purulent, finally bloody, and if subjected to microscopicalexamination, cancer cells are found. The complexion has ayellowish -white, waxen appearance, which distinguishes cancer fromother diseases of the stomach.Treatment.— The treatment consists chiefly in combating thesymptoms as they occur. Cundurango should be given a fair trial in allcases. If the disease has reached a certain stage, no remedy will producea radical impression ;but I have the assurance that I have curedmany cases of well-defined cancer of the stomach, in more or lessadvanced stages of the disease, by the employment of consistent andenergetic chemical treatment.Heart-Burn {Oastralgia).Two forms of heart-bum are commonly observed :one, attended byacid eructations, causing irritation of the throat and fauces; andin the other, the ejections from the stomach are rancid and alkaline,and connected -with a gnawing pain and distention of the stomach. Itprincipally occurs during digestion, and may be of every grade of severity.It is caused by excess of acid, or an accumulation of gas, in thestomach.Treatment.— This depends upon the cause. If acid, administerpulverized charcoal, with a little magnesia, or, what is just as good,compound spirits of lavender. If alkaline, give lemon-juice as often asrequired.Gastralgia,or Gastrodynia.This is a neuralgic affection of the stomach, and is often a symptomof dyspepsia. The appetite is generally impaired, though sometimesremains good. There is a gnawing pain in the stomach, and a strongdisposition to vomit. The tongue is usually foul, the skin cool, andpulse quite disturbed.Treatment.— Ifowing to long-continued use of indigestible or improperfood, abandon it,and change to other articles. Take quinine,and a little cherry laurel water, to subdue the neuralgic affection, andtonics to restore the tonicity of the stomach.Spasm op the Stomach.This consists of a sense of pain, stricture, or contraction, occurringin paroxysms. The stomach feels as if rolled into a ball, or drawntowards the back.It assumes different degrees of violence, being oftenexceedingly painful.Treatment.— It is instantly relieved by a dose of some preparation

238 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.of wild gum, in combination with a fourth of a grain of gelsemin.External application of the "Herbal Ointment" acts equally as specifically.Water-Brash {Pyrosis).This also occurs generally in paroxysms.The pain is intense, and ofa burning character. An eructation of a thin, insipid, watery liquidoccurs, and, when discharged, affords momentaryTreatment.— relief.Qiiinineand the general tonics will remove this difficulty.Certain habits, as inebriety, anxiety of mind, etc.,overcome, and a generous diet indulged in.Dyspepsia, or Indigestion.are to beThis is one of the most common affections in the whole catalogue ofdiseases. Scarcely a human being lives that has not or will not be avictim to this harassing disease. In simple indigestion, the symptomsvary much in nature and severity. One may suffer severely, whileanother has merely slight depression of spirits. Loss of appetite, nausea,vomiting, constipation alternating with diarrhcea, furred tongue, foulnessof breath, palpitation of the heart, pains in various parts, dullheadache, hjqiochondriasis, etc., are present in all cases. The patient'sappetite may at one time be wholly lost ;at other times it is morbidand ravenous, which, if indulged in, will only add to his misery. Thereis seldom any healthy feeling of hunger, but, in place ^f this, thepatient has a most miserable sensation of hollowness or sinking at theregion of the .stomach. Nausea and vomiting are the most distressingsymptoms of dyspepsia ;the former may occur soon after the food isswallowed, or it may be deferred for an hour or two. The matterejected is most frequently sour, and mixed with bile, often having theflavor of rotten eggs, which is due to a gas knoîvTi as sulphurettedhydrogen. This gas, in ascending, often brings the solid food into thethroat and mouth, making the patient almost a ruminant animal. Sufferingis experienced when the stomach is full or empty, though it differsin various cases. Sometimes not much uneasiness is felt until severalhours after eating, when all its attendant horrors are manifested.Thisis due to fermentation of the food. Water-brash, gastralgia, spasm ofthe stomach, etc., are constant companions of the dyspeptic, and hisdays are most miserably spent, whUe his nights are not much better,because his sleep is not refreshing; the body is not reposed, and he isthe frequent victim of hori'ible nightmares. A dyspeptic patient suffersfrom every variety of indisposition, and it is easy to learn from hisdejected countenance and woe-begone look that he yearns for that comfortablehuman existence that only a healthy digestive apparatusaffords to man. He is fretful and peevish, dissatisfied with others and

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 239with himself;has individually no comfort, and allows but little to thosearound him; everything that was formerly bright and cheerful nowbears a gloomy aspect; his smiles are derisive, his opinions cynical and;everything that is bright, cheerful, and lovable has gone with theenjoyment of good health. The disease is in fact a malady that embracesin its symptoms and consequences nearly every physical andmental torture known to mankind.Treatment.— WTien it arises from inertia of the stomach, it may be removedby stomachics. If produced by bad habits, it can only be correctedby strict adherence to the physiological laws controlling thedigestive functions. When it occurs from softening of the mucous membranesand. a deficiency of the gastric secretion, alnuin is a good remedy;and chelonin acts well in chronic inflammation of the organ.When dependent upon nervous debility, herbal phosphorus and cyprepedinact well. Constipation should be relieved by leptandrin and similarcathartics. Diet and hygiene form a very important part in the treatment,and these should receive very careful attention. Fresh air,baths, friction, out-door exercise, careful avoidance of overloading thestomach, are indispensable adjuncts to all treatment. It is but just tomyself, and eminently due to my readers, to acquaint them with mymode of treating dys^jepsia, and which, I confidently assert, is attendedwith as specific results as can be expected from any medicinal agents. Itis my sincere beUef that failure is impossible if the remedies are takenfaithfully, for a reasonable length of time. I advise in all cases and inaU forms of the disease, my "Restorative AssimUant," "RenovatingPills," and " Herbal Ointment." The Assimilant is taken internally, inprescribed doses, three times a day the; pUls are taken as occasion requires,to keep bowels regular, and the Herbal Ointment is rubbed externally,once or twice a day, over the region of the stomach and bowels.The philosophy of this treatment is obvious;the Assimilant restores thetonicity of the digestive organs, increases secretion of gastric juice, promoteschymification, stimulates the accessory organs of digestion, and,by its assimilative properties, increases the functional action of theabsorbents, and restores the chemical process of digestion to its healthystate. The pUls increase the peristaltic motion of the bowelg, augmentbiliary discharges, stimulate the mesenteric glands, whQe, at the sametime, they give tonic power to the whole alimentary canal. The ointment,by its discutient properties, removes all inflammation, localizeshealthy blood to the organs and tissues, and prevents centralization ofmorbific agents.These remedies at once assert their value, and gain complete masteryover the disease in a short time ;and should any of my dyspeptic readers,though faithless in medicinal relief from repeated failures, bQpleased to give them a tria.1,the author is confident that the medicines

240 THE COMPLETE HERBAXIST.willcure them and restore them to vigorous health, so that they mayonce more enjoy the boon of healthy digestive organs. (See page 469.)ANATOMY OF THE LIVER.The liver is the largest glandular organ in the body ;its office is tosecrete bile. It is oblong and oval in shape, and occupies the positionon the right side, under the lower ribs. It weighs from four to fivepounds it measures from ten to twelve inches;transversely, and fromsix to seven antero-posteriorly its ; greatest thickness is from four to fiveinches. On the upper sui-face it is convex, and on the lower concave.Its color is of a reddish-brown, with occasional spots of black.The under surface of the liver presents a deep fis.sure, called umbilicalor longitudinal, reaching from the anterior'" to the posterior" notch,containing the r e-mains of the umbilicalvein of foetal life.Sometimes this fissureis converted intoa foramen,' or opening,the right and leftlobes being connected.At right an^leato this fissure is Mother,called the transverse^'fissure, containingthe portalvein, hepatic artery,and hepatic duct,bound together by the capsule of Glisson, a membrane of cellular tissue.The f/itU-blnddrr^" lies in a deep depression upon the under surface of theright lobe of the liver. The hbidus quadratus' is that portion of the liverincluded between the depression occupied by the gall-bladder and thelongitudinal and transverse fissures. At the posterior and inferior portionof the liver is a triangular lobe called the lohulus SpigeUi.'' The elongatedridge running from the lobulus Spigelii outwardly is the lobuluseauckttui-.^ These lobules are, however, all contained in the two lobes ofthe liver. The rif/ht labe^ is the largest and thickest, and the lefP terminatesin a thin cutting edge. The structure of the liver may be seenby tearing the liver of any animal. This will show a granulated arrangement,and each of these grannies is usually called an dcinus. These aciniconsist of a terminal branch of the portal vein and hepatic artery, togetherwith the incipient radicles of the hepatic duct and hepatic vein,and in the capillary network thus constituted are niunerous cells, whichBei;rete the bile.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 241The liver is liable to a variety of disorders, and, when affected, exertsa marked influence on the organs and tissues of the body. The functionsof the organ are so important that impairment arising from any organiccause quickly disturbs the harmony and health of the whole econmy.Its office Ls to eliminate the superfluous carbon from the blood.This carbon enters into chemical combination with other substances,forming the compound known as bUe, and which is poured into the duodenum,or upper bowel, where it assists greatly in the process of digestion.DISEASES OF THE LIVER.Hepatitis.Inflammation may be confined to its outside covering, or involve theentire substance of the liver. It usually makes its appearance withsympathetic fever, pain, a sense of tension on the right side, inabilityto lie on the left side, difficulty of breathing, a dry cough, vomiting,and a troublesome cough. As the morbid action increases, high fever,with hot skin, thirst, and scanty urine is observed. The pain is acuteand lancinating, and is apt to run up to the right coUar-bone, and tothe top of the shoulder. The pain is increased by coughing, breathing,and lying on the left side. A soreness is felt by pressing over theliver, and usually, when enlarged, is readily recognized by the touch.The piiLse is full and hard, bowels costive, stools clay-colored, andthe tongue is covered with a dark-brown, or even black coat, and thereis a bitter taste in the mouth.Treatment.— Evacuate the stomach and bowels, and apply hotpacks, rubefacients, or even vesicants in some cases, to the region of theliver. The purges should be such that will thoroughly evacuate thebowels with watery discharges, as jalap, elaterium, etc. Promoteperspiration by a spirit vapor bath, or by American hellebore, or otherdiaphoretics. ^\'hen the urine is red and scanty, an infusion of marshmallow,pumpkin-seeds, or traUuig arbutus should be given.gelsemin, and irisin may be necessary in some cases. .CHRONIC HEPATITIS.Quinine,Chronic inflammation of the liver usually involves the entire organ,and may be the result of the acute form, although it exists independentlyof it. It is a disease very common in the South and West, andLs evidently owing to malarial poison, in connection with heat and atmosphericvicissitudes. It is a very insidious disease, and the wholeorgan may assume a pathological condition before attracting any specialattention. The most common symptoms are a disordered stomach,occasional vomiting, a sense of fulness and weight iu. tlie riylit side, ir11 Q

242 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.regular bowels, pains in one or both shoulders, unhealthy stools, yellownessof skin, eyes, and urine, a short dry cough, disturbed appetite,febrile exacerbations towards night, and general emaciation. The patientis generally despondent, his temper is iiTitable and peevish, andhe is frequently the prey to the dread of some impending evil. Theexercise of his mental faculties is often impossible in a Uterary or argumentativedirection, and the loss of the cherished attribute of manhoodis most frequently added to his misery. If the patient be a female,Bexual congress becomes to her a revolting union, and her husband'sapproaches create in her only a feeling of disgust and scorn.Treatment.— The diet should be regulated, outdoor exercise shouldbe taken, baths liberally xised, and chafing liniments applied over theliver ;keep the bowels open with leptandrin, or decoction of the plant,and give one-tenth of a grain of gelsemin with two gi'aius of quinine,every three or four hours, untU about twenty doses have been taken.ThLs may be followed by dandelion and blackroot in small doses four orfive times a day. An alterative like irisin may also be given. I also mostBtrongly advise my "Restorative Assimilant," "Herbal Ointment,"and "E-enovating Pills ;" to be used about the same as ordered in dyspepsia.The pills, especially, exercise specific control over morbid conditionsof the liver, and frequently cure the disease, unaided h^ otherremedies.It is frequently the case that chronic inflammation of the Uver is socomplicated that it will not respond to any ordinary treatment. In suchcases a careful analysis of the symptoms and general condition of thepatient must be made, and the treatment so modified and varied as tosuit all the conditions of the case. In these cases it is difficult to designatethe required treatment, as each indi\'idual case is characterized byits ovra pathological jihenomena, and requires essentially particulartreatment. My success in the treatment of these stubborn cases has ex-and I now like toceeded even my o^vn anticipations in many instances,combat the "bUious" foe with my herbal weapons— and success usuallycrowns my efforts. Those who wish to consult me are referredto page 390.CIRRHOSIS.The result of chronic inflammation of the areolar tissue of the entireorgan is often induration or cirrhosis of the liver. The tissues becomeso firm, and ultimately so constricted, as to diminish the caliber of theportal vein, hepatic artery, and duct, resulting in the wasting away oratrophy of the lobular structure, and the hepatic cells become studdedwith fat. This condition sadly interferes with the circulation of the^blood through the portal vein, producing inflammation of gastric and intestinallinings. It is the liab-nailed liver of some writers. The usual

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 243Bymptoms are constipation, a dry skin, hig-h-colored urine, fickle appetite,and derangement of the nervous system. The spleen often becomesenlarged, while the liver diminishes in size, the pain becomes moreintense, and frequently the kidneys are also involved. Digestion isfeeble, chills, hectic fever, and night-sweats are often present, and frequentlya dropsical condition of the lower Mmbs and abdomen is observed.Treatment. — All alcoholic stimulants should be avoided, and theaction of the liver aroused by jirickly ash, leptandrin, dandelion, emetics,etc. The tonics should be given, and Indian hemp should be administeredin sufficient quantities to maintain a gentle influence upon the bowelsand kidneys The alteratives, if indicated, should be exhibited, andcontinued as long as required.This disease is certainly an unfavorable one for treatment in itsadvanced stages, but my treatment in well-defined cases has beenattended with the most favorable results, and I hope ere long that theresult of my investigations into the morbid character ofthe disease taall its phases, that I have made for many years, will enable me to stillmore rob the disease of its formidable nature.Gall-Stones.These concretions are generally oval or pear-shaped, and formedin the gall-bladder or hepatic ducts. They vary in size, from that of asmall pea to a fowl's egg, and ia chemical composition present cholesterine,coloring matter, and the salts of lime, magnesia, etc. Theyoccur oftener in females than ia males, from the fact that their inactivelife is more conducive to their formation. They give rise to a dull,heavy pain in the region of the liver, and more or less febrile excitement.In their passage through the duct they cause the most excruciating pain,which is accordingly intensified in proportion to the size of the stone.Impaction of the cystic duct, vdth complete obstruction and inflammation,ulceration, and perforation of the duct and bladder may occur,givmg rise to great difficulties.Tueatment.— To reduce the spasm, Dover's powder, or other anodynes,should be given, and hot packs or fomentations should beapplied externally. A vapor bath and lobelia emetic often afford greatrelief. Belladonna plasters should be applied over the region of theliver, as they dilate the cystic duct, and alleviate the pains. Thoroughwortis a good remedy, and should be freely taken. If the stones canbe found in the alvtne discharges, their chemical character should bedefinitely ascertained, and the proper chemical treatment resorted to inorder to prevent their re-formation. Thosewho may desire my servicesin this respect can forward to me the stones, and on receipt I will carefullyanalyze them, and suggest the proper treatment.

24:4 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Jaundice {Icterus).The most prominent symptoms are yellowness of the skin, eyes, andurine, owing to the deposit of the coloring matter of the bile in theblood. The appetite is impaired, the food is loathed, an uncomfortablefeeling of a load at the pit of the stomach is felt. The stomach is sour,sometimes there is sickness and vomiting, a bitter taste in the mouth, adull pain at the right side, sleepiness, and an uncomfortable feeling oflassitude at all times distresses the patient. The urine is heavily tingedwith bUe, and the stools clay colored. It is usually idioiâthic, but maybe a concomitant of other diseases. Torîidity of the liver is the chiefcause, yet any functional disorder of the organs may cause it.Tkeatment.— If caused by inactivity of the liver, the organ shouldbe aroused by a lobelia emetic and active autibUious purges. I cancertainly advise no better cathartic for this purpose than my RenovatingPill. The liver should be further stimulated to action by the applicationof an irritating plaster over the region of the Uver. Tonics, likequinine, poplar, and lii-iodeudron, may be necessary in some cases. Thediet should consist of fresh vegetables, and as much out-door exerciseshould be taken as the patient can bear.The liver is the seat of many other diseases, but as they are more, or lessrare, of difficult detection, and treatment difficult, I deemed it pinident notto enter upon any consideration of them. The organ may hypertroiihy oratrophy, its blood-vessels may become diseased, it may be affected by syphilitictaint, it may become fatty, it may degenerate into a waxy or albuminousmass;disease may change it into a pigment or nutmeg liver it; maybe the seat of hydatids or parasites, tumors or cancer may assail it. andfinally it may be the seat of tuberculous matter of a miliary character.The symptoms produced by these morbid conditions are so obscure, andmany of them the common propei'ty of all, that none but a skilfulphysician is capable of recognizing the identity of the affection;and Iadvise all patients who are suffering from any liver disease that presentsphenomena, not recognizable in the simjiler affections of the organ, tointrust his case to a competent physician.I have devoted nearly a lifetime to the study of liver diseases, and Iam ready to maintain that my success in their treatment is greater thanby any other system of medication. I am daily consulted with referenceto some chronic disease of the liver, both in person or by letter, andpatients under treatment are scattered in all sections of the country.Constant communication by correspondence enables me to treat suchcases as satisfactorily as by personal interview, as is attested by thegratifying success achieved iu all cases. (See page 390. )

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 245ANATOMY OFTHE SPLEEN.^ 'The organ ', occupying the right of the following cut, ls thespleen. It is a soft vascular organ, of a purplish color, It is not atrue gland, as it has no duct.The shape of the spleen is irregular and variable, but it is generallythe section of an ovoid, with a convex suii'uce resting against the dia-Ppleeii and Pancreas.phragm, opposite the ninth, tenth, and eleventh ribs, and a convex surfacedirected towards the stomach.It varies in size more than any other organ in the body. It is generallyfive inches long and three wide, and weighs from five to sevenounces. The proper substance of the spleen is a soft, pulpy mass, of areddish-brown color, resembling grumous blood. Its office in the economyis not well understood, but is evidently concerned in the blooddepuratingprocess. It is numerously supplied with lymphatics. Thelong and flat gland lying between the spleen and duodenum, in the leftof the cut, is the Pancreas, or siceet-bread. It is of a light-pink color,and is about seven inches long. Its right extremity ",or head is muchthe thickest part, and is often called the lesser jmncreas. Its leftextremity gradually diminishes in breadth until it touches the spleen*""'. The superior edge has a groove for the passage of the splenicartery. Its structure is conglomerate. Its excretory duct is calledthe duct of Wirstmgius.Its -secretion is somewhat similar to saliva, hence it is often called theahdomliial salivary gland. Its secretion contains a larger amount ofsolid matter than the saliva, and assists in the process of digestion.Splenitis.The functions of the spleen have formerly been the cause of muchcontroversy, nor are they better understood at the present day but the;organ is evidently concerned somewhat in the blood-making process

246 THE COMPLETE nERBALIST.buc that it performs a very important part is doubtful, as the wholeorgan has been removed without affecting the health in the least.In some countries, the practice of removing the spleen in pigs, for thepurpose of facilitating the fattening practice, has been resorted to,which fact has suggested to some over-confident analogists the proprietyof removing the spleen in the human subject as a remedy for debilitj".Splenitis prevails most in malarious districts, and is a frequent residtof chills and fever. A feeling of weight, tightness, sometimes pain inthe left side, which is increased by ijressure, or an attempt to lie on theleft side, are the earliest symptoms. The organ enlarges— sometimesso much that it can readily be felt by the hand. It is known by thename of "ague-cake," and causes numbness and weakness of the legs,difficulty of breathing, palpitation of the heart, obstinate constipation,vomiting of food, piles, dry skin, and occasionally dropsical affections.Tkeatmknt.— This does not differ much with the treatment advisedfor acute and chronic inflammation of the liver. Quinine, in combination-ndth leptaudrin and irisin, is indicated in all cases. Counter-inicationshould also be made over the splenic region, and, when comphcatedwith dropsy, the required directions should be administered. My"Restorative" Assimilant," Herbal Ointment," and" Renovating Pills"cure every case, if taken for a reasonable ^length of time.,-vThe spleen may also be affected with dropsy, or become studded withtuberculous matter. In such events the treatment is the siiin.6 as fordropsy and tubercular depositions of any other tntcruul organ.Diseases op the Pancreas.The pancreas is rarely the seat of disease. The symptoms of itsmorbid couditions are usually obscure. It may be affected by inflammation,passive or acute. In typhoid, typhus, and puerperal fevers, itoccasionally becomes involved in inflammatiorf! The symptoms of diseaseof this gland are usually pain in the epigastrium, enlargement andtenderness, a sensation of heat and constriction, salivation, nausea andvomiting, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, despondency, chills, alternatedwith flushes of heat, and debility, with great emaciation. The vomitingin some instances is very obstinate;the matters ejected are thin, ropy,and of a sour or saltish taste. Jaundice is often observed.TliE.VTMENT.— Control the disease by equalizing the circulatiod withhot iâcks, veratrum, aconite, mild purges, etc. In the chronic form,administer mandrake, blue flag, and poke-root, as these remedies areknown to increase the functions of this gland. Lobelia and capsicum, insome cases of chronic congestion and inflammation, act with decidedbenefit. In all diseases of this gland it would be well, however, tointrust the treatment to a competent herbal physiciaiL

the complete herbalist. 247Diseases op the Bowels.The intestinal tube is very seldom affected throug-hout its wholeextent, but inflammation may involve any portion of it at one time. Ifthe duodenum is affected it is called Duodenitis, if the c;ecum or blindgut is inflamed, it receives the name of Typhilitis, if it involves thesmall intestine, it is called EtiteriUs. These diseases are very rare,however, and their consideration as separate affections is of not much importance,except to the nosologist. The treatment is upon general principlesand corresponds withthat given in all inflammatory affections ofthe intestinal mucous membrane. Dysentery is a typical case of entericinflammation, hence we will commence with the consideration of it.Dysentery {Colitis).This is also known as bloody flux, and consists of an inflammation ofthe membrane of the colon and rectum, and characterized by smallmucous or bloody evacuations, griping, and straining. The diseasecomes on with loss of appetite, costiveness, lassitude, shivering, heat ofskin and quick pulse. These are followed by griping pain in the bowelsand a constant desu'e to go to stool. The passages are mostly small inquantity, and composed of mucus mixed with blood. These passagesare attended with severe griping and straining, technically known astormina and tenesmus. Nausea and vomiting sometimes attend theearly stages. When the natural fi^ces pass off, they are. usually formedin round compact balls, called acybala. Fever is commonly present, witha feeble, almost thread-like pulse. The discharges have but little odorat first, but become exceedingly offensive as the disease advances. Thechronic form is characterized by frequent small evacuations, consistingmostly of mucus, but sometimes mixed with pus, bile, fccces and blood.The symptoms are the same, but less intense than in the acute form.Emaciation, debility, dropsy, and consumption result, if not arrested.When the liver and stomach become disordered at the commencement,it is called bilious dysentery. Various forms of the disease are knownas adynamic, intermittent and remittent, typhous, rheumatic and epidemicdysentery ;but it is not necessary to classify the disease underthese heads.Tre.\tment.— A free lobelia emetic may be given at the outset, andthe bowels evacuated by a purge castor-oil with laudanum is the best;for this purpose. After the purge, take twenty grains of quinine andone drachm of leptandrin, divide into six powders and take one everyhour until all are taken. The tenesmus should be relieved by injectinginto the rectum five or six ounces of starch water, containing abouttwenty drops of laudanum, as often as is necessaiy. Ipecacuanha is asuperior remedy. Gelsemin may be given afterwards, and if requiredthe fever should be controlled by veratmm. The patient should Ue

248 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.'quietly in bed, and his diet should consist of grapes, baked apples, flourporridge, bread, rice, coffee, beef-tea and ripe fruit. The astringents areof course necessary, and for this purpose tannic and gallic acids, kino,rhatany, opium, capsicum, cranesbill, etc. ,can be given. Tonics shouldbe combined when the patient is weak, and if the debility is very greatthe alcoholic stimulants should be administered. I can with safetyrecommend my Restorative Assimilant " as a sure cure for both acute'and chronic dysentery, as well as for all bowel complaints. The HerbalOintment should be rubbed externally on the whole abdomen to relievethe inflammation. In the chronic form, the astringents, with such otherremedies as may be indicated by the symptoms, are all that is necessary.DlARRHfEA.This common disorder is characterized by frequent and urgent demandsto evacuate the bowels. It is usually preceded by a senseof indigestion, fulness of stomach, flatulency, and more or less coUcpains. The pain generally subsides after an evacuation, and returnsas an indication of another discharge. The discharges may bethick, consisting of ingesta, or they may be serous, or of a rice-waterappearance. Sometimes they consist of disintegrated mucous membranes,blood, and bile. There is usually a disagreeable sinkiuo^ sensationin the abdomen along with the discharge, witli exhaustion, acool skin, and a feeble irregular pulse. It may be attended with fiver,indicating extensive initation of the mucous coat. The lu-ine is usuallyscanty. When the discharges are composed of serum, and highlycolored with either yellow or green bile, it is called bilious diarrhoea ;when composed principally of mucus, it is known as mucous diarrhoea,and when of a thin, watery character, the name of serous diarrhoea isgiven to The it. disease may become chronic.TUKATMENT.— If it occurs in children, a little paregonc, or essence ofpeppermint or spearmint, usually cures in a short time. Opium in combinationwith ipecac, as in. the Dover's powder, is an excellent remedy.The astiingents are all mdicated. Starch injections, as advised in dysenteiy,should also be resorted to, and counter-irritation of the abdomenis also serviceable. In the chronic form the tonics should be combinedwith the astringents. I cannot recommend my Restorative Assimilant "' '(see page 409) too strongly. It is certainly an admirable remedy forthis complaint, relieving it most instantly.Cluonic diarrhoea may often be so dependent upon a vitiated conditionof the system that it becomes quite difhcult to cure. In suchcases the most careful treatment is necessary to overcome the dLscase.Duiing the war, and also afterwards, the author was consulted for thisnib ctioii by th

the complete herbalist. 249Constipation.By this is understood a collection of excrementitious matters in somepai-t of the intestinal tube. It is marked by unfrequency of stool, andby the recun-ence of fulness and tension in parts of the abdomen. Itoccurs in patients of a lax and weak habit of body, or it may arisefrom rigidity of the muscles. It may also be due to imperfect functionalaction of the stomach, liver, pancreas, etc., in which case the intellectualfaculties are dull, the complexion is sallow, the skin dry, urinescanty, acidity of the stomach, and headache. Sometimes the accumulationof faecal matter is so great that the masses can be felt throughthe abdominal walls. It is frequently caused by an atonic condition ofthe muscular structure of the intestines, and in very many cases it resultsfrom neglect to attend to the calls of nature. These calls shouldbe imperative, and whenever the desire arises they should not be disregarded,but obeyed as quickly as opportunity allows. I once knew asea-captaia who only evacuated his bowels when in port, and who remarkedto me that when he " battened down the hatches of his vessel,he also battened do^vn the hatches of his body, and no matter how longthe voyages, no stools are made. " The consequences were, that wheneverhe came to port he had a hard time to be relieved of his fajcal accumulations.In many other cases no movement of the bowels wasobserved for ten or twelve weeks. Constipation is attended with varioussympathetic affections, and iinally deranges the blood, impairs thehealth, tone, and vigor of the whole system. It is frequently the causeof ]iiles, strangury, dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, leucorrhoea, apoplexy,epilepsy, dyspepsia, insanity,Tre.\tment.— etc.The cause of the difficulty should be carefully studied,and the proper treatment resorted to. The diet should be composed oflaxative articles of food, as fresh fruits, unbolted-liour bread, etc. Ifdependent upon a lax state of the muscular fibres, golden seal, in combinationwith mandrake and blackroot are the jjroper remedies, andwhen due to vitiated secretions of the stomach, liver, etc. ,the AmericanColumbo .should be given. In atony of the bowels, nux vomica should becarefully administered with the cathartics. Cathartics and enemas are ofcourse indicated for present relief in all cases, and those should be selectedwhich operate sufficiently, without causing irritation of the mucousmembranes. Kneading the bowels often overcomes habitual constipation.There exists no better remedy than my " Renovating Pills," theycure every case of habitual constipation. The bowels may become obstructedfrom other causes, Iiitiissnsception, or invagination of thebowels, or when one part of the bowel is drawn into another portion,produces complete closure of the canal. The bowels also becometwisted. ThcBe conditions mav be known by the vomitiug of stercora-11*

250 THE (.:OJIPLETE HERBALIST.ceous or faecal matter, and when this is observed, instant medical aidshould be called for, as the condition is one of great danger, and requiresintelligent treatment.Intestinal Worms.and man is noEvery animal seems to be a nest for other animals,exception to the rule. There are five varieties of intestinal worms, aUmore or less familiar to every one of my readers.1. Ascaris lumhricoidcs.— This worm resembles the common earthworm,and is supposed to belong to the same species. It varies in sizefrom foui- to eighteen inches in length it also varies in;color, having insome instances a whitish pink hue, and in others a dull, dirty-yellowcolor. It feeds on the chyme found in the intestines, upon absorptionfrom which the growth of the human system depends. They are generallyfound in the smaller tntestiues.2. Ascaris vermiculdris^— This worm is sometimes improperly calledthe thread-worm, for there is another variety more like a thi-ead thanthis. It is commonly called the maw-worm, and is the smallest known.The male is exceedingly smaU, but the female is about half an inchlong. It is very slender, and about the size of small sewing-thread.From the fact that it inhabits the rectum chiefly, it is often called theseat-worm. This is the animal so troublesome and annoying to childnin,but is occasionally also found in adults. The child infested with thamruns about during the day apparently well, but when night comes it complainsof itching in the rectum, which is sometimes excessively annoying.3. Tricocephalus dispar.— This is the long thread-worm, from one totwo inches in length, h\xt sometimes reaches a length of four inches. Itis like a small thread, except at the posterior extremity, where it isenlarged. It is not so often found as the others. It is of light color.The male is smaller than the female, and differs little in shape. It iscommon to all parts of the intestinal canal.4. Tania solium or vidgaris.— This is the common tape-worm. Ofthis family there is but one variety inthe United States, though thereis another peculiar to other parts of the world. It varies greatly inlength and size. The ordinary length is from seven to fifteen feet, butit sometimes arrives at the enormous length of one hundred feet.It isof a flat, ribbon-like shape, abovit one-qtiarter of an inch in breadth inthe largest places, and tapers to almost a mere thread at the caudalextremity. Its color is whitish or yellowish and it is made; up of numeroussegments or joints, which arc most distinct and jierfcct at a distancefrom the head. These segments resemble a gourd-seed, and arefour-;nded. The head is smaller than most of the body, with a smallpoint in the centre with oj)eniugs. It is supposed that tliis animal canexist or reproduce itself if but a single joint exists, but this is doubtful

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 251unless the head exists.When the head is evacuated the remainder willdecay and be also expeUed. This animal is hermaphrodite, and impregnatesitself. It inhabits the small intestines. Persons affectedwith this worm frequently pass joints, but it often remains in the bodyfor a long time without its presence being thus revealed.5. Twiiia lata, or hothriociphalus latns.— This is the broad tape-.worm, and does not exist in this country unless imported. It is foundin Central and Western Europe. It is much broader, and the joints areshorter than in the common long tape-worm. The joints are more per-Sections of the Tape Worm.feet, well developed, and thrown off iu connected rows, and by a cavityin the centre, and not in the border of the joint. It varies in lengthfrom one to twenty feet.Almost every variety of symptoms is found to result from the irritationthat worms produce in the human system. The symjitoms, however,occur mostly in children, and are generally produced by the long, round,or common worms. The abdomen isprominent, full or bloated the;appetite variable and caimcious sometimes deficient and sometimes voracious.The breath is usually offensive, the tongue has a;white-coatedappearance, and often the ujDper lip will be much swollen. The eyelidsalso swell often, sometimes so much that the child can barely see ;and occasionally swollen patches will present themselves in other partsof the body. Children troubled with worms are apt to pass restlessaights, and frequently start in their sleep. Paleness around the mouth,extending up the sides of the nose, is another common symptom. Itchingof the anus is the most common and only particular effect producedby the small worms. St. Vitus' dance and epilepsy often result fromverminous iiTitation, but the latter is usually harmless when jiroperlytreated. A dry, choking cough is a symptom iêcuJiar of worms. Itchingof the nose is a common symptom, and the child is almost incessantlyrubbing that member.

252 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.The symptoms of tape-worm are somewhat peculiar, and deserve abrief notice. Persons of all ages are subject to them, but they are mostcommon to middle age. The distui-bance they occasion is that of greatuneasiness and distress, which often, sooner or later, destroys the generalhealth. Uneasiness in the head, sometimes pain, slight giddinessand ringing in the ears, are the symptoms most complained of. Thecoimtenance changes frequently from a flushed to a pale condition;twitching of the muscles, especially those at the mouth, and a pinched,contracted appearance of the nostrils, accompanied with itching, arepecuhar symptoms of tape-worm. The appetite is variable, the eyelidsswollen, the breath offensive, etc., and other symptoms common toother worms are present also in tape-woraa. Nausea occurs at times,with ejections of frothy mucus. The patient grits his teeth in sleep ;and the abdomen seems full, with contraction of the navel. After anight's sleep there is a sensation of an animal moving about in thebowels, accompanied by darting pains, which subside after eating. Thepatient becomes weak and nervous, and finally, worn out with excitement,gets hyiiochondriacal and even deranged. Of course, the mostunequivocal symptom is a discharge of joints of the worm.Treatment.— This varies with the symptoms of each case. If convulsionsexist, the first step should be to subdue these by brisk frictiopand warm applications along the spine and abdomen.Anti-spasmodic^Lu these cases should be given also ; sweating drinks. If these symptomsare relieved, the compound powder of senna and jalap may begiven with pink and wormwood in sufficient doses to produce freeevacuations of the bowels. This is to be repeated for two or three days,and is usually successful. It is equally reliable in the treatment of thelong thread-wonn. The powder iscomposed of three drachms each ofthe above herbs decocted in a pint of water; dose, a tablespoouful. Itproduces sometimes alarming symptoms, but these, however, are harmlessand of short duration. Pinkroot and wormwood are good remedies,however, given in any form. The melia azedarach, or the Pride ofChina, given in decoction, is a favorite remedy ;so also is the burr ofthe red cedar, the efficacy depending upon the turpentine it contains.Santonine in doses of three or five grains is efficacious, and very service-'able because it is tasteless, and therefore readily administered. Blue vervainis a good remedy, and for this reason my Restorative Assimilant "'is so efficient for the expulsion of worms. Seat, or maw-worms, arebest expeUed by injections of moderately strong salt and water, or soapsuds.Turpentine in emulsion also makes an efficient injection.For tape-worm various remedies are used. Kousso, pumpkin-seeds,and turjientine have each a good reputation. Male Fern, however, isthe most specific remedy that can be used. It is certain to dislodge thedistressing enemy.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 253Mj "Male Fern Vermifuge" is without doubt the best vermifugeever compounded and offered to the public. It instantly expels theminor worms, and the tape-wonn is quickly dislodged by it. It is composed of such articles as make it applicable to every variety of worms,and it is veritably infallible in its effect. (See page '469.)I admonish all persons to avoid eating pork that is not well cooked,for it is an established and indisputable fact that tape-worm is causedby eating raw pork, provided that it is not in a healthy condition. Thatwhich is commonly known as "measly pork" contains the germs oftape-worm, and should not be eaten unless thoroughly cooked. Tapewormis most prevalent among the peasants of Central Europe, beingthey subsist largely on raw pork.Peritonitis.This is an inflammation of the serous membrane lining the abdominalcavity, and investing the viscera, and may be either acute or chronic.During the early stages of the disease there is a feeling of lassitude, painin the back and limbs, chills alternating with flushes of heat, headacheand a feeling of iineasiness about the abdomen. As soon as the febrileaction is established, the pain becomes sharp and severe. The abdomenis very tender, the slightest pressure by the hand causing most intensepain. The patient lies on his back, with his knees drawn up and shoulderselevated, finding that this relaxes the abdominal muscles, and preventspressure by the bedclothes. Nausea, vomiting, thirst, constipationand suppression of urine, are frequent symptoms. The face is pale andcontracted, respiration is oppressed, each inspiration aggravates thepain ; pulse is frequent and small, tongue moist, and the patient isgenerally wakeful. The abdomen becomes tympanitic, and when a fataltermination is approached it becomes very much distended. The pulsealso becomes feeble and quick, and the countenance assumes a ghastlyappearance. It is very rapid in its course, death sometimes occurringwithin twenty-four hours. Puerperal peritonitis is only another varietyof this disease, and attacks women in child-bed. It may arise idiopathically,or it may be caused by wounds, blows, falls,Treatment.— etc.The stomach and bowels should be evacuated by anemetic and purge. If associated with malarial influence quinine shouldbe given. The fever should be controlled by veratrum. A large mustardplaster or turpentine stupe should be applied to the abdomen. Largedoses of opium to allay the pain are also indicated. The patient shoulddrink freely of marsh-mallow or flaxseed tea, and be supported by tonics,beef -tea, etc.Summer Complaint (Cholera Infantum).This is a complaint which usually attacks children between the ages oftwo months and three years ;il occurs in the warm season, and is chiefly

254 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.confined to cities. It is very fatal. It commences with a profuse diarrhoea,stools thin and variously colored. The stomach becomes irritable,and rejects everything. Loss of flesh, languor, and prostration follow,and stools become colorless and odorless, skin is dry and harsh, head andbelly hot, thirst is great, and fever at night-fall. Delirium is present iumany cases, indicated by violent tossing of the head,Treatment.— etc.The child should be removed to a vicinity abounding inpure air, if possible ; otherwise, in a large and airy room, and may evenbe taken into the open air occasionally. Its food should consist of thefarinaceous articles of diet, if weaned; otherwise, of its mother's milk ;mucilaginous drinks can also be given. If the vomiting be obstinate,give camphor, or a little opium, or combined, as in paregoric. Theastringents, as turmeric and cranesbill, must be given to check the diarrhoea.Rhubarb is a good remedy, also leptandrin, prepared chalk, etc.Lime-water is grateful, and should be given. Charcoal is the proiêrremedy when the stools are very offensive.Cholera Morbus.This is characterized by violent purging and vomiting of bilious matter,attended with griping, sickness and a constant desire to go to stool. Theattack is usiially abrupt, but it is sometimes preceded by loss of apjiatite,nausea, headache, chilliness, colicky pains, etc. It occurs genei:-ally at night, and the vomiting and purging occur in quick successiorr.The evacuations are usually copious, consisting of the ingesta first, butafterwards of a sour, acrid, serous liquid, causing a scalding sensation inthe throat ;there is slight tenderness over the abdomen, hiccough, anxiety,restlessness and exhaustion. The pulse is quick, small and feeble,the skin cool and moist, or bathed in clammy perspiration. It is quitea serious disease and runs a rapid course— death often occurring withintwenty-four hours.Treatment.— If the stomach is overloaded with indigestible food a lobeliaemetic shotdd be given in connection with warm ginger tea. Hotpacks or nuistard plasters should be placed on the abdomen, and bottlesof hot water to the feet. Lumps of ice should be placed in the mouth toallay the patient's thirst. Opium is a very good remedy, and may begiven by mouth or by injection. A tea made of chamomile flowers orcolumbo often succeeds well. Where great exhaustion is felt, a brandytoddy yhould be given.Asiatic Ciioi-era.This is an endemic disease of India, and visits other lands by travellingin what is called the cholera cycle. The Hindoos caU it jnirrheemorlii (rapid death) ;the Mahometans, eunerum vaudi (diarrhoea andvomiting) ;and the Arabs, d houwah (hurricane). It is evidently

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 255caused by a noxious malaria arising from human or animal decomposition.It is characterized by three stages. The first is marked byderangement of the digestive organs, rumbling in the bowels, pain inthe loins or knees, twitching of the calves of the legs, impaired appetite,thirst, and especially a slight diarrhoea. These symptoms continue froma few hours to several days. The pulse is frequently very slow, thetongue is furred, and a sense of great debility is present in all cases. Inthe second stage vomiting occurs, and the characteristic rice-water stoolsmake their appearance. These stools are thin and wateiy, and have apeculiar spermatic odor. The cramps become excessively severe, drawingthe muscles into knots. The tongue is pale and moist, pulse feeble,the breathing hurried, with distress about the heart, great thirst, andthe secretion of urine nearly stopped. The thin, colorless fluid dischargedby vomiting and purging is the watery portion of the blood, andwhen so much has been discharged that the blood cannot circulatefreely, the patient smks into the third, or stage of collapse. This ischaracterized by great prostration, the pulse being hardly perceptible,skin cold and clammy, face blue or purple, eyes much sunken, handsdark-colored, looking like a washerwoman's, breathing short andlaborious, a sense of great heat in the stomach, intense thirst, inanition,and death. Recoveries from the third stage seldom occur.Treatment.—In the first place the diarrhoea should receive promptattention. The patient should lie in bed, and from five to ten drops oflaudanum every two or three hours should be given. The astringentsshould also be administered. Morphine can also be given. The dietshould be carefully regulated, and eveiy symptom promptly met withan apiiropriate remedy. In the second stage the treatment should beenergetic, quinine should be given, and the sinking powers sustained withtonics, beef -tea, etc. ApiU containing opium, camphor, and cayenne peppershould also be administered. Brandy may also be given freely. Ialso advise my " Restorative Assimilant " as a good remedy it should;be taken in full doses.Its success has been very gratifying wherever ithas been used.In the third stage the above remedies are to be pursued with increasedenergy, especially the stimulants, and every effortpromote the warmth of the body.Prolapsus op the Rectum.should be made toThis is more common to children than to adults, and is frequentlya sequel to protracted diarrhoea, the falling caused by the debility occasionedthereby. It is also associated with disease of the digestiveorgans, and is peculiar to persons of feeble habit, or of a scrofulous ortuberculous diathesis. It causes pain in the lumbar region, constipation,Bometimes diarrha;a, cardiac irritation, and general prostration.

256 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Treatment.— The bowels should be replaced as soon as possible tcThe bowel can beprevent inflammation, that would naturally follow.replaced with the finger, well greased with sweet oil, gently pressing thetumor within the fundament. Cold water should be applied to theparts, and a decoction of white oak bark should be injected. A T-bandage should be applied to restrain the bowel from protrusion.An.\l Fistula.This consists of an abscess occurring in some portion of the cellulartissue around the anus. As suppuration occurs the pus can be detectedby the touch, and which sooner or later makes its way to the surface,and is discharged. While the abscess is forming the patient is considerablyfeverish, and feels a tenderness about the anal region. At first thedischarge is a bloody pus, which in time becomes watery and acrid, orsanious. The channel through which it passes is called the fistula. Ifit communicates with the rectum, the fistula is said to be complete ; butif it does not perforate the mucous membrane, it is said to be incompleteor blind. Fistula is more liable to occur in scrofulous and consumptivehabitual con-persons than in others, though it may be caused by piles,stipation, or the presence of ^foreign bodies in the rectum.,^Treatment.— Durinjr the active inflammatory state the bowelsshould be evacuated by a mild purge, and if the pain is severe, an opiiltemay be given. Flaxseed poultices, or hot fomentations, should be applied,and as soon as fluctuation is quite e%adent, an incision should be made,and the pus evacuated. A weak decoction of white oak bark may thenbe injected, and the parts drawn together by adhesive straps. Thepoultices should be continued as long as there is any hope to prevent afistulous opening. If the fistula does occur, it gives great annoyance,and is quite difficult to cure. The surgical treatment consists in introducinga ligature through the fistulous opening into the bowels and outthe anus, securing it to a small piece of cork, and twisting it onceor twice a day until it cuts through, or by dividing the septum bya knife, and healing it from the bottom. Others cauterize the fistula, andattempt to stimulate adhesive granulations in that way. I grant thatsuccess attends all these surgical operations, but T do not see the proprietyof subjecting the patient to all the attendant pain and confinementto bed when a cure can be as radically effected in as short a spaceof time by purely medicinal treatment. I have cured very many cases,and in no instance have resorted to cautei'ization or the knife. Cou-Bultation, either in person or by letter, is free with reference to suchcases. (See page 1590).By these are understood thePiles {He77io7r7iolds).existence of small excrescences wthin

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 257the rectum and arotind the anus, which are characterized by a varicosecondition of the hemorrhoidal veins. They may be situated eitherinternally or externally, and when blood is discharg-ed they are calledbleeding piles, if not, blind piles. The tumors vary in size from a peato a hen's egg. Thej^ are more common in women than men, owing tothe sedentary habits of the former. They are caused by olistruction ofthe portal circulation, drastic purgatives, habitual constipation, pregnancy,uterine misplacement,Treatment.— etc.If costiveness exists, give some mild purgative, assenna and leptandrin, or the "Renovating Pill," and keep bowels gentlyopen, so as to secure one passage a day. Thoroughwort, in decoction,is also very useful. A compound decoction, or an ointment made ofwitch-hazel, white oak bark, and sweet-apple tree, applied to thetumors, very often cures them. In congestion of the liver, or derangementof the portal circulation, resort to the treatment advised in chronichepatitis. If there is much inflammation, apply a slippery elm, stramonium,or poke-leaf poultice. Daily injections of cold water are alsovery useful. The diet should be regulated, and fatigue should beavoided. As a remedy for either internal or external piles, I can recommendnothing better than my "Herbal Ointment." If thoroughlyapplied to the tumors about twice a day, it gives instant relief, andciu'es them in a short time.DISEASES OF THE ABSORBENT SYSTEM.These are diseases affecting the lymphatic glands. The lymphaticsystem is that jiarticular system of organs inservient to the formationand circulation of lymph, and consists of glands and vessels. When anyof these glands become inflamed, the affection is lymj)hangeitis^ angeioleuciUs.1or lymphadenitis.Scrofula.This is commonly known as " King's Evil," and derives its name fromthe Latin scrofa, a sow, because it was supposed that it also affectsswine. It is most apt to occur in persons of sanguine temperament,with thick upper lip. When fully developed, it gives ri.se to a depositof tuberculous matter. It is characterized by a morbid state of thesystem, manifested by glandular swellings, chiefly in the neck, suppuratingslowly, and healing with difficulty. At first there appear small,hard, movable kernels about the neck, just under the skin. These arethe affected lymphatic glands. No redness or soreness is perceptible atfirst, but when in course of time they reach the size from a filbert to ahen's egg, or even larger, they come to a head and break, discharging awatery fluid, or a mixture like whey and curd. No great pain is seldomif ever felt. WTien the ulcers heal, they are apt to leave a puckeredR

258 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.condition of the skin, and ugly scars. There is scarcely any tissue ororgan in the body that scrofula does not assail, and it forms the basis,in many cases of disease, of all their virulence and stubbornness.Strumous habits are very common, being mostly hereditary but; theymay also be contracted by bad habits, or be the sequel to low vitality orprostrating diseases. The taint is apt to become universal if in marriagethe health of either party is not considered of equal importance withaffection, etc., etc. It impairs the functions of all the organs; itrenders the mental faculties more or less imbecile it ; gives to thepatient a heavy, sullen, and forbidding appearance, and is destructiveof all beauty of form or sprightliness of character. It is so serious adisease that no one affected with the taint, however slight it may be,should defer such rational treatment as will cure him of one of thegreatest enemies of mankind.Treatment.— How lamentable it is that we have no Kings now adays, whose "sacred touch" will cure the prevalent scrofida. In oldentimes persons beUeved that if the scrofrdous patient could get into thepresence of the King, and be touched by his royal hand, his diseasewould vanish in nothingness. Hence the name of "King's Evil."This folly reached its height in the reign of Charles II. and after theRestoration ;the number who flocked to the royal palaces to receive the"touch" is said to have been immense—no less than ninety-two ihousandin twelve years. If Kings are no longer divine, and whose sacredtouch no longer cures, we are not left hopeless, for the products madeby a divine hand as manifested in the herbal world afford us abundantagents of cure, if we but have the wisdom not to ignore them, andthe inteUigence to use them properly.Rational treatment shoidd be preventive and curative. The preventivetreatment consists in regulating the diet and to supply all thechemical material lacking in the histogcnic character of the tissues.The habit3 should be conformed to weU-established hygienic laws, andthe digestive and assimilative organs should especially be elevated intonicity and healthfuhiess. Exercise and bathing are very important,and must not be neglected. "When it manifests itself by its characteristicfeatures, tumors, ulcers, etc., the herbal alteratives alone will effectthe cure. The best of these are rock- rose, stillingia, corydalis formosa,yeUow-dock, fig-wort, sarsaparilla, etc. If the system is debilitatedthe tonics should also be given to give tone to the various organsof the body. The ulcers should be treated as all chronic indolentulcers—the best application to them being my " Herbal Ointment." My"Blood Purifier" (see page 4G9) is composed of the choicest alterativesknown, and acts specifically in the cure of this disease, and ever since ithas been given to the pubUc, its success was asserted in every case inwhich it received a competent trial.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 259Certain cases of scrofula, in which nearly all the tissues and organs areinvolved, and where the vitality of the system is at a low point, energeticspecial treatment is necessary. In such cases the author can be consulted,according to directions given on page 390.Tabes Mesenterica.This consists of an engorgement and tubercular degeneration of themesenteric glands, followed by emaciation and general disorder of thenutritive functions. It occurs particularly in children of a scrofulousdiathesis, and in those who are weaned too soon, or fed on indigestiblesubstances. The disease is often owing to irritation in inflammationof the lining membrane of the intestines, giving occasion to enlargmentof the glands of the mesentery, or duplicature of the peritoneum.Diarrhoea, emaciation, loss of appetite, or sometimes immoderate appetite,hardness and swelling of the abdomen, and toward the end hecticfever, are the chief symptoms of this disease. Recovery is seldom fromthis disease, if it has attained such a stage in which the glands havebecome extensively disorganized.Treatjiext.— Digestible food, fresh air, etc. must be provided forthe iiatient, and the bowels should be kept soluble. The treatmentad\ased in scrofula should be resorted to in this disease. The patient'sstrength is especially to be well supported by good food, tonics and stimulants.This disea.se is commonly known as '^^ op7ieme" in certainlocalities, which literally means taking of or wasting away, and personscan yet be found who ascribe the miserable condition of the childto the power of witchcraft, and the celebrated ' ' witch doctors " dovet find employment and supply their amulets or engage in heathenishincantations. I advise every mother when the first symptoms of thisdisease are recognized to at once engage skilful medical aid, and her childmay oftentimes be saved.ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.Larynx.The Im'pihT is a canal formed of cartilages, whose various movementsregulate the voice. It is situated in the median Une in the upper andanterior part of the neck. It can readily be felt from the exterior, andis commonly called ' ' ' 'Adam's Apple. It forms the commencement ofthe wind-pipe, and in shape is cylindrical below and prismatic above.It is larger in males than in females, which accounts in a measure forthe different t|uality of the voice between the sexes.It is composed of five cartilages ; viz., thjToid, cricoid, two arytenoid,and epiglottis. The thyroid is the largest ;it occupies the upper anteriorportion of the larynx. The cricoid is next in size, and situated at thebase of the larynx. Its form is that of a laterally-compressed thick

260 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.ring. The arytenoid cartilages are two in number, pyramidal in shape,and situated at the upper and back portion of the larynx. The epiglottisis a thin, oval, cartilaginous plate, behtad the root of the tongue, andattached to the angle of the larynxit resembles a leaf ia;shape, andis perforated with numerous foramina or holes. During deglutition itis pressed over the rima gMtidis, thus preventing either solids or Liquidsfrom entering the respiratory tract.Within the larynx are two ligaments on either side. The inferior ligamentsare usually called the vocal chords, though they are more properlyligaments. The space between thein is called the rima glottidis, and thespace between the superior Ugamentsis the glottis. The larynx is linedwith mucous membrane, inflammation of which constitutes laryngitis.Trachea.The traeliea '(see figure) is a cylindrical tube, four or five inches long,reaching from the larynx to the point of division into the bronchial tubes.It is formed of from sixteen to twenty cartilaginous rings, united byelastic Ugamentous tissue. It is lined with mucous membrane continuous^\ith that of the larynx, which is extremely vascular, and coveredwith numerous foUicles.The hroncld " ' or bronchial tubes are essentially of the same strictureand arrangement as the trachea the; right bronchus is shorter andof larger diameter than the left. The bronchial tubes ramify intonumerous sub-divisions, which finally terminate in the lobules of thelungs.In front of the first two lings of the trachea and upon the sides ofthe larynx is the thyroid gland.It is sometimes much enlarged, constitutinggoitre.The Lungs.The lungs are the organs of respiration properly ; they are two in number,and situated in the chest, placed side by side, being separated fromthe abdomen by the diaphragm.The size varies with the capacity and condition of the chest, age, inspiration,expiration, and disease. They are conical in shape, are longerposteriorly than anteriorly, and have concave bases. The color of the lungsis of a pinki.sh gray, mottled with black ;these black spots are more numerousin adult life than in infancy. The vight lung is shorter but largerthan the left, whose transverse diameter is somewhat diminished by theposition of the heart. It has three lobes, the left having but two.The structure of the lungs is spongy, and its compression betweenthe fingers j)roduces a crackling sound called crepitation. It consistsof air-vesicles^", held together by cellular tissue, called parenchyma.,through which blood-vessels and air-vessels axe ramified. A certain

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 261number of air-cells communicate with each other, and with a singlebranch of the bronchial tube;these are separated from neighboring cellsby partitions of parenchyma, and thus are formed the lobules in whichthe aeration of the blood is performed.The Lungs.Pleura.The pleura is a serous membrane investing each lung, and then reflectedupon the walls of the chest. That portion in contact with the chest iacalled the pleura coHtcdis ; that covering the lungs, the pleura pidmonalis.DISEASESOF THE RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYS-TEMS.CORYZA.This is the " running at the nose " or " cold in the head," so frequentlycontracted. It consists of acute inflammation of the Schneiderian ormucous membrane of the nose, and the sinuses connecting with it. Itcauses considerable annoyance, and often creates some constitutional dia-

262 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.turbance. It is caused by the partial application of cold, as to the backof the head or neck, to the feet, etc. and the effect, is especially apt tobe produced after perspiration from heat or exertion. When it reignsepidemically it is called injhuiiza.Treatment.— It \\dll usually subside without any treatment, but thedraught of gingersubsidence can be greatly hastened by hot baths, atea upon retiring, and the inhalation of some hot aromatic vapors, suchas of balm, water-pepper, etc. OZCENA.This consists of chronic inflammation of the nostrils, with an uneasyfeeling, heat, and stiffness of the nose, swelling of the mucous membrane,and an offensive discharge. The nostrils are sometimes closed,owing to the thickness of the membrane. The discharge is often quitepurulent, of a yellowish or greenish color, or sanious, and tinged withblood. It is very frequently associated with ulceration, and caries or necrosisof the bone. The breath is usually extremely oft"ensive, and thesense of smell is occasionally lost. It is frequently the result of scrofulous,scorbutic, or syphilitic taint, and is a serious and disgusting disease.Treatment. — The constitutional symptoms should receive special attention,and if owing to or connected with scrofulous or syphilitic taintthe general treatment for those diseases should be given. The stomachand bowels should receive careful attention, the digestion being in-^goratedby alnuin, vibumin, etc. A salt water bath should be takenevery morning to stimulate the emunctories. The vapors of tar, naphtha,astringent and narcotic herbs are very beneficial an; inhaling ofmecca oil through an atomizer is successful and necessary in obstinatecases. Tonics, as quinine, etc., are necessary in some cases. Thosepersons who may wish the treatment to be directed by a competentphysician, and who desire prompt relief and cure, may consult me, as Ihave given special attention to this disease, and have cured the mostobstinate cases.Catarrh.We now come to a disease that is a bane to the existence of many aperson. The catarrhal patient is never happy, for he knows that he isinseparably connected with a disease that is excessively annoying tohimself and no less disagreeable to those with whom he comes in contact.It consists of inflammation of the mucous membrane lining thenose and sinuses or cavities connecting with it. It is a very commonaffection, arising from repeated colds, damp apartments, wet feet, insufficieutclothing, hot rooms, a sudden check of perspiration, and arheumatic or scrofulous disposition predisposes to an attack. Thesymptoms are weariness, paius in the back and limbs, frontal headache,

hence,TIIE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 263increased discharge from the nose, hoarseness, sore throat, impairedvision, fever, constant hawking-, cough, and, if the disease contiaues,partial or complete deafness. By the constant dropping of the secretionsinto the throat, the catarrhal inflammation is made to extend to themucous membrane of the throat and larynx, causing gastritis, tonsQlitis,laryngitis, pharyngitis, and bronchitis. Consumption is not an unfrequentsequel to catarrh, and it may so undermine the vitality of thesystem that the most energetic and rational treatment will only reestablishit. A case that illustrates the ravages of catarrh in its ordinarysevere forms is given in the following letter:—Washington, D. C, April 3, 1871.Dr. O. Phelps Brown.Respected Sir :— My catarrh, which had almost destroyedmy power of speech, had nearly lost me the senses of smell and taste,and was rapidly extending to the lungs, by dropping down, has disappeared.I owe this great blessing to your course of treatment. Iapplied to you by advice of acquaiutances, with many doubts but a;"drowning man catches at a straw," and I wrote you a full descriptionof my sufferings. I cannot be too grateful to Providence for ha\'ingdirected me to do this. Use my name in any way you please for thebenefit of others afflicted as I was, etc. S. Brown Mills.This patient describes the effect of nasal catarrh, as developed inhimself, but partially. He has omitted to say that his breath was sooffensive that people could not sit in the room with him; that thematter was discharged so copiously that it descended into the stomach,causing vomitiog, reducing him in strength and flesh to a comparativeskeleton that he had inflammation and; elongation of the soft palate(uvula) had lost his;appetite, and was troubled with hectic fever.He was subject to the usual despondency and hopelessness of patientssuffering from long-standing catarrh, and it required every effort toarouse his drooping spirits to anything like natural vivacity. In fact,the symptomatic hopelessness and great depression of the spirits incatarrhal patients is often a greater barrier to speedy cure than thepathological condition of the disease itself.Treatment.— It isonly in the chronic form that catarrh presents difficultiesrequiring the most patient and skillful treatment.It is not merely a local disease, but dependent upon a vitiated conditionof the blood;merely local treatment will prove ineffectual: therefore the only successful method of treating this disease, is incombining proper local treatment with appropriate constitutional medi«cation,For years this complaint baffled the skill of physicians universally,and I myself, came to the conclusion, that to really eradicate the disease

264 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.from the system, a combination of remedies were required a :remedy tocleanse the blood a ;remedy for local application a remedy to circulate;the bloood, thus arousing the system to action and a medicine to stimulatethe liver, to aid the system in throwing off the disease. The followingtreatment meets all these requirements and has proved effectual incuring many thousands of individuals — many of whom representedcases of long standing in the most advanced stages of this reallydangerous complaint :Accident firstbrought to my notice Dr. Lane's Catarrh Cure, and Itested it with perfect success in many instances, in conjunction with myBlood Purifier, Herbal Ointment, and Renovating Pills.The following treatment is what I advise in cases of catarrh : Acourse of the Blood Purifier, consisting of six bottles, taken internallyto^cleanse the blood. The Herbal Ointment well rubbed in atleast once a day across the small of the back, sparingly over the stomachand bowels, and about the forehead and between the eyes to arouseaction, assist digestion, soothe the nervous system, and remove irritation.The Renovating Pills taken only often enough to keep the bowelssoluble and regulated to one passage per day. They arouse the liver toaction and thus aid in throwing off disease.Dr. Lane's Catarrh Cure may be snuffed up the nostrils from the palinof the hand ; or, a small syringe may be used or the Nasal; Douche,which is preferable to any othercontrivance for the purpose (seeillustration) of conveying the catarrhcure gently but thoroughlyto the afflicted membranes. TheDr. O. Phelps Brown'sNasal Douuho Aiiiiaratus,price of the " Nasal Douche " isseventy-five cents and ten centsextra for postage. The catarrhcure should be diluted with warm^soft water, in preference tocold, as thelatter has a tendencyto produce irritation, or spasmodicaction. Those preferingthe douche will find it of verygreat convenience and efficiency,as all parts of the inflamedsurface can be reached by itsaid.Catarrh can be mastered bythe above treatment, and I knowof no other that willthoroughly

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 265and permanently cure it. Rational treatment will succeed in this, as inother diseases, and those suffering from its presence should act promptlyin arresting its progress.We consider the following medicine sufficient to cure the generalityof cases : a course of Blood Purifier consisting of six bottles, the priceof which is five dollars ;two bottles of Dr. Lane's Catarrh Cure ofdouble strength, one dollar and fifty cents each, three dollars ;one largepot of Herbal Ointment, fifty cents, and a small box of RenovatingPills, twenty-five cents total, eight dollars and seventy-five cents.:Those desiring to send for my course of treatment for catarrh, maysend the money by post office order, or registered letter atmy risk, andI will promptly forward the medicine on the receipt of the same by expresswith full directions for use. Sufferers should not fail to possessthe Nasal Apparatus, illustrated above, as byits use the nasal cavitiescan be thoroughly cleaned and medicated.I have spoken thus confidently regarding the above treatment, knowinghow successful ii has proved in thousands of cases of catarrh.I am willing to give my advice, or opinion when desired to do so, inany case, free of charge, either at my office or by letter. Address Dr.O. Phelps Brown, 21 Grand St., Jersey City, N. J.Laryngitis.This consists of an inflammation of the parts composing the larynx,especially the mucous membranes, and may be either acute or chronic.When it is known that in the larynx are situated the vocal organs,and that the aperture for the air to reach the lungs is situated at theapex, it can readUy be conceived why inflammation impairs the voiceor impedes the respiration. In the acute form there is hoarseness, apain about the larynx or "Adam's apple," cough, and difficulty ofBwallowdng. If the iuflammation is violent the patient's life is in imminentdanger from strangulation, caused by closure of the riynaghttidis. The voice is often completely lost. In bad cases the patientstarts up suddenly in bed beggmg for air ;his lips assume a livid orpurplish color, the surface becomes cold, the pulse frequent and feeble,the countenance ghastly, perspiration clammy, and finally death occursfrom insufficient aeration of the blood. The chronic form is more commonthan the acute, and is generally associated with induration orulceration of the mucous membrane. It causes great debility, emaciation,night-sweats, loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhoea, and thepatient often dies in a state of hectic exhaustion.Trkatment.— Control the circulation with veratrum, administer anemetic and piirge, and apply hot packs to the throat. Hot watershould be used frequently as a gargle. The inhalation of hot vapors,aa that of belladonna, lobelia, stramonium, mullein, sweet fern, etc..

266 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.gives great relief. Some practitioners use ice-bags in place of hot packsto the throat. They seem to answer the same purpose. In case ofimpending strangulation, no objection should be made to laryngotomy,if in the opinion of the physician or surgeon it is deemed necessary.In the chronic form the disease demands the same treatment, thoughmodified to suit the conditions of the case. A gargle of golden seal,and a syrup of Ceanothus Americanus, or frost-wort, taken internally,are very beneficial. Mecca oil is also used with great advantage.Tonics and stimulants become necessary if the strength is failing. Ican offer to the patient an almost sure cure in my " Acaciau Balsam,"which is to be taken internally, and my "Herbal Ointment," appliedexternally.If complicated, or owing to syphilitic contamination, special treatment(see page 390) is advised.Bronchitis.Inflammation of the bronchial mucous membrane is of commonoccujrence. Its severity is proportionate to the size of the tube involved.The disease may exist independently, but is often associatedwith lung diseases. It may exist either in the acute or chronic form.Iq the former variety, affecting the large and middle-sized tubes,coryza, sore throat, hoarseness, and slight chills are the first symptoms ;lassitude and pain in the limbs are also present, and as the disease pirogressesthere is a sensation of heat, soreness, and rawness of thebronchial surface, oppressed breathing, and a spasmodic cough and pain.The cough in the early stage is followed by a clear, frothy expectoration,with a saHne taste, which changes to yellowish or greenish sputa, or itmay be streaked with blood. If the small tubes are involved, the pulseis extremely frequent, great difficulty of breathing, blue appearance ofthe countenance, coldness of surface, and a tendency to asphyxia isdebility.noted. As soon as the disease becomes chronic the febrile symptomsdisappear, but the pulse remains frequent, and the cough and dyspnoeaare persistent, though to some extent relieved by free expectoration.The sleep is irregular, and night-sweats frequent, occasioning greatThe cough becomes croupy, and diarrhoea often attests approachingdissolution.Treatment. — A hot bath, hot packs, and veratrum wUl often terminatethe career of the acute form at the outset. In the more screre formaan emetic should be given, and the hot packs or chafing Mniments tothe chest and throat frequently renewed. Blood-root and other expectorantsshould be given, and qiunine should be administered if the diseaseis associated with malarial influence. The tonics may become neces-Bary to suistain the strength. The vapors of mecca oil, goose-grease,and bitter herbs are beueficiaL In the chronic form the treatment

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 267varies with the cause. If owing to syphilitic taint the treatment forthat disease should be given, and if rheumatic in origin, colchicum, inconnection with tonics, is the treatment indicated. The inhalation ofthe various vapors before alluded to should also be instituted, and thestrength of the patient carefully husbanded by tonics, beef-tea, winewhey, etc. A remedy that combines both tonic and expectorant qualitiesis found in my " Acacian Balsam," which generally cures the worstcases very quickly. The " Herbal Ointment " should at the same timebe thoroughly rubbed upon the chest, throat, and back. Consultations,either in person or by letter, will receive carefid and prompt attention.Croup.Croup is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx andtrachea, or windpipe. It is one of the scourges of childhood. Falsemembranous croup is owing to an oozing of a peculiar fluid, whichthickens into apparent membranes, and adheres to the surface of thewindpipe. In membranous croup, there is much greater danger than inthe simpler form.The symptoms are, difficult breathing, hoarseness, loud and shrillcough, with fever. When the symptoms are violent at first, the diseasewill be in all probability not fatal, as the membranous croup comes oninsidiously, and is scarcely ever ushered in by high inflammation.Treatment.— An early and effective emetic is indicated in all cases.Some mechanical emetic, as ipecacuanha, alum, etc. should be ,preferred.Flaxseed poultices, my "Herbal Ointment," and irritating linimentsBhould be applied to the neck. The Dover's powder should be given topromote perspiration and rest. Inhalation of vapor from hot water andmulleLa leaves is of great service. The bowels should be kept regular.In membranous croup, if the membrane cannot be dislodged by emetics,and suffocation isimminent, tracheotomy becomes necessary. Croupmay often be prevented by tying a bag containing powdered rosin,which is electro-negative, around the throat at night.Pneumonia.This ia commonly called lung fever. It is characterized by inflammationof the parenchyma or texture of the lungs. The patient is generallyfound lying on his back, complains of pain in his side, has more orless difficulty of breathing, a cough at first dry, but soon accompaniedby bloody phlegm. As the disease becomes severe, the i^hlegm becomesveiy tenacious, so that it will adhere to the spit-cup if turned upsidedown Three characteristic stages are observed in this disease, viz.,congestim)., hepatizntion, and softening. In the iirst stage the lungs becomeengorged with blood or congested, and if the lungs are percussed aduU sovind is elicited, and if the ears are applied to the chest a minute

268 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.crackling sound is heard, similar to that produced by rubbing fine hairbetween the fingers and thumb. It is only heard during inspiration, andis caused by the air breaking up the mucous adhesions. The urine iascanty and high colored. In the second stage the lungs become solid,or hepatized, resembling the liver. Some writers call it red softening.The dulness becomes more distinct upon percussion, and a whistlingsound is heard if the ear is placed to the chest. The cough is naore orless dry, but the fever is aggravated. There is great prostration, restlessness,complete loss of appetite, constipation, a loaded brown tongue,and the respiration is hurried and imperfect. In the third stage thelung softens and becomes filled with matter, and portions of the lungare apt to give way. The cavities may be detected by increased resonanceat some parts by percussion, and the cavernous breathing by auscultation.There is also a metallic tinkling heard, and the sputum becomesmore Uquid, looking like prune-juice, and the general conditionof the patient worse in every respect. If the disease advances into thisstage, recovery is not very probable.Pneumonia may be double or single the; right lung suffers, however,more frequently than the left. If pleurisy is associated with it, it iscalled fleuTo-'pneumonia. WTien characterized by great debility .andprostration, and is of a low type, it is called typhaid pneumonia. TJ'hepneumonia of children is called lobular, as it is generally confinec^ toone or two lobes of the lung.Treatment.— Bleeding formerly was done in each case, and is againreceiving attention by some physicians, but I deem it injudicious, as ageneral thing, though it may be of benefit in some plethoric cases. Thetreatment should be commenced with a mUd cathartic, and the fevershould be controlled with veratrum. The expectorants should be administered,and in cases of great prostration, beef-tea and alcoholicstimulants must be given. The chest should be blistered, and a clothsmeared with lard should be placed on the raw surface. Sleep shouldbe promoted by lupxilin or the opiates, and if great difficulty of breathingexists, tvirjieutine should be poured on hot water, and the patientallowed to breathe the vapor. Fresh air, quietude, and rest, withfrequent sponging of the body with tepid water, should not be neglected.Asthma.This is characterized by difficult breathing, occurring in paroxysms,accompanied by a wheezing sound, a great desire for fresh air, and unattendedby fever or organic disease of the lungs or heart. It is evidentlycaused by an irritable condition of the ccrcbro-spinal system ormcdulla-oblougata, which deranges the nervous influence through thecervical and puoumogastric nerves. It is also called P/U/u-kIo. The attackgenerally comes on suddenly, but in some cases for a few days befoi-e

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 269the onset there is loss of appetite, flatulence, belching' of wind, languor,chilliness, and drowsiness. The attack generally occurs at night, whenthe nervous system is at its lowest ebb. At first a sense of tightness,with a feeling of constriction about the chest, is felt, which intensifiesinto a fearful struggle for breath. The patient assumes variouspostures to facilitate in emptying and filling the lungs, and the feelingthat he must have fresh air, induces him to rush to the window and puthis head far out to catch the stirring breeze. The hands and feet arecold, the expression haggard and anxious, the body wet with perspiration,and the pulse irregular. The paroxysms usually last for some hours,when breathing becomes more easy. If the symptoms subside withoutexpectoration it is called dry asthma^ but when any phlegm is raised itis known as Immoral asthma. The paroxysms may recur every night,remitting gradually in severity, before a final subsidence takes place.The very troublesome complaint, which seems to combine the peculiaritiesof asthma and coryza, occurring in some persons during hay -making,or even later, is called liay asthma. This complaint is often a distressingTreatment.— one.During the paroxysm the inhalation of vapor of hotwater, or that arising from a decoction of anti-spasmodic herbs, such asconium, belladonna, etc. lessens the, severity of the spasm. The followingpreparation is a veiy good remedy Ethereal Tincture of Lobelia : 3 ij ;Tincture of assaf cetida, 3 i ; laudanum, 3 ss fluid extract of; stilUngia,§ ij ; simple syrup, 3 iv ; mix, and take a tablespoonful every two hours.Electro-magnetism, smoking stramonium leaves, iahaling the smokefrom burning paper, dipped in a solution of saltpetre, are all beneficial.The anti-spasmodics, especially cherry-laurel water, should be taken toprevent the occurrence of frequent attacks. In hay asthma, changesof locality wiU often save the patient from an attack. The tincture oflobelia is a very good remedy. Quinine and nux vomica carefully administeredare good remedies. Chloride of Ume placed in a saucer inthe sleepiug-room often gives reUef. My " Acacian Balsam" internally,and the " Herbal Ointment" rubbed externally on the chest, and up anddown the spine, have cured many cases. Many interesting cases havecome under my notice and treatment, but space forbids any aUusion tothem. By sisecial treatment I think every case can be cured.Pleurisy.This is characterized by inflammation of the pleura or serous membraneenclosing the lungs. The disease usually commences with a chill,which is succeeded by a sharp, lancinating pain in the side; cough,short and quick breathing, and fever. The pain is usually called a stitchin the side, and is felt somewhere in the mammary region. It is increasedby inspiration, cough, and motion, lying on the affected side, OC

e270 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.by pressure. As the pain subsides, the efifusion of a serous liquid occursinto the pleural cavity. The cough is usually short and dry, though alittle frothy mucus may be expectorated. Severe pain often attends,and the patient tries to suppress the cough as much as possible. Thebreathing is more or less difficult in most cases, and the patient is saidto have a catch in his breath. When the effusion is both sudden andcopious, the function of one lung may be more or less suspended. Thefever is usually considerable, and presents the usual phenomena offebrile affections.At some stages the patient's voice is said to be (sgo-'pJwnonis^ or similar to a goat's.Tre.\tment.— Commence with a mild cathartic, and though opposedto bleeding, yet if there is a human ailment requiring bleeding it ispleurisy, as it often gives prompt relief from pain. Sweating shouldbe encouraged at the outset, and for this purpose the tincture ofVirginia snake-root, in teaspoonful doses, every half -hour, is the best.It may be given in an infusion of catnip, balm, or pleurisy root. Theaffected side may be fomented with hops, tansy, wormwood, etc.,applied very hot, or it may be blistered. The fever is to.controlledand the perspiration kept up with full doses of vecatrum.Dover's powder may be given to procure sleep. The diet should be^ ofthe very lightest kind. The alteratives may be given if the effusio^ isnot absorbed, and should these fail, the surgeon may perform paraeentenis,or tapping of the side.APNCEA,OR ASPHYXIA.Literally the word asphyxia means pulseless, and was for a long timeonly used in that sense, but is now applied generally to all cases of suspendeduidmatkm. It is produced by the non-conversion of venous orblue blood of the lungs into arterial, or red blood. Death is caused in allcases from want of oxygenized blood, and the stagnation that resultsin the pulmonary capillaries. There are several varieties of asphyxia ;and as life can in many cases be revived, I shall state the procedureof resuscitation in each case.Asphyxia by Extreme Cold.When a person is subjected to extreme cold, the first symptoms arepainful feelings, followed by sensations similar to those produced byinhalation of carbonic acid gas. He becomes benumbed, indifferent to thedanger of his situation the muscular; system becomes enervated, stepgrows tottering, speech imperfect and as these influences;increase, thebreathing becomes irregular and slow, the muscular powers fail, andhe sinks into a state of insensibility and death.TliEATiiENT.— Rub the person with snow if practicable, or the whole

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 271body may be submerged in cold water for a short time. These applicationsshould be gradually increased in temperature until the surfaceapproaches a natural state, or the muscles and joints are sufficientlyrelaxed to admit of free motion. Then resort to artificial respirationas in drowning.Asphyxia by Inhalation op Gases.Some gases cause death by spasmodic closure of the glottis, othersby want of oxygen. Carbonic acid gas is the most common noxiousgasṪreatment. — Place the patient in a region where pure air abounds,and then practise artificial respiration.Asphyxia by Submersion, Drowning.Death in this case is not caused by the stomach and air passagesbeing filled with water, but ensues in consequence of the person beingplunged in a medium unfit for respiration. In no case where the bodyis recovered immediately after drowning, should the means of resuscitationbe left vmemployed. Life has been revived even in cases thatwere submerged half an hour.Treatment.— 1st. Treat the patient instantly, on the spot, in theopen air, freely exiDOsing the face, neck, and chest to the breeze, exceptin severe weather.2d. Send for the nearest medical aid, and for clothing, blankets, etc.3d. Place the patient gently on the face, the forehead resting onhis wrist. This empties the mouth of fluids, and allows the tongue tofall forward, which leaves the entrance to the pipe free.4th. Turn the patient slightly on his side, and apply ammonia, snuff,or other ii-ritating substances, to the nostrOs ;then dash cold water onthe face, previously rubbed briskly untU it is warm. If there be nosuccess, instantly—5th. Replace the patient on his face, and turn the body gently, butcompletely, on the side and a little beyond, and then on the face,alternately ; repeating these measures with deliberation, efliciency, andperseverance, fifteen times to the minute. When the patient reposeson the chest, this cavity is compressed and expiration takes jilace ;thepressure is removed when turned on the side, and inspiration occurs.6th. When in the prone position, make equable but efficient pressurealong the spine, augment expiration, and remove it before rotation onthe side, to facilitate inspiration.7th. Induce circulation and warmth, while continuing these measures,by rubbing the limbs upward with firm pressure and with energy, usinghandkerchiefs, etc.8th. lleplace the patient's wet clothing by such other covering aa

272 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.can be instantly procured, each bystander furnishing a coat or waistcoat.Meantime, and from time to time, let the surface of the body beslapped freely with the hand, or let cold water be dashed briskly overthe surface, previously rubbed dry and warm.Let the patient often inhale diluted pure hartshorn, as this stimulatesthe respiratory organs.Consumption (Phthisis).This is a constitutional affection manifesting itself in most essentialchanges in the tissue of the lungs. It may be acute or chronic. Theacute form, or gaUoping consumption^ commences with chills, fever,rapid pulse, cough, pain and difficulty of breathing, which are soon followedby night-sweats, hectic fever, great emaciation, exhaustion, andif its course is not arrested, death. The chronic variety is, however,that which we usually meet with.For the sake of convenience, I will class the symptoms of consumptioninto four general stages, viz. the , Incipient stage ; the Solidificationstage; the Maturation or Softening stage ; and the Ulceration a7id Suppurationstage.The first stage of Tubercular Phthisis is generally stated to be that towhich the physical signs indicate a deposit in the lungs. Eviderily,however, there and must is,be, an antecedent state of disordered healthbefore the most skilful observer can detect the soi.md which indicatesthe least shade or degree of solidification of the lungs, whether bymeans of the stethoscope, or other methods usually resorted to by theprofession for such purpose. When the physical signs are observed, theuse of the stethoscope, etc. , may be regarded as little more than professionaldisplay, without a particle of advantage, except as developing insome degree the actual amount of lesion or injury then sustained by thetissues of the lungs. There must be a causative agent that originatesthe predisposition or tendency to the deposit of tubercles in the tissues,or which elaborates or prepares the material in the system, fromwhich only tubercle is formed. Biit we should not wait to see tJiephysical signs decchped if we would expect wiiform and luypefal treatmentof tubercular consumption.From my own long experience in the specialty of thoracic diseases, Ido not hesitate to say that the actual first set of symptoms of consumptionconsists simply in the wasting of fleshy particularly if this is attendedwith, or by, a low scale of health and strength. Such loss of muscle,plumpness, as well as juices and fat, is first noticed in three principalplaces. The first region of flesh-consuming is usually the face the;second, the hands the; third, over the sacral or hip bones. The sacralregion, where it first gives out, is lame and sore. The hands look poor"and ' ' scrawny ; the muscles of the arms and legs are soft and flabby.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 273If the face shows it first, the eyes stare; the brow, temples, andscalp look lean the miiscular tissues of all the limbs soon; waste, andthe pectoral muscles, as also all the chest muscles, waste away, andthen the breathing is already become imperfect and weak.The diminished respiration is soon attended with cough then; painsare felt through the breast or thorax.The patient next is sensible of something wrong, and is conscious ofa sense of general debihty. The fact is, nutrition is lost. The vitalpowers are flagging, for the zcasti/iff of the body^ in sjiiic of eating^ ismoi-e ra/pid than the req)air.Then — comes a state of ^'pirit depression not the ca-wie of consumption,but caused by the already deficient vitality, and all the morehelping on the grand catastroi^he for it is a law ui our; being, thatwhere ner'ce structure is not itself nourished, it, too, will fail in itswork, just as surely as muscle fibre fails of power fiom the same cause.To recapitulate :—1.— Incqnent sta/je. This may present itself at a very early age, ormay appear in middle age, and the first indications are, generally, asubdued and saddened feeling, the former buoyancy of spirits subsides,and the person becomes languid. The face begins to assume a sicklyhue, and, to a practised eye, tells a sad tale. The skin becomes whiter,and a nei-vousness and sometimes irritable disposition of mind appears ;and if any hint be given about consumption threatening, the personrebels against and it, will not tolerate such an idea. The appetite anddigestion frequently become impaired, and may manifest itself incapricious fancies for certain sorts of food. A shght cold or any excitementwill bring on diarrhcea. The breath is short, and the breathinghurried ; running or walking up an incline, or ascending a flight ofstairs, is unpleasant, and attended by a fluttering and palpitation of theheart. The strength and weight of the body diminish, but this varies.The sleep is disturbed, the skin becomes hot, there are burnings of thepalms of the hands, and cold feet;a short, dry, teasmg cough, ortickling, or hawking up of mucus from the throat appears. There isalso a feeling of fever ishness and uneasiness after meals, which areunfavorable symptoms, indicating the first ww/Z-assimUation of the food,which, if not rectified, will inevitably deposit the germ of tubercles,and hence no time should now be lost in opposing the disease, beforeit lays siege to the citadel of the body.2.— SoUdificatkm. The cough, which at first appeared very trifling,now begins to assume an anxious aspect, and becomes troublesome. Itmay not as yet be attended with expectoration, and if it be, the matterexpectorated is of a ropy and viscid natiure. The breathing becomesmore impeded; hectic fever sets in, with chills and heats, while theweakness of both body and miud increases, although the intellect ia13* S

274 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Bometimes extremely bright or sound to the very last. Pains, likethose of pleurisi/, are felt about the chest, and are indications of thoseitijlammatory effusions and adhesions which attest the progress of thedisease, and the infraction of the lung structure, and the impeding ofthe access of air to the cells of the lungs. The blocking up of the aircellsconstitutes the stage of Solidification^ and thus interferes with thedue motives or functions of the chest, and, if not arrested, creates anafflux of fluid to the parts, thus promoting congestion and fresh depositsin the lungs.Z.—Maturation and Softening. In this stage, all the former symptomsare aggravated, and consumption is now confirmed. Fresh depositsin the lungs occur, and hasten the maturation and softening.These local lesions in their turn re-act on the system at large, aggravatingthe general infection and depressing the vital powers. Hence theadvancing inertia of all the vital powers— the universal languor, loss offlesh, and strength, and weight. The cheeks and lips become blanched— painfully contrasting with the cii'cumscribed hectic patch of the former.The expectoration is changed, and becomes more copious, opaque,and viscid, more massive, and frequently streaked with blood, ôr mixedwith flocculent, wool-like, or curdy particles. It is most troublesoriie inthe mornings, and when going to bed. The feverishness and generalexhaustion increase restless ;nights, with perspirations, hurried breathing,change in voice, and emaciation also increases. The appetite fails—either constipation or diarrhoea, more frequently the latter, comes on,with great increase of cough and vomiting after meals. If the diseaseadvance to this stage, it wiU require much vigilance and judgment toarrest its progress, as the mischief in the lungs is now very great, andulcers, rapidly forming, constitute what is called tubercles.4.— Ulceration and Siqypuration. The disease now assumes a totallydifferent aspect, and becomes exceeding formidable in its nature andresults. The cough becomes more severe, and the expectoration greenish,yeUow, or even sometimes like tufts of wood chewed, appearing,when viewed in water, like jagged round balls. Hemorrhage, or bleedingfrom the lungs, is Kkely to come on, and the difHculty of breathingis very great. The patient can scarcely lie down; many times he mustbe kept with his head bolstered up in a chair, or in his bed, when sleepis desired. Sometimes the voice is reduced to a mere whisper, while inothers it remains quite strong to the last. The perspiration, or nightsweats,are very copious, and very exhaustive of the vitality of theorganism. The xdcers or tubercles in the lungs increase, causing largeexcavations, from which issue copious expectorations, sapping and underminingthe foundation of the entire system.The most unpractised eye can now at once detect the ravages of thisdisease in the altered appearance of the whole frame ;the body ia

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 275reduced to a mere skeleton ;the eyes axe smiken ;cheek bones prominent,with sunken cheeks ;the head bends forward;the chest Is wasted,and the breathing becomes distressingly painful. The mental facultiesgenerally become impaired ; yet a gi'acious God. amid all this suffering,frequently permits the faculties to remain intact until the last emberbums out.Treatment.— This resolves itself into such a management of thecase as will tend to prevent the development of the disease, or itsremoval when it exists. It will be seen that consumption has its originin a vitiated and defective condition of the general organism. Thismay occur as the result of hereditary predisposition, or from defectivenutrition, oi from imperfect development of either a part or the whole ofthe organic structure, and general disobedience to the physiological lawof the general organism. AVhenever this predisposition exists, the defectiveorganization, as far as practicable, shotdd be remedied by afaithful adherence to the laws of physiology and dietetics. Childrenpossessing this organization should not be confined too closely in schoolsor to study, but should be reared in the country, and be exposed tofresh air and out-door exercise. Both boys and girls should be allowedto ramble through the fields, and indulge in those gymnastic exerciseswhich tend to give strength and -v^gor to the system generally, such asjumping the rope, rolling the hoop, flying the kite, hoeing, wheeling,riding on horseback, etc. and not be studiously confined in-doors, becauseit is a "delicate child." Tidy mothers should not be horrified,if they find their child of fraU organization making mud-pies, or thathe has torn his frock in climbing an apple-tree. Their diet should beplain and nutritious, consisting of bread and milk, oatmeal porridge,baked apples and milk, vegetables, and a liberal amount of meat onceor twice a day. Their sleeping apartments should be weU ventilated,and they should be warmly clad in aU seasons. Misses, upon theapproach of the catamenial flow, should be weU instructed that the feetshould be kept warm and diy, that washing and bathing in cold watershould be avoided, and aU exposure to cold and moisture is hurtful.The medicinal treatment of consumption has been extensive, and toenumerate aU that has been tried and recommended would fill a volume.Some recommend inhalations;these answer their purjiose well for temporaryrelief. The disease must be treated upon general principles.The cough should be aUayed by appropriate remedies, the occasionaldiarrhoea checked by the astringents, the debility removed by tonics,and vitality stimulated by alcoholic liquors. It is beyond question, thatepirit-drinking has been beneficial in number a. of cases, if taken rgiiglarlyand moderately. Phosphorus is a good remedy, especially if givenin a form as it exists in erytlirq^tylon coca. External irritants, as Crotonoil to the chest, answer very well The blood of the consumptive con-

276 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.tains too much oxygen, and too little carbon ;hence to snpply this deficiencycod-liver oU, which is a highly carbonaceous food, is excellent.It gives warmth to the body, and supplies the disease with material fordestruction, without expense to the body. The chalybeates may also begiven to give strength and enrich the blood in its red particles. Changeof climate is rarely beneficial. The diet must be highly nutritious fresh;air, occasional baths, and plenty of friction, should not be neglected.WTiile tavestigatuig the best means of treating this disease, I deemedthat if a combination could be made that would prove remedial to allthe morbid characters of consumption, that would antagonize eachpathological condition as they arose, thus holding the disease in abeyance,and allow the forces of reparation and recuperation to mend theravages of the disease, that such a combuiation would most surely curethe disease. After various experiments, I, finally, by intimate knowledgeof the chemical elements of plants and the pathology of the disease,was led to compound the " Acacian Balsam," which has stood thetest for years, and the thousands of testimonials of the permanent cureof many bad cases of consumption attest its \artues.It is a superior exhUartmt. It purifies all the fluids and secretions inthe shortest reasonable period. It nourishes the patient who is toomuch reduced to partake of ordinary food. It will supply the pla£!e offood for a month at a time. It strengthens, braces, and vitalize^ thebrain. It heals all internal sores, tubercles, ulcers, and inflammations.It stimulates, but is not followed by reaction. It at once obviates emaciation,building up wasted flesh and muscle, as the rain vivifies andenhances the growth of the grass. It is without a rival as a tonic, andit immediately supplies electricity or magnetic force (as if it were a battery)to every part of the enfeebled and prostrate body. In conjunctionwith the balsam, I also advise external application of the" HerbalOintment" (which answers all the purposes of counter-irritants) to thechest, throat and back, and the bowels regulated with the "RenovatingPill" (see page 409).ANATOMY OF THE HEART.The heart is a hollow muscular organ, surrounded by a membranoussac called the pericardium. It lies between the two pleurae of thelungs, and rests upon the cord-like tendon of the midriff, in the cavityof the chest.Its .shape is conoidal, though it is somewhat flattened upon that sidethat rests upon the tendon of the diaphragm. Its apex inclines to theleft side, touching the walls of the thorax between the fifth and sixthribs.It maittures about five inches and a half from its apex to its base,three and a half inches in the diameter of its base, and wdglts about sixor eight ounces. It contains fuur caoities, which perform two fimctions :

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 277that of receiving the blood and emptying the blood into the lungs, andthat of receiving it again after it has been oxygenated, and distributingitthroughout the vascular system. The receptacles are auricles, andthe ventricles propel the blood to the lungs and through the body.The auricle and ventricle of the riffht side receive and propel thevenous blood into the lungs. The auricle and ventricle of the left sidereceive and propel the arterial blood throughout the system.The blood circulates as foUovrs : The ascending and descending venacavEe empty the blood (venous) into the right auricle;from here itpasses to the right ventricle, through an opening protected by a valve,dovrawards;from the right ventricle it is propelled through the pulmonaryartery, which divides into two branches, to the lungs ;in thelungs it is oxygenated by the inspired air it is then;brought from thelungs, by four pulmonary veins, into the left auricle. The left auriclehas an opening communicating with the left ventricle, protected bya valve opening downwards, and from the left ventricle it passes intothe aorta, thence to be distributed throughout the body.The light auricle is a cavity of irregular shape, somewhat oblong, andlike a cube; anteriorly it has a convexitywhich is called its sin us ; superiorly there isan elongated process resembling the ear of ananimal, whence the term auricle. Its wallsare thin, and composed of muscular fibres,which are called muscidi peatinati, on accovmtof their parallel arrangement, resembling theteeth of a comb. The superior '%and inferiorvena cavse enter the auricle from behind.The elevation between the orifices iscalled the tuberculum Loweri. The coronaryveins open into this cavity, and their orificesare protected by the valves of Thebesiiis.The opening to the ventricle is circular, and'^^°surrounded by a dense white Heart.line.The right ventricle ', is a triangular cavity, with thick walls, and ofgreater capacity than any other cavity of the heart. Its muscularstructure is in the form of large fleshy bundles, called columnce carnem,from which proceed thin, white cords, called cJwrdm tendincm, which areattached to the edge of the tricuspid valve. This valve is circular,having at its lower edge thi-ee spear-pointed processes, whence its name.It closes downwards, and prevents the blood from returning into theauricle, and, therefore, it passes out by the puhnonary artery \ Thevalves protecting the orifice of the pulmonary artery open outwards, andare called the semi-lunar valves. They are formed by three half-moonshapedfolds of the lining membranes, and their use in to prevent fch»

278 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.blood retiiming from the artery to tlie ventricle, when it dilates.Behind each valve is a pouch or dilatation, called the Sinus of Valsalva,into which the blood flows by its reflux tendency upon the dilatation ofthe ventricle, and thus these valves are closed. The pulmonaiy arteryis of the same diameter as the aorta, but its walls are thinner. After itsori^n it curves upwards and backwards, and divides into two branches,the right of which is larger than the left ',and passes under the arch ofthe aorta.The left aiiricle ^, is more concealed from its natural position than theright. The four pulmonary veins enter into which it, give it a quadrangularshape. Its walls are muscular and somewhat thicker thanthose of the right auricle. The partition between the auricles is notalways perfect even in adult life.The left ventricle *,forms by its cavity the apex of the heart it is;like a cone in shape. Its walls are thick, and its columnce carnem numerous,strong and projecting ;the chordcR tendinea are well developed, andattached to the bicuspid or 7nitral valve. This valve consists of twoleaflets, one of which is much larger than the other. The contraction ofthe ventricle closes the valve, and the blood passes out by the aorta ".The heart is supplied with blood by the right and left .coronary arte-the veins which accompany them empty by a common trunkries " "^;into the right auricle.It will thus be seen what a complex piece of machinery the humanheart is,and how vital the organ must be. It will be apparent to everyreader that the least interruption or derangement of its functional actionis sure to be manifested upon the integrity of the general system.Any valvular derangement or breaking down of the septum between theauricles and ventricles will allow the commiugliug of arterial with venousblood, threatening death with asphyxia. Atrophy and hypertrophyinterfere with the muscular action of the walls of the heart, and, infact, it ^vill be obvious from the complex character of the structuralanatomy and the importance of the functional actions of the heart, thatany disease assailing the organ is attended with danger.In circulation the contraction of all the cavities is followed by theirdilatation. The contraction is called the systole ; the dilatation, thediastole. What is called the impidse of the heart occurs during thediastole. The heart's impulse is the shock communicated by its apex tothe walls of the thorax, in the neighborhood of the fifth and sixthribs. The impulse is not the same as the arterial pulse. The heartemits two sounds, first and second, followed by an interval. The firstare the longest. The following table shows the connection of theBounds of the heart with its movements :—First Sou7id.— Second stafie of ventrictilnr diastole. Ventricular svstolc, and auriculardiastole. luipulsc iiguiust tlie cUuBt. ruJ.>o iu tUc tvrbtirieBi

THE COMPLETE HEKBALIST. 279Second Sound.— First stage of ventriculai- diastole.Interval.—&aor:t repose, then auricular systole, and second stage of ventricular diastole,etc.Each cavity of the heart will hold about two fluid ounces, but it isprobable that the ventricles do not entirely empty themselves at eachstroke; they will therefore discharge about one and one-half ounces ateach pulsation. Reckoning 75 pulsations to the minute, there wUl passthrough the heart in this time 112 ounces or 7 lbs. of blood. The wholequantity of blood in the human body is equal to about one-fifth of itsweight, or 28 lbs. in a person weighing 140 lbs. This quantity wouldtherefore pass through the heart once in four minutes, or about fifteenor twenty times an hour. It is very probable that circulation is muchmore rapid than this estimate. The number of contractions of theheart in a minute is about 70 or 75. The frequency of its action graduallydiminishes from the commencement to the end of life. Just afterbirth it ranges from 140 to loO, in old age Go to 50. Age, sex, muscularexertion, emotions, and temperament exert a controlling influence overthe he'art's action. In persons of sanguine temperament the heart beatsmore frequently than in those of the phlegmatic, and in the femalesex more frequently than in the male. Its action is also increased aftera meal, and by rising from a recumbent to a sitting or standing posture.The time of day also affects it the; iûlse is more frequent in the morning,and becomes gradually slower as the day advances.The pulse is always a sure index of health or disease. In inflanamationand fevers the pulse is much more frequent than during health."VMien the vital powers decline it becomes frequent and feeble. In nervousaffections with more oppression than exhaustion of the forces, thepulse is often remarkably slow.The membrane lining the interior of the heart is called the endocardium,.,and the enveloping membrane on the exterior the peTtcardium.DISEASES OF THE HEART AJ^D CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.Palpitation.This is the most common disease of the heart, and may be connectedwith various structural changes of the organ, yet it frequently existsindependently of any organic lesion, and is often sympathetically dependentupon dyspepsia, hypochondria, hysterics, mental agitation,also be due to a low andvenereal excesses, masturbation, etc. It maydeficient state of the blood, or anmmia. The impulse is weak, fluttering,or tumultuous, generally increased by trifling causes. The beatsare increased in frequency, sometimes marked by intermission, and occasionallyaccompanied by a bellows murmur. The comi^lexion is generallypallid and bloodless, the lips and inside of mouth also pale, the

280 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.pulse quick and jerking, and the patient complains of breathlessnessand fainting. He dislikes animal food, but relishes acids. In femalesthe deficiency of menstrual flow is superseded by the whites, or sometimesthe flow becomes very profuse.Treatment.— Durmg the paroxysm a compound of yellow jessamine,Bcull-cap, and ladies'-shpper should be given, in sufficient doses everyhour, until relieved. The feet should be bathed in warm water andthe patient avoid all exertion or excitement. If due to anemia, theproper remedies as well as nourishing diet shoiild be prescribed. If coexistentwith dyspepsia, hypochondria, etc., the proper treatment forthose affections should be instituted.Angina Pectoris.This disease presents rather difficult pathological features. By somewriters it is caUed neuralgia of the heart. The principal symptoms are,violent pain about the breast bone, extending towards the arms, anxiety,difficulty of breathing, and sense of suffocation. The paroxysm maybe brought on by fast walking, over-eating, or violent exercise, but theymay also come on when the patient lies quietly in bed.If connected withossification, or other morbid conditions, it is an affection of great danger.Treatment.— During the paroxysm the most powerful stimulatingand narcotic anti-spasmodics are required. The feet should be placedin warm water, a large mustard plaster should be applied over the cardiacregion, and one drop of the tincture of aconite may be given everyminute or two, until the spasm is reUeved. If it is associated with anyorganic disease of the heart, the proper treatment for such diseaseshould be instituted, and if due to a neuralgic affection of the organ,the proper remedies for neuralgia should be given. Patients sufferingfrom this dangerous disease should lose no time in consulting some wellskilledphysician.Pericarditis.This consists of inflammation of the sac in which the heart is contained.It does not essentially differ from other serous inflammations,as there may be exudation and liquid effusion, the quantity varyingfrom a few ounces to a few pints. The disease is usually ushered inwith a slight chill, followed with fever, or it may commence with fainting.Pain, oppression, weight, palpitation, cough, hurried and difficultrespiration, frequent and irregular pulse, inability to lie on the left side,headache, delirium, faiutness, anxiety, debility, restlessness, and greatnervous irritability usuaUy attend the attack. The face and extremitiesare swollen, and the urine scanty and high-colored. The essentialconditions of fever are always present, the i)Tilse sometimes attaining120 to the muiutc. If the acute form advances for eeveral weeks it

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 281becomes chronic, or may by insidious advances be chronic from tbfirst. The symptoms are nearly the same as in the acute form.Treatment.— The treatment should be commenced by a lobclremetic, an active purge, and the application of hot packs to the chest-The tincture of veratrum should be given in sxiificient quantities to control the inflammation and lessen the action of the heart. Usually, fromtwo to five drops every half hour is sufficient. If associated with rheumatism,colchicum, cannabis sativa, or macrotys racemosa, shoidd begiven. In malarial districts, quinine becomes necessary. Blistering orlocal depletion may be necessary iu some cases.Endocarditis.This is an inflammation of the internal lining of the heart.There isat first pain about the heart, whose disordered action may be violent,or else feeble, irregular, and intennitting. There is more or less difficultyof breathing, and the organ gives forth some abnormal sounds,such as the bellows murmur, the rasping and sawing murmur, arisingfrom thickening of, or deposit on, some of the valves. One or more ofthe above symptoms occui'iing during the course of acute rheumatism,may be considered a sign of endocarditis. The patient generally lies onhis back, and his pain may sometimes be so slight as scarcely to be noticed,but in dangerous cases there is extreme anguish, liable to befollowed by orthopncea, or necessity of being in the erect postureto be able to breathe, followed by restlessness, delirium, and death.The murmurs may occur at any stage of the disease, from the verybeginning towards the close.Treatment.— The treatment is essentially the same as for pericarditisin the commencement of the attack, with the exception that itmay be necessary to administer stimulants in some cases. Leeches maybe applied to the cardiac region, and between the shoulders. Digitalisand veratrum should be cautiously administered to control the heart'saction. If associated with rheumatism, colchicum should be given.Mustard poultices, blisters or hot packs may be applied to the chest tohasten the absoi-ption of the deposit of lymph.If myocarditis, or inflammation of the entire substance of the heart,complicates either pericarditis or endocarditis, the active treatment advisedin the latter diseases will remove it.Chkonic Valvular Disease of the Heart.Tliis frequently results from chronic endocarditis. They may eitherbe contracted or distorted, preventing accurate closure, or ulcerationmay occur through the valves. Vegetations and a peculiar deposit maytake place under the tissue of the valves, and occasionally there is adeposition of cartilaginous or osseous matter, and iu rheumatic or gouty

282 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,Bubjects, of the urate of soda, or the valves may become atrophied oiwasted away. The effects in slight cases may occasion but little difficulty,but in severe it is apt to produce hypertrophy and dilatation,dropsy, local intlammations, and ultimately death. These results areowing- to an impediment in the forward movement of the blood, and tothe regurgitation of the same, producing an accumulation behind. Thisis plainly illustrated in an affection of the mitral valve. If its orifice iscontracted by deposits, the blood accumulates in the left auricle by theimpediment, and distends it; congestion of the pulmonary veins is theconsequence the ; lungs share in the congestion, and pulmonary apoplexy may be the result. This of course occasions an insufficient supplyof blood to the general system, which the heart is willing to relieve,and, therefore, makes greater efforts, but becomes hypertrophied or enlargedin so doing. Again, suppose some insufficiency in the mitralvalve, owing to ulceration, for example, the blood will regurgitate intothe left auricle at each pulsation, it produces the same effects. If thesemilunar valves axe contracted, a less supply of blood is sent to the generalsystem, but congestion of the heart and consequent enlargementand dilatation of the left ventricle may occur. The general symptoms ofvalvular disease is difficulty of breathing, increased by muscular efforts' ;oremotion, palpitations, the pulse intermittent or jerky. Distinctive miirmursaccompany these affections ;in mitral deficiency we hear a prolongedmurmur in a low key, like whispering the word "w//6>;" in contractionof the aortic valves we have a comparatively superficial sound likewhispering the letter " "z;in regurgitations we hear squashing sounds.Treatment.— The mitigation of the urgent symptoms may be accomplishedby ladies'-slipper, hops, or henbane. In violent action of theheart cherry laurel water may be given with the henbane. Hot footbathsand mustard plasters may also be necessary. In sudden palpitationand difficulty of breathing, the compound spirits of lavender shouldbe given. Collinsonia is the proper remedy if hypertrophy of the valvesis suspected. In valvular insufficiency the tonics and a liberal dietshould be prescribed. Conium, belladonna, digitalis, irisin, veratrum,Btramonium, and cannabis sativa, are also extensively used in variouscombination, if they are indicated.Atrophy op the Heart.This may result from various causes. When it exists, greater resonanceaccompanies percussion, and the two sounds of the heart %vill bemore feeble, but more distinctly heard. The symptoms are pallor, coldnessand dropsy of the extremities, cough, irregular respiration, palpitation,oppression in ; females, irregularity or vicarious menstruation. Itmay occur with the exhausting diseases, as cancer, consumption, diabetes,etc.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 283Treatment.— The patient should avoid all excesses in mental andbodily exercise. The diet should consist of rich animal broth, with aliberal amount of fats and sugar, cod -liver oil, and the tonics should beadministered.Hypertrophy and Dilatation op the HeartAs these are generally coexistent, they should be considered together.The dimensions of the heart may be increased either by augmentationof its muscular walls, or enlargement of its cavities. The former iahypertrophy, the latter dilatation. The most prominent symptom iadifficulty of breathing, produced by any exertion; also palpitations,which are sometimes so violent as to shake the whole body. Thesecondaiy signs are violent headache, vertigo, buzzing in the ears, flashesof light, pulmonary congestion, pneumonia, apoplexy of the lungs, congestionof the liver, bilious disorders, and general and local dropsy.The patient's suflEering is often extreme, and, unable to lie in bed, he Lsforced to assume constantly a sitting posture, with the body bent forward.Death usually occurs suddenly in syncope or fainting. Valvulardisease is the most frequent cause, though they may be caused by rheumaticirritation, excessive exertion of the organs from any cause, asviolent exercise, playing on wind instruments, violent passions, intemperance,Treatment.— etc.The exciting cause should be removed, especially valvulardisease. The patient's habits of life and occupation should be regulated,and his diet moderated. Mild cathartics should occasionally begiven and passive exercise engaged in. Digitalis is the special medicme ;cherry laurel water is also used for the same purpose. These should becarefully administered. The tincture of aconite and colchicuin shouldbe given where it has resulted from rheumatism. In dilatation thetonics, cod-liver oil, and animal food should be prescribed. Digitalis isalso specially required. Wild cherry bark is an excellent tordc, and asnervous symptoms are very apt to be present in females, opium, belladonna,valerian, etc. , may be given with advantage. Eveiy effort shouldbe made to enrich the blood.Cyanosis,or Blue Disease.In this disease the skin bears a leaden or puiple tingeover the wholebody. There is a reduction of warmth, and labored breathing. It isdue to the admixture of blue or venous blood with arterial or red blood,and caused by the right and left sides of the heart remaining open afterbirth, or by obstruction of the pulmonary artery, thereby withholdingthe blood from the lungs and preventing arterialization. It is a diseaseconfined to infants, and is almost necessarily fatal.Treatment.— The circulation must be sedated by allowing the child

284 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.complete rest, or by the careful administration of veratrum; good food,fresh air, and protection from extremes of heat and cold are necessary.Apply friction to the head and body by some soft cloth. If syncopeoccurs, the child should be placed in a warm bath, and camphor appliedto its nostrils.The heart is liable to be assailed by other diseases. Softening of theheart may take place without inflammation it; may result in rupture ofthe heart. Various indurations of the heart may occur, as of thefibrous, cartilaginous and osseous character. Fatty degeneration is arare disease. Tubercle^ cancer^ and polypi are also noticed.The heart is the most important organ in the body hence its diseases;to the physician are full of interest. Nothing gives to a person greateranxiety than the suspicion or knowledge that he is affected with heartdisease. The dread of sudden death is universal, and so it generallyoccurs in cardiac diseases. The most important requisite in the treatmentis its early application, as most of the diseases can be cured iftreatment is bestowed in time, and hence it behooves every one whofeels some abnormal action or imeasiness about the heart to engagetreatment, or seek competent medical aid as soon as possible. Thosewho desire to consult me are referred to page 390. My experience inthe treatment of heart diseases has been in extent second to none in thiscountry, and the success has been most gratifying. \DISEASES OF THE BLOOD-VESSELS.Arteritis.Inflammation of the arteries is rare in the acute form. The symptomsare pain and tenderness along the course of the vessel, attendedwith a thrill or throbbing. Lymph is effused within the vessel, oftenproducing a complete arrest of the circulation, and resulting in gangrene.It is highly probable that in spontaneous senile gangrene thecause is arteritis. Chronic arteritis is more common, but difficult todiscover. Deposits occur in the arteries, exciting ulceration, or ossificationmay occur in old age.Treatment.— Give a mUd purge, a hot bath, and sufficient veratrumto control the circulation. The inflamed part should be fomented, blistered,or stimulating liniments and counter-irritation may be appUed.The alteratives are always indicated.Aneurism.This is a pulsating sac, filled with blood, which communicates withan artery. True aneurism consists of a sac formed by one or more ofthe arterial coats. Fake aneurism is owing to a complete division of

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 285the arteria^ coats, either from a wound or external ulceration the sac;formed of cellular tiseue. Every artery may be affected with anyaneurism, Lat the aorta, carotids, axUlary, brachial, iliacs, femorals,and popliteals are the arteries most commonly affected. The tumor atfirst is small, gradually increasing, soft and quite compressible, beingfilled only with liuid blood. It pulsates sjiichronously with the heart,and is increased by pressure on the side furthest from the heart. Apeculiar thrill is imparted to the hand, and which can be heard if theear is applied. The strength of the part is much impaired as the tumorenlarges, and the circulation in the extremity weaker. During theprogress of the tumor the adjacent parts are displaced and absorbed,even bone is rendered carious and absorbed by constant pressure of theaneurism. The pain and numbness increase, and the general healthfails, and at length the tumor may burst, opening upon the skin or someInternal cavity, and jirovQ fatal.Treatment.— Complete rest, and the frequent application of hotpacksto the tumor should at first be prescribed. A stimulating linimentmay be rubbed over the part. One composed of the compoundtincture of myrrh and the oil of origanum answers the purpose well.The " Herbal Ointment" is an excellent application. The gentle applicationof electro-galvanism should be resorted to if the above treatmentdoes not suffice. Pressure by well-secured jaads, or by the thumbs andfingers, continued for a long time, is often tried and successful in somecases. If the above treatment fails, some corapetent surgeon should beconsulted, who wiU in practicable cases ligate the artery. Valsalva hada curious plan of treatment for aneurism. It consisted of repeated bloodletting,with food enough merely to support life. A cure worse thanthe disease.Phlebitis and Varicose Veins.This is an inflammation of the veins. The signs are pain and tendernessin the course of the vessel, which soon becomes cord-like andknotted, by which it may be distinguished from arteritis. There areswelling and redness of the adjacent parts, the redness being in streaks.The hmb below the part is swollen, from obstruction of the circulationand effusion of serum. Pus is a frequent production of phlebitis, inwhich case perfect occlusion of the vein above occurs, with the formationof an abscess, or the pus passes into the heart and producesexcessive prostration. Varicose veins are the sequel generally tophlebitis.Treatment.— The treatment consists in fomentations, leeching, andoccasional purging. The alteratives should also be given. The topicalapplication of tinctures of lobelia and arnica are also useful. Rest isenjoined. The abscesses and consequent ulceration should be treated

286 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.upon general principles. If the veins become varicosed, astringentapplications, and careful bandaging, slioiUd be resorted to.The best method of curing varicose veins, however, is by elasticstockings. These give an equable pressure, which can be so regulatedas to afford any compression desired, on every part of the leg wherethe varicose veins exist. If the veins are varicosed throughout thewhole length of the limb, the full-length stocking should be worn;ifconfined only to the leg, the stocking represented on the right-handside of the cut is alone necessary, and in some cases the knee-caps andanklets are only required, depending upon the situation of the varicoseveins. These elasticcontrivances are notonly radical cures,but patients sufferingfrom varicose veinshave no idea whatease and comfortthey afford. Theygive a very agreeablesupport to the Hinb,prevent varicose ulcers,besides quickl^reducing the enlargedElastic Stookinors, Knee-Caps and AnkletB. veins tO natural size.Measurement :—Size of nukle, calf and kiico. They are made of thebest silk, are very durable, and not so expensive as not to be afforded bythe poorest sufferer. All those desiring these admirable contrivancesare requested to correspond with the author ;— preliminary correspondenceas to size, measurement, etc., is in all cases essential to securethat perfect adaptation which is indispensably necessary in order toafford relief and cure. Great harm is done if the elastic appliance isnot eligible in every respect, and therefore patients should hesitatobefore purchasing those inferior, half cotton articles, which are purchasableeverywhere ; they do not fulfil the conditions required ofthem, and are capable of doing great injury, owing to the unequalcompression they afford. Prices as above.Milk Leo (Phlegmasia Dolens).This is caused by inflammation of the crural veins, hence calledsrural phlebitis. The inflammation is owing to the pressure of thegravid womb. The i)opular idea that in this disease the woman's milkhas fallen into her leg, and which has inflamed, is absurd. The diseasebegins in from two to seven weeks after delivery, with pain in the lowerbowel, groin, or thigh. In several days the pain dimmiahes, and the

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 287Hmb bepns to swell, in the calf first most frequently, and from thenceextending upward. The skin becomes entirely white, smooth, andglossy, does not pit when pressed, is painful to the touch, and is hotterthan the skin of the other limb. Fever is always present.Treatmknt.— The patient should lie upon her back, with the swelledlimb placed upon pillows, or a bolster, raised so that the foot shall bea little higher than the hip, and she should by no means endeavor towalk until the leg is nearly well. A narrow blister can be applied alongthe course of the vein, and digitalis may be carefully administered.Take an old flannel petticoat, with the hem cut off, and the gathers letout, and dip it in vinegar and hot water, equal parts, wring it out, andcover the whole limb with it. A blanket or oiled silk may be placedunderneath to keep it from wetting the bed. Kcpeat this and keep itbecomes tedious to the patient, it shouldup for six hours, and when itbe removed, and the limb bathed with warm sweet oil, two parts, andlaudanum, one part, and then covered with flannel. In two or threehours return to the hot water and vinegar, keep up for five or six hours,then resume the warm sweet oil and laudanum, and in this way alternateuntil the inflammation is subdued, or until the calf of the iimb canbe shaken. The bowels should be gently moved, and the diureticsadministered, and in cases whci'e the inflammation lasts, and the feveris considerable, veratrum should be given. If recovery does not takeplace after the active inflammation has subsided, the limb should beentirely enveloped by a spiral bandage, or, what is much better, thefull-length elastic stocking represented on the foregoing page should beworn. This gives immediate relief, reduces the leg to natural size, andpermits the patient to exercise without any injurious results following.Those desiring this indisiênsable article are requested to correspondwith the author.DISEASES OF THE BLOOD.Scurvy (Scorbutus).This disease was known to the ancients. The first distinct accountof scurvy is contained in the history of the Crusades of Louis IX.against the Saracens of Egypt, during which the French army sufferedgreatly from it. Lord Anson's voyage, in which more than eighty ofevery hundred of the original crews perished from the disease, is familiarto every reader of history. This disease illustrates the importanceof vegetable food to the human being, as it is a direct result of a dietfree from vegetable substances. It used to be very prevalent in theEnglish and American navies, but is now obviated by the ration of limejuicoin th-e former, and fresh or desiccated vegetables in the latter. It

288 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.commences witli a feeling of langfuor, or general debility and mentaldespondeiicy a sense of; fatigue is experienced on the slightest exertion;the face is either pale or sallow, and presents an appearance ofpufEness the; gums are swoUen, soft, and of a purplish color, andbleed easily ;the breath becomes offensive, and an eruption appears onthe body. The mucous surfaces frequently bleed, the feet becomeswollen and hard and painful, and a disposition is evinced to inflammationof a low grade of the viscera, and also to hemorrhagic effusions.The tongue and appetite remain unaffected, and death is producedeither by debility or hemorrhage —the intellect remaining sound to thelast.Treatment. ^— Nothing will avail in the absence of fresh vegetablefood, and hence the chief treatment consists in giving vegetable food, orthe vegetable acid, as citric acid or lemon-juice. Cabbage and potatoesare excellent, and milk is a good article of diet. If fresh vegetablescannot be obtained, dried fruits should be substituted. If the diseasehas advanced, and there is sponginess of the gums, myricin, rhusia,and hydrastin may be given in combination with capsicum and cream.If active hemorrhage occurs, the oils of turpentine, solidago, and meccaoil may be used to advantage. If chronic blood derangement foUd^s,as is often the case, the alteratives should be given, of which ^y' 'Blood Purifier " (see page 4G9) is the best.HEMORRHAGES.Bleeding from the Nose (Epistaxis).There is no part of the body more disposed to hemorrhage than themucous membrane of the nose. The blood effused through this membraneescapes generally through the nostrils, but may enter the mouththrough the posterior nares. It is often symptomatic of diseases of theliver, spleen, and other organs, and generally attends the last stages ofmalignant and low fevers. It may be slight or dangerously profuse.In jilethoric or robust patients it constitutes often a means of relief tothe vascular system.Treatment.— When it becomes necessary to check the hemorrhage,the patient should be placed in a cool room, the head elevated or heldupright, and tlic feet plunged in warm water containing mustard.The neck should be bared, and cold water aspersed over it and the face.Lemonade and cooling drinks may also be given. When it becomeshabitual, or periodic, and especially if it be vicarious of menstruation,it may be anticipated by local depletion on the nape of the neck. Inthe passive states of the disease, the astringents should be injectedinto the nose. Tannin, matico, Monsel's solution, etc., are the best.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 283If it will not stop, the nostrilsshould be plugged both anteriorly andposteriorly,HEMOPTYSIS.This is a hemorrhage from the respiratory organs. The blood thatis expectorated comes from three different sources. It may come fromthe mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes, from a vessel ulceratedin a tuberculous cavity as in consumption, and from an aneurism of theaorta, or from the large trunks arising from it, in which case it soonproves fatal. Some cases depend on suppression of the menses, andare habitual and not dangerous, but in the majority of cases it is causedby disease of the heart, or consequent to irritation of tubercles. Itmay be simple, the blood being all spit up, or it may be attended by aninfiltration of blood into the minute tubes and air cells, rendering aThe symptoms are some degree of pain orportion of the lung solid.oppression at the chest, with cough, which brings up mouthfuls ofblood, fluid or clotted. The quantity may vary from a tea-spoonful toseveral pints, so that the patient may be suffocated by the abundanceof the blood.Treatment.— A free current of air should be allowed to pass over thepatient, his covering should be light, and a mild purge should be givento him. The feet should be placed in hot water. If dependent uponderangement of the menses, the sitz-bath (hot) should be ordered, andmatico or other astringents be given. Or it may be arrested by puttingone drachm of the oil of origanum in a pint bottle, and allow the patientto inhale the vapor.If matico, tannin, or other vegetable astringentsare not at hand, common salt, acetate of lead, sulphuric acid, and alummay be used in case of emergency. Small doses of digitalis should begiven to control the circulation.Hematemesis.This is hemorrhage from the stomach. Whatever irritates the mucoussurface of the stomach, or interrupts the return of blood from thatorganis liable to cause this disease. Blows and injuries received by theabdomen, violent concussions of the tmnk, pressure, intemperance,worms, powerful emetics, suppression of menstrual discharge, applicationof cold, or of cold and moisture to the lower extremitiesduring perspiration, or the catamenial flow, prolonged constipation andpregnancy, are all liable to cause The it. blood is usually vomitedprofusely, is sometimes mixed with food, and generally of dark color.The premonitory symptoms are pain or tension about the stomach,.with faiutuess or a sense of sinking, or of anxiety at this region, flatulentor acrid eructations, lassitude with irregular chills and flushes otheat.13 T

290 THE COMPLETE HKRBALIST.Treatmenj. — Apply ice to the region of the stomach, and give a fulldose of the oil of turpentine conjoined with castor oil, to be repeatedif rejected. Administer the astringents, ia all cases the vegetable, butif not at hand, acetate of lead, creasote, tincture of iron, alum whey,sulphuric acid, etc., can be given. During the discharge total abstinenceis to be observed, but afterwards, mild mucilaginous drinks andfarinaceous food in small quantity may be given, and the transition tnsolid and more nutritious food should be carefully conducted.H.EMATURIA.The source of the blood voided through the urethra may be eitherfrom the kidney, bladder, or urethra. When it proceeds from thekidneys, it is attended with a sense of heat and pain in the loins, andsometimes with coldness of the extremities, and the blood is intimatelymixed with the urine. "Wlien the disease is in the ureters, there is asense of pain in their course, and fibrous shreds having the shape of theureters axe voided. When the hemorrhage is from the bladder, it isusually preceded by heaviness and tension in that region, extending tothe xêrineum, groins, and small of back;the urine is passed with difficultythe blood is; little,if at all, combined with the urine. If "^romthe urethra, the blood is red, liquid and pure, and comes away gene^"allydrop by drop.Treatment.— This depends tipon its seat and cause. If from thekidneys, the oils of origanum, copaiba, cubebs and turpentine should beadministered, and hot packs applied externally. If the urine is alkaline,as in typhus fever and scurvy, the acids should be given. If from thebladder or urethra, matico or other vegetable astringents should beinjected. The avoidance of stimulants and absolute rest shovdd beinsisted on in every case.Dropsies.If in man a large venous trunk is compressed or obliterated, sothatthe blood no longer circulates through it, while the collateral vesselscan relieve but imperfectly, dropsical effusion is sure to take place.The effusion is proportionate to the size and importance of the veinobliterated. If, for instance, in the vena cava, or large vein in theabdomen, an obstacle should prevent the return of the blood, the twolower extremities and the scrotum will become filled with serum. Ifthe trunk of the portal vein is more or less obUterated, the serous collectiontakes place in the abdomen. If the obstniction occurs at thevery centre of circulation, namely the heart, and the return of bloodeverywhere enibaiTassod. the dropsy becomes general ;hence dropsy isone of the most common symptoms of heart diseases. Dropsy is oftencaused by cold, applied in such a manner as to check the sccretiona of

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 291the skin;is often connected with eruptive diseases, as scarlatina ; itmay result from granular degeneration of the kidneys, debility, exhaustionfrom loss of blood, etc. ;or from obstruction to the return ofvenous blood, owing to tumors, hypertrophy of the liver, glandularenlargements, etcḂright'sDisease of the Kidney.This is a dropsy owing to a disease of the kidneys. Dr. Bright, ofEngland, first pointed out, 1827, the frequent connection which existsbetween dropsy and what has since been called gramilar degenerationof the kidneys, or " Bright's Disease." This state of the kidneys is notan inflammation, but a slow degeneration of its structure, commencingby an abnonnal deposit of fat in the cells lining the little tubes in thekidneys. It is a degeneration similar to the tubercular deiôsit, or thefatty liver common in consumption, and may properly receive the nameof fatty kidney. It is a slow, insidious disease, beginning generallymuch further back than the patient is aware of. By degrees the tubesof the kidneys become blocked up with excessive fatty deposits ;theresult of this is,that the tubes become dilated, so as to press on thenetwork of the portal veins which surround them. The veins beingthus compressed, the capillaries which open into them are unable todischarge their contents, and so become distended with blood, andeither allow serum to exude from their waUs, or else bui-st and admitthe escape of red particles and fibrine. This may be illustrated in afamiliar way. If the mouth of all the little brooklets that flow into abrook be effectively dammed up, so that the brook received none oftheir supply, the brooklets by constant accession would naturally overflowtheir banks and inundate the adjacent land, and the brook go dry.So as the accumulation of the fat goes on, the portal networks of veinsand the uriniferous tubes waste away or become atrophied, and henceshrinking of the kidney and deficiency of the kidney ensue. Albumenis always present in the urine in this disease This can be discoveredby boiling the urine in a small tube, the albumen becoming like thewhite of an egg boiled. Urea, a natnral constituent of the urine, isdeficient.The syinptoms in the first stage are weakness and dyspepsia, and theblood loses its red particles very rapidly, but there is little to callattention to the kidneys. In the second stage the symptoms are apallid, pasty complexion, a dry hard skin, drowsiness, weakness, indigestion,and frequent nausea, often retching the first thing in the nioming,and palpitation of the heart. A most characteristic symptom isthat the patient is awakened several times in the night with desii-e tomake water. In the third stage, if the patient is exposed to cold, thekidney becomes congested ;anasarca or general diopsy with perhaps

292 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.ascites, makes its appearance ; debility increases, the urinary secretionbecomes more inefficient, urea and other excrementitious matter accumulatein the blood;a drowsiness and coma, signs of efEusion of blood,are sure precursors of death. It is caused by intemperance, privationof air and light, and neglect of proper exercise ; frequent exposure tocold, and the other causes of scrofula and consumption.Treatment.— This is one of those harassing complaints which physiciansin family practice seldom have the patience to investigate andmanage with sufficient care.The condition of the stomach, bowels and skin should receive especialattention. Free action of the skin should be maintained, as in thisway the kidneys are relieved and the blood purified. Stimulatingdiuretics should not be used. Mecca oil, tonic teas, etc. , may be given.There is no better specific agent than helonin, from three to ten grainsa day. Eupurpurin and populin may also be given with good effect.Vapor baths are beneficial, and counter-irritation should be made overthe region of the kidneys.It is my confident belief that this grave disease can be "tiured innearly every instance if not too far advanced. I am induced to sucha belief by the success that attends my treatment. I should be h^ppyto correspond with any one of my readers who may suspect this affection,and shaU cheerfully analyze any uriae that may be sent to me forthat purpose, as in my laboratory there are all conveniences for that purpose.(See page 390). For those under my treatment the analyses aregratuitously made, but to others a fee of $5 must iu all instances beremitted.Ascites.This is a collection of water in the beUy, though sometimes the fluidis outside of the peritoneum and next to the muscles. There is a senseof distension and weight, especially on the side on which the patient lies.When the collection is large, the breathing becomes short and difficult,and the swelling is uniform over the whole abdomen. In some instancesthe fluctuation may be heard when the patient moves about. Thissound distinguishes this complaint from pregnancy or peritonitis. Thereare generally loss of appetite, dry sldn, costiveness, scanty urine, oppressionof the che.st, cough, colic pains, and variable pulse. A frequentcause of this complaint is chronic inflammation of the peritoneum it;is also produced by scarlet fever, hob-naUed liver, and other diseases ofthat organ— in short, whatever obstructs the portal circulation.Treat JIENT.— The remedies for this disease are mainly diureticsand purgatives. Digitalis is an excellent remedy, but sliould be cautiouslyadministered. The patient should have as a constant drink aninfusion of two parts of hair-cap moss, and one each of juniper berriesand dwarf -elder bark ; al.so aii infusion of queen of the meadow. The

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 293purgatives that produce watery stools, such as elaterium, should begiven. The compound infusion of parsley is about the best agent topromote the absorption of the fluid. The skin should be kept wellopen, and the strictest temperance both in eating and drinking mustalso be observed. If aU medicinal treatment the fails, surgeon shouldbe called, who will perform paracentesis ahdmninis^ or tapping theabdomen;but this should be deferred until all other means have failed.Hydrothor^vx.This is a dropsy of the pleura, rarely existing as an independentaffection, but generally associated with a general dropsical condition ofthe system. It is particularly liable to be connected with organic heartdisease. When the effusion is slight, only a slight uneasiness is felt inthe lower part of the chest, but aa it increases, the patient suffersuneasiness in assuming the recumbent posture, a cough and difficulty ofbreathing being the result. The latter often becomes very severe, theface swells, the cheeks assiime a purple and the lips a livid hiie, theskin is dry, urine scanty, bowels constipated, thirst, and more or lessmental excitement ensues.Treatment.— If owing to heart disease, that affection should receivespecial attention. The fluid may be evacuated by means of small dosesof elaterium and podophyllum, followed by a free use of chimaphila,galium aparine, and aralia hispida. Other diuretics may also be used,and the general rules of treatment observed as advised in Ascites.Dropsy op the Heart.This consists of a collection of fluid within the pericardium. Thereis a feeling of uneasiness, or pressure in the cardiac region, a slightcough, difficult and irregular respiration, faintness, disinclination to liedown, a feeble pulse, capricious appetite, disturbed sleep and delirium.If there is stupor, cold extremities, the perspiration clammy, and theaction of the heart very much disordered, it usually proves fatal.Treatment.— Same as for Hydrothorax. Tapping may becomenecessary in both casesḊropsyop the Ovaries.This consists of an accumulation of fluid in one or more cells withinthe ovary, or in a serous cyst connected with the uterine appendages.The ovary loses its original form and structure, and frequently attainsan immense size, containing several gallons of water. The effusionsadly interferes with respiration, and it causes exhaustion and oftenperitonitis. The serum may exist within the cavity of the abdomen,or be confined within the cystic tumor. As the tumor enlarges, itascends the pelvis and occupies more and more of the abdominal cavity,

294 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.and may float loosely in the fluid within it, and form adhesions to theperitoneum, omentum, or neighboring viscera.Treatment. Galvanism is often very successful. The currentshould be passed through the tumor, and be as strong as the patientcan bear it, and should be passed in all directions for half an hourseveral times a day. The hydragogue cathartics and diuretics shouldalso be given, and the alteratives administered. The strength of thepatient should be well supported.This disease is curable by medicinal treatment alone in its earlystag'es if propei'ly treated, but may become so far advanced underimproper management, that tapping becomes necessary, or,if thepatient's strength will allow, the removal of the whole tumor.The author would be pleased to correspond with any lady sufferingfrom this serious disease.Dropsy of the Scrotum (Hydrocele).This is a collection of water in the membrane which surrounds thetesticles. It is often caused by rheumatism, gout, scrofula, -etc. Insome cases the accumulation is very large. It may be disttnguis)iedfrom scrotal hernia by pressing the tumor towards the anus ; i^ itbounds rapidly forward it is hydrocele.Treatment.— The following is excellent. Take queen of themeadow, one ounce colt's ; foot, one-fourth pound ; yellow parilla,one-fourth pound. Make one quart of decoction or syrup, and take onetable-spoonful three times a day. A suspensory bandage should beworn. These can be had from me at reasonable prices. In some caseathe scrotum must be tapped, and the vinous tincture of hemlock bark injectedto prevent the return of the effusions.ifI have under my treatment at alltimes many dropsical patients, andreceived under my care at a reasonable early stage, no necessity fortapping arises, and th? patient is cured by medicinal treatment alone.Any one desirous of consulting me, may refer to page 390 for the necessaryquestion to be answered.ANATOMY OF THE imiNARY ORGAJs^S.Kidneys.The kidneys are two hard glands for the secretion of urine, placed ineach lumbar region, jtist above the hips; they are outside of the peritoneum,or lining membrane of the abdomen, and surrounded with anabundance of fat. The riglit kidney is rather lower than the left, oaaccount of the superposition of the liver. The length is about four in-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 295ches, and the breadth two inches. The shape is oval, resembling' abean;the position upright, and the fissure (or hilum) is directed to thespinal column. The upper end of the kidney is rather larger than thelower. It is covered by a strong fihvozis capstde. The color is a reddishbrown. Upon making a longitudinal sectionof the kidney, as represented in cut,two different structures are presented. Theinternal is of a darker color, and consists ofabout fifteen of what are called the conesof Malfiigld^^ which are arranged in threerows, the apex of each converging towardsthe hilum. This constitutes the medullaryportion of the kidneys. The externalstructure is of lighter color usually, is extremelyvascular, and of a granulated arrangementit constitutes the cortical;portion.The urine is formed in the tortuoustubes of the cortical substance,^ betweenwhose walls are a number of small bodiescalled corpuscles of Malpighi. At the apexof each cone is the papilla renalls, and in thecentre of each papilla is a slight depression,called foveola. Each papilla is surroundedby a small membranous cup, called infundibulum,* into which the urineis first received as it oozes from the orifices of the papillas. Four orfive of these infundibula join to form a common trunk, called calyx,^ andthe junction of about three calyces forms a common cavity, called thepelvis,^ which is conoidal in shape, and from which proceeds the ureter,'the excretory tube of the kidney, which conveys the urine to the bladder.The ureter is a cylindrical tube of the size of a quill, with thin,extensible walls. It enters the inferior fundus of the bladder veryobliquely, and opens by a very small orifice.Just above the kidney, and reposing on its upper extremity, placedone on each side, are two small bodies, varying much in size, called thesupra-renal capisulcs} They have no secretion, consequently no duct,but evidently perform important functions in foetal life,when they aromuch larger.Bladder.The Kidney.The bladder is a musculo-membranous sac for the reception of urine.It is situated in the cavity of the pelvis, behind the pubic bones, and infront of the rectum in the male, but in the female the uterus and vaginaare between the rectum and bladder. In shape the bladder is oval, thelarger end being dowiTwards ;in women it is more spheroidal ;in chil-

296 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.dren it is pear-shaped.and neck.a I'odi/,It is divided into a superior and iDferioi fundus,Its dimensions vary with health and disease. Ordinarily it will holdabout a pint. At the neck of the bladder is a circular muscle, calledthe sphincter, which, in a state of contraction, retains the urine in thebladder imtil the necessity to voiding it arises. The urethra is describedunder anatomy of the sexual organs.DISEASES OF THE UEINARY ORGANS.Nephkitis.This is inflammation of the kidneys, and which may occur either in itssubstance, its lining membrane, or in its capsule. The symptoms aredeep-seated pain in the small of the back, extending down the groins inone or both sides, increased by pressure ;urination either increased ordiminished, urine scanty and high-colored, and mixed with blood orgravelly matters. If both kidneys are affected the urine may be suppressed,and comatose symptoms present themselves. Chills, fever,, vierangedstomach, and constipation nearly always attend it. The testjcleis retracted, which distinguishes this disease from lumbago, etc. * Itruns verj' rapidly into suppuration, the sign of which is the appearanceof pus in the urine.Treatment.— The disease should be controlled by the use of hotpacks, vapor baths, lobeha emetics, mild purges, and the internal administrationof aconite and veratrum. The mucilaginous drinks should bedrunk, and the opiates given if the pain is very severe. In chronicnephritis, where there is debility of the organ, the best remedies areturpentine, copaiba, buchu, uva uisi, pareira brava, and pipsissewa.Diuresis.This is the diabetes insipidus of some writers. By this term is understoodthe excessive secretion of pale, Umpid urine, without sugar.The principal symptoms are insatiable thirst and the elimination of alarge qiiantity of urine. These symptoms are usually preceded 'by avariable appetite, constipation, and derangement of the functions of theskin. The copious flow of urine may only be occasional, following overmentalor physical excitement. It may be distinguished from diubctesmeliitv^ by the absence of sugar in the urine.Trkat.ment.— The skin should receive special attention, and excessof drinking should be avoided. The constitutional debility should beovercome with baths, and the general tonics ; apocynin, from one-eighthto one-fourth of a grain, four or five times a day, is a specific for thisdisease.

the complete herbalist. 297Diabetes Mellitijs.This is characterized by increase of urine, containing sugar. Thefirst indications of this disease are languor, dry, and harsh skin, intensethirst, paia in the small of back, constipation, with alternate chill andfever. After a time the general health gives way, and there are muscularweakness, loss of sexual power, pain in the loins, coldness of extremities,a burning sensation ia the hands and feet, loss of weight, and achloroform odor of breath. The gums become spongy, the teeth decay,the mind becomes depressed and irritable, and the appetite voracious.Consumption is often a sequel to this disease. The urine has a sweetishtaste, due to the presence of sugar, which can readily be discovered byadding yeast to the urine, which gives rise to various fermentation.Treatment.— A healthy state of the general system should be maintainedby fresh air, frequent baths, and a generous diet. No saccharineor starchy articles of food should be eaten. The bowels and liver shouldbe gently stimulated by small doses of leptandrin and leontodin. Greatsuccess is obtained by the use of unicorn root. Mecca oil has also beensuccessfully employed in this disease.Diabetic patients who may desire the author to treat them, may consulthim as directed on page 310.Gravel (Lithiasis),This disorder consists in the deposition from the urine, within thebody, of an insoluble sand-like matter. In health the urine carries offthe results of the waste and disintegration of the tissues in a solublestate, but when these matters are in excess the urine frequently depositsthem after being voided, on cooling. This often occurs after irregularitiesof diet, without actually being a morbid condition, but when theaccumulation is excessive it causes a serious disease. The gravels arechemically either urates, lithates, phosphates, or oxalates, according tothe diathesis of the patient. The passage of gravel or renal calculi fromthe kidneys to the bladder through the ureters, causes the most excruciatingpain. When anything in the bladder, as a mucous shred or a largegravel, acts as a nucleus, the constant accessions to this nucleus formwhat is known as stone in the bladder, which may be of various sizes.In gravel the patient has a diill aching pain in the back, attended withurgent and frequent desire to urinate, preceded by cutting or scaldingpains in the urethra, neck of bladder, or in the course of the ureters.In stone we have the same symptoms, but the sudden stoppage of thestream during micturition is always suggestive of its presence in thebladder, and the patient has a constant desire to relieve the pain by pullingat the end of his penis.Treatment. — Diluents should be freely used, and a strict attentiou13*

298 THE COMPLETE nERBALIST.paid to diet. Animal food should be sparingly eaten, and alcoholicdrinks totally avoided. The chemical nature of the gravel should beascertained, and when this is done the chemical opposites administered.No treatment will avaU, if not in chemical opposition to the diathesis ofthe patient. If medicinal treatment is ineffectual after a stone has beenformed, the surgeon should be consulted, who wUl remove it by an operationcalled Uthotrity or another termed Utlioiitripsy.Unless the stone be too large, my experience is that solvent treatmentwill prove effectual in nearly every case. The solvent treatment consists,of course, of such herbal agents as are chemically opposed to the natureof the calculus. By such a course of medication my success has beenmost gratifying.Ischuria, or Suppression of Urine.This frequently attends inflammatory diseases, especially acutenephritis. It may either arise from an irritation of the kidney beyondthe point of secretion, or from a torpor or paralysis of the kidneys. Itis important to distinguish it from retention of unne. It is sometimesvery dangerous, being attended with vomiting, drowsiness, coma apdconvulsions. A vicarious secretion from the skin, bowels, etc., is alsooften established.It is evidently due to a sort of paralysis of the nervecentres.Treatment.— Leeches may be placed over the loins, and digitalis orsquill administered. The demulcent drinks should be freely used. Ifnric acid is in excess, some carbonate may be given. If dependentupon torpor, the stimulating diuretics, as turjientine, should be used.Frequent hot sitz-baths are also beneficial.Incontinence op Urine (Enuresis).This is often associated -with some constitutional weakness. Thebladder may be exclusively irritated and not be able to hold the urine,or the little circular muscle at the neck of the bladder may be debilitatedor paralyzed, owing to acridity of the urine. In some cases it maybe owing to debUity of the kidneys.Treatment.— A course of tonics, sea-bathing, cold baths, warmclothing, etc. , together with astringents and stimulating diuretics, willusually cure it. Small doses of the extract of belladona wiU also affordrelief. In case of paralysis of the bladder, nux vomica, electricity, counter-irritantapplication to the spine, and local irritants are necessary.Cystitis.This is an inflammation of the bladder. The symptoms are painabove the pubes, tenderness on pressure, the pain extending into thepenis, scrotum, and perineum, producing straining and pain in urination ;

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 299sometimes pain over the abdomen, which is swollen, or the inflammationmay extend to the peritoneum, causing peritonitis. It may terminatein suppuration, the pus appearing ia the urine, or, if the âbscessoccurs ia the coats of the bladder, itmay open sviddenly. It is causedby direct irritation as by a catheter also; by gonorrhoea, difficult labor,turpentine, cantharides, etc. When the inflammation becomes chronicit is called " Catarrh of the Bladder.''''Treatment.— Mucilaginous drinks should be freely used, such as decoctionsof marsh-mallow, uva ursi, etc. Dover's powder may be givento relieve the pain. About three grains of populin and one-fourth of agrain of gelsemium given three or four times a day, exerts a marked beneficialinfluence in this disease;linseed oil and essential tincture ofhydrangea are also remedies of great value. The chronic form willrequire special treatment, in accordance to condition and nature of eachcase.ANATOIVIY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.The principal divisions of the nervous system are the brain, spinalmarrow, and nerves. The tissue of this system is included in membranesor sheaths, and consists of two differently colored pulpy materials,one of which is white or medullary, and the other gray, cortical, orcineritious. The sheath of the nerves is called the neurilemma, and theinternal material neurine. All ganglia and nervous centres consist of antixture of white fibres and gray globules.An anastomosis is the interchange of fasciculi between two trunks,each fasciculus remaining unaltered, although in contact with another.A combination of anastomoses into a network is called a plexus.Spinal Marrow.The spinal marrow is the medullary column included within the bonesor vertebras of the spinal column. It has three coverings:1st, Thedura mater, which is a white fibrous membrane, and forms the external ;2d, The arachnoid, a serous membrane, forming the middle covering.It is extremely thin and transparent ; 3d, The pia mater, a cellular membrane,forming the immediate covering.almost entirely of vessels.The Brain.It is very vascular, consistingThe brain consists of four principal parts: medulla oblongata, ponsvarolii, cerebrum, and cerebellum. Like the spinal marrow it also hasthree coverings bearing the same names. The dura mater adheres veryfirmly to the bones of the cranium, and consists of two lamiuEe, whichare divided into folds called falx cerebri, teatorium, and falx ccrehdli.

300 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.The medulla oblongata is the upper part of the spinal cord;it is conicalin shape, and extends from the iirst bone of the spinal column to thepons varolii.Its divisions are the corpoi'b pyramidale^ olivare and restiforme.The pons varolii is cuboidal in shape, and situated just in front of themedulla.The cerebrum is the largest mass composing the brain. It is oval inshape, and weighs from three to four pounds. It is divided into twohemispheres, each hemisphere consisting of an anterior, middle, andposterior lobe. The surface presents a number of convolutions, or gyi%each separated by deep fissures, or sulci. The interior of each hemisphereis medullary in character, and the surface of each convolution iscineritious for the depth of about one-sixth of an inch.The ventricles of the brain are five in number :they are called theright and left lateral, the third, fourth, und fifth ventricles.The more minute anatomy of the cerebrum is exceeding complex, andnot of special imiiortance in a i:)opular work of this kind.The cerebellum constitutes about one-sixth of the brain, and-- is containedbetween the occiput and tentorium. It is oblong and flattenedin shape, and composed of white and gray substances.iCranial Nerves.These are nine in number, and all enaerge from the foramina, oropening at the base of the brain. They are designated by their tfunctionas well as numerically, viz. :1st, olfactory ; 2d, optic ; 3d, motoroculi; 4th, patheticus ; 5th, trifacial ; 6th, motor externus; 7th, facialand auditory ; 8th, pneuniogastric, glosso-pharyngeal, and spinal accessory; 9th, hypoglossal.According to function the cranial nerves may be divided into threeclasses, viz. nerves : of special sense, including the 1st, 2d, and the auditorybranch of the 7th;nerves of motion, including the od, 4th, Gth,facial branch of the 7th and 9th; compound nerves, comprising the 8thand 5th.The principal nerve of the arm is the bracJiud ; of the forearm, theulnar and radial ; of the thigh, the great sciatic, which divides, about©ne-third above the knee, into two large branches, the peroneal andpopliteal ; further on the popliteal is called the posterior tibial. In theIiclvis there are the pudic, gluteal, and lesser ischiatic.The sympathetic nerve is distributed with all the other nerves of thebody, and by means of pl(jxuses supplies all the internal organs.The nervous system is a complex piece of machinery, and itsanatomyrequires much study before any competent familiarity with it can begamed. The physician, who has an iuadecjuate knowledge of the anatomyof the nervous system, and philosophy of nervous phenomena, oi

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 301the physiolog-y pertaining thereto, cannot hope to treat diseases assailingthe system with any material success. Competence in this respect is thereward only of a long devotion, and practical experience.DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.Inflammation of the Bbain (Cekebritis).This consists of inflammation of the cerebral substance, and due tolong exposui-e to a vertical sun, the inordinate use of ardent spirits,cold, fright, external injury, the sudden disappearance of an old discharge,and it sometimes occurs as a consequent on small-pox, or erysipelasof the face and scalp, and fevers. The symptoms are violent inflammatoryfever, hot and dry skin, flushed countenance, suffused eyes,quick and hard pulse, the arteries of the neck throb, and delirium. Thesenses are morbidly acute, there being intolerance of light and sound.The person is extremely restless, the muscles of the face are spasmodicallycontracted, the upper eye -lids hang down, and as the disease progresses,blindness and deafness ensue. The countenance is vacant oridiotic, the eye loses its lustre, the pupils become dilated, and the eyesoften squint. In the still more advanced stage, the discharges pass oifinvoluntarily, the countenance becomes pale and sunken, the pulseweak and irregular, the coma more profound, and death soon closes thescene. It is commonly called ' ' Brain Fever. "Treatment.— This should be most energetic. Bleeding to faintinghas been the practice of many physicians, but I deem it unnecessary, asrevulsion can be made by other means.Leeches may, however, be appliedto the scalp. The hair should be closely shaved from the head,and ice, alcohol or ether, with water, applied to the head. The decoctionof ladies' -slipper should be given internally. At the outset purgativesshould be given. Those that act thoroughly, such as gamboge,colocynth, etc. ,are the best. The bladder should be emptied everyday. In the stage of collapse, stimulants may be given.Apoplexy.This is a condition in which aU the functions of animal Ufe are suddenlystopped, except the pulse and the breathing. There is neitherthought nor feeling, nor voluntary motion;and the patient suddenlyfalls down, and lies as if in a deep sleep. The disease assails in threedifferent ways. The first form of attack is a sudden falling do\vn intoa state of insensibility and apparently deep sleejs, the face being generallyflushed, the breathing stertorous, or snoring, the pulse full and notfrequent, with occasional convulsions. From this mode of attack deathoften occiu's immediately, but in some cases recovery occurs, with tha

302 THE COMPLETE HERBALISTexception of paralysis of one side, or the loss of speech, or some of thesenses. The second mode of attack begins with sudden pain in thehead, and the patient becomes pale, faint, sick, and vomits. Hispulse is feeble, has a cold sldu, and occasionally some convulsions. Hemay fall down, or be only a little confused, but soon recovers from aUthe symptoms, except the headache ;this will continue, and the patientwiU sooner or later become heavy, forgetful, unable to connect ideas,and finally sink into insensibility from which he never rises. This modeof invasion, though not so frightful as the first,is of much more seriousimport.The third fonn of attack is where consciousness is retained, butpower on one side of the body is suddenly lost. The patient retainshis mind, and answers questions rationally, either by signs or words.He may either die soon, or live for years, with imperfect speech, or aleg dragging after him, or an arm hanging uselessly by his side.Those persons who have large heads, red faces, short and thick necks,and a short, stout, square build, are more predisposed to this disease,than thin, pale and tall persons. Literary men, especially editors, lawyers,doctors, etc., are subject to this disease, owing to mental overwork.The symptoms preceding an apoplectic attack are headache, vertigo,double vision, faltering speech, inability to remember certain woids,sometimes forgetfulness of one's one name, a frequent losing of a trainof ideas, and occasionally an unaccountable dread. It is caused bywhatever hurries the circulation as strong bodily exercise, emotional excitement,exposure to the sun or severe cold, tight cravats,Treatment.— etc.If the face is turgescent and red, and the temporalarteries throb, and the pulse full and hard, the patient should be placedm a semi-recumbent position, with his head raised, his clothes loosened,particularly his neck-band and shirt collar, and then quickly as possible,cold water or ice should be applied to the head, leeches to the nape ofthe neck, and mustard plasters to the calves of the leg. Tight hgature?may also be tied around the thighs, sufficiently tight to arrest thevenous circulation; they should be removed gradually as consciousnessreturns. Administer a stimulating purgative, as a few drops of croton oil.Injections may also be given. If the patient is old, and the pulse feeble,the ice applications, ligature, etc., may be omitted, and instead applywarm flannels and warm bricks to the body, and administer camphor.To prevent future attacks, gentle tonics should be given, and the skinkept healthy by daUy bathing and friction. The bowels must not bepermitted to become costive. The diet should be well regulated. Themiud should be kept cheerful and hox)eful, and free from all excitement.Intoxicating drinks should be totally avoided, and sexual congress shouldbe of rare occurrence. In fact every thing that might provoke an attack should be avoided.

the complete herbalist. 303Congestion op the Brain.This consists of an accumulation of blood in the cerebral vessels. Thecountenance is flushed, the eyes suffused, light becomes intolerable, andthere is singing- in the ears, vertigo, momentary loss of speech, andsometimes delirium. Simple congestion is merely a functional affection,and in a slight or moderate degree involves no immediate danger. Itmay, however, produce apoplexy and sudden death. It is caused byany mechanical impediment to the return of blood from the head, as tumorof the neck, heart disease, etc. It is a concomitant to nearly everyinflammatory cerebral affection.Treatment.— The treatment consists in diverting the blood fromthe head by hot mustard foot baths, and an active cathartic. Ice orcold water may also be applied to the head, and the circulation reducedby veratrum. The treatment is the same as advised in apoplexy, in allessential particulars.Sunstroke.The injury done to the brain in this case is the same as in apoplexy,with the exception of the clot. It is essentially congestion of the brain.Persons who are exposed by necessity of pursuit to the extreme heat ofthe sun, should be protected by a wet cloth or cabbage-leaves placed onthe head and under a light hat. The symptoms are first dizziness, followedby intense headache. Thirst becomes excessive, the pulse indistinctat the wrist, violent throbbing of the carotid and temporal arteries,and insensibiUty ensues by a convulsive shivering of the body.Treatment.— Place the patient immediately in a cool and shady place,and instantly apply, copiously, cold water, or,what is better, poundedice in a bag, to the head. Make friction over his legs to relieve thecongested state of the brain. Application of turpentine by friction onthe spine is also of service. Inhalation of ammonia or hartshorn is beneficial,a small quantity of the carbonate of that substance may and begiven internally. Continue this treatment untO. the patient is out ofdanger, or until death ensues. In plethoric patients, bleeding from thearm is required, and in this instance only is bleeding advisable. Afterthe patient becomes conscious and apparently out of danger, he is to beremoved to his home, and a brisk cathartic administered, to effect revulsion.In no case should he be allowed again to exiôse himself toBun during the first four or five days after the occurrence of the sunstroke.The application of water or ice to the head should be abandonedby gradual increase of temperature, to prevent any reactionINS.'VNITY.This is an unsound manifestation of intellectual power. The indicationswhich should excite alarm are headache, vertigo, mental confu.sion.

304 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.fretful temper, inaptitude for usual occupations, defective articulations,dimness of vision, and flightiness of manner. The patient is also awarethat he is not right, he shuns his old friends, has frightful dreams, iitortured with wicked thoughts.If it exists with general paralysis it isfrequently incurable. Derangement is manifested in various ways,viz —:1st. Mania.— This is characterized by general delirium, in which thoreasoning faculty is disturbed and confused, if not lost, ideas absurd,wandering, or erroneous conduct; violent, excited, and extremely mischievous.The maniac's hair is crisped, he neglects his family and business,suspects his friends, dislikes the light, and certain colors bonifyhim, his ears are sometimes very red, noise excites and disturbs him,and he has frequent fits of anger and melancholy, without any cause.His deUrium extends to all subjects, and the entire intellect, affectionsand will are in a chaotic wreck.In puerperal mania occurring after delivery, the delirium is frequentlyextreme, there being a tendency to suicide or child-murder. Maniacsin general have a disposition to murder or suicide.2d. Monomania. This is characterized by mental aberratibn o^ onesubject. The patient seizes upon a false principle, and draws from itinjurious conclusions, which modify and change his whole life and character.In other cases the intellect is sound, but the affections and dispositionbeing perverted, their acts are strange and tuconsistent. Attemptis made to justify their hallucinations by plausible reasoning.3rf. Dementia. This is a condition in which the weakness of intellectis induced by accident or old age. The ideas are numerous, but vague,confused and wandering; the memory is impaired, and the mannerschildish, silly and undecided.Ath. Moral Mania. Moral insanity is a condition in which there is aperversion of the natural feelings, affections, temper, habits, and moraldispositions. The conduct is eccentric, and an. uncontrolable destructivetendency, or a propensity to every species of mischief, are freqiientlythe leading features. A slight insanity is popularly called "a kink inthe head;" in Scotland, "a bee in the bonnet."If insanity is characterized by fear, moroseness and prolonged sadness,it is called U/pcmania or melanchttlia. If religion is the theme of delirium,it is termed theomania. If amatory delusions rule, it is callederotomania. If the suicidal tendency is strong, it is designated a,utoj)7iomania,and if characterized by aversion to man and society, it is calledmisanthrapia. If the tendency is to stealing, it constitutes kleptomania.Close confinement., and low diet.,such conveniences as prisons afford, arethe best cures for this species of mania.It is a pitiful sight to boo the thousand fancies in regard to themselvesof the insane. One imagines himself as an inspired individual, and

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 305charged with the conversion of the world, while another sincerely believesthat the devil has entered into him, and he curses God, himselfand the universe. Still another believes that he controls the world, anddirects the movements of the planets. One believes that all the wisdomis concentrated in him, and offers to teach the wisest. Another imagineshimself some grand long, is proud, withdraws from his fellows, andwill allow no one to come in his presence without proper acts of homage.Yet another is Napoleon, or some other great general, and he fights hisbattles anew, and majestically marshals his imaginary army. Idwcy isowing to a congenital deficiency of mind, and in consequence the idiotmay oi ten be a deaf-mute, and be governed by insane passions.The cause of insanity is hereditary predisposition, constant revolutionin the mind of some painful thought, injured feelings which cannot beresented, mortified pride, perplexity in business, disappointed affectionsor ambition, political or religious excitement, loss of friends or property,and in general, whatever worries the mind or creates a deep distress.Another prolific cause is masturbation.Treatment.— The real character of the malady should be ascertained,and, if possible, the pathological condition giving rise to the disorder corrected.Out-door exercise, lively amu.sements, fresh air and daily bathing,contribute largely to establish a cure. The exciting cause shouldbe removed. The stomach and bowels should receive due attention.The tonics should be given to improve the general health of the patient.Ladies'-slipper, scullcap, cannabis iudica, gelsemium, aconite, veratrura,lielladonna, quinine, opium and lupulin, stand in good repute for this disorder.The moral treatment should be such as is best adapted to the conditionof the patient. It is probably best, when practicable, to place thepatient in some well-conducted insane a.sylum, where he will have prolierattendance and treatment. If this is not feasible, the physician shouldmake such arrangements as will best secure the patient, if of vicious disposition,from harming himself or others, but in no case should unnecessaryrestraint be placed uiôn the patient.I have conducted the treatment in many cases of insanity, many ofwhom I had never seen, tmd wherever my instructions were faithfullycarried out, a cure was generally effected. If any of my readers haverelatives or friends who may have become insane, and who may desire toknow my opinion of the case, or its chances for cure, and will describethe case to me fully, I will cheerfully state them. (See page 390 foraddress.)Delirium Tremens.This is also called mania apotti, aud in common parlance it is the "horrors"or "jim-jams." It is caused by the sudden withdrawal from thehabitual or yrulonged use of alcoholic stimulation. Its most prominentu

306 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,chaxacteristics are delirious hallucinations, fear, muscular tremors, weakness,watchfulness, and the want of sleep. The symptoms are incessanttalking, fidgeting with the hands, trembling of the limbs, a rapid pulse,[irofuse sweating, and a mingling of the real with the imaginary. Thepatient's face is pale and sallow, his eye is rolling, quick and expressive,and is busy day and night, and can scarcely be confined to his room. Heisunwilling to admit that anything ails him, answers questions rationally,and does whatever he is bidden at the time. Then he begins towander again, the expression becomes wild, the eyes vacant or staring,and becomes the victim of iîtiful and ludicrous illusions of senses, phantasmsand hallucinations of every kind;he sees imaginary objects, suchas rats, mice, lice, dogs, cats, snakes, and hears and imagines the mostextraordinary and absurd delusions. In favorable cases, sleep ends thecrisis about the third or fourth day where death;occurs, the deUrium isactive until sudden suspension of breath ensues.Tkeatment.— Sleep is the cure for this disease, and opium and itspreparations are the sovereign remedies.Give one-third or one-half of agrain of morphia if this does not;produce sleep, give thirty drops oflaudanum every two hours tiU sleep is produced. A draught or two ofthe jiatient's accustomed drink may also be given, and large ôses ofopium may be dispensed with if cold appUcations are made to the head,and the use of a tepid bath, prolonged for a few houis. Lupulin'iis alsoa good remedy.Headache (Cephalalgia).This, in its widest acceptation, includes aU uneasy sensations of thehead. It may be confined to one spot, or embrace one side, as in hemi-be feltcrania;or it may be diffused, and of indefinite extent. It mayin the depths of the brain, or only in the scalp and cranium, and continuefor an instant, or last for days and weeks. It is usually paroxysmal,and the pain may be simple or very violent. It is a constant attendantto the different forms of inflammation of the brain. It is caused byvarious conditions; decayed teeth may cause it. When confined to oneside, the pain is of a lancinating character when due to a disordered;fctomach, it occurs in the forehead and temples ;when it occurs from acongestive state of the brain, it is of a dull, heavy, aching character ;when due to spinal irritation, there is a protracted pain in the top orback part of the head;and when it is accompanied by nausea and vomiting,^''it is called sick-Jwdddche.'"TivEATJfENT.— Immediate relief may frequently be obtained bythoroughly evacuating the stomach, and drinking hot tea or coffee,followed by adding ten drops of tincture of belladonna to a tumblerful ofwater, and taking one tea-spoonful every ten or fifteen minutes. A hotfoot-bath aud bathing the head in stimulating liniments also afford relief

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 307in some cases. If it is duo to a full habit, the diet must be regulated.In some bad cases cold applications to the head, leeches to the temples,and hot sinapisms to the spine may be required. Rubbing my " HerbalOmtment " on the forehead, temples, and nape of neck gives instant reUef.HYPOCnONDRIA.Among the causes of this distressing complaint are disappointment,misfortunes of a heavy character, care, masturbation, excessive mentallabor, undue anxiety, costiveness, neglect of cleanliness, indigestion,sedentary occupations, living in close and gloomy apartments, or wetand marshy localities, excessive indulgence in sexual pleasures, or anythingwhich tends to weaken and disturb the nervous system, or overstimulatethe brain. The mental symptoms are countless. The chief oneis a constant dread of some unexplainable evil; the patient fears that hiswife, if he has one, is unfaithful, or hates him, or that his business isgoing to ruin, and he will be reduced to beggary, or that his friendsdespise him, or that he will be charged with the commission of somemonstrous crime, or that he has all, or a majority of the worst physicaldiseases that surgeon or physician was ever summoned to treat. Theseare the lightest symptoms, and if not immediately attended to, will becomeaggravated, and go on increasing in violence and extent until thesufferer dies naturally from exhaustion and misery, gets hopelessly insane,or jDcrhaps commits suicide.The organs of sense are more or lessderanged, and external sensations are magnified and corrupted even asthose of the mind are. Thus, the eye appears to see all sorts of formswhich it do(s not see; the smell detects odors which do not exist; thetouch demonstrates to the brain objects with which it does not comein contact ;the taste is perverted and disordered to an extent whichseems, to an vminterested observer, impossible and the ears; conveyimaginary sounds of the most perplexing and terrific character. Thequeer fancies of the hypochondriac are often of such a character as toobliterate pity for the unhappy individual, and provoke both disgust andlaughter. Cases have been known where the victim imagined that hewas a teapot, or had glass legs which would break upon the lightestexertion, or was made of jelly, and could not move without dissolvinginto an undistinguishable mass of gelatinous matter, or was as large asan elephant, or as small as a pipe-stem or had horns ;growing from thehead, or a bottle attached to the end of the nose, or was covered withcreeping and venomous insects. Hypochondria is also productive offainting spells, cold surface of the body, an eye either glassy and unnaturallybrilliant, or without any lustre, palpitations, pains in thestomach, pale and livid countenance, and occasional paroxysms of fever.Treatment.— A cure may be effected by the employment of such medicinesas will restore tone to the stomach and nervous system, and also by

*308 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.removing, as far as is possible, all the causes which lead to the origui andlierpetuation of the malady. Where it is within the scope of the patient's,means he should be kept continually on the move (without fatigue), a constantchange of scene being one of the most desirable of self-acting remedies.All allusions to his real or fancied miseries should be avoided, or, iffound necessary, of the kindest and most consoling descriiition. It isalways the case that the hypochondriac will be the harshest, the mostsiispicious, and the most imgenerous in every way, towards his bestfriends. This is an uuf ailing type of the disease. The friends must bearthese annoyances patiently and self-denyingly. To lose one's temperwith such a sufferer is to commit a great crime ;out-of-door exercisenmst be as constant as is consistent with the weather and the patient'scircumstances. Leave the hj'pochoudriac alone as little as possible.Let hina eat and drink but moderately of nourishing but easUy-digestedfood, and above aU things keep him from the use of stimulating drinksand tobacco. Music has been found highly beneficial in these cases—anytliing is good, in fact, which affords lively amusement. A cold ortepid sponge bath should be taken morning and evening, and the mle of" early to bed and early to rise," should never be violated. The bowels— must always be kept open a good passage every twenty -four Ijoursbeing required— and where the patient is extremely weak, a good substantialtonic, such as " Restorative AssimUant," should be administeredthree times a day. When the patient has a fainting smell, and thinkshe is dying, give him motherwort tea, with spirits of camphor in it, ifno other assistance happens to be at hand. This is only general treatmentfor temporary benefit. To eradicate the disease thoroughlyit isnecessary to know all aboiit the individual case, and the chief causes ofits origin and development. Nature's remedies uiay then be apijliedwithout fear of failure.Neuralgia,— This disease affects one tissue only the nervous, and pain is the onlysymptom. The pain is of every degree of intensity. It may affectevery nerve, but is more commonly confined to the most important. Thetearing pain comes on suddenly and in paroxysms. It may be so agonizing as to cause a temporary loss of reason."WTien the fifth pair of nerves is affected it is called tic doulenreux ;and face ache when confined to the facial nerve and branches. It iscalled sciatica when the pain begins at the hip aud follows the covirse ofthe sciatic nerve. It may also occur in the female breasts, the womb,in the stomach and bowels, hands aud feet, etc.Treatment. — This is palliative and radical. The palliative treatmentconsists in the administration of aconite, hyoscyamus, ladios'-slipper, belladonna, opium, niorjjhine, lupulin, cicuta, etc. These can

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 309either be applied locally, or taken internally. Morphine and aconitinshould be injected subcutaneously, and immediate relief follows. Insciatica, blistering along the course of the nerve often cures. Ten grainseach of aconitin and extract of belladonna and one drachm of lard,form an excellent ointment for external application. The " Herbal Ointment" (page 469) arrests the pain almost instantly. The radical treatmentconsists in removing the cause. If due to malarial intiuence,quinine should be given. If associated with kidney disease, that organshould receive attention. The alteratives are serviceable in manycases-BiLiocs Colic.This is neuralgia of the mesenteric net-work of nerves, or ratherhyi)era3.sthesia of the i^lexus. By hyperoe.sthesia is meant excessivesensibility or iiassability. It is characterized by shaiii twisting pain extendingfrom the navel to the lower portion of the abdomen. It occursin paroxysms, and is of

310 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.WnoopiNG Cough (Pertussis).This is a hyperjesthesia of the pneumo-gastric nerve, and not dueto inflammation, as may be supposed. It is a contagious disease. Itconsists of a convulsive cough, attended by hissing and rattUng m thewdndpipe, and ineffectual efforts to expel the breath. This is repeateduntil a quantity of thick, tenacious mucus is expectorated, when thebreathing again becomes free. The paroxysms apparently threatensuffocation, and the agitation affects the whole body. Blood is sometimesstarted from the nostrils, but, notmthstanding the violence of thesymptoms, it is rarely ever dangerous.Treatmicnt.— An emetic may be given at first.Liniments of oliveoil or the " Herbal Ointment" should be applied to the spine. The antispasmodicsare or course indicated, such as belladonna, a decoction ofbitter almond, or of cherry seed, etc. Lobelia is a good remedy, as isalso skunk cabbage ; daily vapor inhalations are also serviceable cochi-;neal has a good reputation ;it should be used with stillingia.^VSpasm of the Glottis. -vThis is also called the crowing disease orfalê croup. It is comnjon tochildren, and rarely occurs iu adults. It is a spasmodic disease, anddistinguishable from croup by the absence of fever. The child is suddenlytaken with an impossibility of taking breath, and strugglesconvulsively for a time, its head thrown back, face pale, legs and armsstiff, and when it begins to breathe it is of a crowingTreatment.— character.In the paroxysm set the child in an upright position,exposed to a fuU draught of cool and fresh air, and sprinkle cold waterin its face. Loosen all its clothes around Ihe neck, slap it shghtly onthe back, and apply friction along the spine.If not successful, place itin a warm bath, and then sprinkle cold water in its face. If due toteething, use the proper remedies, and give some gentle physic.Epilepsy.This is characterized by the sudden loss of consciousness and .sensibility,accompanied with spasms and convulsions. It comes on suddenly,and epileptics, by the sudden attacks, are at all times in danger.Thoy may be taken while descending a flight of stairs, whUe traversingthe bank of a i)recipice, while crossing a street crowded with vehiclesdrawn at full speed, or while in a throng of people whose feet wouldtrample them to death, especially in case of an alarm of fire, a great publicmeeting or pageant, or other sudden danger. But all those afllicted iathis terrible way are actually aUve to the dangers of which they are theconstant expectants. Epilepsy, m its severer forms, is a terrible diseaseto witness. It is productive of great distress and misery, and liable to

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 311terminate in worse than death, as it is apt, in many cases, to end in fatuityor insanity, and so carrying perpetual anxiety and dismay into allof those families which it has once visited.The leading- symptoms of Epilepsy are, a temporary suspension of consciousness,with clonic spasms, recurring at intervals ;but so various areits forms, and so numerous its modifications, that no general descrijitionof the disease can be given. I will first describe the most ordinary typeof the disease, and then note some of the several variations which occurfrom the standard type.A man in the apparent enjoyment of perfect health suddenly utters aloud cry, and falls instantly to the ground, senseless and convulsed. Hestrains and struggles violently. His breathing is embarrassed and suspended;his face is turgid and livid;he foams at the mouth;a chokingsound is heard in his wind-pipe, and he appears to be at the point ofdeath from apnosa, or suspension of breath. By degrees, however,these alarming phenomena diminish, and finally cease, leaving thepatient exhausted, heavy, stupid, comatose, or in a death -like condition.His life, however, is no longer threatened, and soon, to all appearances,he is perfectly well. The same train of morbid phenomena recur, againand again, at different, and mostly at irregular intervals, perhapsthrough a long course of years, notwithstanding the best medical sciencehas been exercised to prevent and cure the distressing malady. This isthe most ordinary form of Epileijsy.The suddenness of the attack is remarkable : in an instant, wheu it isleast exjiected by himself, or by those around him, in the middk, of asentence or of a gesture, the change takes place, and the unfortunatesufferer is stretched foaming, struggling, and insensible on the earth.In this country, Epilepsy is commonly called the ^'' FalUng Sk^nens""or more vaguely, Fits.'" The cry, which is frequently, but not alwaysuttered, is a piercing and terrifying scream. Women have often beenthrown into hysterics upon hearing it,and frequently it has caused pregnantfemales to miscarry. Even the lower animals are often startled,and appalled by a scream so harsh and unnatural, and parrots and otherbirds have been known to drop from their perch, apparently frightenedto death by the appalling sound.In most of the cases of fits,which have come under my notice andtreatment, the first effect of the spasms has been a twisting of the neck,the chin being raised and brought round by a successionof jerks towardsthe shoulder, while one side of the body is usually more strongly agitatedthan the other. The features are greatly distorted, the browsknit, the eyes sometimes quiver and roll about, sometimes are fixed -andstaring, and sometimes are turned up beneath the lids, so that the corneacannot be seen, but leaving visible the white sclerotica alone;at theBame time the mouth is twisted awry, the tongue thrust between the

312 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.teeth, and, caught by the violent closure of the jaws, is often severelybitten, reddening by blood the foam which issues from the mouth. Thehands are firmly clenched and the thumbs bent inwards on the palms,the anus are generally thrown about, striking the chest of the patientwith great force. Sometimes he will bruise himself against surroundingobjects, or inflict hard Icnocks on the friends and neighbors who havehastened to his assistance. It frequently happens that the urine andexcrements are expelled during the violence of the spasms, and seiuinalemissions sometimes take place. The spasmodic contraction of themuscles is occasionally so jiowerful as to dislocate the bones to whichthey are attached. The teeth have thus been fractured, and the jointsof the jaw and of the shoulder put out or dislocated.This is the most severe, yet the most common form in which an epilejiticattack occurs. Fortunately, there is a large class of cases in whichthe symptoms are milder. Sometimes there is no convulsion at all, or, atleast, is very slight and transient;no turgescence of the face ;no foamingof the mouth no; cry ;but a sudden suspension of consciou.suess, ashort period of insensibility, a fixed gaze, a totter, perhaps, â look ofconfusion, but the patient does not fall. This is but momentary."* Presentlyconsciousness returns, and the patient resumes the action inwhich he had been previously engaged, Arithout always being aware thatit has been interrupted.Between these two extremes of epilepsy there are many links orgrades. Sometimes the sufferer sinks or slides down quietly withoutnoise is ; pale is not convulsed; ;but is insensible, much like one in astate of syncope, or fainting.As it is impossible to give any single description of epilepsy which willinclude all its varieties, of course it is still more difficult to offer a strictdefinition of the disease. We can only say it is a malady that causes asudden loss of sensation and consciousness, with spasmodic contractionof the voluntary muscles, quickly passing into violent convulsive distortions,attended and followed by stupor or sleep, recurring in paroxysms,often more or less regular. Yet all these circiimstances may in turn bewanting. There may be no convulsion, no interruption of consciousness,no subsequent coma or stupor, or even a recurrence of theattack.The duration of the attacks is variable. They seldom continue longerthan half an ho\ir the ; average duration may be said to be from five toten minutes. Attacks that spread over three or four hours generallyconsist of a succession of paroxysms, with indistinct intervals of comatoseexhaustion. In the long-continued fits, or in the protracted successionof fits, the patient often dies.The periods at which the paroxysms return are extremely variable.Most commonly they visit the sufferer at irregular periods of a few

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 313months or weeka ;sometimes are repeated at intervals of a few days ;sometimes every day or eveiy night, and very frequently inany timesin the twenty -four hours.The epileptic attack may come on for the first time at any age. It maybegin in infancy during the first dentition, or teething more; commonlyabout the age of seven or eight years, during the time of the seconddentition;more frequently still,from fourteen to sixteen, shortly beforethe age of puberty. It is apt to occur for a few years subsequently tothis. The first fit may not occur till between thirty and forty ;or it mayoccur at sixty, or even at a later period of life.Treatment.— There is perhaps no disease where a greater diversityof medical treatment has been instituted than in Epilepsy. The wholepharmacopoeia has been exhausted, and each remedy extolled for itsvirtues. One medical man says he cures the disease by trephining ;another thinks the oil of turpentine the best remedy still another recommendsthe vapor of chloroform. This doctor applies ice, the other cau-;terizes the back with a hot iron, and yet another speaks highly of acompound of camphor, valerian, assafoetida, naphtha, and oil of cajeput.Unless rational treatment is employed, the disease cannot be cured.If occurring in infants, it should be ascertained if it is not due to teethingor worms, and the proper treatment instituted, if so caused. Ifconnected with derangement of the catamenia, masturbation, or spermatorrhoea,the treatment for these complaints is necessary. The antispasmodicsare indicated in every case, the best of which is blue vervian,although valerian, belladonna, scullcap, etc., are also good. The generalcondition of the system should receive strict attention.On page 469 I have given a remedy which will prove in eight casesout of ten a simple and certain cure. I make no secret of its composition.I have sent the prescription to many thousands gratuitously.A fair trial will convince every one that it is one of the most potentremedies ever discovered for the cure of epUepsy, falling sickness, orfits. When this medicine is taken, the spasms gradually grow lighterand lighter, and finally disappear altogether, restoring the patient to themost perfect normal health. Its effect is truly wonderful. The timeto accomplish a cure is usually from two to three months.Hysterics.This is a nervous condition confined to females, though well markedcases of hysteria are occasionally met with in males. The invasion ofthe disease is sudden and irregular, but in many cases decidedly periodical.The priuci])al characteristics consist in alternate fits of weeping andlaughing, with a sensation as if a ball was rolling towards the stomach,chest, and neck, producing a sense of strangulation. Consciousness islost in violent cases, but it remains clear as a general thing, which dia-14

314 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.tinguishes it from (ipilepsy. It is dependent upon irregularity of nervousdistribution in very impressible persons.Treatment.-— During the paroxysms, the feet should be placed inwarm water, and a hot mustard plaster applied to the lower part of theabdomen. A decoction of equal parts of ladies' -slipper and scullcapshould be given until the spasm subsides. A tea made of ginger andbayberry, the tincture of castor, and assafoetida, are also good. Thestate of the womb should receive attention, and if dependent upon indigestionand constipation, tonics and laxatives are the proper remedies.I have never met with the annoyance or difficulty in the treatment ofthis disease that so many practitioners speak of, but regard the diseaseas easy of cure.Catalepsy,This is an affliction of rare occurrence, and appears to be constitutional,or dependent upon some derangement of the nervous and muscularsystem which baffles inquiry. The sufferer is suddenly, seized byit, and, although powerless to move, or speak, and to all appearancedead, is partially sensible of all that is going on around. In some cases,however, the senses are suspended. The body and limbs are not generallyrigid, but will remain in the positions in which the bystandersmay place them. Many years ago, when the light of science was notso bright, or shed so extensively as it is now, men and women were buriedalive while cataleptic. The catalepsy, or trance, often lasts for weeks,of no nourishment whatever.the sufferer, in the meantime, pai'taking" Absence of mind " is a slight form of catalepsy.Treatment. —During the paroxysms the head should be showeredâth cold water, followed by hot foot-baths and stimulating liniments,with friction to the abdomen and spine. Some aromatic stimulant, aspeppermint sling or compound si)irits of lavender, should also be administered.For the toning of the nervous system and preventingrecurrence of the trance, the "Restorative Assimilant " answers allpvu'poses admirably.St.Vitus's D^vnce (Chorea).This is characterized by iiTegular contractions of the voluntary muscles,especially of the face and limbs, there being incomplete subserviencyof these muscles to the will. It is a disease which usually occurs beforepuberty, and is generally connected with torpor of the system and of thedigestive organs in particular. The spasms do not continue during sleep,and often, by a strong effort of the will, they can in a measure be controlled.Its duration is long, but usually devoid of danger, unless itmerges into organic disease of the nervous centres, or of the heart, orinto epilepsy.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 315Treatment.— The general system should be strengthened, and theintestinal canal stimulated. Purgatives once or twice a week, with appropriateregimen, will fulfil these. A mild purgative, like the '' RenovatingPill," should be used. The decoction of scuUcap and ladies'-It is cured in a short time by my " Restora-slipper is very beneficial.tive Assimilant."Locked-Jaw (Tetanus).This is a disease of the true spinal system, and is manifested by spasmand rigidity of the voluntary muscles. When the muscles of the neckand face are affected, it is termed Trismus^ or locked-jaw ;when themuscles in fi'ont, Emprosthotoiios: when the muscles of the back, Opis-Vwtonos ; and when bending to either side, Pleurosthotonos.Tetanus may be either acute or chronic ;the former is the most frequentand most formidable;the latter, apt to be partial, milder, andmore subject to treatment.It is called traumatic when it follows a wound or injury, and idiapathiawhen of spontaneous origin.Acute traumatic tetanus is more common in hot climates, and in militarypractice, and may follow a slight bruise or puncture, especially ifBome nerve has been injured. The symptoms may appear in a few hours,or in many days; at first, there is a stiffness and soreness about theneck and face, the contraction of the muscles causing a ghastly smile ;chewing and swallowing are difficult, the forehead is wrinkled, eyeballsare distorted, nostrils dilated, and the grinnmg countenance is expressiveof horror. Respiration is rapid, the tongue protrudes, and thesaliva dribbles. The mind is clear until just before death, which generallytakes place in a few days.Treatment.— The indications are to remove aU sources of irritationand diminish the spasm. The wound is to be cleansed from all foreignand warmbodies, pus to be discharged by a free incision, if necessary,anodyne poultices and fomentations are to be applied. Excision of thewound, or division of the nerve leading to it, may be done by the surgeon.Nutrition and opium are indispensable the latter; may be usedeither externally or internally. A lobelia emetic, if it can be administered,should be given, and a brisk purgative should be given. Tobacco,either by the mouth, or in enema, is an excellent relaxant. Camphor,assafcetida, etc., may also be used as antispasmodics. Cannabis indicainternally, and ice to the spine, have been used advantageously in somecases. If, in opinion of the attending physician, it is necessary, chloroformor ether may be used as an anaesthetic.Paralysis (Palsy).The most characteristic symptom of cerebral hemorrhage is paralysis.

316 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Very slight effusion produces this efEect, and, in general, its intensity isin direct ratio of the extent of the effusion. It also arises from diseaseof the brain or its membranes, injuries of the brain and spinal cord,diseases of the cord or its membranes, or any injury of the large nervousnetworks, the action of lead, etc. The nerves of motion as well as thoseof sensation may be paralyzed, and when it exists on one side of the bodyit is called ?iemij)legia,and when confined to the lower limbs, paraplegia.When the muscles of the mouth or of an extremity are affected, it iscalleU partial paralj'sis,and when both sides, whether in their extent orin some of their parts, are deprived of motion, it is termed generalparalysis.At the very moment of the effusion it acquires all at once its highestdegree of intensity, then remains stationary or begins to diminish.Sometimes the paralyzed part has not pre%aously experienced anydisturbance with respect to either sensation or motion; sometimes,however, the patient has experienced in these parts pricking sensations,numbness, permanent or transient, an unusual feeling of cojd, a senseof weight, and a certain degree of debUity. The part paralyzed suggeststhe locality of the effusion or injury, but these are only of mterest tp thepathologist. When the affected muscles degenerate or atrophy,ît iscalled wasting palsij, and when characterized by slow progress, andtremvdousness increases to such extent that the agitation prevents sleep,all locomotion, difficulty of chewing and swallowing, etc., it is calledparalysis agitans.Treatment.— If dependent upon cerebral hemorrhage, the treatmentof apoplexy should be instituted, and afterwards the use of derivativessuch as purgatives, alteratives, diuretics, etc., and the use of local stimulants.The patient should be restricted in his diet, and all causes ofcerebral excitement, whether physical or moral, should be avoided.The bowels should be well acted upon, and the condition of the bladderattended to. When the organic disease is removed, and all symptomsof vascular excitement have subsided, recourse should be had to nuxvomica, or strychnine, tonics, and galvanism. In giving strychnine, thelowest dose should be given at first, and cautiously increased. IMacrotin,vilmmin, xanthoxylin, and rhusin are also good remedies. The localtreatment consists h\ stimulatmg liniments, blisters to the spine, etc.of their cases, as toThose who may desire my counsel and opinionnature and curablcness, will please write as directed on page 390.Hydrophobia.This is caiisfd by the bite of a mad dog or other hydrophobic animals.The human subjcx-t is not as liable to liydrophobia as the lower animals,and it is consoling to know that only about one-tenth of those bitten areattacked by hydrophobia.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 317The interval of the bite and appearance of the disease varies fromtwelve days to two months. The wound heals like any other bite, buton ajiproach of the disease the scar bogius to have sharp pains, and thepart feels cold, stiff, or numb. The patient feels a strange anxiety, isdei^ressed in spirit, has an occasional chill, disturbed sleep, and spasmodictwitches. The appetite is lost, and, as the disease progresses,thirst appears, and he attempts to drink; but, the moment the waterapproaches his mouth, a spasmodic shudder comes over him, he pushesit back with horror, and the awful fact of his condition is known to him,and pitiful expressions escape him. His throat becomes full of glaiu,viscid mucus, which he coutmually tries to clear away. He strives tobite his attendants, suifers great depression of spirits, and finally diesfrom exhaustion, or in a horrible spasm.Treatment.— The wound should be cut oiit, cups or suction appliedto or it, thoroughly cauterized, and the patient should be kejit quiet.Copious draughts of whiskey have been advised by some.The red chickweed or scarlet pimpernel is said to be an absolute remedy.Four ounces of this should be boiled in two quarts of water imtDreduced to one quart, and a wine-glassful taken twice a day. Thewound should also be bathed by the same. The common rose-beetle{cctonia amata), found so commonly on rose-bushes, is an effectual remedy.I desire in this connection to draw attention to a most absurd, ridiculoussuperstition which prevails ;that is, if a person be bitten by a dogwhich is in perfect health, but afterwards goes mad, the person also willbe affected, so they insist upon the dog being destroyed, for fear itshould go mad at any future period. Instead of this the dog should becarefully taken care of. Patients would then have the satisfaction ofknowing that there was nothing wrong with it,and their minds wouldbe at rest.DISEASES OF THE SKIN.Humid Tetter (Eczema).This consists in the appearance of minute shining vesicles, not largerthan the head of a small pin, on different portions of the body. Theyare usually clustered together, and surrounded by a red ring. Thefluid in the vesicles becomes opaque in a few days, and finally formslight, thin scales, which fall off. In most cases a fresh crop appears aasoon as the first crop is matured, in which case yellow crusts form overthe diseased patch, and chronic tetter exists for weeks or months. Thered eczema is the worst form of this disease.Treatment.— Low diat, coolmg diinks, gentle purgatives and warmbathe should be prescribed. The acetic tiuctui'e of blood-root shoidd bo

318 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.externally applied. It speedily cures aU cases,elm poultices, etc. ,are also useful.Celandine, tar, slippery-Tetter, Shingles (Herpes).Tetter is a transient non-contagious eruption, consistingof circumscribedred patches, upon each of which are situated clusters of vesicles,about the size of a pea. After a few days the vesicles break, pour out athin fluid, and form brown or yellow crusts, which fall off about thetenth day, leaving the surface red and irritable. The eruption is attendedwith heat, tingling, fever, and restlessness, especially at night.Ringworm is a curious form of tetter, the mflamed patches being ringlikein form.Treatment.— Light diet, and gentle laxatives. If the patient is oldthe tonics should be given. The elder- flower ointment is an excellentexternal application. The acetic tincture of lobelia is also good. Nothingbetter, however, can be used than the " Herbal Ointment," mentionedon page 469.Itch (Scabies).^This annoying disease is caused by minute white insects, the ncarusscabci or sar&./ptis /Mi/iinis, which insinuate themselves beneath theskin. It is said that these insects travel in pairs, male and female, husbandand wife evidently, and that the female is very much the smaller.Under the microscoije the animal appears as in the cut, which gives aÎ^r-The Itch Insect.front, back and side view of it. The elegance of the animal is beyondquestion, smd his inodo of burrowing under the skin is sagacious. 'N^Tionplaced upon th(> skin he proceeds to make a hole througli it. which hedoes by hia head and iore-i'eet. Into tiiis he insinuates hia whole body.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 319Like the mole, he makes a channel many times his own length, at theend excavating a chamber, where he takes his siesta^ and from whencehe saunters forth in quest of provender. As age approaches, tired ofthe home of his youth, he digs onward, scoops out another, in which heends his days, beloved and respected by all his neighbors.Itch is characterized by a vesicular eruption, and makes its appearancebetween the fingers and in other soft portions of the skin. If thepimples are scratched a watery fluid is jioured out which forms smallscabs, and if thQ disease is not cured, extensive sores occur. It is morecommon among the poor, but James I. of England said that it was onlyfitted for kings, so excellent is the enjoyment of scratching. It may bea royal luxury, but I am quite sure that persons having the itch wouldconsent for it to be entirely monopoUzed by kings. A similar diseaseis caused by the aoarus sacchan^ an insect very common in brownsugar.Treatment.—Whatever kills the little animal will cure the itch. This\si best achieved hj sulphur. It should be made into an ointment withlard, and thoroughly rubbed into the skin before the fire, morning andevening for a few days. This will put an end to the ' ' squatter sovereignty'' of whole colonies. An ointment made from veratrum also doeswell. Another method is equally if not more efiicacious. Eub the entiresurface of the body over with soft soap— for half an hour then awarm bath for half an hour, washing it thoroughly off, and exciting theskin to active circulation. Then an ointment, preiâred as follows,should be rubbed over the entire surface : Take eight ounces of lardand into it thoroughly rub two ounces of flour of sulphur, and one ounceof carbonate of potash, making an even and uniform mixture, and it iaready for use. This, after it has remained on the skin for three hours,may be well washed off,and the disease is entirely annihilated. In persJonsof tender skin, or where considerable inflammation has been setup by continued scratching, it may be necessary to anoint with hardsoap instead of soft, for it does not contain as much alkali, and leaveout the carbonate of potash— in the ointment for reason of its being toostimulating. In these instances, it will take longer to cure the disease,but it is just as certain in its results. This mode of treating this diseaseis an entirely successful one— and no one need' 'to scratch " ifthese simple directions be attended to.Watery Blebs (PEMPnrous).This is characterized by loss of appetite, febrile symptoms, at first, followedby a bright red eruption of a smarting or burning sensation. Inthe centre of this eruption, minute vesicles appear, which gradually enlargein blisters in the shape of bubbles and contain a wateiy fluid. Theyvary in size from a split pea to that of a hen's egg, and rise very rapidly.

320 TUE COMPLETE IIEriDALIST.and break in a few days, leaving a raw surface, -wliicli soon becoineacovered with a crust.Treatjient.— The siu-face of the body should be bathed, and thebowels opened by a gentle purge. The inilamed surface should be coveredby a slippery-elm poultice, and be kept moist with tincture oflobelia. When the constitution is feeble, quinine, alnuin, etc., shouldbe given. The diet should receive especial attention, and out-door exerciseenjoyed.RUPIA.This is a small blister, or vesicle, about the size of a chestnut, whichat first contains a darkish fluid, which dries into a crust, falls off, andleaves an indolent ulcer. It is always connected with a vitiated constitution,and is dependent frequently upon imperfect diet, althoughchronic disease, such as syphilis, jihthisis, dyspeiJsia, and poisonousmineral medicines, not uufrequently produce it.Treatment. — The digestive organs should be corrected, and theblood nourished and enriched by wholesome diet and tonics. The localapplications should consist of emollient poultices, and kept constantlymoist with the tincture of hydrastin, baptisin, or myrrh. A poulticeof equal parts of baybeny, white pond -lily and slippery-elm is very beneficial.The cause, however, is always to be ascertained before the treatmentis interposed.Crusted Tetter (Impetigo).The eruption in this disease consists, at first, in slightly elevated pustulesor pimples, closely collected together, with an inflamed edge.These break, and the surface becomes red, excoriated, shining, and fuUof pores, through which a thin, unhealthy fluid is poured out, whichgradually hardens into dark, yellowish-green scabs. These scabs sometimeslook like honey dried upon the skin, and hence the name of"honey disease." It is very common on the ears and lips of chUdreu.It is also called the milk crusty when it covers the whole face.Treatment.— Give a purgative, and let the patient take a hot bath.As a local application equal parts of blood-root and white pond-lUy, sayone ounce, and cider vinegar, six ounces, mix, and let stand twenty -fourhours, and apply as a wash with a sponge four or five times a day. Theoxide of zinc ointment is also good, but the best and speediest cure iathe " Herbal Ointment," described on page 469.Papulous Scale (EcTnrMA).This consists of mattery pimples developed on a highly inflamedekin, appearing chiefly on the extremities and rarely met with in chfldrenin the acute form. It is either acute or chronic. The eruption i»

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.32 Jthe acute foim is preceded by a slight fever, and in about thirty-sixhours red spots appear ou the skin, accompanied by heat and tingling.On the second day, the centres of these spots are raised by the pus contained,to which the name of pMyzacious pufitule is given. This stageis accompanied by much pain. Maturation occurs from the fourth tcthe sixth day, and the disease usually terminates in two weeks. Thechronic form is more common, and afilicts young children oftener thanadults.Treatment.— For the acute form, low diet, gentle laxatives, andthe application of oxide of zinc ointment. The pustulated surfaceshould also be covered with slippery-elm poultices, and kept constantlymoist with tincture of lobelia. lu the chronic form, in addition to theabove, the tonics should be given, and the blood should be enriched byproper medication and nutritious diet.Leprosy.The erviption in this disease makes its appearance as a small red spot,elevated a little above the general skin, usually occurring first on thelimbs. The scales occurring on these patches occur in layers, one abovethe other, and have a bright silvery lustre. This is the lepra alphoides.The Hebrew leprosy was a variety of this form. What was known asthe Leuce was generally not scaly, but consisted of smooth, shiningpatches, on which the hair turned white and silky, and was totally incurable.When leprosy is of dark livid color, it is called k"pm nigricansând when copper-colored, it is due to syphilis, and is termed lepra sypliilitica.The leprosy of the Arabs is what is known as Elephantiasis^ andthe Greek leprosy includes the varieties met with at the present day.Leprosy is endemic in Egypt, in Java, and certain parts of Norway andSweden.Treatment.— The means best adapted for its removal, are, amild, uniiTitatingdiet, emollient fomentations, sulphureous baths, fumigations,etc. ,but often all treatment is ineffectual. A warm solution of the ses-is effectual in some cases. An ointment of glyce-quicarbonate of jôtashrine and hydrastin, and the acetic tincture of blood-root, are also serviceable,but as a topical remedy, nothing could be superior to my " HerbalOintment."Dry Tetter (Psoriasis).This differs from leprosy in the eruption being more in-egular.Thespots sometimes come out in thick clusters, and blend in various ways.The eruption is not circular as in leprosy, but consists of irregularpatches of every extent, and the surface is more tender and irritablethan in leprosy. There are many varieties of this disease. Tho

322 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST."Baker's Itch," "Grocer's Itch," and "WasLerwoman's Scall," are onlydifferent varieties of psoriasis.TiiEATMENT.— The acetic tinctui-e of blood-root or oxide of zinfointment, may be applied to the eruption, and the skin should be keptclean, and the pores open. The inflammations may be lessened byemollient and soothing applications. Sea bathing- is very good. Thegeneral health should be attended to in all cases, and the tonics given innecessary cases.Pityriasis.This name is from the Greek pityron^ signifying bran. It is characterizedby patches of yellowish, or reddish yellow color, covered withfine branny scales, accompanied by smarting, itching, and biu-ning. Itmay occur at any part of the body, under three or four varieties ofform.Treatment. — The treatment advised in psoriasis will answer in thisdiseaseLupus.This is the "Jacob's Ulcer" of common parlance, and from its^ rapacityit is named l/iipus^ which is the Latin name for wolf. It re alsocalled " noU me tangere," touch me not. It occurs in a variety of forms,generally upon the face. It commences by slight thickening and elevationof the skin, usually not larger than a wheat grain. A thin, hard,brownish scab appears on its surface. The disease extends, usuallyslowly, but sometimes very rapidly, and cases have occurred where thewhole nose has been destroyed in a month. It is very rapacious, destroyingeven the bones in its progress.Treatment.— When it first makes its appearance it should be thoroughlydestroyed with caustics, and healed by zinc ointment. At the' 'same time, the alteratives should be given. My Blood" Purifier (seepage 469) is excellent for this purpose. Early institution of treatmentwill only prevent destruction of tissue.Elephantiasis.This is characterized by the development of tumors upon the skin,varying in size from the head of a pea to that of an apple, or evenlarger. Eventually these tumors ulcerate, and discharge an unhealthypus, in some cases affecting the bone, aiid resulting in mortification anddeath. It is endemic m Lisbon. At first there is a discoloration of theskin of the face, the lobes of the car lengthen, and the wings of the nosespread out then the face becomes;tuberculous, the features are puffedout, the lii)s thicken, the whiskers, eyebrows, and eyelashes fall out.The tubercles ulcerate after some years, there is ozcena, the lingers and^,,^

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 323fcoes mortify, and the body exhales a most loathsome odor.This is theleprosy of the ancient Egyptians.Treatment.— The parts should be thoroughly bathed with a strongsolution of the sesquicarbonate of potash, and stiUingia and otheralteratives administered. Where the parts become swollen, paintingwith the tincture of iron, followed by astringent poultices, has beenfound very beneiicial. WTien confined to the extremities, amputationmay become necessary.ACNE.This is a email pimj^le or tubercle which appears on various parts ofthe face. The disease leads to no particular evil results, save that it isunpleasant, slightly painful, and disfiguring. It commonlyyoung and robust of both sexes, and generally indicates strong passions,and too great an indulgence in animal food, or neglect of ablutions andout-of-door exercise. It is sometimes, in its more severe forms, theafflicts theconsequence of solitary practices. The common form of the disease isan eruption of hard, distinct, inflamed tubercles which remain unchangedfor a long time, or else slowly advance to partial suppuration.They are to be seen on the forehead, cheeks, and chin, andsometimes on the nose. It is commonly known as the brandy face orrum blots.Treatment.— Attention to the general health becomes necessary.It is not well to drive them in by lotions, as they are then liable tobreak out in some internal oi'gan. Attention to diet, plenty of exercise,a pure imagination, and a clean body, together with open andregular bowels, wiU soon effect the disappearance of this troublesomeenemy of good looks.Warts and Corns.Warts consist of collections of hypertrophied cutaneous papiHae, orloops of veins, arteries and nerves. These loops, frequently, withoutany apparent cause, take on a disposition to grow, and by extendingthemselves upward, they carry the scarf-skin along with them, whichthickens, and the whole forms the wart.Corns consist in excrescences confined mostly to the toes and soles ofthe feet, resulting from wearing tight shoes. They occasionally formon the elbows and knees, or on the extremities of the fingers. Whenoccurring between the toes, they are called soft corns.Bunions consist of an enlargement, thickening, and inflammation ofthe mucous bursa at the side of the ball of the great toe. Occasionallythe bursa suppurates, and a fistulous oijening left after the pus hasevacuated.Treatment.— Corns may be ciu-ed by shaving them closely and

324 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.applying nitro-muriatic acid or chromic acid ointment. For soft cornsacetic acid is better. Warts should be clipped off with the scissors, andchromic acid applied, or any other cauterizing agent will answer. Thetincture of thuja is also excellent. Bunions are cured by bathing themfrequently in the oil of erigeron.Prtjritis.This is dependent upon an altered condition of the nerves of the skin,and consists in a painfid sensation of itching. There is no perceptiblealteration in the appearance of the skin, and the itching is generally theresult of sympathy, through the nerves, with some diseased condition ofa distant part. It more frequently affects the fundament, the scrotum,or the vulva of females.Treatment.— The following is usually aU the treatment that is re-:— quired Take oleo-resin of lobelia, grs. xx; aconitin, grs. iij sulphateof sanguinaria, grs. x; glycerine, 3ij. Mix. Apply the omtment;to the part three or four times a day. Lead-water and opium arealso beneficial.Macule, or Spots.This affection^ which is characterized by an increased hue of the pigmentof the skin, consists of freckles and moles. EpJielis lenticularis,or common freckles, appears in small yellowish, brownish, or greenishyellow,irrc^gular, rounded spots, caused particularly by the influenceof the sun's rays upon the parts. It occurs generally in females,owing to their fine skin. Ephdis hepaiiat, is observed in femalesduring pregnancy. Ephelis tiolacca is caused by the long use ofnitrate of silver. Moles are dark colored patches, usually coveredwith hair. NcBci or m.other''s vfiarks are called aneurisms by anastomosis,or an inter-connection and enlargement of the arterioles ofthe skin. Leucopathia^ or Alhlnmn, consists of a diminution of thecoloring matter of the skin. It is found in all races, but is most strikingin the black.Treatment.— Freckles may be removed by keeping out of the sun,and frequently washing the face in a solution of lactic acid. Freshbuttermilk answers the same purpose. The best remedy, however,is to be found in my "Floral Bloom." It quickly removes freckles,luoth patches, etc., and makes the skin clear and transparent. Molesand mother's marks belong to surgery, and may in many instances beremoved. Albinism is incurable.ScALLED Head (Tinea Favosa).This is i-aused by an insect by the name of nclmrmi Schihdeinii. Theeruption tidies the shape of large flattened pustules, which have an

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 325irregular edge, and are surrounded by inflammation. Sometimes theyappear first behind the ears, and at other times upon the face, spreadingthence to the scalp. The face is usually involved to some extentwherever the eruption may originally show itself. Scalled head iamostly confined among children. In the outset of the disease the pustuleson the scalp are generally ;— distinct on the face they rise iniiregular clusters. They are attended by much itching, and the effortsto relieve this torment hasten their breaking. When broken theydischarge a viscid matter and run together, gradually forming sores of avicious character. These sores are covered by yellowish-greenish scabswhich present a revolting appearance.Treatment. — The hair should be shaved close to the scalp, and thehead thoroughly washed with soap and water, after which the zinc ointmentshould be applied in the morning and the tar ointment in the evening.Alteratives should also be given. This course, if persisted in, willremove the disease.Tinea Sycosis.This is commonly known as "Barber's Itch," and is confined to theface, especially to that portion covered by the beard. It is characterizedby inflammation of the hair follicles, causiug an eruption of smallpustules forming incrustations eventually. It may be consoling to thosewho suffer with it to know that it is caused by a parasite with the humblename of microaporon mentagrapliytes.Treatment.— Shave the beard, and paint the part with a strong tinctureof iodine for a few days. Follow this with a poultice, composed ofequal parts of lobelia, blood-root, myrrh, and slippery-elm. Depilation,or pulling out the beard, may be necessary in some cases to effect thecure.Baldness (Alopecia).This may be partial or general, temporary or permanent, and occur atany period of life. Senile baldness usually takes jilace gradually, thehair first becoming thin on the crown, or on the temples and forehead.It is owing generally to the general loss of the nutritive functions of thehair, and of the follicular apparatus. Loss of color of the hair (canities)may depend upon advanced age, disease, or deep mental emotion. Itusually occurs gradually, after the age of forty. Cases are recorded inwhich the loss of color was complete in eight days, while in others thehair was almost completely blanched in a single night.Treatment.— If the hair follicles are not destroyed, baldness maybecured. The tincture of cantharides, lac sulphur, shamiaooing, etc., areeach to be recommended. Tonics and strict cleanliness also promotesthe growth of the hair. In my " Woodland Balm " (page 469) the bald

326 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.or gray will find a remedy which has no superior for restoring the hairto a healthy growth and natural color.Entozoa.These grow in the body without forming attachments to its structures,have an independent life of their own, and possess the power of reproductionand generation. Several species infest the human body, someappearing always in the same organ and some in a particular tissue, andappearing oftenest where that tissue is plentiful. Scarcely any portionof the body is exempt from such growths. Their origin is a subject fortwo suppositions— that of generative reproduction, and of accidental orspontaneous development of germs that take on modes of life and developmentcharacterizing them afterwards. The first supposition is morephilosophical, comports more with analogy, and is unquestionably thetrue theory. The interest attached to these growths, however, is theireffect upon the system and cause of disease. Their presence in the systemcauses morbid phenomena, disordered functional action, and loss ofhealth. The mischief they do in the system depends upon their number,size, rapidity of growth, and species. When numerous or iarge theyimbibe so much nutriment as to rob the system of its necessary sustenance.Their habitation is generally a seat of irritation or inflamniition,and more particularly when their location is in a cavity, and when theypossess ijower of motion.PsychocUara.—IIi/datids.—These are organized beings, consisting of aglobe-like bag of albuminous matter the texture divided in;layers, andcontaming a limpid, colorless fluid richer in gelatin than albumen. Theylive by imbibition, have no sensibility or power of motion, and appearmore like a vegetable than an animal in their modes 'of life and reproduction.There are two kinds of hydatids, the acepJudocyst^ or cystwithout a head, and the ecJdiiococcus, which is not different from theother in form but in containing minute animals (vermiculi echinococci)within it. The former is common to the human body, and generated betweenlayers of membrane. The usual abode of hydatids is in the lungs,in the wombliver, ovaries, spleen, kidneys, etc. The hydatids occui-ringare often mistaken upon expulsion for products of conception, and theirpresence that organ often produces similar signs as in pregnancy.Sterelmintha.— These consist of solid porous texture, perforated bycanals or cavities, which serve the purposes of digestion. These animalsare hermaphrodite,i. e., having both sexual organs on one individual.The varieties of tapeworm belong to this class. So also the ci/sticcrcun,which occurs in the muscular structure and in the watery portion of theeye. The liver-fluke—(/*.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 327Ccelelmtntha.—This class has a higher organic development than thepreceding. It embraces several species of worms having hollow cylindricalbodies, distinct alimentary canals, with a mouth at one extremityand an anus at the other, a nervous system, and the sexual organson different animals. The common intestinal worms belong to thiscl;\ss;so also the trichina spiralis—causing the disease described belowwhich is an animal which exists within the minute, white, ovate cystsimbedded in the muscles. The guinea-worm (filaria mediiiensis), socommon to Africa and Asia, but unknown in this coimtry, is a hair-Ukeworm developed beneath the skm, especially in the scrotum and lowerextremities It can be withdrawn when a pustule ensues, by care andpatience, wrapping it around a stick until the end appears.The strongulus glgas is an animal that locates itself exclusively in thekidney, and sometimes attains an enormous size. Its body is round,but tapers toward both ends. It sometimes attains a length of threefeet, and a thickness of half an inch. It causes impairment of functions,waste of the renal structure, and sometimes inflammation, withpain and bloody urine. It is sometimes expelled through the waterpassages.Treatment.— The treatment of parasites is indicated by their charjicteror place of abode. If they exLst in the alimentary canal, suchremedies as are known to expel them should be employed. Anything iaa good remedy that is harmless to the system but destructive of life tothem. Various agents are poisonous, such as cherry-laurel water, camphor,oil of cubebs, oil of turpentine, copaiba, etc. but these must be,employed at proper seasons and in such quantities that they wiU notharm the general system.TRICniNIASIS.This is a disease caused by the trirjiina spiralis which infests variousanimals, especially swine. If the meat of the hog affected is eaten rawor insufficiently cooked, it is most likely to cause this dangerous disease.Thorough cooking destroys the parasites. The symptoms are extensivegastric disturbance, with nausea and a tendency to vomit associated;with rheumatic pains, stiffness of the muscles, irregular pulse, intermittentfever, which is violently aggravated in paroxysms, thirst, restlessness,nervous excitement, and utter wakefulness. The face generallyswells, great prostration ensues, and the patient generally dies in a paralyzedTreatment.— condition.In the early stage an active lobelia emetic should begiven, and followed by a full dose of castor oil or spirits of tuqientine.An alcoholic vapor bath should be taken, and sufficient veratrum tocontrol the fever. If sleeplessness prevails, opium should be given.The above treatment may be reiDeatcd if not at first successful.

328 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.THE PROPER CARE OF CHILDREN.The first requisite of an infant is plenty of pure and fresh air. Itshould be kept in open air as much as possible, and when in-doors inweU-ventilated rooms. When carried in the open air, their headsBhould not be enveloped in blankets, and when sleeping, their facesBhould not be covered with the bed-clothes. The infant needs andshould have aU the oxygen a pure air affords, which is so essential tdits proper growth.The Skin.— The skin of infants should be kept clean, to render themless liable to cutaneous diseases. The unctuous covering of a new-bomchild should be removed as soon as possible. This can readily be doneby smearing it with pure lard, and then washing with white Castilesoap and water. Do not use the brown Castile soap, as it containsoxides of iron, which are irritating substances. Infants should bewashed eveiy day with warm water, to be followed in course of timowith tepid water, then temperate, and finally, at an age of somemonths, with cold water. ~^Clothing.— The young child should be amply clothed, care beingtaken that they are sufficiently loose, to admit free motion in aU dsrections.Flannels should be placed next to the skin in winter, and cottonin summer.Food.— Proper regimen is of the utmost importance to the health ofthe young. Until the first teething, the proper and natural food is themother's milk. If the mother is unable to nurse her child, a wet-nurseshould be procured. If the mother's milk is insufficient, cow's milk,sufficiently diluted with water and sweetened with loaf sugar, shouldbe taken in addition. This should be taken from a sucking-bottle,which, when not in use, should be kept in water, to prevent becomingsour. A nursing woman should pay the greatest attention to herhealth also, and, for ob\'ious reasons, a scrofulous or consumptivemother should never suckle her offsiiriug ;she should also place a checkupon her passions, as violent passion, grief, envy, hatred, fear, jealousy,etc. ,tend to derange the character of the milk, and often superinducedisorder of the infant's stomach, and throw it into convulsions. Thediet of the mother should receive strict attention. Her drink shouldbe simply water, or weak black tea, and her food plain and wholesome.Pastry and the richer articles of food should not be eaten. She shouldtake daily moderate exercise to induce better assimilation of aliments.When her milk is scanty, a sufficiency can frequently be induced byplacing a bread and milk poultice, over which a moderate quantity ofmustard is sprinkled, — on the breasts.Weaning. The child should be weaned after the appearance of its

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 329first teeth. Nature then designs it to have different food. Spring andfall are the proper seasons for weaning no child should be taken from;the breast in the midst of summer. The weaning should be a gradualprocess, and the food to be given should be of the character of milk.Bread and milk, boiled rice and milk, soda-crackers and milk, soft boiledeggs, roasted potatoes and milk, preparations of sago, arrowroot,tapioca, oatmeal gruel, rice pudding, and similar substances are allindicated. My nutritive fluids, given on page 205, can also be givenwith good service. From these, in course of time, more solid articlesof food can be given them. Sugar in moderate quantities is wholesome.Excessive eating should not be suffered. Water is the bestpreventive of many species of illness to which infants are liable. Childrenare very liable to disease, necessitating great precaution in adrink.Sleep.— A child should always sleep in a loose gown, to prevent restlessness.Nature should govern its sleep, and which should never be inducedby opiates. It should be allowed to sleep to a natural awakening, andshould not be aroused for any avoidable purpose. Its covering should bewarm but light, thus avoiding pressure upon its tender limbs ;the infantshould lie on its side, alternating at times from right to left, to preventdistortion of the spine. The body should be placed with the head to thenorth, and this rule applies to all, as the action of electric currents is tothe north, thus allowing greater repose to the brain. Strong sunlightor moonshine should be excluded from their sleeping apartments. WhatI have thus far written is not only preservative of good health, butvariety of matters, the most important of which are the foregoing.WTien it is known that death destroys about one half of humanity beforethe age of five years, the physical life of ch'ldren is of the utmostimportance. While young, the moral, intellectual, and religious facultiesshould be shaped, as the child often indicates the man.The baby exhibits indisposition by cries, struggles, etc., and ifthese are carefully noted, every mother may know what ails thebaby.A baby suffering from stomach-ache sheds tears capimisly, and utterslong and loud cries. As stomach-ache is paroxysmal in character, so willits cries remit, and enjoy repose, to be followed by movements up anddo\vn of the legs and the peculiar cry.To ciy in inflammation of the organs of the chest is painful it there-;fore does not cry or shed tears, but utters a muttering cry, abruptlycompleted, and coughs after long breaths.In diseases of the brain, the child shrieks piercingly, followed bymoaning and wailing. In extensive congestion, there is quiet dozingand probably snoring.Loss of apiêtitc, fretfulness, restlessness, thirst, great heat of skin.

330 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.are all indications of disease, and require that solicitude and treatmentthat every fond mother should know how to bestow.Teething.Many children are lost from teething. The process of dentition oftenoccasions fits. Its symptoms are, swollen and inflamed gnms, fever,pain, and heat in the head, sore mouth, etc. Scarification of the gumsis often resorted to ;but if proper attention be paid to the case in itsinception, no such barbarous and injurious method of palliation needbe embraced. Bathing the head with dQuted spirits, and the feet withwarm mustard water; keeping the bowels free and regvilar by thesimplest of herbal laxatives ;and placing a plaster (composed of twothirdsflour mustard, one-third flour, and sufficient vinegar to producethe requisite moisture) between the shoulders, will generally obviate alldanger and mitigate the pain and suffering. When the speckled soremouth incidental to teething makes its apjiearance, treat the child asabove, but wash the mouth with a mild solution of borax, and use fordiet (if the child be weaned) gum-arabic water, and barley or ricewater. If the stomach is acid, and the bowels are griping, admpistermild doses of magnesia. Warm baths are always beneficial to childrenwho are teething but; great care should be taken that the littlai onesdo not catch cold after the baths.The teeth should appear about the sixth month, though it is oftenlater. The two incisors of the lower jaw are generally the first, andthen those of the upper jaw follow. Between the twelfth and sixteenthmonths the grinders come, and next the eye teeth. The others soonfollow, so that by the age of two years, the child has its full set ofmilk teeth, twenty in number. There are instances of children beingbom with full sets of teeth, as is recorded of Richard III. and LouisXIV.GENERALDISEASES.Gout.This is duo to the presence of lithic or uric acid in the blood. Theattack usually makes its appearance in the night. The patient is firstawakened by an intensely burning and wrenching pain in the ball of thegi'cat toe, or some other small joint. This pain continues for abouttwenty-four hours, and is accompanied by fever. It then remits, andthe patient may get sleep, though for several successive days hefcufFcrs from the attacks. A similar visitation will likely result after aconsiderable interval. Recovery from the first attack may be complete—the skin peeling off from the red and swollen joint, and leaving it strong

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 331and stipple as ever ; but, after several repetitions of the attacks, the jointbecomes stifE, owing to the deposit of lithic acid concretions or chnlkatones. It is a disease entirely local in its character. It vitiates theblood, affects the general system, and the attack is generally precededby general symptoms, irritability of temper, unpleasant sensations in thestomach and head, and uncomfortable feelings of body and mind arepremonitory symptoms of this disorder. The pain is most excruciating.The stomach, heart, lungs, head, eyes, etc., may also be subject to goutyinflammation. It is caused by luxury and indolence, in the plurality ofcases.Treatment.-— During the paroxysm the anodynes should be givenand apphed subcutaneous; injection of morjAine is best. The constitutionaltreatment should be composed of chimaphilin and apocynin incombination ;colchicum is also a very good remedy ;chloroform linimentmay also be externally apphed. The patient's habits must be regulated,and his diet simplified, to prevent rectirrence of the disease.to thisThose who may desire consultation with the author, in regarddisease, are referred to page 390.letter, from those who may desire treatment, arecarefully and gratuitouslyattended to.Consultations, either in person or byEnEUMATISM.This very painful affection is most frequently brought on by exposureto wet and cold after violent and fatiguing exercise of the muscles. Theacute form is characterized by high fever, with a full bounding pulse,furred tongue, and a profuse sweat which has a sour smell. The urineis scanty and high colored;the joints swell and are slightly red and verytender. The pain is agonizing when the patient attempts to move. Ifthe affection changes from one part to another it is called metastaticând is very dangerous, as it may suddenly seize the lining membrane ofthe heart, and prove fatal.The chronic form may follow the acute form, but is more often an independentdisease. It differs from the acute form in the absence offever. The fingers and limbs may frequently be rendered useless byrheumatism, by the great distortion ensuing. It is due to the presenceof lactic acid in the blood.Treatment.— The bowels should be evacuated by a purgative, andthe tinctures of black cohosh and veratrum given until free perspirationis produced. The tincture of black cohosh, two parts, and tincture ofcolchicum, one part, in doses of from twenty to forty drops, is also a veryvaluable remedy. For articular rheumatism the alteratives should begiven. My " Blood Purifier" is a sure and efficient cure, and the pain isalmost instantly relieved by the ai^plicatiou of the " Herbal Ointment"(see page 469).

332 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Electricity may be resorted to in the chronic form. The treatmentdoes not materially diifer from that advised in the acute.romentation& of hops and cicuta, or stramonium leaves, placed uponthe inflamed and swollen joints, will materially relieve the pain.Rheumatism in the chronic form is often a very difficult disease tocure;but if i)roperly treated, by purely chemical medication, the acidcondition of the blood will be negatived, and the patient relieved of hiapainful malady. Of the thousands of cases that have been under mycare, I do not recall one failure.Hip Disease (Morbus Coxarius).This is a disease of the hip-joint, and common to scrofulous children.At first there is slight pain, commonly felt in the knee, lameness, andstumbling in walking, tenderness in the gi'oin, and pain is produced bypressing the head of the bone suddenly against the socket. The limb islonger than the other, which is owing to a depression of the pelvis onthe diseased side, the weight of the body being supported on the oppo-Bite limb. If the disease is not arrested, destniction of the head of thebone and socket results, and the thigh-bone is drawn up, constituting aspontaneous dislocation. Often an abscess forms and opens exteriâlly.The toes may be turned inward or outward. *This disease may be positively ascertained in the following way :—Remove the clothing of the patient and place him on any flat surface, asa bench, or table if he is;placed so that the sjiine ever}'where touchesthe table, the patient's knee on the affected side will be drawn up, theweight of the leg resting on the heel. If now his knee will be presseddown, the spine will be bent inwards, so that it no longer touches thetable. This is an unerring diagno.sis.Treatment.— At the commencement of the disease a large irritatingplaster should be placed over the entire hip, and caused to remain untila thorough counter-irritation is effected, and a discharge ensues. Perfectrest is necessary, and the limb should be confined in a carved splint.Iodine may also be externally applied, and the general health improvedby tonics, alteratives, and nutritious food. Counter-extension as advisedin cases of fracture is advisable in all cases. A competent surgeon shoulddirect the treatment.WniTE Swelling (Hydrarthrus).This disease occurs most frequently about the midflle period of life,but is, however, very often seen in children. It will never appear beforethe age of jmberty without a deviation from health, but not always sowhen it makes its appearance in after-life. It is a disease of the kneejointcharacterized by swelling and white color, owing to the tension ofthe skin. It is of two varieties; both, however, destroy the synovial or

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 333articular membrane of the joint. One begins with a trifling stiffness,swelling, and in effect reduces the membrane to a pulpy, degen-slighterate mass. The swelling increases gradually, and when the part istouched, it reveals the presence of fluid. Finally the cartilages ulcerate,and the disease assumes such characters that amputation becomes absolutelynecessary. The other form begins with pain in the joint, whichis severe at one point, and attains its height in a week. It is characterizedby inflammation of the syno\aal membrane, and in a few days thejoint becomes swollen from a collection of water.Treatment.— At the commencement bathe the parts with thefoUowing liniment :— oil of hemlock, 3 iv.;dissolve as much camphor in it asit will take up, and add twelve drops of croton oU, and three drachms oftincture of iodine. Bathe the limb thoroughly, after which apply hotcloths wrung from a strong infusion of arnica flowers and lobelia, andchange as often as they grow cool with each;change apply the liniment.This wUl arrest the disease if applied at the onset. The patient shoxildbe purged, and the compound syrup of chimaphila be administered tohim. If the disease is farther advanced, and openings exist, they shouldbe enlarged, and ointments and poultices applied, and the constitutionsupported by tonics and antiseptics. Splints and entire rest may benecessary in some cases, and when connected with a scrofulous diathesis,' 'my Blood Piuifier " should be taken internally, and the ' 'Herbal Ointment" applied externally. These will quickly eradicate the disease.Hectic Fever.Hectic fever is remittent, dependent uiôn local irritation, and rarely,if ever, idioiaathic. It is attended by great and increasing debility, aweak, quick pulse, hurried resiiiration on any exertion, and increasedheat of the skin. The febrile exacerbations are preceded by a sMghtchill, are slight at first, but soon become more evident, especially in theevening. The skin is at first dry, and the increased heat is more evidentin the hands and face. The fever terminates in a free, profuse perspiration.The bowels are at first costive, but soon become relaxed, and anexhausting diarrhoea comes on ;the urine is various, generally it is pale,and does not deposit ;while there is generally a pallor of the surface,the cheeks present what is aptly termed the "' hectic blush. " As thedisease advances, the whole frame becomes emaciated, the eyes sink intheir orbits, but are brilliant and expressive ;the ankles and legs sometimesswell, and the sleep is feverish and distui-bed. Finally the debUitybecomes so great that the patient expires while making some slightexertion.Hectic fever accompanies nearly all forms of disease connected withgreat debility, especiaUy scrofula and consumption. It may also be metwith in surgical practice in disease or injury of the joints.

334 THE COMPLETK HERBALIST,Treatment.— This depends much upon the causfc or causes whichgive rise to it. If the digestive mucous membrane is diseased, thetreatment consists in strict attention to diet, and in the administrationof tonics, diaphoretics, and diuretics.The antiseptics should be given.Strychnine in doses of one-eighth of a grain is decidedly the best agentfor this purpose. Cherry-laurel water should also be given. The feveris controlled, like other fevers, with veratrum. If associated with con-Bumption, the " Acacian Balsam " (page 469) will cure it. Stimulants arevery serviceable to counteract the debility. Generous diet and cleanlinessare not to be neglected.Curvature op the Spine.Curvature of the spine is due to caries or destruction of the bodiesof the vextebrte. There are several varieties of curvature ;what is knownas lateral curvature consists in the distortion of the spinal column eitherto the one side or the other. In this case there may be no caries of thespine. It consists in depression of one shoulder, the body being thrownout of its axis, by the curvature. This affection is caused t(y occupationswhich keep the body in a laterally distorted position, and ta^ oneBide of the body more than the other. It is prodiiced in childrea whostudy their lessons at school, with one elbow resting on a high desk,etc. In PoWs Curvature of the Spine^ the angular curvature is producedby caries of the vertebrae, or ulceration of the substance between thevertebrae, followed by more or less loss of power over the lower extremity.In examining the spine, one or more of the spinous processesis found to project beyond the others. Ilump-backs are usually causedby curvatures of the spine, but they may also be caused by projection ofthe sternum, or deviation of the ribs.Treatment.— If associated with scrofula, the treatment for that diseaseshould be instituted. In lateral distortion, calisthenic exercisesshould be engaged. In Pott's disease extensive counter-irritation shouldbe made over the diseased part, and vigorous tonics given.The treatment, however, best adapted to obviate all curvatures of thespine, is purely mechanical, and consists of braces, supporters, etc.Nothing else will achieve any satisfactory results. By mechanical appliancesthe spine is rendered straight, and comiêlled to maintain thatposition until a cure is effected. These mechanical appliances shouldbe applied early, and be accurately adjusted and well fitted.I am constantly applying such appliances in my office, and the resultsare excellent in nearly all cases. Those who cannot avail themselves ofa personal consultation, may send age of patient, nature of curvature,height, and measure around the waist, and a suitable appliance will beBent.Preliminary correspondence free.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 385These embrace thoseImperfections of the Human Form.in life.only which are of slighter degree, and of idiopathicorigin. They are usually acquired more or less earlyNot unfrequently they result from bad management of the infant, havingits head always too highly bolstered up, and the chest compressedby tight clothing. The school-room, however,is the arena where thehuman form is robbed the most of its symmetry. It is gratifying toknow that greater attention is now paid to this evil, but still to a greatextent the seats and desks provided for the pupils are perfect outragesupon their physical natures. The seats are invariably too high and thedesks too low, obUging the piTpil, for five or six houi's, to sit with hishead down, his spine curved backwards, and his feet dangling in space.This uimatural position soon causes a loss of erect carriage, and inducesstooped shoulders, and incapacious chests. It is but rarely that we seepersons having an erect posture in standing or walking, and but fewhave that prominent chest, so necessary to the perfection and eleganceof the human form, and to the full breathing capacity for the lungs.The shoulders should be in the perfect form thrown backwards, and thebody erect, the only curve in the spine being the natural inward one inthe lumbar portion.Treatment.— Elegance and symmetry of form can only be gainedby proper gymnastic and calisthenic exercises. These should be of sucha character as to be best adapted to overcome the particular deformity.Lady's Shoulder Brace Applied.Gentleman's Shoulder Brace Applied,In aU cases suitable braces should be worn. These gently force backthe shoulders, thereby increasing the volume and capacity of the chest,

'336 THE COMI'LETE HERBALIST.and enable the wearer to maintain the erect posture without fatiguingeffort. In all pulmonary diseases, or where there exists an insufficientcapacity of the chest, these braces should be worn. In the male theytake the place of suspenders, and in the female they can be made toserve the purpose of sustaining the weight of the skirts. Nothing couldbe more conducive to health than these appliances ; they often preventthe onset of consumption in those predisposed hereditarilj to that disease.It is a well-known fact that the man or woman having an erectform and expanded chest is much less liable to disease, and at aU eventspossesses greater vigor of health. The reason of this is obvious.It is particularly advisable that every person having a defective formshould wear a shoulder brace. The braces represented in the abovecuts are of the author's own invention, and he does not hesitate to claimfor them a decided superiority over all other braces for this purpose.They are worn with great comfort, gently obliging the wearer to maintaiathe erect posture, and enabling him to thorouglily inflate his hmgs,which in course of time will lead to permanence of the upright staturewith an expjmded chest.All persons desiring these superior braces can obtain them fcy aj^dressingthe author.Price two dollars.Abscess.An abscess is a collection of pus or matter in the substance of somepax-t of the body. When the matter is poured out from some part, theprocess is called suppuration, when it collects in a tissue, it is an abscess.It commences with all the symptoms of inflammation, fever, pain, redness,and swelling. The centre is firm, with swellmg surrovmding it.The formation of pus is indicated by rigors, an abatement of fever, anda feeling of weight, tension, and throbbing The centre softens, whichis tei-med pointing, and Jluctuatiojiis felt. There is a natural tendencyto discharge the pus, which is more apt to be towards the skin. It isless apt to open into serous than into mucous tissues. The abscesses thatform in scrofulous cases are called cold, because the conditions of inflammationarc absent. They heal, after the discharge of pus, by a processcalled granulation.Treatmknt.—The indication to be fulfilled inthe treatment of abscessis to prevent the formation of pus, to evacuate it when formed,and to heal the parts so as to prevent further secretions. To preventits formation cold applications and leeches should be applied to the part,the patient purged, and restricted to a low diet. "When matter is formedwarm fomentations and poultices should be applied, to hasten theprogress of the pus to the surface. If abscesses distinctly ;wwii theyneed not be oi)cned, Imt allowed to burst themselves, but if they occurin loos(; cellular tissue, under hard tkin, and show a tendency to bur-

THE COMPLBTE HERBALIST. 337raw, they should be evacuated by a free incision.After evacuation thepoultices should be continued, or the parts be dressed with stimulatingointments, of which the "Herbal Ointment," page 469, Ls the best.Felon (ParonychL'V).This is also called wMtlmc, and is an abscess of the fingers, of whichthere are three kinds, the first situated upon the surface of the skin,the second under the skin, the third within the sheath containing thetendons of the fingers, and sometimes involving the covering of the bone.The latter form is the most terrible, and begins with redness, swelling,and a deep-seated and throbbing pain, which becomes so excruciating asto banish all sleep, and nearly drive the patient to distraction. Reliefis only secured by discharge of pus.Tkeatment. — Carry the hand in a sling and use poultices. A poulticemade of equal parts of slippery-elm, poke-root, flaxseed meal, andlobelia seeds, mixed with hot lye, and changed twice a day, is an admirableapplication. When the pain becomes great, the abscess should belaid open with a knife, cutting down to the bone. Nothing will insureloss of bone but a thorough and deep incision. This is most painful,but will give instant relief. After the evacuation, the treatment is tobe followed as in ordinary abscess.Ulcers.Ulcers are breaches of continuity of surface, being caused by diseaseor unrepaired injury. A simple or heaWty ulcer has its surface coveredwith a thick, creamy, yellow pus, not too profuse, and modorous. Thegranulations are small, florid, pointed, sensitive, and vascular. A scrofulousulcer is one occurring in debilitated constitutions, most frequentlyupon the neck and joints. They originate in the cellular tissue, beneaththe skin, exist generally in clusters, and are characterized by imiêrfectand slow suppuration. An indolent ulcer occurs most frequently in thelower extremities of old persons, and is the most common of all ulcers.It is owing most frequently to a sore having been neglected or badlytreated. Its surface is smooth, glassy, concave and pale. The dischargeis thin and serous, and the surrounding tissue is swollen, hard,and of a dusky-red color. It is painless, and the patient is apt to let it gounnoticed, unless it by accident, exposure, or over exertion, it inflamesand becomes painful. An irritable ulcer is one havmg an excess of organizingaction, with a deficiency of organizable material. It is superficial,having an equal surface of a dark hue, and often covered withtenacious fibrin. It occurs most frequently near the ankle. It is verysensitive, and attended with great pain. A phagedenic ulcer is one ofirregular form, with ragged, abrupt edges, and uneven brown surface,looking aa if gnawed by an animal. It is attend(;d with burning pain,15 w

338 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.and great constitutional disturbance. A vdricose ulcer is dependent upona varicose condition of the veins, and usually occurs in the leg justabove the ankle. They are indolent, and mostly moist on the surface.Treat.ment.— In the simple ulcer the treatment is simply protective.Water dressings are the best, as they keep the iârts clean and removethe liquid pus. The " Herbal Ointment " is equally good. If the granulationsbecome too luxuriant, an astringent wash, or slightly cauterizingthem, becomes necessary. In scrofulous ulcers constitutional treatmentmust be instituted. The soft infiltrated tissues surrounding the ulcersshould be destroyed by escharotics, and after the slough is removed, thehealthy granulated surface treated as a simple ulcer. In indolent ulcersthe sore should at first be cleansed by poultices. Healthy granulationshould be aroused by lightly touching the ulcer with nitrate of silver,sulphate of copper, etc., or the same effect may be produced by stripsof adhesive jilaster being placed over the entire surface of the ulcer. Inirritable ulcer the treatment should first be constitutional, and tonics andstimulants administered. The part should be relaxed, rested, and elevated.This should be followed by a light poultice, or. warm-waterdressing, or if there is great pain, fomentations of the-înfusion ofojiium, conium, or belladonna should be applied. In the treat'ipent ofphagedenic ulcers, fresh air and good diet are all-important, ^he secretionsmust be corrected, and a Dover's powder given at night.The ulcer should be thoroughly destroyed by escharotics, followed bywarm poultices. In varicose ulcer cold water, rest, regular bandaging,or laced stocking, constitutes the treatment. Strajyping with strips ofadhesive plaster, by the support afforded, is excellent in all cases ofulcers.My " Herbal Ointment " (page 469) acts most admirably as a local applicationin all cases of ulcer. It causes healthy granulation, relievesthe pain, and speedily causes union of the edges.Boils (Fcrunculus).Boils occur most frequently in the young, and in those of plethorichabit, in those parts where the skin is thickest. They are usually gregarious,and depend upon derangement of the stomach and intestines,and freqiiently succeed eruptive diseases. The swelling is of a conicalshape, having a hard, red, and painful base, and a yellow apex. If leftto itself it bursts and discharges pus, and a core or slough of cellulartissue ;when completely emptied, the heat and pain subside.Treatment.— Poultices and warm fomentations should be appliedearly, and as soon as pus has formed, the boil should be opened, afterwhich the granulated wound should be dressed with basilicon ointment.If my " Herbal Ointment " is procurable, if may be applied from the first,as it speedily draws the boil to a head, and quickly heals it after discharge.

the complete herbalist. 339This is a serious disease ;Carbuncle (Anthrax).it is a solitaiy inflammation of the cellulaitissue and skin, presenting a flat, spongy swelling of a livid hue, and attendedwith dull heavy pain. It varies in size, and its progress is slow.Like the boil, it appears more often upon the neok, the shoulders, theback, buttocks, and thighs. The constitutional symptoms are lowthroughout, and the attendant fever is apt to be typhoid in character ;prostration and delirium often terminate the case. It most frequentlyattacks high livers of an advanced age.Treatment.— During the formation, apply either fomentations andpoultices, or cold water dressing. An incision in the form of a crossshould be made free and early, which may be followed by caustic applications,in order that the dying parts may thoroughly be removed.After this is done, the wound is to receive ordinary treatment.Chilblain's (Pernio).This is an affection of the skin, produced by sudden alternations ofcold and heat, most commonly affecting the toes,heels, ears, or fingers.It is attended with itching, swelling, pain, and slight redness at first;it may afterwards become of a livid hue, with vesications and ulcerativefissures, which are difficult to heal.Treatment.— Wash the parts thoroughly, and then apply tallow, andif on the hands, draw on a pair of old gloves, especially at night. The' 'Herbal Ointment " is a sure and rapid cure for chilblains.Burns and Scalds.There are three principal divisions of these injuries, which may beproduced by hot fluids, vajDor, flame, or soHds.1st. Those which produce mere redness and inflammation, terminatingin resolution, and perhaps desquamation.2d. Those causing blisters on the skin, which often dry up and heal;but if the true skin has been injured and inflamed, suppuration, andulceration will result.od. Those causing the death of the part, in which there is not muchpain, and which are followed by sloughs.Extensive burns, even if superficial, are very dangerous, and thoseupon the trunk are more dangerous than those upon the extremities.The symptoms are paleness and shivering, with a feeble, quick pulse,often prostration, coma, and death. The greatest danger is during thefirst four or five days, from collapse ;subsequently from an affection ofthe head, chest, or abdomen, or from prostration.Treatment.— Bathing the part in cold water will mitigate the pain,heat, and inflammation. Afterwards it must be protected from the air

340 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.by raw cotton, or some bland unctuous substance.My' 'Herbal Ointment"gives instantaneous relief. Glycerine and carbolic acid are used bysome, and linseed oil and lime water, or linseed oil, prepared chalk, andvinegar, by others. The indication is only to exclude the air. Theblisters should be discharged of their contents, care beingtaken that theskin is not removed. The nervous excitement is to be calmed byopium, and sinking prevented by stimulants, but care is to be takenthat over-stimulation does not result. The separation of sloughs is tobe promoted by rest, poultices, and fomentations. In joints passive motionis to be made to prevent stiffness.Goitre (Bronchocele).This is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, an organ that if itperforms any functions at all, does so only in foetal life. It generallycommences by moderate increase of the gland, or thickening of theneck, and advances gradually until a portion or the whole gland becomesenormously swollen. It causes dyspnoea, and sometimes obstructscirculation to the brain, when the tumor acquires considerable magnitude.It is more common to females than males, and generally; occursbefore puberty. The species of idiocy sometimes associated witli goitreis called Cretinism.Treatment.— Alteratives and discutients. The alteratives, such asBtillingia, rock-rose, etc., are to be preferred, and externally iodine maymay be applied. Those who may desire my counsel m this diseaseare referred to page 390. Rupture (Hernia).This si"Tiifies a protnision of the abdominal viscera. The predisposin"-cause is a weakness of the abdominal walls, at the natural openino-s.This weakness may be increased by injury, disease, or pregnancy,or it may also be due to congenital difficulty. The exciting causesare muscular exertion, jumping, straining, playing on wind instruments,coughing, lifting weights, tight clothes, parturition, straining atetool, etc.Hernia is divided, according to the site of the protusion, into inguinal,ventro-inrpiiiKil. umbilical, ventral perineal, vaginal, pudendal, thyroideal,and iscJiiatie ; in condition, into reducible, irreducible, and strangulated,and if the contents are entirely intestinal it is called enterocele,but if it contains omentum it is termed epiphcele.The symptoms of hernia are a painful swelling forming at somepart of the abdomen, which is compressible and soft, and can be madeto disappear by pressure in the projjor direction, and it often disappearsspontaneously.An enterocele is smooth, elastic, and globular, retires

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 341suddenly and with a gairg-ling noise. An epiplocele is more irregularin form, has a doughy feel, and retires slowly without noise.Reducible hernia is one in which the contents of the sac can be reducedwith proper manipulation. Irreducible hernia isowing to adhesions.or from membranous bands stretching across the sac, etc., when thecontents cannot be replaced; and when the contents of the sac areincarcerated, with intlammation and an interruption to the passageof fffices, it is called strangulated. The more common forms are theinguinal and umbilical. Inguinal hernia is called scrotal when the intestinehas descended from the groin into the scrotum.Treatment.— The treatment consists in reduction and retention.This can only be achieved m the reducible hernia. Reduction is effectedby a manipulation called taxis, the patient being placed in a recumbentposition, and the muscles of the abdomen relaxed ; gentle and steadypressure is made by the hand in the direction of the descent. Retentionis effected by continued and suitable pressure by means of the pad of awell-fitting truss. By constant and caref nl use of a truss, a radical curemay be effected. A lobelia emetic, or the patient may be chloroformed,to relax the muscles, may be resorted to, if replacement cannot be performedwithout them. In irreducible hernia, the treatment consists incarefully regulating the bowels, avoiding great exertions, and wearing asuitable truss to prevent further protrusion. Strangulated hernia, if itcannot be reduced by taxis, becomes a subject for the surgeon. Radicalcures may also be performed by the surgeon.I have constantly manufactured for my patients a most excellenttruss, which effects many cures. It is a light appliance, and occasionano pain or inconvenience to the wearer. It is the most comfortabletruss that can be worn, iscleanly and durable, andeasily adjusted. It is calledthe " Champion Truss"—a distinction to which it isclearly entitled.It is thegreatest triumph of skilland genius ever attainedin this or any other countryfor the retention and radical cure of hernia or rupture. Its qualitiesmay be briefly stated, as follows, viz. :—It is worn with perfect ease and safety.Tt keeps its place under aU circumstances.It never gets otit of order.Its pressure is equalized afid gentle.It makes no pressure on the spine.It is a/ppUc

34- THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.These qtialitics are all that are required of a truss, either for retentionor cure, aud any truss lacking in any of them does not fulful itspurpose, and is capable of doing great injury. Its perfect adjustmentis well represented in the following cuts. The most violent paroxysmsFront View.Back View.of coughing, muscular exertion, falls, etc., will not move it from itsproperly applied position. This indispensable quality of retention mustbe possessed by every truss, otherwise it is useless.Patients desii-ing the " Champion Truss," will please send the followingmeasurement, viz., around the body where the truss is worn, andstate whether right, left, or double. Trusses of the highest mechanicalperfection are also furnished for every other variety of rupture.The priceof the "Champion Truss," with medical advice pertainingthereto, is twelve dollars.DISEASES OF THE EYE AND EAR.The eye is one of the most delicate as well as the most complicatedorgans of the body, and its diseases are but very imperfectly understoodby the ordinary practitioner.A great deal of mischief has been done byimproper treatment of diseases of the eye, and I may also include theear, and many persons who now mourn the loss of sight and hearing,partially or wholly so, might yet be in enjoyment of those senses if theybut hud received the proper treatment. Under this head I shall includethose diseases only which are capable of treatment in domestic practice.Conjunctivitis.This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva or mucous membrane ofthe eyelids.The sensation is as if particles of sand had insinuatedthemselves beneath the Uds, accompanied by heat, paiu, and increased

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 343lanhrymal secretion, also intolerance of light. In severe cases, headache,nausea, constipation, loss of appetite, etc., are present. Thecauses of this form of inflammation are mostly local, as particles ofBand, dust, insects, etc.Treatment.— Remove the cause. If due to foreign particles in theeye, they should be removed. Bathe the eye thoroughly in water, rubbingtowards the nose. If iron or steel is suspected, a vial cork, rubbedsmooth with flannel, should be touched to all parts of the eye, whichwill remove the particles. WTien the eye is relieved, a mUd purgativemay be given, and cold water applications made to the eye. In severercases, lotions of nitrate of silver, sulîhate of zinc, etc. become neces-,sary.Catarrhal Ophthalmia.This is due to exposure to cold. The white of the eye becomes inflamedand very red, and generally there is a thin mucous discharge, whichin severe cases becomes thick and purulent. This condition of the eyeis accompanied by chilliness, aching of the bones, and some degree offever.Treatment.— Apply cold soft water to the eyes with little muslinpacks, and give a purgative. If this will not relieve the inflammation,cold slippery-elm poultices, or the domestic practice of applying ' 'smearcase " to the eyes, may be resorted to. In obstinate or chronic cases asolution of four grains of sulphate of zinc to the ounce of water may beapplied two or three times a day with a small brush. The eye shouldalso be bathed with a decoction of golden seal.' 'Herbal Ointment "(page 469) is excellent in all ophthalmic diseases.Purulent Ophthalmia.The symptoms of this disease jDeculiar to children are similar to theCatarrhal Ophthalmia of adults. The eyes are kejjt constantly closed,the lids are red and swollen, and glued together by thick purulent matterbecoming dry. The skin is dry and the bowels irregular. It isgenerally due to exposure to damp and cold, injuries in washing thechild, acrid matter, or to a scrofulous constitution.Treatment.— In the treatment of this affection the eyes should bethoroughly washed in a cold, weak solution of hydrastin, four or fivetimes a day. Saturate packs with cold water, containing a little tinctureof lobelia, and apply to the eyes and change when they grow warm.The bowels should be kept open with gentle laxatives. Some cases mayneed a solution of vegetable caustic, sulphate of zinc, or nitrate ofsilver. If caused by a scrofulous condition, use alteratives, of whichthe " Compound extract of Rock-rose and Stillingia " is the best (see page409).My

344 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Scrofulous Ophthalmia.This disease is chiefly confined to children. The child scarcely canbear the light, the lids are spasmodically closed, and the head constantlyturned away from the light. The eye is not very red, but a few of thelarge vessels are considerable injected. It is very liable to recur, andmay prove obstinate, and cause ulceration of the cornea.Treatment.-— In this disease it is very important that the generalhealth should be looked after. The local treatment before advisedshould be resorted to, and the constitutional treatment should be veryactive and energetic.Stye (Hordeolum).This is a small painful pustule on the margin of the eyelid, having itsorigin in ciliaryTreatment.— follicles.It may usually be cured by applying spirits of hartshornby means of a small steel needle, puncturing the tumor slightly.If this does not remove the inflammation, slippery-elm poultices shouldbe applied, and tonics and alteratives given.Amaurosis.This complaint is due to anffisthesia of the optic nerve. The patientsees objects indistinctly, even when they are lit up by a bright light ;they appear surrounded with a fog or mist, and no effort nor the employmentof artificial means increase the distinctness. The outlinesof objects appear not only indistinct, but also broken, and thus disfigured,the faculty of distinguishing colors is frequently lost, anddouble vision is not infrequent. This condition, as above described, ismore properly amblyopia^ it is only called amaurosis when the vision isentirely lost.Treatment. — Electro-galvanism is one of the most promising remedies.Powdered bay-berry root, taken as snuff, is occasionally useful.Blisters behind the ear often afford relief. Nux vomica should also bebut I have cured some ofgiven. The disease is often very obstinate,the most unpromising cases.Foreign Bodies in the Eyes.These should be sought for by inverting the lids, and having thepatient turn the eyes in every direction. If it be found to adhereto the mucous membrane of the cornea or conjunctiva, it can usually beremoved by a silk handkerchief wrapped around a probe. If lime,mortar, or lye should get into the eye, it should be removed, and the eyewashed with a weak solution of vinegar and water. The ensuinginflaniniatioii .should ruc

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 345enter the interior chamber of the eye, the surgeon should only removeit.Foreign Substances inthe Ear.Children frequently put peas, beans, kernels of com, etc., into theear, which, if allowed to remain, will produce active intlammation.Foreign bodies may also enter the ear by accident. These shouldall be quickly removed. It should be done by syringing the ear withwarm water, or by means of forceps. Excessive accumulation of waxand notis to be removed by syringing with warm water frequently,by ear-scoops.Ear Ache (Otalgia).This is a neuralgic affection, and is caused by local inflammation,cold and exposure, and carious teeth.Treatment.-— If caused by inliammation, a warm poultice of slippery-elm,moistened with laudanum, should be appUed, and frequentlychanged. If caused by carious teeth they shoidd be removed;sweetoil and laudanum dropped in the ear often gives relief, and the commonpractice of blowing hot tobacco smoke into the ear is also useful.Many of the eye and ear diseases are surgical 'in their character, suchas strabismus, a few cases of cataract, etc. ,but a great many of themare amenable to medical treatment. Even cataract, which heretoforewas considered eminently surgical, may in many cases be entirely curedby medicinal treatment alone. I have cured a case, in which there wastotal blindness for ten years, in the short space of two months. Thepatient ever since is hi the full enjoyment of sight. My treatment hasalso been equally successful in cases of deafness. I regard all casessubject to relief or cure in which the tympanum or drum of the ear ianot destroyed. If persons suffering from chronic diseases of the eye orear will write and state their cases fully to me, I wUl cheerfully givemy opinion by retiu-n mail.lilALIGNANTAND VENEREAL DISEASES.Cancer (Carcinoma).This is a malignant tumor. In the first stage it is hard, in the secondstage it ulcerates. The seat of cancer is in the female breast, the skin,the tongue, the stomach, the womb, the lips, etc. It rarely occurs insubjects under thirty years of age. It is at first a small hard tumor,movable, but eventually it forms deep and superficial attachments. Itgrows in general slowly, is irregular in shape, and painful. The pain ismostly shaqi, lancinating, and is much increased on pressure. In the15*

346 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.course of time tke tissue beneath the skin is absorbed, and becomesattached to it, and it presents a bluish, nodulated appearance. Ulcerationusually takes place by absorption of the skin, and as sloughingproceeds, the edges become ragged and everted, having a bluish piuplecolor, and discharges a fetid, sanious pus.There are five varieties of cancer, though microscopically they areessentially the same.Scirrhus is hard, firm, and transparent, and of a grayish color, occurringmost frequently in the female breast, skin, etc.Encejiludoid is soft and brainlike in its ajapearance, and hemorrhagic mcharacter, frequently met -ndth in the globe of the eye, testes, nares, etc.Colloid resembles glue or honey in the comb, and usually occurs in theinternal viscera.Melanosis^ or melanotic cancer, is of a black color, either soft or hard,and occurs mostly uiôn serous membranes.EintlieWd cancer is usually found upon the lips.These various forms may exist separately, or one variety may beessociatedwith or take the place of another.Treatment.— As long as this disease was regarded as purely local incharacter, the only treatment resorted to was extirpation either by cauterizingagents or by the knife but since the;pathology of the disease isbetter understood, and its constitutional character ascertaiued, the treatmentemployed has been considerably modified. I have long ago heldthat cancer was a constitutional affection, so instructed my patients, andbased my treatment upon that opinion.It is well to remove the tumor by the knife or cautery, but the liabilityto recurrence is always great unless constitutional treatment is emploj'ed.The cauterizing agents are blood-root and chloride of zincmade into a paste, and then applied to the cancer, the skin ha%'ing firstbeen removed by a blister. This is reapplied until the whole mass isdead, when in course of time it comes away as a slough. The expressedjuices of poke, laurel, blood-root, and yellow-dock answer the same purpose.The constitutional treatment consists in toning up the general system,abstaining from fatty diet, bathing, and the employment of alterativetreatment. Recently, a plant has been brought into notice by the nameof Cundurango {Equatoria Garciana, see page 74) which is destined torevolutionize the treatment of cancer. I have tried it in several cases,and it answered every expectation. I regard it as a viitual specific incancer, and shall, notwithstanding its very high price, employ it in everycase, thereby hoping to make my success in the treatment of this malignantdisease more certain. It is a matter of regret that spurious articlesarc in the market, thus bringing the genuine article, which is yecdifficult to obtain, into disrepute.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 347Syphilis.Syphilis is occasioned by a specific poison wliicli is conveyed by contag-ionor actual contact. It first shows itself upon tbe genital organs inthe form of a small yellowish pimple, or pimples, the presence of whichis at first made manifest by itching and slight soreness. The pimples(called chancres) break, and gradually change into a red, hard-edgedshallow ulcer. This ulcer is circular or oval in form, and is surroundedby a ragged border. The skin and tissue in the immediate vicinity becomeinflamed, and, unless proper remedies be immediately applied, thevirus is absorbed into the system, and the consequences are of the mostdeplorable character. There are many kinds of chancre, viz :— inflammatory,indurated or hard, sloughing or perishing, phagedenic or eating,and gangrenous or likely to mortify. Next in order, if stringentcurative measures be not adopted, is the bubo, which is a swelling of theglands of the groin, caused by the absorption of the poison. The bubowill usually make its appearance in about a fortnight after the sore isdiscovered. It advances to suppuration, and also becomes a sore, whenit receives the name of "glandular chancre." Sometimes growths resemblingcertain vegetables appear, in the male, upon the organ and onthe membrane lining of the foreskin. In the female, they will be foundin and at the entrance of the vagina, and sometimes on the neck of thewomb. These are primary symptoms, and, if quickly but radically extirpatedor cured, will not result in any very serious constitutional derangementbut if; neglected, the virus is absorbed into the blood, and theinfection reaches the entire system. When the disease becomes constitutional,the results are most deplorable. The syiDhilitic ulcer thenappears at various parts of the body, more usually upon the arm andforearm, forehead, shin and chest. These ulcers are quite characteristic,so that the experienced svirgeon at once knows their specific nature uponsight. The affections of the skin and mucous membrane are calledsecondary^ those appearing upon the bones, etc. ,are tertiary. In theseadvanced stages of the disease the gravity is such as should urge eachaffected person to employ competent surgical or medical aid, and notlonger to postpone such active treatment as is required. Neglect of soimportant a duty on the part of the patient will result seriously to him,as the progress of the disease is unerringly from bad to worse in everycase.Treatment.—In primary syphilis, the chancre should be destroyedeffectually by nitrate of silver, nitric acid, or caustic potash, and healthe parts by mild dressing. If this is effectually done, with proper constitutionaltreatment, no secondary symptoms will supervene.

348" THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.In secondary and tertiary syphilis the treatment is very important,and must be correct in order to eliminate the disorganizing taint.The treatment is necessarily alterative and tonic. The following mayeach be sijecifically employed, either singly or judiciously combined —:Phytolaccin, corj'dalin, chimaphilin, tincture of kalmia, menispermiu,ceanothus americanus, sarsaparilla, stillingia, and by some iodide ofpotassium, but never mercury. Mercury in any form is not a specific,and in effects most pernicious. When buboes appear, they should bediscussed by a mixture of tincture of iodine, 3 ij. ;tincture of arnica,; ij. ;tincture of scrophularia, I ij.This should be applied by wettingpads of linen with it and securing them by adhesive strips. If suppurationhas taken place, the treatment of abscess is to be employed.During treatment, the patient should abstain from all fat meats,spirituous liquors, and excesses of every kind.If any person is conscious that he or she is affected with a syphilitictaint they should never marry, for the offspring will surely be miserableobjects of pity, and conjugal bliss very uncertain. The taint mu*t bethoroughly eradicated, so that not a vestige remains, before a marriage,physically pure, can occur.If rightly treated, sj-philisis not a formidable disease to cure, yethow many suffer hopelessly on, after having for years been subjected tomercurial treatment. Purely chemical herbal treatment will only removethe serious disorder from the system, as attested by the thousandsof cases under my treatment, in which every trace of the disease hasbeen obliterated from the economy.GONOKRHfEA.This Ls vulgarily known as cktp, so named from the French chppe,a bow-string. It received this name on account of the chordee occurrmgin the disease. This is caused by the violence of the inflammation,which abnormally expands the cavernous body of the organ and is pamfully drawn downwards, so that the urethra occupies the relative positionof the string to a bow-gun.This is a disease of the mucous membrane which lines the privateparts of the male and female, and is communicated as is syphilis, bycontagion, or actual contact. It commences with itching and uneasinessabout the jirivate i>arts, and a peculiar feeling of soreness in theurethra, or urinary canal. A scaldingsensation is also felt when thepatient makes water. In a day or two a whitish matter makes its appearanceat the orifice of the urethra, and this will soon increase greatlyin quantity, and assume a greeni.sh-yellow color. The parts will bemuch inflamed, and the urethra will become thickened and very sore.The consistency and quantity of the pus-like discharge vary in differentpersons. It usually makes its appearance in from three to five days

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 349after exposure. It may propagate itself upon other mucous membranesafter inoculation.Treatment.— A purgative should be taken at first, anrl at the sametime the parts should be thoroughly packed with cold or hot water.The following are the remedies mostly employed as internal rem.edies •.— Oil of copaiba and cubebs, matico, gelsemin, oil of erigeron, oil oftui-pentine, etc. These oils should be taken in medium doses, and in emulsionwith acacia, etc. The internal injections are vegetable astringents,sugar of lead, sulphate of zinc, etc. The injections should not bestrong, and be carefully made, otherwise orchitis may follow. Applyingcold water relieves the chordee.The treatment is not difficult, and, if properly directed, will soon relievethe patient.Gleet.This is one of the resxdts of abused or neglected gonorrhoea. It is acontinued discharge of a thin and clear character, after the inflammatoryand painful early symptoms have disappeared. It is caused by dedebilityof the parts, or by unhealthy action of the glands in theurinary passage. It is sometimes, especially in persons of a scrofuloushabit, a fixture for years, and constitutes a drain upon the system, theeffects of which can only be obviated by the most scrupulous care andattention. The old style of treatment involved the use of cauterizinginjections, and the bougie, together with blisters applied to the perina3um.It had the effect of imperfectly remedying, or else of aggravatingthe complaint, and rendering it next to impossible of cure.Treatment.- -Same as for acute gonorrhoia, but it should be moreenergetic.Those who may wish to intrust their cases to my treatment, mayrest assured that they will be quickly cured, and everything held confidential.The fear of exposure does frequently much mischief, and thedread of losing caste in society, or a feeling of shame, often tempts thesufferer to withhold his case from the family physician for treatment, orhe may endure his mental and physical torture in silence as long as hecan, and then finally intrust his case to the ignorance of a companion,who may know some recipe, or he may employ the treatment of someincompetent, uneducated physician, found everywhere, especially inlarge cities, who also maltreats the case, so that finally the disease, whichat first was readily curable, has become a very serious affection.The wrong of such a course is obvious, and I advise the reader, whohas or may become unfortunate in this respect, to confide his or hercase to some honorable and competent physician, as soon as the diseasemanifests itself.

350 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.DEBILITY OR LOSS OP VITALITY.This is a couditiou of the organism characterized by loss of vitality, ordeterioration and diminntiou in the quality and tone of tlie vital forces.It is one of the chief predisposing causes of disease, and is of itself acondition characterized by all the elements of ill health. The prmcipalcauses of debility are improper nourishment, impure air, excessivebodUy and mental exercise, want of exercise, long exposure to intenseheat or cold, intemperance, depressing states of the mind, and of coursea prostrative disease. When not a heritage of the organism, it is generaUyproduced by some flagrant \aolation of physiological law, depletingthe vital forces by the disorganization of organic functions whichensues, or by the loss of vital elements through the eliminating organs,chiefly the kidneys.That the reader may have a correct understanding of what is meantby vitality, it may be weU to give its physiological sense. Though dîvedfrom the Latin rita^ life, it has a somewhat different siguification fromthat which is expressed by the word life. It signifies the constituentprinciple or essence of life rather than the entity itself. Hence vitalityis not properly life, but the element conducive to its perfection and prolongation.It is that principle that gives to the physical organization itsvigor, elasticity, and tone, to the mental organs, acuteness, vivacity andsprightliness, and to the whole organism a high standard of health.If the habits are not in violation of hygiene or physiology, and theexpenditure of the vital forces not exceeding the production, the normalcondition of the organism would be one of health and vigor, and almostcomplete immimity from disease. If the expenditure exceeds the productionit engenders the condition termed debility. Improper and sinfulhabits of life, especially in the young, are alarmingly destructive ofvitality in consequence of engendering diseases characterized by lossesof \ital secretions. The intemperate very frequently incur the penaltyof over-indulgence in intoxicating beverages by inducing structuraldiseases of the internal organs, especially Bright's disease of the kidney,wherein the blood becomes devitalized by loss of its albumen throughthe urine. In the male economy at an age often quite immaturethere is induced an affection characterized by involuntary expenditureof a secretion, directly by an improper and sinful life. The elementthus constantly expended, and which occurs invariably without anyexercise of the voluntary powers, is beyond all (luestion the mosthighly organized and more intrinsically vital than any other secretionof the organism. This affection, peculiarly masculine, is one ofthe most prolific causes of debility, and is conducive to greater physicalmisfortune than any other pathological condition induced by violationof i)liysiological laws. The chemical nature of the secretion is highlyphosphutic, and as phosphorus is a very important constituent of nerve

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 351tissue, its constant involuntary escape from the organism, whether inthe urine or otherwise, preys fearfully i:pon the nerve tissue for phosphaticsupply, and eventually, and often quite rapidly, produces atonyof the nerve-centres, and a general intouicity of the nervous system, orwhat is more commonly known as nervous debility. Of the various systemscomposing the organism the nervous can least afford to lose itsvitality, or to become enfeebled. It is the principal or controlling systemof the organism, the others being more or less subordinate. If byany depleting causes its just complement of the vital forces becomesreduced, its individual integrity is not alone compromised or destroyed,but muscular action, circulation, digestion, assimilation, and the mentaloperations also become enfeebled, hence the vitai soandard of the nervoussystem is of extreme importance to the general welfare of the wholeorganism.Precisely the same pathological condition results from another cause,a sedentary habit of life. It is due to such exciting causes that clergymenand other persons of sedentary habits suffer so frequently fromnervous or general debility. When the muscular system is permittedto degenerate from want of proper exercise it gives to the organisma condition of laxity or intonicity which in the male iuduces the previouslymentioned loss of a highly vitalized secretion, and in the femalean uncompensated loss of nervo-electric force. Debility is the resultin both cases, though the devitalization is more rapid in the male, proportionallyto the physical vigor inherent to the different sexes, than iathe female. This is explained by the fact that in the male economya greater loss of the phosphates occurs. In all persons of studioushabits, and where bodily exercise is insufScient, the urine is loadedwith phosphates, which is indicative of the breaking down of nervetissue. Consequently in the male there is not only the usual phosphoricloss due to nervous waste, but the super-addition of the involuntaryloss of a secretion which, as has been stated, is highly phosphatic inits chemical nature, makes the depletion of the phosphorus essential toa vital condition of the organism, doubly great.In a debilitated condition of the nervous system, or, as it is usuallydenominated, nervous debUity, from whatever cause the loss of vitalitymay ensue, there is in general quite a train of symptoms, as may be supposedwhen this more important part of the economy has become devitalized.This form of debility may usually be recognized bj' a markedfacial expression, a characteristic mannerism, and by a peculiar mentalstate. The skin of the face is pale and sallow, and usually affected withacne ;there is a dark circle around the orbits, the jiupils are dilated andsluggish, the eyes become lustreless, and the face has a haggard, troubledfurtive expression. These physiognomic characteristics are due toatony or want of tone in the cerebral nerve-centres, and from the same

352 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.cause the devitalized patient is listless, shy, retiring and easily con.fused, society loses its charms, and solitude is prefen-ed, but has, however,no compensating or satisfying influence over the patient. Thereis a want of steadiness and decision in his locomotion, his inferior extremitiesare deficient in power, and all the movements are suggestiveof a mind ill at ease. The mental operations are confused, speech becomesawkward and often without directness ; memory is defective, andthe patient is usually absent-minded and given to reverie. Pams in thelumbar region, and a sense of weight and aching in the loins are experienced.The appetite is capricious, and digestion feeble. The mind isdeficient in power of attention, the imagination is constantly pervadedwith vague erotic dreams, the moral sense is blunted and the perceptionsare dull and confused. Pains in the course of the principal nerves andextreme nervous sensibility are experienced. The patient also can fixhis mind on any subject with difficulty ;his attention wand^s, and heis given to day-dreams and erotic visions.iThe urine, of course, contains phosphates, the source of \îch,whether nervous or secretional, is easily determined by analyzation ormicroscopical examination. Urates are also found in the urine. Thosewho suspect such vital loss, may with sufficient certainty for all practicalpurposes ascertain the fact by a simple experiment. The morningurine should be placed in a clean half-pint bottle, and let it stand fromforty-eight to seventy-two hours. If there is then found a remarkablypeculiar or cloudy sediment or deposit at the bottom, the fact is quiteevident that some of the losses alluded to occur, and proper aid shouldbe sought at once.Such, briefly, are the evidences of a devitalized nervous system. Thecondition, as is palpable to every one, is fraught with danger to thegeneral welfare, and even to life, if the process of depletion of the vitalforces continues too long, or if, by special virulence of the excitingcause, the devitalization is rapid in occurrence. Any loss of vital powershould be regarded with solicitude and deep concern by every one whoplaces a proper estimation upon vigor of the organism and its specialfunctions. Careful and judicious treatment must not be neglected,as by such a course only can revitalization be speedily and adequatelyeffected. As soon as loss of vital force becomes apparent, so soonshould the services of a competent and experienced physician be engaged.In any stage of devitalization, rehabilitation of the organismwith vitality can again be accomplished, the only requirement beingemployment of competent medical aid, and the exhibition of vitalizingremedies. Revitalization can, however, only be eflêeted by herbal remedies,as their organic nature alone affords the elements required forreendowment of the system with vital force. Minerals are lifeless, andcan therefore impart no vital element.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 353Those desiring to consult the author with reference to debility orloss of vitality from any cause whatever, may refer to page 385, wherehis mode of treatment is described, and to page 390, where the necessary questions are asked.Satyuiasis.This is a disease characterized by a constant and insatiable desire forcoition, and so called because the satyrs of mythology were greatly addictedto excesses. The disease is accompanied by a strange power offrequent congress without exhaustion. It is a ner\-ous disease, dependentupon a disordered state of the cerebellum.Tkeatment.—It can be cured by alow diet, frequent shower baths,physical out-door labor, ice bags to the cerebellum, a hard bed, andhop pillows.Stricttjre op the Urethra.This is a diminution or contracted condition of the tube, and may beeither spamnodlc or permanent. Spasmodic stricture depends on spasmof the muscles of the periniBum, or upon contraction of the muscuhirportion of the urethra. Exposure to cold and indulgence in drinkfavor an attack, which usually occurs after dinner. It generally occursin persons with permanent obstruction. The urine is suddeuly retained ,the desire to urinate causes incessant straining, the bladder becomes distended,the countenance anxious, the pulse quick, the skin hot, and atlast the urine dribbles, or the bladder may burst, and extravasation occursinto the peritonasum or perinoaum. There is another varietj' of thisaffection, termed inflammatory stricture, caused by abuse of injections,exposure, or intemperance during acute gonorrhoea.Permanent stricture is a contraction from permanent inflammation,plaistic deposit having taken place in the tissue beneath the mucousmembrane. The occasion of this inflammation may be gonorrhoea, venery,kicks or blows, riding on horseback, acrid urine, di-inking, etc. Itis situated most frequently in the membranous portion of the urethra,usually a few inches from the meatus. The extent and degree of contractionvary. Sometimes the stricture is very tight, but limited, as ifa thread had been tied around the urethra;more frequently it is ofgreater extent, containing from a quarter of an inch to several inches.Several strictures may exist at once. Permanent stricture comes ongi-adually, occurring mostly in middle-aged men. Urination is frequent,tedious, and painful ;the stream is thin, twisted, or forked and a few;drops pass after urination, which had collected behind the stricture.There is pain in the periuajum, thighs, and loins;erection is often {Jainf ul ;chill and fever constantly occurrmg as in ague the; testicles, rectum, andbowels sympathize, and the general health is greatly impaired. It is a

354 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.disease that causes extreme annoyance, pain, and disorder, and shouldreceive early and competent treatment.Treatment.— The indication in spasmodic stricture is to overcomethe spasm, and relieve the bladder. This is usually effected by warmhip baths, Dover's powder, laudanum enemata, and cold water upon thegenitals. A favorable mental impression is made by pouring waterfrom a can, in a small stream, from some height, into a vessel containingwater, in imitation of urination. A few sniffs of ether will usuallyrelax the spasm, but if these means fail, the urine should be di'awn of bya catheter.In permanent stricture dilatation by means of flexible bougies is theusiuil method of cure. Great caution is necessary in the use of these.Some use caustic applications, and in some cases puncturation is resortedto. In some cases opening the urethra maybe necessary, as the strictureis so extensive and complete that no other means are available.These surgical means may at times be necessary, but I have cm\ed verymany cases by purely medicinal treatment, and it is very seldor^ that Iemploy bougies, but compel absorption of the deposit by alterativetreatment. In some cases, however, I frequently combine dilatationwith medication. Those desiring consultation are referred to page 390.Prostatitis.This is inflammation of the prostate gland. It usually accompaniesgonorrhoea, but may exist independently. The discharge is similar tothat of urethral inflammation, and when the result of chronic inflammationthe discharge is called prostatorrhoia. The gland is frequentlyenlarged. Chronic inflammation is commonly brought on by gleet, stricture,horse exercise, etc., and is most frequently met with in advancedlife, and disappears upon — the removal of the cause. The gland is alsoenlarged in old persons a hypertrophy independent of inflammation.The bladder sympathizes, and becomes irritable;the urine is foetid, mucous,and its stains are often retained. It causes mo?t intense suffering.Treatment.— Leeches, rest, counter-irritation, alteratives, laxatives,and enemata constitute the usual treatment. In hypertrophy of theorgan, the usual treatment should be instituted. The medicinal treatment,as in stricture, is important, and should only be intrusted to thosewho fully understand the anatomy of the organ, and the pathology ofthe disease.Orchitis.This is the hernia humoralis of older writers. Swelled festide is a commonaccomjiauimcnt of mumps. It is often the result of an injury, butoitener of gouorrhoja and its treatment exercise, wet and cold often induceit. The gland enlarges greatly, fever attends, causing intense;pain.

THK COMPLETE HERBALIST. 355ft is usually confined to one of the glands, and mostly the epididymis.The cord is often swollen and painful.Treatment.— Low diet and the recumbent position are essentialTh'3 weight of the tumor should be supported by a suspensory bandage.After the acute symptoms have subsided, friction with astringent lotions,and compression by adhesive straps, will be useful. The hardness andswelling are likely to remain unless discussed by the alteratives.Varicocele.This is a varicose condition of the veins of the spermatic cord.Thecauses are such as to produce obstruction to the return of blood :constipation, corpulence, tight belts around the abdomen, and warmclimate. It is usually coexistent with genital weakness. The leftside is more frequently affected than the right, because the left spermaticvein is more likely to be compressed by the fteces in the sigmoid orS-shaped flexure of the rectum, and because it is longer and not so directin its coarse. The swelling is pear-shaped and feels lUte a bunchof earth-wonns.Treatment. — The cause, if ascertained, should be removed, and thescrotum constantly bathed in cold water, and supported with a suspensoiybandage.The veins are sometimes obliterated by a surgical operation. It canusually be overcome by proper medical treatment, however, and theoperation should only be the last resort.I use for my patients a self-adjusting suspensory bandage, which canbe so arranged that any extent of compression can be made, and whichin construction is simple and veiy durable. It is the only perfect suspensorybandage or scrotal supporter made, and the only one fromwhich any great benefit can be expected. It is eminently serviceable inthis disease as well as in orchitis, and no one suffering from these diseasesshould do without them. Sent by mail, postage prepaid, onreceipt of $3.Diseases op the Female Organs op Generation.The genitalia of the female is the controlling centre of her wholeeconomy. If the womb and itsappendages are in a healthy state, thefemale figure preserves its artistic rotundity, her mind its sprightliness,and her humanity its benevolence and sympathy. When diseased, shebecomes fretful, peevish, and inconsolable. The province of the physician,therefore, becomes one of great importance, and it is his duty thathe should not only thoroughly understand the pathology of uteruie diseases,but in his humanity he should combine a fine feeling of compassion,with correct ideas of the treatment required. He should prove

356 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.worthy oftlie trust confided to him, in sympathy, considerateness, andskill.No greater trust can fall upon him;he is not only accountable forthe physical welfare of the patient, but bears a further resiJOnsibUity.If his treatment is not judicious and rational, his patient becomes avictim to a gloomy depression of spirits, and to an irrepressible feelingof languor and misery, that sternly bid away all brightness of life. Hewill but poorly do his duty if he follows but the beaten track of aroutine practice, and, after successive trials, consigns his sufferingpatient, by pronouncing her incurable, to a condition but little betterthan the grave. Uterine diseases are not incurable, but when properlytreated they yield kindly to medication, asthe disposition of all wombaffections is to get well, needing but proper medical assistance to stimulateand eunourage the forces of recuperation to overcome the assaultsof disease. (See page 390)"". \Vulvitis.J|This is characterized by redness and slight tumefaction of skin,covered with mucus, while in neglected cases the parts are found muchexcoriated. It generally arises from want of cleanliness, or from theacrid character of the vaginal and uterine secretions. It may, however,be produced by excessive marital ixidulgence or syphilitic taint.The symptoms consist of great pain and tenderness, a mucous discharge,a smarting in passing urine, and a constant pain abt)ut theioins and thighs.TuEATMENT.— This should be treated by hot packs, elm poultices,and a wash of a weak solution of sulphate of zinc, or tincture ofmyrrh. Quinine, macrotin and leptandrin should be given internally.The parts should be thoroughly cleansed every day.Clitoritis.both acute and chronic, mayInflammation of the clitoris,exist fromwant of cleanliness, or be produced by indiscretions. It is accompaniedwith burning, itching, and smarting sensations. Enlargement isthe usual result of either acute or chronic inflammation, in which casethere is extension of the labia, producing iri-itation, and labial leucorrhoea.Treatment.— When the pai-ts are inflamed, sitz-baths, hot packs,and laxatives will usually relieve it. In case of hypertroi)hy, it may bepainted once or twice a week with a weak tincture of iodine, and thecompound syrup of stilliiigia given internally. \Vhen there is extensiveenlargement, amputation should be resorted to.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 357Imperforate Hymen.This is not likely to be discovered until the commencement of menstniation.It may then be suspected, if the female has all the symptomswhich accompany the menses, without the discharge of the fluid,and if these symptoms should occur at regular periods, accompaniedwith a sense of weight and fulness of the vagina, especially if anenlargement is perceptible in the lower abdomen, with pain and tenderness.The symptoms ameliorate in a few days, but return at each menstrualperiod. If by inspection a hemispherical tumor, of a livid or bluishcolor, soft and fluctuating, is discovered, the fact is most certain, thatit is caused by an imperforate hymen. In most cases the membrane isthin, but it is sometimes from one-fourth to three- eighths of an inchthick.Treatment.— Press the finger against it gently, and attempt tolacerate it by the finger-nail. If it will not yield, iêrforation shouldbe made by a proper instrument in the hands of a surgeon.Vaginitis.This consists of either acute or chronic inflammation of the vagina.It may be confined entirely to the mucous membrane, or it may extendto the cellular tissue beneath. It is attended with pain, swelling,and redness of the vaginal canal ;the mucous membrane is of a vividred color, and the folds are more developed and prominent than isnatural. At the first stage there is an arrest of the secretions, butafter a few days serous exudation occurs, which becomes purulent, andof a yellowish or greenish color. The disease may arise from cold,which is the most frequent cause;from injuries to the vagina byviolence, imprudence in the marital association, exertion after delivery,high living,Tki:atment.— etc.A gentle purgative should be taken, and the vaginafrequently injected with warm water, the patient kept quiet, and theinflammation controUed by veratrum. Astringent injections are alsouseful The chronic form should be treated as vagmal leucorrhoea.Menstru.vtion.Though this is not a disease but a healthy function, but as, fromvariou.s causes, derangement of the function occurs, it is proper that itshould be perfectly understood. Menstruation is the term applied tothe phenomenon that attends the rupture of what is called the GrmijianfoUide.s of the ovary, and the discharge of an ova, or egg. It is a bloodydischarge from the female genitals— not diii'ering from ordinary blood,

358 THE COMPLETE nERCALIST.excepting that it does not coagulate, and in its peculiar odor. Theblood comes from the capillaries of the womb and vagina.Menaphania, or the first appearance of the menses, is usually precededby a discharge of a tluid whitish matter from the vagina, bynervous excitement, and by vague pains aud heaviness in the loins andthighs; numbness of the limbs, and sv/elliug and hardness of thebreasts. The first appearance is an evidence of capacity for conception.It generally appears about the age of fourteen, but varies from nine totwenty-four years. In warm climates women begin to menstruateearUer, and cease sooner than in temperate regions in the cold climates;the reverse of this holds as a general rule. The manifestations of approachingpuberty are seen in the development of breasts, the expansiouof the hips, the rounded coutour of the body aud limbs, appearance ofthe purely feminine figui-e, development of the voice, and the child becomesreserved, and exchanges her plays lor the pursuits of \yomanhood.^More or less indisposition and irritability also precede each successiverecurrence of the menstrual flux, such as headache, lassitude, uneasiness,pain in back, loins, etc. The periodssucceed each otherusually about every twenty-eight days, although it may occur everytwenty-two, twenty, eighteen, fifteen, or thirty-two, thirty-five, and fortydays. The most important element is the regularity of the return. Intemperate climates each menstrual period ordiuarily continues from threeto six days, and the quantity lost from four to eight ounces. The mensescontinue to flow from the period of puberty till the age of forty-fiveor fifty. At the time of its natural cessation, the flow becomes in-egular,and this iiTegularity is accompanied occasionally with symptoms ofdropsy, glandular swellings, etc., constituting tlîe critical period, turn,or chdnge of life ; yet it does not appear that mortality is increased byit, as vital statistics show that more men die between forty and fiftythan women.It should be the duty of every mother or female in charge of a child,in whom age or actual manifestations suggest the approach of puberty,to acquaint her with the nature of her visitation, and the importance ofher conduct in regard to it. She should be taught that it is perfectlynatural to all females at a certain period, and that its anival necessitatescaution on her part with regard to ex{)()sure to wet or cold. Theauthor has made the acquaintance of the history of many cases ofconsumjitiim, and other dist!iv.scs. which were directly induced by follyand ignor;ince at tbe first men.strual flow. The child is often kept inextreme ignorance of the liability of womanhood occurring to her at acertain age. and hence when she observes a flow of blood escapuig from•3 part, the delicacy attached to the locality makes her reticent with regardto inquiry or exiJosurc she; naturally becomes alarmed, and most

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 359likely attempts to stanch the flow, with bathing or applying cold waterto the part, thus doing incalculable mischief.This purely feminine physiological function should be well studiedand understood by all females. At least they should know that thephenomenon is a natural one, liable to disorder, and that the bestinterests of their general health demands care and prudence on theirpart to maintain regularity, etc. ,of the flow. Disregard of such a dutywill surely entail much misery.Amenorkhcea.This may occur in three forms. 1st. \Vhere evacuation has never occurred,or retention of the menses. 2d. Where there has been no secretion.3d. Suppression. There are ca.ses where the secretion has beenperfect, but the discharge prevented by occlusion of the vagina, or imperforatehymen, etc.; again, secretion may never have occurred, owingto a congenital deficiency of the ovaries;and there are cases wherethe uterus and ovaries are sound, yet no flow from the vagina.The most common variety, however, is suppression after they hadonce been regularly established. It may cease by degrees, as in consumptiveand scrofulous patients, or occurs as the result of cold, whichinduces inflammation of the uterus or ovaries. It may also be inducedby excessive venery, wot feet, ice water, insufficient clothing, bathing,fear, grief, anxiety, emetics, drastic purgatives, falls, copulation duringflow, etc. The symptoms are weight, pain in the head, loins, and uterineregions, hot skin, apoplexy and epilepsy in some cases, vicarious hemorrhages,palpitation of the heart, constipation, chills, loss of appetite, etc.Treatment. ^Give a hot foot-bath, if the suppression be recent, andapply hot mustard poultices to the breasts. Internally give tansy, thymeor wintergreen tea, keep the patient warni, and allow but gentle exercise.A compound decoction of seneca, cotton root, and Indian hempis also very beneficial. In obstinate cases, a hot sitz-bath should be givenduring the operation of the medicine, so as to centre the blood in thepelvis. If this does not succeed, the system should be invigorated byquinine, blue cohosh, life root, wine, etc., and then the above treatmentrepeated. The chronic form of the disease should be treated by supportingand invigorating remedies, such as bayberiy, black cohosh, sitzbaths,galvanism, tonics, etc.Dysmenorrhcea.Painful menstruation occurs generally in single women, and is producedby inflammation or ulceration of the mouth of the womb, neuralgia ofthe womb during menstruation, indiscretions, constipation, and a nervousirritable temperament. The symptoms are restlessness, heat,fiushed face, weight and heaviness in the head, pain in tlae back, and

3G0 TTIE COMPLETE nERBALIST.pelvic regions, sometimes so severe as to cause fainting-. After a timethe paiu becomes bearing down, accompanied by a shreddy discharge,or blood-clots. In joxmg and plethoric subjects, but little effect is producedon the general health, but in nervous persons the health fails,and, not unfroquently, consumption ensues. Women subject to dysmenorrhceaare liable to cancer after the t'lrii of life.Treatment.— When the disease is produced by inflammation or ulcerationof the mouth of the womb, hot sitz-baths, with hot vaginal injectionsfrequently repeated, in connection with ten or fifteen drops of thetincture of crawley every two or three hours, will usvially relieve it.Mild purges should also be taken. When due to neuralgia, black cohoshshould be given, and the treatment of neuralgia instituted. Senecin,gossypiin, and gelsemin, axe also valuable. WTien produced by anixTitable constitution, ladics'-slipper, scullcap, etc., should be given.Out-door exercises and a nutritious diet should be prescribed.• .\Menorkiiagia.This is characterized by profuse, prolonged, or too frequent menstruation,separately or conjoined. It is accompanied by headache, hotskin, fuU pulse, weight in the back, hips, loins, pelvis, etc. It is causedby hot rooms, abortions, leucorrhoea, falls, maiital excesses, long walks,constipation, etc. The health gives way, the patient becomes bloodless,and exhaustion ensues upon the least exercise.Treatment.— This should be treated by wild cherry, gelsemin, unicornroot, bcth root, and injections of a decoction of golden-.seal, matico,and cinchona. If the hemorrhage is active, a strong decoction oftannin or cranesbill may be injected, and ten or fifteen grains of cayennepepi)er administered. The oil of erigeron is also useful. Tonics shouldbe given in relaxed condition of the system.Vicarious Menstruation.This is a discharge from some other part than the uterus, usually occurringin the unmarried. In the married, they are usually barren. Theblood may escape from any part of the skin or mucous membrane, inthe fona of bleeding from the nose, lungs, etc.Treatment.—Ten or fifteen drops of the oil of solidago should begiven four or five times a day, iu connection with sitz-baths, tonics, etc.Life root is especiallyvaluableĊhlorosis.This is a disease characterized by chronic ani«niia, or bloodlessness,affecting females about the age of puberty. In some instances it is undoubtedlydependent upon a nei-vous affection, but in most instances itis connected with disordered menstruation and other causes. The red

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 361corpuscles of tlie blood are pale and small, and diminislied in numbers.The countenance assumes a wax-like hue, which is so remarkably characteristic,that the disease is called by nurses ' ' green sickness. " Theappetite is irregular, with craving for particular kinds of food, the urineis thick and full of sediment, and there is usually vertigo, headache,backache, hysterical afifections, dysmenorrhcEa, and leucorrhcea. Thetongue is flaccid and indented at the edges, the pulse is weak and quick,and there is a feeling of general languor, with great indisposition tobodily or mental exercise.Treatment.— When arising from feeble and imperfect digestion,give prickly ash, alder, golden-seal, and nux vomica, cautiously. The animaloils are also very serviceable. The great object in the treatment ofthis disease is to restore the general health, and not to force menstruationby agents having that power. The patient wants strength and blood,and when that is achieved, menstruation will be natural. Baths, friction,out-door exercise, and a nutritious diet should not be neglected.Cessation of the Menses.We have already stated that this usually occurs between the ages ofbut in some cases it occurs much earlier, in others muchforty and fifty,later. The courses become irregular, often staging away two or threemonths. Nausea and vomiting, swelling of the abdomen, tenderness ofthe breasts, etc. ,are the prominent symptoms. Pregnancy may sometimesbe suspected, and there are frequently uterine pains, a draggingsensation in the back and loins, accompanied by violent headache, aloaded tongue, and symptoms of indigestion. A sudden return of themenses mitigates the symptoms, which usually last longer than is natural,and also more profuse.Treatment.—If the symptoms are slight, regulatethe bowels anddiet, bathe the surface, and occasionally wear a pack, saturated withequal parts of whiskey and water, upon the lower bowel. If more severe,take unicorn root in decoction. Ladies'-slijiper, wafer-ash, and blackcohosh, are also very good. The tonics should also be given in debilitatedsubjects. In fact the constitutional symptoms should be met withsuch remedies as are indicated, as soon as they manifest themselves.Leucorrhcea.This iscommonly known as the whites. It consists of a dischargefrom the vagina, or inner cavity of the womb, of a catarrhal character,varying in color from a light to a yellowish-green, or reddish-brown. Itis usually due to inflammation of the mouth and neck of the womb[cervicitis), but it is also caused by congestion and inflammation of theinterior membrane of the organ (endo-cervicitis).^ in which case it is moreserious, and more difficult to cure. There are few females who are not16

362 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.occasionally subject to moderate leucorrhcea. It may be known by thedischarge, but also by the attendant pain and a sense of heaviness in theloins, abdomen, and talghs, disordered digestive functions, palpitation ofthe heart, etc. It causes great impairment of the general health whenlong continued.Treatment.— Wear flannels next to the skin, and pay attention tothe general health. Keep the pores open by the proper medicines. Inacute cases inject cold water, and in chronic, warm water. This willmodify the inflammation. After this, injections of a strong decoctionof golden-seal, white-oak bark, or cinchona, should be frequently used,and witch-hazel taken internally. Dog-wood, bayberry, black and bluecohosh, and gelsemin, are also used for the same purpose The astringentinjections are also serviceable. Rest and quiet are important inthe treatment of the disease. Patients should, however, intrust thetreatment to an intelligent physician, who should ascertain the cause,v/hen, if the proper treatment is given, the disease will soon be cured.Ulceration op the Womr.This is chiefly confined to the neck of the organ, occurring mostfrequently in those who have borne children. It is caused by excessesin married life, imprudence during menstruation, as standing,walking, lifting, etc., and very often premature efforts after abortionor labor. There is always more or less discharge associated with ulceration,which in quality is mucous, purulent, or starchy, and in color,milky, greeni.sh, yello'wish, or brownish,— often tenacious masses of mucus,like starch, come away. It affects the general health similarly toleucorrhcea.Treatment.— Rest should be observed, and marital excesses abandoned.The treatment for leucorrhcea should be instituted. Vaginalinjections of rcd-raspbcrry leaves and golden-seal prove very beneficialin this disease. The constitutional treatment in this disease is moreimportant than any local api)lications, and should take precedence.FALLraO OF THE WOMB (PROLAPSUS UTERI).This is denoted by pain in the back and loins, heat in the vagina,painful copulation, paiiiful and irregular menstruation, constipationand diarrhoea in alternation, irritable bladder, etc. The mouth of thewomb can be more readily felt than is natural, feeling spongy and hot,and very tender on pressure. It may be ulcerated, and bleed uponthe slightest touch. The patient has all the symjitoms of dy.spepsia,hysteria, neuralgia, palpitation, cough, and difficulty of breathing. It isdirectly caused by weakness of the broad and lateral ligaments, andremotely by various causes. It is a disease severe in its effects, causingmuch suffering and impairment of hcalt'a.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 363Tkeatment.— The patient should observe perfect quietude. TheInflammation and ulceration of the womb treated as previously described.The womb should be gently replaced to its normal position, the bowelskept open by mild laxatives, and the vagina injected with a warm de>coction of hemlock and white oak bark. Pessaries do more harm thangood, but abdominal supporters to sustain the weight of the bowelsshould be worn in aU cases. (See page 370)Uterine Dropsy (HYDROjrETRA).This is an accumulation of fluid in the womb, caused by inflammationand constitutional debility. During the first months the syniptomsresemble those of pregnancy but; by introducing the finger, so as totouch the neck of the womb, and pressing the tumor, fluctuation offluids is felt. The menses are usually suppressed, and general debilitywill appear, if the disease continues. The patient may die from exhaustion,or the walls of the womb may be ruptured from the pressureof the fluid, causing fatal peritonitis.Treatment.— A tonic and hygienic treatment should be prescribed,and if you can introduce a catheter into the womb and evacuate the fluid,it should be done, but it is better to intrust this to an able physician.Anteversion and Retroversion.forward upon the bladder, and towards the pubes,If the womb fallsit constitutes anteversion. In this case the top or fundus of the wombis turned forward to the bladder, and the mouth towards the rectum.When the womb falls over backwards, between the rectum and the vagina,it is said to be retroverted. In this case the fundus is turned towardsthe rectum, and the neck towards the bladder. If the womb is antevertedand turned upon itself, it is aniefiexed, and when retroverted andturned upon itself it is called retroflexion. These displacements may occursuddenly or gi-adually, causing great distress. The usual symptoms arecostiveness and straining at stool, frequent urination, painful menstruation,pain in the lumbar region, and down the limbs, neuralgia, hysterics,and nervous debility. It is a serious affection, and should receiveearly attention and proper treatment.Treatment.— The organ is first to be replaced to its normal position,and then the treatment for falling of the womb instituted. Such im-be confided to the care and directionportant diseases should, however,of a competent physician. Great relief is at all times gained bywearing abdominal supporters.Hydatids.These consist of a formation of small cysts or bladders of water inthe uterus, developed from the inner membrane, and vary in size from

364 THE COMPLETE IIEUBALIST.half a pear to a partridge's egg. They are usually oval, with a thiDwall, opaque, and contain a thin fluid. They are most frequently inclusters, and numerous. The symptoms simulate those of early pregnancy,such as nausea, vomiting, enlargement of the womb, fulness ofthe breasts, suppression of the menses, etc. In a few months, the patientfeels a weight and uneasiness about the abdomen, followed by uterinepains, hemorrhage, and expulsion of the hydatids.Treatment. — If the flooding is excessive, control it by injectingvinegar or astringents and administer ten or fifteen drops of the oil oferigeron every fifteen minutes. If the pain is not sufficient to expel themasses, give a warm infusion of blue cohosh or cotton root. Ergot may alsobe given. After the expulsion the patient should receive tonic treatment.PREGNANCY AND ITS ACCIDENTS.Pregnancy.The first sign of pregnancy is a cessation of the menstrual flow. Thiswill generally be noticed between two and three weeks after conception,and about the same time the woman will discover her breasts to be enlarging,and notice that the rings around the nipple are darker, and cover morespace than usual. She will also, to a greater or lesser degree, experiencenausea in the morning, and often be afflicted by vomiting, while shewill experience dull pains in the "small" of the back, a decided disinclinationfor exertion, and considerable nervousness. As the womb increasesin size and weight (which becomes apparent between the secondand third months after conception), it sinks lower into the cavity of thepelvis (or part of the trunk which bounds the abdomen below), and producesmuch suffering, especially when the pelvis is small or narrow.After the fourth month, theinsufficient accommodationwomb, findingin the pelvis, mounts higher, and seeks room in the more capacious andyielding belly. Then the distress in the back, nnd the sickness andvomiting are somewhat modified, or in some coniparativelj- disappearaltogether. When the condition of pregnancy is first discovered, thewoman, no matter how robust, should avoid all over-exertion or excitement,and should bear in mind constantly St. Paul's motto of "moderationin all things." A state of indolence is productive of disastrous, or,at least, painful consequences. Judicious exercise, and a determinationto be cheerful and contented, will do much towards suppressing theusual annoyances of pi-egn;mcy, while moping and idling will increasethem, and will almost invariably bring about a hard labor. Tims thepoor working woman, providing she does not labor too hard, or exposeherself imjirudently to the vicissitudes of the weather, rarely suffers somuch in child-bed as the woman who lives only to be petted and admir-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 365ed, and who seldom breathes the air of heaven in its delicious purity.Among the many incidental afflictions of pregnacy, are costiveness andpiles. These are produced by the pressure of the enlarging womb uponthe lower bowel. This, becoming filled with hardened matter, in turnpresses upon the womb, and endeavors to crowd it out of the way. Thecombined and continual pressure of the womb and bowel upon the,water-pipe, causes great difficulty in making water, and their unmterruptedweight upon the ascending veins produces congestion in thelower bowel, and hence the appearance of painful and disagreeablepiles. The stomach and bowels should be kept in the best possibleorder. To prevent or ameliorate piles, use seidlitz powders every day,and inject into the bowels half a pint of pure cold water every morning.With regard to nausea, if it continues after the first three months, eatnothing but plain, yet nourishing food, and use chamomile flower tea as abeverage.The habit of swathing or bandaging during any jjeriod of pregnancy isdecidedly injurious, unless the woman be of a very fragile form and debilitatedconstitution. The child quickens about the end of the fourthmonth, when its motions will often produce hysterics and fainting fits,and the mother (for such she then is) becomes peevish, irritable, thin,and weak. Great care must be taken to combat this peevishness andirritabihty by fixing the mind upon pleasant thoughts, and mixing withlively company, if it be available. It will be as well, too, for the womanto lie down a little while, two or three times a day, and not to remainin an erect position too long without taking a little rest. During thelast three months, the woman will generally suffer much uneasiness aU' 'over," and will experience trouble in the attempt to get a perfect night'srest. They should not touch opiates under these circumstances. WTienvaricose swellings of the veins of the legs are produced, a good plan is towear a laced stocking over the affected parts, and this should be adjustedso as not to press too tightly upon the limb. It should be arrangedso that the pressure will be equal throughout its length. Sometimes delicatewomen have convulsive fits in the last stage of pregnancy. Theseare dangerous, and no time should be lost in calling in an experiencedmidwife to take charge of the case. However, a two-grain opium pilladministered internally, an injection of warm suds, and mustard plastersapplied to the feet, and between the shoulders, will not fail of givingspeedy relief. Also bathe the feet in warm water. The habitual use ofthe warm bath will often prevent these convulsions.Palpitation of the heart, cramps of the legs and thighs, tooth-ache,puffy swellings, suppression of urine (use parsley tea for this), lethargyand headache are always accompaniments of pregnancy. For crampsand swellings, bathe the parts with warm water and red pepper, or mustard.If the swellings axe very troublesome, apply fomentations of bit-

366 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.ter herbs. In order to prevent sore nipples (whicH, if neglected, mergeinto caked and broken breasts), bathe them daily several times withalum-water, or a decoction of white oak bark. This bathing should becommenced about six weeks before confinement. Fox-glove (digitalis)is recommended by many for palpitation of the heart;but I discountenanceits use. A little compound spirits of lavender, in water, and moderatedoses of Turkey rhubarb will alleviate the attacks.All pregnant women should wear flannel drawers and keep the feetwarm.All expectant mothers may greatly render a coming labor more easyand painless, if, at about the eighth month, they thoroughly rub my''Herbal Ointment" (see page 472) externally on the abdomen once aday, and continue until labor, and at about the middle of the ninthmonth they shoidd lubricate the vagina and womb with the ointment.This has the effect of making the mouth more dilatable, the softparts more yielding, and consequently a safe and comparatively easylabor.The time of labor to every expectant mother causes constant golici^tude,and scarcely any woman approaches the period fearless of the result, butvery anxious as to the sufEermg or safety of life. In the preseni conditionof civilized woman, we well know that the phenomenon of childbirthis attended with pains of an agonizing character, but that the sufferingis mostly owing to habits of life, dress, etc. now, characterizingwoman, is equally certain. It would be an anomaly in nature if a process,so natural to females as child-birth, was originally ordained to beagonizingly painful, and it is quite e\adent that the pain now characterizingnearly all cases of labor is an infliction imposed by nature in consequenceof violation of some of her laws. "We are glad to see intelligentwomen approaching this subject, and have seen no brighter gleamof sunshine than Mrs. Stanton's recent address at San Francisco, whichno false delicacy should prevent being reproduced in every paper in theland. She said, " We must educate our daughters that motherhood isgrand, and that God never cursed it. And the curse, if it be a curse,may be rolled off, as man has rolled away the curse of labor, as the cursehas been rolled from the descendants of Ham." While saying that hermission among woman was to preach a new gospel, she tells the womenthat, if they suffer, it is not because they are cursed by God, but becausethey violate his laws. What an incubus it would take from womancould she be educated to know that the pains of maternity are nocurse upon her kind. We know that among Indians the squaws do notsuffer in child-birth. They will step aside fi"om the raulcs, even on themarch, and return in a short time bearing with them the new-bomchild. What an absurdity, then, to suppose that only enlightened Christianwomen are cursed. But Mrs. Stanton says that one word of fact is

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 367worth a volume of philosophy, and gives her experieucp as follo-ws : "Iam the mother of seven children.My girlhood was spent mostly in theopen air. I early imbibed the idea that a girl was just as good as aboy, and I carried it out. I would walk five miles before breakfast, orride ten on horseback. After I was married I wore my clothing sensibly.The weight hung alone on my shoulders. I never compressed mybody out of its natural shape. My first four children were bom, and Isuffered but very little. I then made up my mind that it was totallyunnecessary for me to suffer at all so I dressed; lightly, walked everyday, lived as much as possible in the open air, ate no condiments orspices, kept qiiiet, listened to music, looked at pictures, read poetry.The chUd was born without a particle of pain. I bathed it and dressedit and it weighed ten and one -half pounds. That same day I dinedwith the family. Everybody said I would die, but I never had a relapseor a moment's inconvenience from it. I know this is not being delicateand refined, but if you would be vigorous and healthy in spite of thediseases of your ancestors and your own disregard of nature's laws, try.'*While we heartily endorse all that Mrs. Stanton has said in this matter,we could not advise every mother to" dine with the family " on the dayof her labor. It would be an exceedingly dangerous proceeding ;but ifevery woman would be willing to practise the same initiatory training,which is so healthful, because in accordance with physiological laws,there is probably no doubt but that she would also be able to ' 'wash herown baby " and " diue with the family," on even as substantial a dish aspork 0411^ beans.Puerperal Fever.Child-bed fever is a very fatal disease, and frequently follows parturition.Scrofulous women are peculiarly liable to it. The disease manifestsitself in every degree of intensity. The usual symptoms areweight and soreness in the lower part of the abdomen, accompanied bylassitude and debility, capricious appetite, imperfect after-discharge,spongy condition of the gums, constipation, and scanty and high-coloredurine. These symptoms continue for two or three days after delivery,when the patient will be seized with chills and rigors. These are soonfollowed by a hot and pungent skin, pain in the head, nausea, andsometimes vomiting. The jiulse becomes hard and qiiick, respirationrapid, the secretions are arrested, and the pain centres in the lower partof the abdomen and becomes very severe. The bowels are bloated, andvery tender, and the lochia or after-discharge is entirely suppressed. Inmany cases delirium is present, also agitation and a sense of impendingdeath. The worst form is when it presents the appearance of malignantBcarlet fever.Tkeatmemt.— The bowels should be freely opened with a purgative,

368 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.after which opium should be administered in tolerably large doses.Warm slippery-elm emulsions should be frequently injected into thevagina, with a view to bring on the lochial discharge. The fever is tobe controlled by aconite or veratrum. Tonic stimulants and carminativesshould be used, according as the disease shows excitement or depressioa.In the low form, quinine and camphor are indicated. In thegangrenous form, put charcoal and yeast poultices to the abdomen, andgive a decoction of wild indigo in wine and yeast four or five times a day.INVEKSION OP THE UTERUS.This may be partial or complete. When partial, it may be known bythe absence of the fundus or top of the womb behind the pubic bones,and the presence of a large solid tumor in the vagina, accompanied byprofuse hemoiThage, intense pain in the pelvis, violent straining, vomiting,fainting, cold clammy sweat, and feeble pulse. Complete inversionis recognized by the presence of a reddish li\'id tumor filling the vagina,and protruding beyond it. It may occur spontaneously in atony of thewomb, or from irregular contractions, or it may be caused -by violencein extracting the after-birth, shortness of the cord, delivery in the uprightposition, tumors, etc. \TuEATiiENT. — Watch the tumor carefidly, and at the moment whenthere is no contraction, the fundus should be pressed with ono finger,and indented like the bottom of a bottle, and make continued pressureuntil reposition is sure. Then control the hemorrhage, if any is present,with ice to the pelvis, or vinegar injections, and give stimulanj*if thopatient is •exhausted.ABORTION OR MISCARRL\GE.Abortion or miscarriage signifies the expulsion of the foetus from theuterus, before it is sufHciently developed. The causes may be eithernatural or violent. Among the most prevalent causes, are mercury,constitutional syphilis, either in the father or mother, small jaox, suddenand violent excitement of the blood-vessels by surprise, fright, anger,etc. It may also be caused by disease of the embryo, disease of theafterbirth, or direct violence to the abdomen. If it occurs in the earlystage, the patient feels languid, unea.sy and despondent, and is troubledwith alternate chills and flashes of heat; there is nausea, palpitation,pain in the back, and tenderness over the abdomen. The breastsbecome flabby, and there is more or less hemorrhage. In the moreadvanced stages, the pains are more severe, and frequently the hemorrhageis so violent that the life of the patient is endangered, unless theproper remedial agents are employed. If miscaniage occurs once, it isliable to recurrence, and hence jjregnant women should be very careful.Tbeatuknt.— Those prediaposed to abortion, should carefully avoid

THE COMPLETE IIERIJALIST. 309purgatives and diuretics, should indulge in no violent exercise, and takea cold sitz-bath every morning on rising, followed by brisk friction witha crash towel. Uuicoru root and bayberry should also be taken internally.The pain should be subdued by hyoscyamus, and the hemorrhagechecked by the oil of erigeron, or cayenne pepper and maticomay be taken. If abortion, however, defies treatment, a strong decoctionof cotton root, or ergot, should be taken to promote rapidexpulsion of the foetus. After it is expelled, if hemorrhage occurs,the oil of erigeron should be given, and much care observed, until theplacenta is removed. During convalescence the patient's strengthshould be maintained to prevent weakness of the womb.Inflammation and Abscess op the Bkeasts.During and after pregnancy the breasts are very liable to becomeinliamed and sore. The patient shivers, has pain in the head, lossof appetite, is constipated, and her urine is high-colored, and i)ulsequick. The breasts become red, painful, and swollen, and if the inflammationis allowed to continue, au abscess is formed, which, sooner orlater, opens and discharges. Cold during nursing, accumulatiou of milk,injuries, diseases of the womb, scrofula, etc. are the,principal causes.Treatment.— Subdue the inflammation by applying the following—:Take arnica flowers, ? lobelia j. ; leaves, § ss. ; hops, 5 ij.Make astrong decoction, and apply cloths wrung from it hot as the patient canbear, and repeat every fifteen or twenty minutes. A small dose ofaconite may be given internally to control the fever. A mild purgativeshould also be taken, and if the patient is debilitated, the general tonicsshould be exhibited. If the abscess, however, will occur, it should beopened, and then poulticed with slippery-elm. For caked breaMs, applyhot packs, and change them frequently, and between each applicationbathe the breasts with a liniment composed of equal parts of limewater,sweet-oil, spirits of camphor, and oil of horsemint.Sore Nipples.This is one of the most common and troiiblesome difficulties connectedwith the breasts, after child-birth. It is very frequently caused by wantof cleanliness on the part of the mother or child.Treatment.— Wash with castile soap aud warm water after eachnursing of the child, and then sprinkle the nipple with very fine powderedhemlock bark. Or make and use the following ointment —: Takebalsam of fir, 3 j. ;white wax, 3 ij. ;melt together, then add ten grainseach of tannin and powdered bayberry. Apply this as often as necessary,previously washing the breasts. Cover the nipple with folds oflinen during the intervals of nursing. My Herbal Ointment (page 469);is a speedy cure for thi.s painful affection.10* Y

370 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Relaxation of the Abdominal Muscles.One of the most frequent sequels of pregnancy is a permanent relaxationof the abdominal muscles, more or less in degree. The abdomenbecomes pendulous, occasioning great inconvenience, suffering, andoften inducing malposition of the womb, and other affections.The only way to remedy this rela.xed condition is by artificial support,which is to be kept up until the muscles have again attained their fullpowers of contraction. Ladies are therefore in the habit of wearingbandages, though these but inadequately supply the necessary support,owing to the difficulty of proper application, so as to secure the equalizationof pressure, and the stability of position, necessary. Mechanicalappliances should only be used for the puipose of support. These arecalled abdominal supporters. Decidedly the best supporter is the onerepresented in the cut, an appliance so arrangedas to supply the firmest support by means ofis gained by an elastic band in thepad at front. These supporters arethe result of thorough study as to therequirements of such appliances, and theauthor is convinced that they are theelastic springs. It gives no uneq,sLness to thewearer ;on the contrary it affords the most comfortablesupport, enabling the sufferer," Vho beforecould scarcely walk, to do so with theutmost facility, occasioning no pain or inconvenience.Supporters are absolutely necessary inall cases, as no medicinal treatment will overcomethe relaxation, on account of the constant superimposedpressure of the bowels. These supportersshould also be worn in all cases of uterinemisplacements, as they afford the greatest relief,and serve as an almost indispensable adjunct tothe required medicinal treatment.Another supporter, represented by the adjoiningcut, is also a meritorious Supporter. $10.Dr. O. rhcliiK Brown's Abdominalone, havingmany excellent qualities. It is especially welladapted to corpi^lent females. Equalityof support under all circumstancesbest articles for the purpose designed.Their many qualities will at once be apparentboth to the Abdominalprofessional man orSupporter.to the patient. The measure required is the size around the lower partof the waist.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 371THE CONDUCT OF A CASE OF LABOR.This should never be attempted except by a physician or competentmidwife, but, as it may sometimes take place in railroad cars, invoyages, etc., the duty may fall to the lot of almost any woman orshould know how to proceed.man, and hence it is important that theyThese hints may also be useful to perhaps many in the backwoods,where the population is scarce, and where the nearest doctor lives "aday's journey" away.How DO YOU Know that the Patient is in Labor?Tliis the mother frequently knows herself, but she may sometimesbe deceived by what are spurious pains. If she is in labor, she willhave what is called " come and go'''' pains, which at first are moderate andwide apart, but which finally become more intense and succeed eachother at shorter intervals. She will describe those as bearing downpains, and frequently they are so severe as to cause cries and gestures,the former being of a mourning or complaining character, the othertwdsting and writhing. She will also have a mucous discharge from thevagina, which is called a ' ' sJuno. " She will probably wish to void herurine often, and to relieve her bowels, which should be encouraged.During this stage the mouth of the womb is dilating. Now it wiU bewell for you to pass your finger well up into the vagina, and you wDlmost probably find that the mouth of the womb is dilated, and in extent itdepends upon the time at which you may make the examination. Whenthe pains become" thick and fast," you may again make an examination,and you will probably find a fluctuating tumor, which is the bagof waters. If this does not burst itself, you may rupture it with yourfinger, but do not allow yourself to be frightened at the forcible rush ofthe waters. If you have withdrawn your hand, you may again insert it,and you will most likely find the head about descending into the vagina.If it is the head or breech it will be a natural labor (which I hope itmay always bo, for I do not believe I could teach you how to proceed inwhat is called a preternatural labor). If the head is there, all right.You may give the soon-to-be-mother your hand, or you may tie a sheetto the bed-post and let her pull at that, or if her husband is present, orif you are he himself, let her press him around the neck whenever anThis will greatly aid her, and you do not knowexpulsive pain occurs.how thankful a woman is in such a case, when she observes apparentassistance on your part. After a few good pains, the head of the childwill be born, and then the worst is over, for usually one pain more willcause the birth of the whole child.What will You do Next ?As soon as it isbom, you will probably hear the child gasp and cry,

372 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.which is caused by pain ensuing upon sudden expansion of its lungs.it does not do this, take the child, and shake it gently, give it a few slapson the buttocks, and empty its mouth of any secretions that may befound there. By doing this, the child may soon cry— when it is aUright. If, however, it should not be so easily resuscitated, sprinkle alittle water on its face, and if it looks blue in the face, cut the cord,and let it bleed a little;then jiut your mouth to that of the baby, andwhile holding its nose shut, blow your own breath into it and till itslungs, and then press gently on its chest, in imitation of expiration. Dothis as long as there is any hope, and your efforts may often be crowned•with success. We will suppose, however, that the baby is a struggling,crying, healthy darling. Then, as soon as you do no longer feel the cordpulsate, you can sepai-ate it from the mother. To do this take a fewstrands of thread and tie it round the cord, not so tight as to cutthrough, about two inches away from the navel. Then take a pair ofscissors and cut the cord through about half an inch away from the ligature,not on the side, however, towards the navel; you can put twoligatures on the cord, if you like, and cut between them. Then takethe baby away, but be careful how you do it, or else an accident"; may befallyou, and hand it to the proper person to be washed and '^dressed.The baby is very slippery, so take it up in this way put its neck:between the thumb and forefinger of your left hand, and put thepalm of the right under its buttocks; you then have it secure, butdo not be too anxious about its safety, or you might choke it.What Next ?You must now pay attention to the exhausted but joyous mother,rejoiced that she has passed such an agony of pain as you can form noconception of, such that you have never felt and never can. feel, unlessyou have been or will be a mother, and yet she will now greet you witha sweet, smiling countenance. Her anxiety, however, is not over untilshe is relieved of the after-birth. By the time that you have gotthrough with your duty to the baby, you will probalMy find the afterbirthexpelled into the vagina, by the after-paths. If such is the case,take the cord and puU gently downwards and a little upwards, but byno means pull so hard as to tear the cord, or invert the womb If itwill not come, wait, and in a short time try again, and you will mostprobably find it to come away readily.If you should find her flooding,take a rag, saturate it with vinegar, or take a lemon, divest it of itsrind, and then pass it into the womb and squeeze it. This causes contractionof the organ, and stops the hemorrhage. You may also applyice to the spine for this purpose, and if you have ergot in the house,give a pretty largedo.si:; of that. After delivery of the after-birth,take a towel, and pass it around the pelvis of the mother, and bind itIf

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 373pretty tightly ;cover her up warmly, and allow her to sleep, and sorecover strength, asby this time.ToiJRyou may suppose that she is very much exhaustedWork is not Done Tet.The baby has to be washed. This is a tedious job, unless you knowlow to proceed. All babies are covered with more or less unctuou.^matter, and this choiild be removed, or else it is liable to get a skindisease. After you have got your rag (a soft woollen one is the best)and some pretty warm water, smear the child over with pure, lard orsweet oil, and then use castile soap and water, and you will soon have itclean. Be careful, however, not to get soap into its eyes, or else youwill have to treat it in a few days after for sore eyes. Now you havegot it clean, but you must not put on its clothes, until you have dressedthe navel, and put on its belly-band. To dress the navel, take a wellworncotton rag, cut it into patches of about four inches in diameter,take three or four of these and cut a hole through the middle of them.Cut also a little bandage, half an inch wide, and wrap it round the navelstring, then slip it through the patches, and lay the string pointing towardsthe left shoulder. Now, put on the wooUen belly-band, moderatelytight, and secure it with needle and thread, not with pins. Youmay think this caution unnecessary, but ifyou had seen as many torulimbs and deep scratches in infants as I have, you would not think so.After this you can put on its whole toilet, and lay it in its proper warmnest— its mother's arms.But you may thiuk the baby is hungry^ and that it needs some physic ;so you give it some gruel, and follow this up either with castor oil andsugar, molasses, or butter and sugar made into a paste, and force themdown the little victim's throat. I say victim, because you could noteasily do more harm, and yet this abomination is done every day. Ifthe mother has milk, put it at the breast as soon as you can; if not, letit wait until she has,— it won't starve. It needs no purgative, for thecolostrum or lirst of the milk is by nature designed as a laxative, and ifit gets that, it will soon have the black stools, or discharge of meconium,as doctors call it. By no means give it soothing sjTups nor spirits,nor put a cap on it, or wash it with sjiirits. If you take m^' advice inthis matter, the baby will be the better for it, and there will not be anecessity, which is so often the case, of the early exchange of its littledresses for a tiny shroud.In about twelve hours after delivery the mother may be cleansed, andher bed changed, and light food given to her. She should remain in bedfor at least ten days, after which, if she feels strong, she may sit up,but should avoid exertion. If she has insufficient milk, follow advicegiven on page 328.

374 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Lochia.For some time after child-bearing, a discharge takes place from thewomb which is called lochia. It is at first red;but if all goes well, in afew days the red appearance subsides and gives place to an effusion ofa greenish color and a peculiar odor. When the womb is reduced to itsoriginal size, the lochia ceases. If it is checked before it should be—and in some women itought to continue a month — or if the flow proceedswith irregularity, great distress and danger are the consequences.The immoderate flow of the lochia is not so disastrous as the suppression.The latter may be produced by cold, by chilled drink, by mental excitement,or, in fact, by any undue exertion of either mind or body. Theresults of the suppression of the lochia are great fever, restlessness,heat, pain in the head, back, and loins, delirium, inflammation of thewomb, colic pains, costiveness, nervous excitability, muscular contractions,and, in fact, general distress. The first and only thing to be doneis to restore the flow. For this purpose, if the patient can bear it, thewarm bath must be used; fomentations should be afrplie*^ to theabdomen; large emollient injections should be given in the rectum, andsiidorific medicines (not of a mmeral character), assisted bji copiousdiluent drinks, should be administered. The acetate of ammonia willbe found very useful. A profuse and general perspiration is the precursorof rapid recovery and safety. While the lochia is apparent thepatient must not endeavor to get up, or to undergo any noticeabledegree of exertion, or be exposed either to atmospherical changes, orimprudence in diet.THE TREATMENT IN ACCIDENTS.The treatment of fractures, dislocations, etc. ,should always be inti-ustedto the surgeon, but the emergency of such cases may be sogreat in certaiti iustances that a few minutes' delay might prove fatal tothe patient. Hence I wiU attempt to instruct the reader how to proceedand what to do he fare the doctor comes. In all cases where surgical helpcan be i)rocured, it should be done as quickly as possible, but dangerousaccidents may occur where surgical aid is impossible to procure, and,therefore, the treatment devolves upon others.Wounds.In case of wood-choppers, hunters, etc., away in the backwoods, or inany other case where this i)recaution is necessaiy, they should providethemselves always with bandages, Monsel's solution, and a roll of adhesiveplaster, and then they are prepared for nearly all cases of accidentsthat may befall them.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 375The worst feature about a wound is the bleediug, unless, as in case ofgrm-shot wound, a vital part is injured. We will suppose, however, thatunfortunately one received a woiind, either from some sharp instrument,or a gun-shot wound, or some part of his body was lacerated,contused or punctured from some cause, and that the wound was bleedingfreely. Before the wound is dressed the character of the bleedingis to be noticed. If the blood is dark-colored and flows regularly in astream, it is venous blood, and you will be able to control it easily but;if it is bright-scarlet, and sjaurts out in jets, some artery has beenwounded— always a dangerous accident. If the wound is a gun-shot oneand received in the trunk, all you can do on the moment is to hermeticallyseal the woimd. Take the adhesive plaster, and cut a piece fromit large enough to cover the wound well, and then apply over the woundso as to seal it effectually against escape of blood or entrance of air or;take a rag and shape it in a pledget, and tie it on the wound firmly witha bandage or handkerchief. If internal hemorrhage occurs, you cannotdo anything, and the jiatient will probably die.If the wound is in the arms or legs, then you can always do something.If the bleeding is venous, you will be able to arrest it by applying coldwater. Elevate the limb, and use compression. If this does not arrestit, apply some of the Monsel's Solution, which is a solution of the persulphateof iron, which quickly stanches the blood by coagulation.After the hemorrhage has ceased, apply a bandage. If the blood comesout in jets, you may know that an artery is wounded, and that no timeis to be lost. No styptics will arrest hemorrhage from any imjiortantartery, but in such cases instantly apply the Spanish windlass, which ismade by tying a handkerchief around the limb, and twisting it with astick, until the hemorrhage ceases. This compression is to be maintained,until the patient can have the attention of a surgeon. Be careful,however, to apply the windlass above the wound towards the heart.If you have to deal with any ordinary wound, cut, etc., draw theedges together with strips of adhesive plaster, and put on cold waterdressings.Fractures.These accidents often happen where no surgical aid can be convenientlyprocured. Any one can easily detect a broken bone by theperson not being able to raise the limb, by its bending where it oughtnot, by pain, and by crepitation, or crackling soixnd if the parts aremoved. When the bone is merely separated into two parts it is called asimple fracture when an;oj)en wound communicates with the fractureit is called compound; when the bone is broken into numerous fragments,it is termed comminuted, and C07n2jUcated when attended with dislocation,laceration of large vessels, etc.

376 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.The bones of the head and face are liable to be broken by blows, falls,etc. , and need immediate medical attendance. All you can do before thearrival of the surgeon, is to raise the head, apply cold water, avoid allnoise and excitement, and arrest the bleeding by the means heretoforeadvised.Collar bone.This bone is usually broken by violence upon the shoulder, arm, andhand. It is generally broken near the middle of the bone, the part ispainful and swollen, and every attempt at motion proauces pain ;theshoulder is sunken and drawn towards the breast-bone. The patientusually is found supporting the arm with his hand, to relieve the pressureupon the sensitive network of nerves in the armpit.Treatment.— Push the shoulder backwards, and press on the seat offracture, until you get it in its place. Then make a wedge-shaped pad,and put it in the armpit and secure it there by a bandage, which surroundsthe chest. Then bring the elbow to the side, and pla)ce tlêforearmin a sling ;then take bandages, and secure the whole arm so tightlyin that position that it cannot be moved. The surgeon may ttien becalled, or, if the above advice is j^roperly and effectually obeyed, thecure will be a good one.Broken Ribs.This is kno'ma by pain when the patient breathes, or on pressurewhere the injury has taken place. Crepitation is also felt when thehand is placed over the part during resjJU'ation or coughing, and if thepleura is injured, the chest swells, or emphysema appears.TiiEATMENT.— If the broken ends project, apply a compress over it ;if there is a depression, a compress is to be placed at each extremity.If there is a bruise, apply hot fomentations ;then take a bandage six oreight inches wide, and draw it tightly around the chest over the injuredpart. This gives great relief, as it prevents expansion of the chest inrespiration, and holds the broken ends in opposition. Keeping this bandagefirmly applied is all that need be done in the way of treatment.Fracture op the Humerus.This is the bone between the elbow and shoulder. It may be detectedby the ordinary methods.Treatment.— Place the bones in ajiposition, making sure that it isright, by comparing it with the sound arm. Then take four splints, andput one in front, one behind, and one on each side of the arm. Securethese with a V)audage. This dressing will do, until better attention caobe given to it by a competent doctor. PJ-ice the arm in a sling.

the complete herbalist. 377Fracture of the Bones op the Forearm.Tliere are two bones here, the radius and ulna. They may both beone of them. The fracture is easilyTreatment.— detected.The diffic\Uty here is to observe the space between thefractured, or onlybones, which is called the interosseous space. The fracture is readilyreduced by drawing the arm forwards, and when this is done, press themuscles into the interosseous space. Now, take two splints, well paddedon the mside, reaching from the elbow beyond the fingers, put oneon the mside and the other on the outside of the forearm, and securethem with a bandage. The arm should be carried in a sling.Fracture op the Bones in the Hand, Foot, or Ankle.These solid bones are almost always wounded by such accidents thattend to crush them, as machmery, threshing machines, heavy weightsfalling on them,Treatment.— etc.Dress the open woimd as any other, then cover the wholehand in several folds of rag, or handkerchief, dipped in cold water.Fracture at the Hip-Joint.This is a very serious accident, and liable to occur in aged people.One that receives this injuiy cannot stand or rise from the ground. Ifthe patient is placed upright the injiured limb will be found muchshorter than the other, and the foot turned outwards. What is calledosseous union rarely if ever occurs in this fracture.Treatment.— In old persons support the limb by pillows and restrainall motion. This is all you can do. In other cases, make twosplints, one reaching from the arm-pit to about six inches longer thanthe foot, the other from between the legs, extending to the samelength. Pad these well, especially at the upper ends. Apply themto the inner and outer side of the leg and secure them with a bandage.Now make a foot-board with two mortised holes in it, through whichthe splints can pass. Bore holes in the lower ends of the splints everyhalf inch. Put on the foot-board, and attach the foot to it firmly,then pull the foot-board down so as to stretch the leg well, for thissecures what is called extension, which is necessary in these oases. Thesplints resting against the arm -pit and periuieum affords what is calledcounter-extension. See in all cases that you have the leg straight.Fracture op the Thigh-Bone.Fracture of the shaft of this bone is easUy recognized by shortening,crepitation, etc.,and you should treat it just the same as advised in thefracture of thi^ bone at the hip-joint. If this fracture should occuraway from home, in the fields or elsewhere, get some stiff straw,or bits of very thin board, or if you have a "stove-pipe" hat take

378 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.that, knock out the crown, take off the rim, and split it up at thesides. Bind these around the limb rather tightly with suspenders,handkerchiefs, or tear your shirt up for bandages. Then you can safely removethe patient to a place where he may receive the proper treatment.Fracture op the Cap op the Knee or Patella.This may be broken bymuscular contractions or direct violence.Falling on the knee very frequently produces it. There is no crepitationfelt in this fracture. The pain is not very severe, but the limb ispartially bent, and the patient has no power to extend it.Treatment. — Keep do\\Ti the swelling with lotions, etc., and then,by means of strips of adhesive plaster, draw the fragments together andretain them firmly in that position. Prevent motion by putting a longsplint on the back of the leg.Fracture op the Leg.There are two bones below the knee, the tibia n,ndfibtila, and a fracture,occurring in one or both of them from a fall or direct- violence, isa frequent accident, the tibia being most frequently broken, 'the signsare evident. Crepitation, pain, want of motion, etc., declare it^Treatment.— When both bones are broken, or wheu the fibulaalone, or when the upper part of the fibula is fractured, the best andmost simple apiâratus is the fracture-box and pillow. Make a boxconsiderably wider than the leg, with only one end board, and thatconsiderably higher than the sides of the box— the box has no lid. Puta pillow, or little bags of chaff or bran in this ; put the broken leginto this; see that it fits well;then secure the foot to the foot-board,so as to prevent lateral inclination.The gi-eat object in the treatment of fractures is to keep the brokenends well together, or in apposition, and keep them there. Naturewill do the healiug part. In bandaging limbs, be careful that you getthem smoothly on the parts, and make allowances for the swellingwhich occurs. If a bandage is formed too tight, it should be removed.or else mortification of the limb will ensue.DISLOCATIONS.The signs of limbs being out of joint are deformity, swelling, and ahollow where none should be, shortening or elongation, pain and immobilityof the limb.BrokenNeck, or Back.This is ne;uly always accoiiipaniod by a fracture. It may be producedby couvulhioiis, falls, hanging, etc. The chances of life are small, on

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 379account of injury done to the spinal marrow, or the action of the diaphragmmay bo suspended by compression of the phrenic nerve.Treatment.— Lay the person (if in the neck) on his back, plantyour knees on the patient's shoulders, grasp the head firmly, pull gently,and at the same time put the head into its proper place but this must be;properly and gently done, or else you may do great harm. If La theback, do nothing.Dislocation of the Jaw.This is often caused by yawning, by convulsions, or by blows on thaichin, when the mouth is wide open. The mouth gapes and cannot be!shut, the saliva trickles, there is great pain, and the patient cannot talk.Treatment. — Seat the patient on a low stool, stand in front of him,and then press your thumbs upon the last molar or grinding teeth veryfirmly. Be careful, however, to have your thumbs well protected withwrappings, or else you may be severely bitten. By doing this you getthe articular ends of the jaw-bone from their unnatural position, and reductionis caused by the normal action of the muscles. When you hearthe snap, you may be sure that the bone is in its proper position.reduction, the chin should be confined by a bandagedays.Dislocation at the Shoulder.Afterfor a week or tenThis may be displaced in three directions, viz. inwards, downwards:and backwards. By comparing the injured with 4he sound shoulder,you may be able to tell that it is a dislocation. Where the head of thebone ought to be, you will find a dejire-ssion, and you will most likelyfind a tumor, near the breast, in the ann-pit, or towards the back,according to the manner of dislocation.Treatment.— Lay the person on his back, and sit down beside himon the injured side, and put a round pad in the ann-pit. Then take oflEyour boot, put your foot against the pad, grasp the patient's arm, or tiea towel to it, put it around your neck, and pull in that way. Thenwhile you pull at the arm and push with your foot, tell the patient toturn round, or you may carry the arm across his chest. WTaile this isdone, a snap will be heard, and the bone is in its proper place.Dislocations at the Elbow.When both radius and ulna are dislocated, the forearm is bent nearlyat a right angle, and is immovable. When the ulna alone is dislocated,there is a tumor projecting posteriorly, the elbow is bent at right angles,and the forearm is turned upwards. The radius is dislocated at theelbow either forwards or backwards. When backwards the head of thebone forms a prominence behind, the arm is bent and the hand prone.

380 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.When forwards there is a distinct prominence in front,the arm iaslightly beut, and the hand supine.Treatment.— When both bones are dislocated, or in case the nlna isalone out of joint, make forcible extension of the forearm over yourknee, placed at the elbow, to make counter-extension. Then bend theforearm while making extension, and reduction will take place. Inforward dislocation of the radius make forcible extension, and whiledoing so, turn the hand from without inwards, called pronation. Inbackward dislocation make forcible extension, and turn the hand fromwithin oi^tward, or supination. In either case you should press thehead of the bone into proper position with your thumb. Then advisevest, cold api^lications, and a sling.Dislocations at the Whist.The luxation of both bones of the forearm from the bones of the handis rare. AVhen it occiirs forward there is a great projection in front, andthe hand is bent backwards ;when backwards, the projection is behind,and the hand is flexed. If the radius alone is dislocated theând willbe somewhat twisted. If the ulna is dislocated, it may be easily i^fccognizedby a projection on the back of the wrist. *TliEATMENT.— The reduction of both bones is effected by makingextension and pressure. If either of the bones are dislocated, the reductionis performed in the same manner. Pain, swelling, and stiffnessof the joint may follow, which .should be obviated by cold applications,rest, lotions, etc. and a, light splint may be applied to prevent its recurrence.Dislocation op the Bones op the Hand.Displacement of the bones of the carpus or body of the hand rarelyoccurs. The bones of the fingers are occasionally dislocated, but morefrequently the thumb is dislocated backwards.Treatment.— Make extension in a curved line, by means of a narrowbandage or tape, firmly applied by a close-hitch upon the finger.Dislocation op the Ribs.Dislocation of the ribs from the spinal column may sometimes occurby severe falls, or blows upon the back, and from the breast bone, byviolent bending of the body backwards. Great pain and difficulty ofbreathing follow in either case.Treatment.— Tell the patient to take a deep inspiration, and slightlybend the bodj' backwards, and while he does this, make some pressureon the projecting point. After reduction treat the same as for brokenribs.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 381Dislocation at the Hip.In this case the leg is shortened and the foot is tiimed inicards. Itmay be dislocated in five different ways ;— upwards and backwards is,however, the most common dislocation. In all cases you may know thatdisplacement has occurred, by comparison with the articulated limb.Treatment. — The accident is so serious that no attempt should bemade at reduction, except by a surgeon, but if it happens when no suchaid can be procured, you may proceed as in dislocation of the shoulder.If you cannot make sufficient extension in that way, you may attach pulleysto a towel fastened above the knee, and make counter-extension bymeans of a folded sheet in the perinaBum. After full extension is accomplished,push the head into the socket, or so manipulate the leg that itsmovements will force reduction. After reduction, the patient should bekept at rest, and walking should not be attempted for several weeks.Dislocation of the Knee-cap.This may be dislocated in various directions. It is characterized bythe leg being stretched, and a prominence formed by the patella in anabnormal situation.Treatment.— Eaise the patient's leg and rest it upon your shoulder.YiTiile in this position, force the bone into its place with the hand.Dislocation at the Ankle.This may be forwards, backwards, inwards and outwards, and are theresults of severe force. The bones' ends are usually fractixred at the sametime. It is a very serious accident, and when it occurs to patients whoseconstitutions are bad amputation may often be necessary.Treatment.— Reduction is effected by bending at the knee, andwhile in that position, drawing the foot forwards.In aU cases of dislocations and fracture communicating with joints, thedanger is anchylosis or stiffness of the joints. This is to be obviated bywhat is called ptLssive motion, which is to be instituted in all cases, afew weeks after the accident. It is accomplished by taking hold of thelimb and moving it in natural directions, as far as consistent, and repeatedafter suitable intei-vals. The patient is to be enjoined, also, whenpracticable, to exercise his limb at the wounded articulation. Thereare many other fractures and dislocations that I have not spoken of, forthe reason that they are all so serious that the treatment should onlybe attempted by those having the proper anatomical knowledge and suxgicalbMLL

382 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.PREVENTION OF EPIDEMIC DISEASES.The alarming fatality consequent upon an epidemic reign of diseasedemands the closest scrutiny upon the part of communities, large orsmall, to guard against its approach or prevalence. Medical skill is nnableto cope with the fearful onslaught of epidemics, and in many casesepidemic diseases are of so violent a character that the most vigorousconstitutions succumb to the assault, and the profoundcst medical skilland most rational medical treatment are unavailing. It is questionableif medical science wUl ever be able to materially decrease the rate ofmortality that usually ensues upon epidemic reign the subtle ethereal;poison causing epidemics being of too violent a character to allowascendency to be gained by naaterial medicinal agents. Since it isquestionable that mastery can be gained by medicinal or therapeuticagents, the j^roper remedy is suggested, not by investigating the bestagents of cure, but in measures of prevention, as the author is quite certainthat by proper knowledge and concerted action the spread of anepidemic can be limited, and its onset prevented. Epidemic diseasesbelong to the class which has been conveniently but inaccurately,^ designated' ' zymotic. " They are generated, according to the most lAodemphysiological doctrine, by a specific poison, introduced into the body fromwithout, which is capable of causing morbid changes in the blood, andof destroying life. The poisons of various epidemic diseases are distinctinter se; the contagion of typhus, for instance, being altogether differentfrom that of small-pox, and the contagion of cholera from that ofdiphtheria, and yet it is plain that they are all somehow related, andcapable of gradual transmutation from one type into another. Someancient types have died out— the black-death, the sweating sickness, andthe plague biit new;types, undescribed by the old physicians, havearisen. We are able to note remarkable "waves of disease;" atonetime the great mortality is from typhus, at another from small-pox, atanother from scarlatina. In England they have recently had a successionof epidemic. The outbreak of cholera in 1866 was followed bytyphoid fever, and as, the latter began to abate in violence, scarlatinaappeared in the most malignant form, and attacked the metropolis. Thisdi.-*ease had beiiTin a year and a half ago to decline in London, but atthe same time it began to spread through other parts of the kingdom,where it has since raged destmctivcly. A little later than the scarlatina,relapsing fever, which has been rare in these countries since 1849. brokeout with great severity, also attacking London first, and, when it hadspent its force there, extending itself into the provincial towns. Lastly,they have been visited with an epidemic of small-pox more severe thanany outbreak of that disease which has been recorded in England during

. forcementTHE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 383the present generation. And no sooner has the small-pox begun toabate its violence than they are threatened with a return of cholera.This periodicity of disease is yet to be explained but it is established;that, given the same conditions for the reception and propagation ofcontagion, about the same proportion of lives will be carried away,whether the prevailing epidemic be scarlet fever or typhus, or relapsingfever or small-pox.The blood-poisoning of the zymotic diseases, which is thus various andchanging in type, is traceable, however, to the same class of causes.In some epidemics the germs of contagion are far more volatile than inothers, but, in all,we know by experience that, if we can isolate thepatient and submit his immediate surroundings to disinfectant agents,we check the spread of the disorder.Pure air and pure water are irreconcilably hostile to contagious disease.The first duty, therefore, of sanitary administration is the enofeffective ventilation, the supply of a fixed quantity offresh air to every person hi every house. This is an iimovation whichwill of course be resisted both by ignorance and self-interest, but no infractionof real liberty will be committed in preventing ignorant or selfinterestedpersons from doing mischief to the community by sowing theseeds of disease broadcast. The next step in the work of prevention isto insist upon a free and well-distributed system of sewers to carry awayat once from every habitation the impixrities which poison the air, andwhich, even when they do not directly propagate contagion, insidiouslyweaken the constitution of those subjected to their influence and preparethem for the reception of the germs of disease. Most country villages andmany small towns are almost wholly destitute of systematic drainage,and cesspools, which are the commonest substitutions, are merely trapsfor infection. The enforcement of drainage and the abolition of cesspoolsare reforms which experience has shown will never be carried outby the local authorities, and is especially an improvement whichought to be and can be carried by pressure from a strong central executiveoflSce. A third precaution is systematic disinfection, not onlyof everything connected with and surrounding a person suffering fromcontagious disease, but of all places where dirt unavoidably accumulates,and whence at any time effluvium can be perceived to proceed.These precautions, however, though valuable in themselves, and alsoas tending to effect the further object to which we are now able torefer, are quite unavailing unless supplemented by securities for a puresupply of water. Cholera, as we have seen, is held to be propagatedalmost exclusively through polluted water, and there is scarcely a formof epidemic that is not to some extent disseminated in the same way.We have stated that it is doubtful if sanitary reform can ever boproperly enforced by local authority, and hence advocate that its re-

384 THB COMPLETE HERBALIST.qiiirement should be insisted upon by national statutes. The healthof any country is as much a principle of political economy as its freedom,and just as worthy, if not more so, of vigilance ;and it is to bohoped that the day is not far distant when legislators in every landwill see the absolute necessity to enact such laws rendering thoroughdisinfection and drainage obligatory upon all its citizens. Physicianshave long advocated so desirable a reform, and neglected no opportunityto teach the people the virtue of and benefits to be derived from disinfection;but the absence of any epidemic gives a false sense of security,and the advices are unheeded until the deathly blast of the epidemic isujion them, when their folly is exposed and the wisdom of precautionestablished.Of the disinfectants, the following are the best :— Chloride of Ume,Labarraque's solution, carbolic acid, and bromo-chloralum. Chlorine gasis probably the best, but not so practicable for universal use. Most ofthem are comparatively cheap, and no household should be without asufficient quantity.All cesspools, sinks, etc., should be thoroughly disinfected wheneverthey become offensive and exhale noxious vapors, and no pools of stagnantwater or other filthy places should be permitted to remain undrainedfor any space of time. If such a desirable reform could becomeof universal operation, the reign of epidemics would be over and becomethingB of the past.JAPANESE CORN FILE.This file is the only practical cure for corns. It should always be usedinstead of a knife. With a little care the corn can be filed down to aperfectly smooth, level surface, which result can never be attained by theuse of the knife. After the corn is filed down smoothly and evenly inevery part, my Herbal Ointment should be applied night and morning.The price of the ointment is 25 cents per pot, and two cents extra forpostage. It IS sold by druggists generally. The price of the Corn File,prepaid by mail, is 50 cents. No one afflicted with a corn will ever regretthe small sum of itmoney costs.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 385TREATMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES.THE AUTHOR'S SPECIALTY.Important to the Suffering Sick, Male or Female.Chronic Diseases are those that have passed the active or inflammatoiystage. Strictly speaking, a disease is not curable until it haspassed this stage and become to a certain extent " chronic." The wordmeans "time," and any disease that has had time to pass the activestage, "chronic." The tendency of chronic affections is to recover, andnine out of ten will recover by proper attention to hygienic laws and theright medicine. It would be imprudent, in case of a severe attack ofillness, to trust recovery to nature, without availing ourselves of medicaladvice; without in fact ascertaining the proper remedy, which is surely tobe found somewhere in the herbal kingdom. In all cases of chronic disease,a careful diagnosis is absolutely required, as each case is usuallyaccompanied by a variety of sympathetic disorders ; hence, it requiresthe educated and experienced physician to note the variations, detectthe complications and identify the locality and extent of the real disorder.Patient and intelligent investigation is absolutely requisitein allcases, as without such a diagnosis the treatment would not be successful.My specialty is the treatnieut of chronic disease. I very rarelygive advice, unless specially and urgently solicited, with reference toacute affections, and never essay treatment unless the affections be ofspecific or scrofulous origin, as private diseases, acute phthisis,etc.Aside from these exceptional cases, my professionalattention and servicesare entirely absorbed in the treatment of chronic diseases, andthese I can justly claim to treat with unvarying success. This assertionis certainly pardonable when the fact of my success is attested bythousands of former patients in all parts of the world. Early in my professionalcareer it became apparent to me that only as a specialist canany physician hope for either competence or success. Aware of the follyof the attempt to become equally skillful in the treatment of both acuteand chronic affections, I made chronic diseases exclusively my study,and devoted for many years all the energies at command in the endeavorto acquaint myself with all the varied and multiform manifestations. NoZ

386 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.physician, unless he be a prodigy of science, can with equal successtreat both acute and chronic affections. If he is animated with theprinciples of professional integrity, striving to gain absolute competence,he has no time to investigate the characteristics of chronic diseases,should he even have the inclination. The "family physician" dealsmostly with acute affections hence it is ; necessary to his professionalsuccess and reputation to devote his sole attention to the study of acutedisorders. It is well known that the highest perfection of mechanismdemands the division of labor into special branches, and so it is with the—practice of medicine division into specialties secures greater intelligence,competence, and success of treatment.It is not necessary that I should particularize each disease forwhich my advice may be solicited, or for the treatment of which my servicesmay be engaged. I may be consulted with reference to every existingchronic disorder, claiming the requisite ability to give definite andconclusive advice, and provide treatment invariably successful in result, ifin my estimation the affection is capable of cure.Chronic affections are so numerous that the author will allude tothe more important only, and such as are fearfully prevalent .^nd destructive.,|In tlie female economy >ye meet with exceptional disedfses notobservable in the opposite sex. She, too, by many obscure causes, maysadly destroy her health and capacities of womanhood, and in which conditionthe same vigilance should be exercised, and the same efficient andreliable medical counsellor should be appealed to. The physical degeneracyis the same, and special treatment no less important than in theanalogous condition of the male. Besides this sad affection she suffersuntold agony with wliat are termed Uterine Diseases. Vital statisticiansassert that there scarcely exists a female in civilized life who does notsuffer with uterine disorder at some time of her life, and that as a ruleevery female is at all times more or less a sufferer from the womb disease.Why is woman thus fearfully a sufferer? Is it altogether owingto injurious modes of dress, habits of life, and other agencies ? Is it notpossible that this prevalence of uterine diseases is partially owing to inefficientand irrational treatment? If treatment were competent, thisload of suffering would certainly be lighter. These diseases have surelyno such pathological character as to render treatment unavailing, andthat all that physicians can do is to pronounce tliem incurable.Proper internal medication in combination with proper hygienicobservance, will effect a cure in nearly, if not all, uterine disorders. Thelong continued suffering, so generally the history of all uterine diseases,is due more to harsh and inappropriate treatment than to any peculiarseverity or stubbornness in the morbid elements of the affections them-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 387selves. Under proper and skillful treatment, Leucorrhoea, Ulceration,Prolapsus, or Falling of tht Womb, the various misplacements of theorgan, menstrual disorders, etc., yield kindly, and a cure is speedilyeffected in all cases.Diseases ailectiug' the reproductive system in the male sexare actually the gravest of all, and attended with more sad results thanany in the whole catalogue of human afflictions. Their very apparentmildness gives to them a twofold capacity for undermining the constitutionand destroying the integrity of the general health, by imperceptiblelosses through the water or fluids of the body. Patients, before writing,will please save a little of this water in a bottle for twenty-four hours.Write me if there is any sediment, of the color and quantity,as it willsave much loss of time. This disguised or negative feature isalwaysassociated with those diseases depending upon disorders of the generativeorgans, many of which are contracted by dissipated or vicious habits indulgedin to a greater or less extent, and patients, though long aware oftheir indisposition, are not fully conscious of the nature or seriousness oftheir disease until health is completely broken, the constitution wrecked,and the vitality and vigor of the nervous system utterly destroyed. Longbefore this one may know that all is not right, but owing to a false delicacy,neglect tc employ competent treatment.Sterility or Barreimess. I can be consulted on this subject freelyby all the childless, and shall give my candid opinion promptly by mail,as to whether they can be successfully treated or not. In nine cases outten all impediments can be safely removed in a reasonable length oftime. Some of the most frequent causes of barrenness are, dysmenorrhoea(painful menstruation), especially the congestive form of it ;menorrhagia(profuse menstruation), especially when it is associated withmenorrhcea, or too frequently recurring periods; induration of the cervix,or neck of the womb, and the most frequent of all, relaxation of thevaginal walls to such an extent that the spermatozoa is never retained atall, but escapes from the vagina immediately after coition.Chronic Impoteney is one of tJie most deplorable conditionswith which mankind can possibly be be afflicted.Now my success in the treatment of conditions of this class, warrantsme in saying that it is just as surely amenable to judicious, well directedtreatment, in accordance with its true pathological character, as anyother curable abnormal condition of the sexual organization. The greatreason why this disease has so seldom been successfully treated by thegreat mass of the profession is, that its pathology has not been properlystudied or investigated, and consequently not understood.The sacral plexus of nerves (with one branch from the lumbar), are thenerves which supply the sexual organization with its vitality.

388 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.The sensorj^ nerves convey from the base of the brain, or cerebellum,impressions to these nerve centers, and it isthrough them that natureasserts its power.To explain a little more minutely: Whenever a passionate, lasciviousthought, or sight, or impression in any form occurs, the sensory nei-vesconvey the impression to the sacral ganglia, and if this nerve center isactive and vigorous, natural results will surely follow ;but if it has becomeatonied, or if it has lost its vitality, of course it cannot act underthe impression conveyed to itby the sensory nerves, and this is whatconstitutes Impotency.Now, of course, specific medicines, or medicines which have a directaffinity for, or act as a direct stimulus to these nerves, are the onlyremedies that can be depended upon to restore this lost vitality. Suchremedies I claim to make use of in conditions of this class, and my successhas proved them to be reliable whenever my directions and instructionshave been followed, and my treatment pursued for a reasonable lengthof time. The specific action of some remedies is too well known to bedisputed quinine, : iron, antiseptics, and many others belong-to this class.Now the great majority of diseases we are obliged to treat on\generalprinciples, as specifics for all diseases have not yet been discovered ;butgeneral treatment would be of no use \îatever m conditionsfof thisclass ; positive, specific treatment is the only available course, and thisis what I claim my treatment to be.It is true, that congenital conditions, or malformations, or organicdiseases of the sexual system, may render some cases incurable by anymethod of treatment, but these cases are extremely rare.Syphilis, that terrible scourge of our large cities, is another diseasein which the superiority, nay, even the absolute necessity of specificmedication has been clearly established. This formidable disease hasassumed alarming proportions in our country, and at this time it cannotbe said to be confined to our cities only ;for plainly, the rural districtsare not exempt from the foul taint. It is its constitutional, secondaryand tertiary forms that more particularly demand my attention, and whichI am constantly treating with such uniform success. Were this diseaseconfined to itsprimary stage, it would not be the hydra-headed monsterthat it now is, but unfortunately its ravages are unlimited ; everj' tissueof the body becomes involved in rapid succession. The throat becomesulcerated, rendering the breath intolerably offensive next the;glandularsystem— the glands of the neck ;then the cartilaginous tissues, especiallyof the nose, which soon sinks upon a level with the face, as itthough hadbeen battered with a mallet, and finally the bones themselves becomespongy, and exostoses supervenes. It would require a large volume tofully describe the ravages of this disease. The number of generations

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 389through which it is capable of propagating itself by hereditary descentis unknown— probably unlimited. My specific treatment for the constitutional,secondary and tertiary forms of this disease, may be relied uponwith positive certainty to eliminate every particle of this specific contagionfrom the system, no matter of liow long standing.Chronic Urinary Diseases. This class of diseases has becomealarmingly prevalent in our country, especially among the laboring oractive business men of middle age, and those far advanced in years.Diabetes in both its forms, albuminuria, or Bright's disease, ardorurinae, or irritable bladder ;abnormal deposits in the urine ;and in theaged, inability to retain the urine ;with frequent desire to void it, whichwhen voided flows in a dribbling manner; partial paralysis of the bladder,characterized by inability to evacuate it without considerable effort,accompanied with frequent and sudden cessations of the flow ;calculousor gravelly obstructions, etc.I have made these conditions a special study for years, and I can safelyaffirm that there are but few cases of this class of diseases that specificmedication by nature's remedies will fail to relieve ;and I know fromexperience that there is no class of diseases in which the superiority ofspecific vegetable medicine is more clearly manifested than in chronicurinary difficulties of every form and type. I have hundreds of testimonialsin my possession, conclusively establishing this fact.Catarrll. This formidable disease is located, primarily, in thepituitary membrane which lines the nasal fossa, and extends to thedifferent cavities communicating with the nose. It is composed of twolayers one : fibrous, which is attached to the bones ;the other, free andsecretory — the seat of smell. This membrane lines all the sinuses of themaxillary, frontal and ethmoidal bones, and its mucous surface is theprimary seat of the catarrhal inflammation, but the fibrous portion issoon involved, and then the discharge becomes pustular and fetid, whileall the bones to which this fibrous portion of the membrane is attachedbecome affected, and caries, or slow destruction of the osseous tissuessupervenes the breath becomes intolerable, and sooner or later all the;air passages to and within the lungs become involved, so you can readilysee how extensive a disease catarrh is, and how preposterous the idea that alittle of somebody's snuff will remove the specific inflammation from all thesetortuous winding air-passages, which are so extensive as to make thepatient who is badly afilicted with this disease, feel as though his wholeface was fairly rotten with it. Both local and general treatment of aspecific character must positively be resorted to, to remove the septicinflammation,and restore all the tissues to a normal condition.Specific local treatment, by means of my Nasal Douche Apparatus,and the exhibition of general remedies, which through the circulation and

390 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.absorbent vessels act as specifics to inflamed mucous membranes, ispositively the only reliable treatment for this distressing malady.My supreme coiilidencc in the healing virtues of herbal medicineswas gained only by observing their superiority, and not born ofprejudice or antipathy for in the first few; years devoted to the study ofmedicine, I was taught as others are, to regard the employment ofmineral agents as right and advisable. Experience only gave me betterknowledge and fuller understanding, and at the present time, should theprivilege of employing the medicinal properties of plants be taken awayfrom me, leaving me but the inert and harmful minerals, my professionalknowledge would avail me nothing, and I would stand in the presenceof disease with fettered hands, helpless as a child, and absolutely withoutpower to mitigate or relieve a single pain or symptom.I think I can truthfully say that no physician at the present timeis treating so many chronic cases as myself. I have for twenty yearsadvertised very largely in all the leading newspapers of the country. Iprint upwards of three million Shakespearian Almanacs annually forgratuitous distribution. There has been 450,000 "Complete-Herbalists"sold within the last twelve years. As I have said before, my specialtyhas been chronic diseases.Thousands are led to consult me and my associate^physicians forrelief, which, owing to our large experience in a certain class of complaints,we can guarantee to cure in almost every case. I advertise my familymedicines through the druggists, and sell them largely— the sales amountingto nearly half a million yearly. I am obliged to have assocciatephysicians to assist me, owing to my business being so large.All invalids write us unhesitatingly just—as they feel in special casesthus giving us a perfect description of their cases, which enables us to bemore successful than we otherwise could be.Afflicted persons desirous of gaining my advice should give a plainstatement of their afflictions ;when contracted, the present symptoms,etc.— in fact, everything should be made known to me precisely as wouldoccur by personal interview. The following questions are intended toassist invalids in properly presenting their cases. Answers to all thequestions are not necessary.QUESTIONS FOR llEFEREXCE.Dctignedfor those ivko 'wish to Cousiilt me with a z'ieû to Treatment.A. What isyour age ? If known, what isyour temperament ? Didyou arrive at the age of puberty without having had any serious illness,or sufficiently so to injure your constitution ?B, Are you afflicted with any chronic form of eruptive diseases ? Ifso, what are its characteristics ? Is it scaly or ])apular (pimples), or pus-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 391tular) secreting pus ? If papular, is it attended with any secretion inthe pimples ? If so, is the secretion watery ? If pustular, do scabsform ? Uo the scabs drop off and new ones form immediately, or do thepustules heal ? What Is the color of these ?C. Is there any hereditary disease in your family, recent or remote ?D. Are you very nervous? if so, can you assign any cause for it?Have you overtaxed yourself with study, or with mental or physical exertionof any kind ? Have you any mental trouble ? Is your memory orcapacity for mental pursuits impaired ? Is your sleep disturbed byfrightful dreams, or dreams of any kind ? If your business through theday has been perplexing, is your sleep disturbed and unrefreshing inconsequence of it ?E. Have you any congenital diseases or condition of any kind ? thatis, any diseased or abnormal condition with which you have beenafflicted from birth ?F. Have you always been temperate in your habits ? Do you indulgeor have you indulged in the use of spirituous liquors of any kindto excess, or of opium in any form, or tobacco ?G". Are you subject to severe attacks of headache, or do you frequentlyhave a dull, heavy, oppressed feeling in the head ? If you haveeither, at what part of the head is the pain most severe, or what part ofthe head is most liable to attacks of pain ? Are you troubled withdizziness of the head, ringing noises in the ears, or specksbefore theeyes?H. Have you a disagreeable taste in the mouth, especially in themorning ? Are the gums healthy, or are they becoming absorbed, leavingthe teeth long and naked ? If the latter, do you know whether it isthe result of the use of mercury, or of vitiated secretions ? Is the tonguecoated ? Are its tip and edges very red ?I Do you have any disease of the throat ? Are the tonsils veryliable to become inflamed and enlarged, causing difficult deglutition ?and are you especially liable during cold weather to contract what iscalle'd a sore throat ?J, Are you afflicted with a chronic cough ? if so, for what length oftime have you been troubled with it ? At what time of the day do youcough most ? Is coughing attended with pain in any part of the chest ?if so, what part? Does it cause pain in any part of the chest to inhalea full breath ? Have you constant pain in any part of the chest ? Is itincreased by coughing, and is it always confined to one locality Do?you expectorate much ? What is the character of the expectoration ? Isit thick and adherent, or is it of a mucous character? Does it sink inw^ter ? Do you have turns of perspiring freely at night ? Do your feet

392 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.and ankles swell ? and is the swelling edematous ?— that is, does it piton the removal of pressure of the thumb ?K. Do you have any pains or fluttering sensations about the heart ?if so, are they constant, or do they come and go at intervals ? Do youhave palpitation, attended with difficulty of breathing? if so, is it constantor at intervals ? If at intervals, of what length of time generally ?Li. Is your appetite and digestion good ? Are you troubled withcollections of wind in the stomach ? Does food distress you ? if so,what kind of food distresses you most ? Docs a meat diet give you morepain than a farinaceous one ? Do very hot or very cold drinks give youpain in the stomach ? Are you constipated ? and are you troubled withpiles.M. Have you any pain or weakness in the lower part of your back ?Is the voiding of urine attended with pain or smarting? Are youobliged to void it more frequently than is natural ? and is it normal inquantity ? Does the urine deposit a sediment ? if so, what is the cliaracterof it ?N. Do you have any rheumatic or neuralgic pains in any p\irt ofyour body ? Are any of the tendons of the extremities contracted i Areyou troubledwith cramps in the lower extremities when in bed ?O. If a male, have you injured yourself by excesses of any kind,recent or remote. Have you now, or have you had varicocele ?It is not necessary for me to insert here questions which the patientwill readily see are inadmissable for a work of this kind, but which are,nevertheless, of great importance ;and he can forestall me in this matterby giving me all the information in relation to his condition that willoccur to him as being necessary to aid me in forming opinion—a correctthe only sure guide to correct and successful treatment.P. If a female, are you afflicted with uterine derangement in anyform— prolapsus, leucorrhcea, ulceration, etc.? Have you passed theclimacteric period ? if not, is menstruation regular, and normal inquantity and (luality ? Is it ever attended with severe pain ?Any intelligent female will readily sec the absolute necessity that' existsfor an unreserved history of her case, and a plain statement of thecauses which have led her to consult me with a view to obtainingNo relief.false modesty should deter any from making known their exactcondition, so that Imay be enabled to fully understand the pathology ofthe case, and to prescribe just what is required to effect the most speedyand decisive results. It is not iiccessiiry by any iiioans that ansncrsto all these questions he g-iveil. The most prominent features of thecase are all that I require. It is frequently the case that ladies, in dedescribingtheir condition, give great prominence to unimportant or

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 393— merely sympathetic symptoms slight neuralgic pains in various parts,headache, nervousness, restlessness, and transient or migratory pains—and entirely negrect to say anything about the one great cause of allthese unpleasant and sometimes most distressing symptoms— uterine derangement,or an abnormal condition in some form of the sexual organization.No important organ of the body is more intimately connectedVi'ith the whole sympathetic nervous system, or exercises a greater influenceover the other important organs, stomach, liver, lungs and head,and particularly the nerve centers, tlian the uterus ;and when I amtold that a lady is suffering from uterine derangement in any form, Iknow that she is also suffering from many unpleasant, if not distressingsympathetic symptoms. I do not wish to be considered egotistical at all,but after a.long and extensive experience, I can positively affirm, that ifthere isany particular class of diseases in the treatment of which mygreatest successes have been achieved, it is in the treatment of diseasesincident to females, which have become so prevalent in our country, andwhich I contend are, as a general thing, treated irrationally, and withoutany claim to success. While, perhaps, one has been benefitted by theharsh heroic treatment so extensively practiced by every medical Tyroat the present time, hundreds have been seriously and permanently injured.My unusual success in the treatment of diseases of this classought to be sufficient evidence of their curability by a more rational andentirely harmless method of treatment.Remittances should be made in Tost-Office Money Orders, payableat Jersey City, N, J., wherever there is a Money-Order Office,which is now almost universal, there being only a few exceptions.Where these exceptions do exist, register the letter containingmoney. Either of these modes is perfectly safe, the Postmasteralways giving you a receipt for the money. No Medicines sent C. O.D., unless half the money is sent in advance. The express business hasreached such perfection within the last few years, that I can almostguarantee a DAILY DELIVERY to every hamlet in the United States.All letters will be treated as strictly private and confidential.Invalids on a visit to New York may call on me whenever convenient.Office hours, from lo A. M. to 4 p. m.Address Dr. 0. Phel[)S Browiij No. 21 Grand Street, JerseyCity, N. J.17*

394 THE COJITLDTE HERBALIST.PART III,THE PHILOSOPirr OF THE SEXES.Admitting the delicacy of the subject, it is, however, eminently withinthe province of the medical writer to teach the scientific bearings ofthe marital prerogative of the sexes, inasmuch as health, as well as civilization,is greatly dependent upon the purity of that relation. While Icondemn such literature which is elementarily and purposely suggestive,I have but little sympathy v\ath that prudish modesty which is outragedby everything appertaining to the special characteristics of sex. Theauthor shall, in the consideration of the subject, not attempt to offendhealthy conservatism, yet, at the same time, the subject is too importantto discuss it with undue reserve or by unintelligent circumlocution.The essays are not written to gratify immoral curiosity, but to edifythose who wish to learn and be governed by the correct principled of thephilosophy appertaining to the marital union of the sexes. And" as thiswork is specially intended to educate the popular, and not the professionalmind, it is proper and quite consonant with every moral consideration,that it should contain such general knowledge as all should knowfor proper guidance in matters pertaining to the organs of reproduction.It is quite important for aU to know the anatomy of the genitalia ofboth sexes.I shall, therefore, prepare this special part of this work withthe anatomy of the organs of both sexes.Anatomy op the Male Organs.These consist of the organ itself, seminal vesicles, prostate gland,testes and scrotum.The male organ conveys the urine from the bladder, and the seminalsections from the stnninal vesicles. Its anterior extremity is called thef/lniix, and its posterior extremity is the I'oot ; the intervening part, thebodi/, which consists of two structures, the corjms caveriwstim, or cavernousbody,and the corpn.t spongiosina, or spongy body. The skin is thinand delicate, studded with numerous sebaceous follicles. Surroundingthe glans is a loose doubling of skin called the prepuce, which is connectedtso the mouth of the urethra by a process called the fra>iium. Thethick rim or edge around the base of the glans is the crown, or coronagli(/i(fi'

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 395The cavernous body foi-ms tlie larg-est part of the organ and in shapois a double cylinder. At the root these cylinders are separate andpointed, and called the crura of the penis. Each of these is firmly attachedto the branches of the pubeft and ischium,— bones of the pelvis.The cavernous body has a thick, elastic, fibrous coating externally internallyit consists of a spongy structure made up of cells, or little;caverns, which readUy communicate with the arteries and veins. Thosearteries that terminate in blind tufts are caUed heliciiie. The cylindersare partially separated from each other by a partition whose fibres resemblethe teeth of a comb, whence the name se2)tum jyectiniforine.The corpus spongiostim has the same fibrous covering as the cavernousbody, and is also composed of cells, but which are larger than those ofthe cavernous body. Its relative position to the corpus cavernosum isabout the same as a ramrod to a double-barrelled gim. Posteriorly itenlarges into what is called the bulb, lying between the crura of theorgan. Anteriorly it forms the glans.The urethra, or urinary canal from the bladder, perforates the spongybody. Its mouth at the glans is called meatus uriiiarius.The seminal vesicles consist of two convoluted tubes placed at theposterior and inferior portion of the bladder. They are oblong in shape,about two inches in length. They act as a receptacle for the semen.When secreted by the testicles, the semen is conveyed by a tube, calledthe vas deferens, into these vesicles, where it is mixed with a littlemucus, and retained until discharged.The jyrostate gland is a dense hard structure, about the size of a horsechestnut,surrounding the neck of the bladder, at the commencementof the urethra. It is perforated by the urethra, and also by the ductusejaculatorius, which is formed by the junction of the vas deferens andthe seminal duct. The semen is further liquefied by the secretion ofthe prostate, in its passage through the gland. It also discharges a thickand white secretion into the urethra. In front of the prostate are twoglands ( Cowper^s), about the size of a pea, which also discharge a mucoussecretion into the iirethra.The scrotum is the bag-like covering for the testicles. Its skin ialoose and thin, and of a dark color. The transverse wrinkles whichcold produces are due to a dense, reddish, contractile structure, intimatelyconnected with the skin, and called the dartos. The scrotumhas a muscular covering, next to the dartos; its internal covering iacalled the tunica vaginalis.The testes or testicles are the glands for the secretion of semen. Theyare two in number, oval in shape, and flattened laterally. They aresuspended by the spermatic cord. Each testicle is formed by lobules,consisting of a fine tube, very finely convoluted, which, if finely dissectedand unravelled, is many feet in length. The e^ndidynm is a

396 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Termiform appendage encircling the posterior edge of the testicle, as aarest upon a helmet.The spermatic cord consists of an artery and vein, and nerves, togetherwith the vas deferens.The erectile tissue of the organ consists essentially of intricate networksof veins, which communicate freely with each other, presentinga cellular appearance.These — features constitute what is termed the regional anatomy of theorgans the minute auaXomy being much more complex. The physiologicalfimctions of the male organs of generation are various, and inasmuchas they are associated very intimately with one of the mostimportant of human passions, which if not properly controlled by thedictates of the moral sense, are exceedingly liable to derangement.Anything tending to cause a departure from a healthy or normal standardof action of these phy.siological functions, will assuredly induce aimpairing the integrityof the g-eneral health. Those interested in this subject may turnto page 350, and read the article on " Debility or Loss of Vitality." Noone should be neglectful in this respect, but strenously endeayor byfaulty condition of the organs themselves, besidescorrect habits of life to maintain the physiological functions^n fullof action.The Semen.This is a secretion formed by the testes, which anatomically we havepurity, vigor and integrityseen are composed of lobules formed of convoluted seminiferous tubes.The number of lobules is about 450 in each testis, and that of tubulesabout 840. It is apparent, then, that each testis presents a vast extentof surface for the secretion of the spermatic fluid. The testes originatein the lower part of what is called the Woolfian bodies in the embryo,while the kidneys spring from the ujipcr part. They do not descendinto the scrotum until about the ninth month, and sometimes one orboth remain in the abdomen, without, however, interfering with theirfunction.The semen is a thick, tenacious, grayish fluid, having a peculiar odorcalled sper?n((tic,probably deiicndeut on the secretions mixed with it.The semen as ejected is not the same as secreted by the testes, as itreceives, in its passage out, the addition of the liquefying secretions ofthe prostate and Cowper's glands. It is alkaline in reaction, and containsalbumen and a peculiar principle called spermntin. It also containssperinntdzoiihi^ very small bodies with a tail-like process to them.They were formerly regarded as animalcules, but now known to possessno independent organic life. As viewed under the microscope they areseen floating lively around the spermatic liquor ;this is, mo.st probably,due to ciliary vibrations. The semen also contains other minute, granularbodies, called seminal (//•a/mles. These, in conjunction with tho

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 397Bpermatozoids, constitute the formative agents furnished by the malein generation. They are supposed to correspond with the pollen tubesof plants. The vermicular motion of the spermatozoids evidently aidsthe passage of the semen, after its injection into the womb, to theovaries of the female, and if they there meet the female elements ofgeneration an ovule becomes impregnated, and pregnacy is the result.The semen is a very vital element, and is only secreted in proportion tothe vigor of the male. It contains chlorides and phosphates, hence itswaste preys upon the nervous tissue for its supply of phosphorus. Thesecretion takes place about the fourteenth or fifteenth year, and continuestill about sixty or sixty-five, and during the whole of this time ismuch under the influence of the nervous system. Its presence in theeeminal vesicles is required for the proper accomplishment of the virileact, and it is a well known physiological fact that full procreativequality is only gained after it has been for some time lodged in thevesicles. The involuntary expcnditi;re of this vital fluid is thereforenot only detrimental to the general health, but also seriously destructiveof procreative capacity.Ajstatomy of the Femalk Organs.The organs of generation in the female are generally divided into theexternal and internal. The external consist of the rn/ms veneris, labiaexterna, clitoris, ni/mp/up, vestibule, meatus iinnarius, hymen in virgins,and caruncidm myrtiformes in matrons. The internal are the vagina,titerus, and the uterine appendages, the latter consisting of the broadand round ligaments, ovaries, and Fallopian tubes.The mons veneris is placed at the lower part of the abdomen, andconsists of dense fibro-cellular and fatty tissues, and is covered in theadult with hair. The anatomical provision of this particular coveringin combination with the fatty texture is to prevent chafing and pressureupon sensitive nerves at certain periods.The labia externa, or outer lips, are two folds of skin and mucousmembrane, which commence in front of the pubic bones, and extendback to the perinasum, where they again meet. The superior junctionis called the anterior commissure, the posterior is called the posteriorcommissure, or fourchette. By vulva some mean the whole external organs,by others the longitudinal opening between the projecting part ofthe external organs. The use of the external labia is to protect the organssituated between them.The nymphw or labia in terna, or inner lips, arise from nearly the samepoint, at the anterior commissure, and run downwards and backwards,about an inch, to the middle of the vaginal orifice, where they disappearin the general lining of the labia externa.The cUtoi'is is seated just below the point of the junction of the labia

39fiTHE COMPLETE HERBALIST.interna.In structure it is the same as the male organ, with the exceptionthat it has no spong-y body or urethra. It is erectile and extremelysensitive. Its mucous covering is continuous -nMth the vaginal lining.Under exciting influences it distends and enlarges. In exceptionalinstances and from certain causes, it becomes abnormally enlarged andelongated, and those females in whom this enlargement is observed, arethe reputed hermaphrodites, especially when other congenital deficienciesare associated. This must be regarded, however, as an anotomicalvagary, as in animated nature there is nothing traly epicene.The triangular space between the sides of the labia interna and abovethe clitoris is known as the vestibule^ at the lower portion of which isfound the meatus vr/nariv.i, or orifice of the urethra. The urethra isabout an inch and a half long and very dilatable.The hymen is a fold of mucous membrane, generally of semilunarshape, with its concavity upwards, which is found just within the orificeof the vagina. It is generally ruptured at the first carnal intercourse.Its presence generally denotes the virgin ;it is, however, not an infallibleurgumentum integritatis (one of its names), or evidence of virginalintegrity.Connubial infelicity has often arisen on account of its xibsencein the chosen one of a man who earnestly believed its presence atfsolutelynecessary to establish virginity. Many circumstances of an iAiocentcharacter may occasion a rupture or destruction of this membrane, suchas coughing, convulsive laughter, menstruation, etc. It is often, indeed,found absent in children soon after birth, whilst it may remain entireeven after copulation. Cases of conception have been recorded, and yetthe membrane was found intact. Hence its presence does not absolutelyprove virginity, nor does its absence prove mcontinence, although itspresence would be what is known in law ViSprima facie evidence of continence.Its remains after rupture form what is known as the canmcidw viyrtifoiines,by reason of the resemblance to the leaves of the myrtle. Thespace between the hymen and fourchette is called the fink color, so arrang('d in various folds as toallow great extension. Its orifice is surrounded hj a collection of mus-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 399cular fibres, called the sp7iincter vaginm. It is not much under the controlof the will, however, as is shown by the iuabilitj' to retain injections.The uterus^ or womb, is placed at the upper part of the vagina, andhangs in the centre of the i>elvis, behind the bladder and before therectum . In shape it resembles the pear, rounder posteriorly than anteriorly,and is about two and a half to three inches long, two incheswide, and very nearly an inch thick. Its upper part is called the f (Indus,the inferior cylindrical portion the cervix or neck^ and the interveningportion the body. It is held in place by the broad and lateralligaments. Its cavity is triangular, the base being directed upwards,and the superior angles corresponding to the points of entrance of theFallopian tubes;in size it is about equal to a split almond, and the interiorwalls are nearly alwa^'S in contact. Its inferior angle communicateswith the vagina through the canal of the neck, which is barrelshaped,and from half to three-quarters of an inch long. The contractionat the upper extremity of the canal is called the internal mouth orOS uteri, whilst that of the lower extremity is called the as uteri or ostincce,tench.the latter name from its supposed resemblance to the mouth of ain women who have borne children.In shape the os varies, in some being transverse, in others circularor ragged, the latter especiallyThe uterine cavity lodges the foetus frona the commencement of conceptionuntU its birth.The FalJ/ypian tubes are cylindrical canals about four inches long,arising from the superior angle of the uterus. Externally they areequally thick throughout, except at their terminal extremity, wherethey expand into a trumpet-shaped enlargement, called fimbria ormorsiis diaboU, by which the ovaries are grasjied. They are the ductsfor the passage of the ovules from the ovaries of the uterus. TheOTnries are the analogues of the male testes. They are situated on eachside of the uterus;three or four inches away from it.They are ovalin shape, and in removing the outer coats, the proper ovarian tissueappears, called the stroma. The stroma is stvidded with numerouslittle bodies called Graafian vesicles. These vary in size, the largestbeing found near the surface of the ovary, and are found early in life,but are more developed about the period of puberty. These vesicleshave two coats, the tunic of the ovisac, and the ovisac. Within thecavity formed by these membranes is an albuminous fluid, in which isfound floating the ovum or egg, which is exceedingly small, but whichif impregnated becomes the foetus. The human egg in all its detailsresembles the egg of the chick. It contains a yolk, in the centre ofwhich is a little vesicle called the germinal vesicle,and on the walls ofthe germinal vesicle is seen its nucleus, named the macula germinatica.or germinal spot. As each Graafian vesicle rises to the surface of theovary it bursts, and allows the contained ovum to escape, which is seized

400 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.by the fimbriae of tbc Fallopiau tube, and transmitted to the womb.The scar left on the ovary after the discharge of the ovum is called thecorpiis luteum or yeUoic body. This function in the female is namedociilntion.There is no correspondence between the number of yellow bodieafound in the ovaries of a woman and the number of children she mayhave borne, as the ova are constantly discharged, irrespective of fecundation,and hence the corpus luteum is no evidence of previously existingpregnancySocial Status of the Organs.We have now described the most important anatomical features of thegenital organs with the same composure and desire to instruct, as whenwe descrihed the anatomy of the other organs, and I am sure that all ofmy correct-minded readers have read the same with equal equanimityand desire to learn. It is altogether owing to a false and foolish mode.stythat everything descriptive of the anatomical differences of thesexes is declared to be indelicate or obscene. It is only obscene whenused to awaken and excite the imagination to dwell on amatory objects,and not when used for the purposes of legitimate instructions as in thesepaês. Extreme reticence with regard to matters referring teethe genitalpart of the economy is not always indicative of a pure modesty oi continence,nor is it healthy conservatism, but often the promoter of dieaseand imbecility. Those who are diseased at this part of their anatomy,usually became so because they were ignorant of either the anatomyor physiology of the organs. This fact leads me to have no sympathywith any prudish illiberality, but forcibly impresses me with the greatnecessity existing for instruction and enlightenment relative to this partof the economy. I will therefore break loose from the trammels of prudery,and attempt, in a measure, to properly inform my readers, in adi.screet manner, of all the bearings of philosophy relative to the economyof the genitalia. Knowledge of this kind, in obeisance to a prescriptivespirit, is now isolated within a narrow precinct of intelligence,while the demands of the highest welfare of humanity are urgent foriiiiiversal dissemination.Medical men have long been aware of the necessityof popularizing intelligence relative to this subject, but lacked thewisdom to ignore the illiberal countenance that banished it within theirown limits of intelligence. If any medical l-mowledge is worthy of popularacceptrmce and guidance, it is that pertaining to the genital part ofthe economy on no other;subject are unprofessional people so ignorant,and no other sjiecies of ignorance is conducive to greater misfortunes.Discu.ssion of this subject in the decorous language of science in apopular work, will not lead to lewdness nor encourage lechery on the;contrary, my convictions are that such information as will be impartej

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 401will tend to give a healthy tone to modesty and encourage continence.This is my purpose, all others I ignore and condemn.Excessive modesty is often the offspring of ignorance. The physicianwho is fully acquainted with the anatomy and physiology of the generativeorgans, finds nothing suggestive in such knowledge it is to him;as common-place as the anatomy and physiology of other parts of theeconomy. And should unprofessional people be possessed of properknowledge of the anatomical features and physiological functions of theorgans, any decent and necessary allusion to them would not be regardedas indelicate or offensive. Such intelligence is not subversive of themoral nature, nor provocative of impvire thought the conventional;illiberality deemed proper by certain iêople, is far more hurtful thanjudicious instruction. Knowledge with refererence to the humaneconomy is capable of great injury if permitted to be buried, and this isas true of the organs in the pelvis as of those in the thoracic region.We should aU know, and not be ashamed to admit, when admissionis proper and right, that Nature completed her work in case of ourown persons ; injudicious reservation in this respect, does a greatdeal of harm, as it often obliges the unfortunate to suifer in secretwith serious affections, the locality of which makes them ashamed orunwilling to confide in those whose counsels may be of benefit. Fewparents have the wisdom to take their children in their confidence andteach them the evils consequent on solitary indulgence, and but fewmothers acquaint their daughters with the phenomenon of womanhoodbefore its appearance. The son is unwilling to seek the counsel ofhis father, and the daughter does not avail herself of her mother's wisdomand experience. It is the experience of every medical man whosepractice extends largely among females, that questions concerning theintegrity of the organs in the pelvic cavity are unwillingly answered.What young female is willing to intrust to her medical attendant theknowledge of her disordered menstruation ? She refuses to answer hisquestions, and probably hides her chlorotic face under the bed clothes.The doctor only gains the truth after he is taken to another room wherethe mother or nurse acquaints him with the fact. This round-aboutway of imparting the required information, places the patient in an embarrassingattitude towards her physician, and it would be far better forher own welfare and individual independence did she herself state thefact, and freely and composedly answer the interrogations of her medicalattendant. Who can admire the sickly modesty of Dr. Abernethy'spatient, who enveloped her wrist in a linen handkerchief before shewould permit him to ascertain the condition of her pulse. The Doctor,however, gave the proper rebuke, for he immediately put his hand in hiscoat-tail, and remarked that '" a linen patient requires a woolen physician." Those of the author's sex are also very often uncomfortable in2A

•102 THE COMPLETE ITEnBALTST.the physician's presence, if questionetl with regard to diseases of thegenerative organs. This is radically wrong, for such timidity and unwillingnessinduces the patient to defer medical treatment until absolutelydriven to it by the extreme gravity the affection assumes. Modestyis an admirable virtue, as far as social intercouse is concerned, but undercircumstances requiring mcdicol aid or coimsel, the re-establishment ofthe organs to healthy physiological action should not be embarrassed bya diseased modesty, or timid and foolish reservation. As this work isintended to bear a relation to the reader the same as the physician doesto his patient, it is hoped that the knowledge contained in these essays,will receive commendation instead of condemnation, that they will beconsiderately read by all who have need of such intelligence and that;errors of habit may be abandoned and the proper observance of thelaws of health respecting the generative organs be followed instead.In conclusion, I hope there are not many of my readers who are offendedwith Nature for making us distinct as to sex, and who endeavor toremedy her mistakes by hushing up the fact altogether.Presekvation of the Health op the Organs>Complete health of the organs is necessary to the full vigor a!E thegeneral economy, and it should be the aim and desire of all to mairitainthe vigor of the genitalia. The male delights in the shapely figure ofthe person of the female, the full development of her bust, and thevivacityof her spirits, all indicative of a healthy genitalia and the femaletakes pride in the male who presents the e\'idencos of a vigorous;manhood. This is a natural selection, and no one is indifferent to it.The greatest requirement is dcanUnes^. Ablutions of these partsshould be more frequent than of the body in general. We have seenthat in the male the secretion of smegma constantly accumulates at thecorona. Besides, the scrotum is so situated that perspiration is at alltimes attendant. Its surface is also studded with numerous sebaceousfollicles, whose secretions become quickly very offensive. If thesesecretions are not removed, they will impede the full development ofthe organ as well as abridge coitive power. They should therefore bedaily cleansed. Cold water is preferable, as it is more stimulating, andpo8.se.sses greater tonic properties than tepid or warm water.In the female the excessive secretions render cleanliness very important.The vaginal secretions should not be allowed to accumlateat the vulva, as they soon become offensive, and if re-absorbedimpair the general health. On the pubic prominence are many sebaccouafollicles, whose secretions should be frequently removed byablutions.Besides, the urine which passes through the external parts

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 403adds constantly to the uncleanly state. It is therefore very importantthat the parts should be frequently washed, omitting, however, coldwaterablutions during the menstrual period.Nothing is capable of doing greater harm than excesses of any kind,and those organs should not be indulged by any unnatural means. It ispromotive of disease, destructive of manhood and healthy womanhood,and, if early engaged in, arrests the full development of the organs ofeither sex, and so reduces the strength of these organs that it rendersthem incapacitated for the purposes which were ordained to them bynature, besides wrecking the nervous system very materially. It iswell known that those who have thus been imprudent, having so longbeen accustomed to self -gratification, do not find subsequent and legitimateexcitement so intense as those who have been continent. Theyhave so long been accustomed to the gratification induced by their ownelectricity that the magnetism of another body becomes more or lessinert in the production of a complete orgasm. The habit is morallyand iihysically pernicious, and its prevalence should be abated by influenceof a superior education in these matters.Undue excitement of the important passion is detrimental in the extreme.Obscene literature and pictures do more harm than merely depraving— the moral tastes they so stimulate the amative passions thatthe seminal vesicles, by the consequent nervous excitement, will allowthe semen to ooze away, inducing hidden seminal waste or losses ofsemen with the urine, creating an intonicity of those organs and deprivethem of natural vigor. The same effect is produced by association ofthe sexes, where the mutual conduct is provocative of amative excitement,though modified by forbidden indulgence. Those who havethe welfare of the organs in view, are therefore counselled not to permitabnormal excitement of the passions to occur. Females should,likewise, avoid reading obscene literature, from the fact that the constantexpenditure of nervous force ensuing upon the engorged conditionof her organs is very hurtful. It is a well-known physiological fact,that undue excitement of any passion, such as anger, mirth, etc. is alwaysfollowed by a certain weakness of the general organism, and the,same holds true of the amative passion also.The occasional desire for congress is purely a natural one, and themost chaste or pure-minded jierson, sufficiently fortunate to possesshealthy organs, cannot rise superior to the desire. It is simply a manifestationof a function of the economy in perfect obedience to a physiologicallaw. It is readily explained. We have seen that semen is thesecretory product of a gland (the testes), afterward deposited in avesicle ;the urine is also secreted by a gland, and deposited likewise ina vesicle (the bladder). When the bladder becomes filled the afferentnerves distributed to itconvey intelligence of the fact to the brain, and

404 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.a desire for urination arises, which continues as long as the bladderremains charged with urine. This is a natural phenomenon of organicfunction. In like manner the full seminal vesicles impart the sensationto the nerves distributed to them, which is also conveyed to the brain.WTiat is the result ? Naturally, a desire for cohabitation in order toevacuate the charged vesicles. This fact is an unalterable condition ofthe economy, and it follows that a desire for the evacuation of the vesiclesis as much a natural manifestation of functional action as that ofIn the female the hyiêrajsthetic condition of therelief of the bladder.nerves distributed,to the clitoris awakens the same desire, which rematasas long as the nervous forces, are not equalized by the expenditure of apart. It is, therefore, purely a nervous phenomenon in the female.The amative passion is not a cultivated one ;it is natural to the humanbeing, and ineradicable by the greatest exercise of continent thoughtand behavior, and its gratification is unquestionably hygienic. It is,ofcourse, as subject to rational indulgence as ia diet or drink.We have seen that desires are natural in a healthy condition of eitherBex, and that a rational indulgence is hygienic, but I earnestly cautionevery reader to guard against debauchmg the passion by unlicensedcongress. The indulgence can only be countenanced in.marriage. Itis, therefore, the plam duty of every male and female to marry, aild asearly in life as contingencies will permit. That marriage is hygeciic isproven by the fact that married people live longer than the iinmarned, afact that demonstrates the marital privilege as a healthy relation betweenthe sexes. Nature did not design total continence, and such acondition is aversive to the physical and mental well-being of the sexes.Nature, however, provides in this as she does in everything else. Theamative passions do not present themselves or become inconvenientlyBtrong in either sex until a full marriageable age is attained.Mauriage.Tliis is, in law, the conjugal union of man with woman, and is theonly state in which cohabitation is considered proper and irreprehensible.The marriage relation exists in all Christian communities, and isconsidered the most solemn of contracts, and, excepting in Protestantcountries, it is regarded as a sacrament, In some countries its celebrationfalls under the cog-nizance of ecclesiastical courts only, but in theUnited States it is regarded as merely a civil contract, magistrates having,equally with clergymen, the right to solemnize it, though it is usuallythe j)ractice to have it performed by a clergyman, and attendedwith religious ceremonies. Marriage, as a legalized custom, is of veryancient origin. It is doubtful whether even the primitive man was notgoverned in the intercourse of the sexes by some recognition of the

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 405union being confined to one chosen one. Nogreater promiscuity can certainlybe supposed than occurs in the lower animals, where pairing iathe law. The nobler animals, as the lion, elephant, etc., never havebut one mate;and even in case of death do not re-mate. As man advanced,civil codes were inaugurated, and certain protection given tothe choice of the parties. The earliest civil code regulating marriage ofwhich we have any account was that of Menes, who, Herodotus tells us,was the first of the Pharaohs or native Egyptian kings, and who livedabout 3,500 years before Christ. The nature of his code is not known.The Biblical account extends further back, but it does not appearthat any laws existed regulating marriage, but each one was allowed tochoose his wife arid concubines, and it is supposed that common consentrespected the selection. Next Moses gave laws for the government ofmarriage among the Israelites. The early Greeks followed the code ofCecrops, and the Romans were also governed in their marital relationsby stringent laws. In fact the necessity of some law regulating the intercoursebetween the sexes must have become very apparent to allnations or communities at a very early period. It certainly antedatesany legal regulations with regard to the possession of property. It isvery probable that every community did by common consent afford toeach male one or more females, and the presumption is that such choiceor assignment, as the case may have been, was respected by commonagreement as inviolable. It is doubtful if ever promiscuity was thelaw or privilege with any community of men, even in their primitivestate. The possession of reason is antagonistic to such a beUef and;man was most probably elevated above the beast by the faculty of reasonin this respect as in others. Promiscuous indulgence is always evidenceof debauchery, and a departure from that natural course which isprompted by an innate sense of propriety characterizing mankind. Thelaw is very indefinite with regard to what constitutes a legal marriage.It is an unsettled question, both in England and in this country,whether a marriage solemnized by customary formalities alone is legal,or if one characterized by the mere consent of the parties is illegal.The latter has been held as legal in some instances in both countries.Kent, in his Commentanes, lays down the law that contracts made sothat either party recognizes it from the moment of contract, and evennot followed by cohabitation, amounts to a valid marriage ;and alsothat a contract to be recognized at some future period, and followed byconsummation, is equally valid. It is unfortunate that the law is so undecidedin this respect. The decisions aiTived at, for or against, werenot dependent upon any recognized law, but seem to be influenced bythe character of the cases, either for favor or discountenance. As longas the law recognizes cohabitation legal only in marriage, it seems tome that if consummated under consent of the parties to bear marital

40GTHE COMPLETE HERBALIST.relations with each other, or promise of marriage, the act shonld be unhesitatinglypronounced as the equivalent of a valid marriage in allinstances. If cohabitation is only a marital prerogative the lawshouldnot stultify itself by recognizing it as possible to occur inany other relation. If either of the parties are married the lawdefines it as adultery, and, very properly, defines the punishment.It is necessary to the progress of the age that some such principleshould be recognized in common lavr, so as not to subject thedecision of the question to the individual opinion of any judge. Itwould at once obviate the confusion of sentiment now held in regard toit, and besides arrest the decision in test cases from mere caprice of thetribunal. It is certainly as correct a principle as any in common law,and would, in its operations as a statute law, be free from injustice,and capable of doing much good.Polygamy.This is a state in which a man has at the same time one or morewives, or a woman more than one husband. The latter custom is moreproperly called polyandry, and prevails in Thibet and a few other places.Polj'gamy has existed from time immemorial, especially among thenations of the East. In sacred history we find that it prevailed beforethe flood. Lamech had two wives, and the patriarchs were neaHy allThe custom was tolerated by the laws of Moses, a»d, inl)olygamists.fact, no positive injunction against it is found in the whole of the OldTestament. It is questionable whether more than one was recognizedas the boiid-fide wife, the other simply being wives by right of concubinage.But if polygamy was in its strictest sense the legal custom, itsoon grew iinpopular, for no trace of it is met in the records of the NewTestament, where all the passages refcning to marriage imply monogamyas alone lawful. The custom has been almost universal in theEast, being sanctioned by all the religions existing there. The religionof Mohammed allows four wives, but the permission is rarely exercisedexce]it by the rich. The custom is accounted for on the ground of thepremature old age of the female in those regions, and also on the groundof excess of the number of females, though the latter, by the authorityof recent travellers, is probably not the truth. The marriage code ofamong the Chinese, gaveFu-hi, who primarily established civilizationmost i)robably sui)eriority to but one wife, but raised the concubine tothe dignity of a wife to a certain extent.Among the Greeks, at least of later times, monogamy was the custom,though in the time of Homer polygamy prevailed to some extent. It wasnot known in the republic of Rome, but during the existence of the empirethe prevjih^nce of divorce gave rise to a state almost analogous to it. Itprevuiled among the barbarous nations of antiquity, excepting the Ger-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 407' 'mans. who. according to Tacitus, were content with a single wife. " Insome countries more than one wife was allowable if the husband couldextend the dowry a wife without a;dowry was considered only a concubine.This was the case in Judea, when it became a dependency ofRome.In Christian countries polygamy was never tolerated, the tenets ofthe church forbidding it, though Charlemagne had two wives, andSigibert and Chilperic also had a plurality. John of Leyden, an Anabaptistleader, was the husband of seventeen wives, and he held that itwas his moral right to marry as many as he chose.In England the punishment of polygamy was originally in the handsof the ecclesiastics. It was considered a capital crime by a statute ofEdward I. ,but it did not come entirely under the control of the temporalpower vuitil a statute of James I. made it a felony, punishable withdeath. George III. made it punishable by imprisonment or transportationfor seven years. By the laws of ancient and modem Sweden thepenalty is death. The Prussian Code of 1794 subjected the criminal toconfinement in a house of correction for not less than two years. Inthe United States the second marriage is a nullity, and the punishmentvaries in the different States, though usually imprisonment for a certainperiod, or fine, or both, is the penalty. The term bigamy is most inuse, however, as the plurality seldom extends beyond two. Polygamyhas had some defenders even in modem times, most of whom havegrounded their defence on the absence of an express prohibition in theScriptures. Bernard Ochinus, general of the Catholic Order of Capuchins,though afterwards a Protestant, wrote in the sixteenth century awork in which he advocated it It was also boldly defended by theRev. M. Madan, in a treatise called llielyphtJioro, but limited the privilegeto men.It is the offspring of licentiousness, and its advocates merely wish togive legal color to licentious habits. Every student of history will findthat as soon as a nation became morally depraved, polygamy was practised,and that monogamy was the rule in all countries truly civilized.Monogamy is an element of civihzation, and, as a true child, fostersand maintains its parent.Polygamy has of late years been most shamefully revived, and outrageouslypractised in face of law, by the Mormons. They claim it asa religious duty, and defend the system by claiming that unmarriedwomen can in the future life reach only the position of angels whooccupy in the Mormon theocratic system a very subordinate rank,being simply ministering servants to those more worthy, thus proclaimingthat it is a virtual nece.ssity of the male to practise thevilest immorality in order to advance the female to the highest placein Heaven.

408 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.]\Iormonism is a religion founded by Joseph Smith, who was bom inSharon, Vt., December 2:}, ISOo, and killed at Carthage, lU., June 27,1844. The Smith family removed from Vermont to Palmyra, N. Y., in1815, and, according to testimony, the reputation of the f amOy was bad,and that Joseph was the worst of the lot. They were untruthful, intemperate,and commonly suspected of vile practices, which were probablytrue in some cases, and false in others. These statements are notcontradicted even by the Mormons. Joseph claims that in 1823 (Sept.21). he had a vision, in which the angel Moroni appeared to him andhe would find a rec-made known that in a hill near Manchester, N. Y. ,ord written on golden plates, giving an account of the ancient inhabitantsof America, and the dealings of God with them, and with therecord, two transparent stones in silver bows like .spectacles, which wereanciently called Urim and Thummim, on looking through which thegolden plates would become intelligible. These he claimed were placedin his hand September 23, 1827, by the angel of the Lord. The languagewas called the reformed Egyptian, not then known on earth, andthe contents of the plates formed the ''Book of Mormon." The bookof Mormon has been proven to have been written by Solomon Spaulding.It will thus be seen that Mormonism was the development of a stupendousfraud, and it is exceedingly singular, that a sect of such'ûmberaas Mormonism is now, or has been, could have been formed, wheneverything connected with it is fraudulent and perniciously immoral.Polygamy was not introduced among the Mormons until 1843, whenSmith ordered it as a doctrine of the church by virtue of a revelation.The Jlormons also aim to prove its right by claiming that St. Paul's injunctionthat a bishop "should be the husband of one wife," impliesthat other men should have as many as they choose, and that if abishop should be the husband of one wife at least, the passage does notexpress a prohibition of his having more if he wishes.It is a most singxdar fact that a sect like the Mormons could havebeen established in a country peopled with such law-abiding people as ofthe United States, and maintain a system of marriage antagonistic tothe law and religion of the land. Neither could they have done so,if they had not possessed two great virtues, temperance and industry.It is to be hoped that the legal process now instituted for its abolitionwill effectually remove the blot from the national escutcheon.The " Oneida Communists " Are essentially polygamic, although theyhave no man-iage system. They do not marry, and ignore all marriagecodes. Cohabitation is under no restrictions between the sexes. Marriageis also not observed among the Shakers.

the complete herbalist. 409Monogamy.This is the conjugal union of a male with one female only. We haveBeen that monogamy was co-equal with the dawn of civilization, and thatmost probably the majority of the males had but one wife, even amongpolygamic nations. Universal polygamy is practically impossible, thescarcity of females and the poverty of the males forbiddingexcess of females is not so great in any country as to allow to each malemore than one wife, except the male portion is depleted by long anddisastrous wars. Monogamy has done more for the elevation of the femalethan any other custom of civilization. The rich could only affordto practise polygamy, and should the poor imitate the example, it wouldnecessarily subject the wives to a state of serfdom. In the economy ofnature it is designed that the male should be the protector of the female,and that by his exertions the provision of food and raiment should besecured. In polygamous nations the female has not attained that socialit. Thestate that she has reached in countries where the male is entitled to butone female as his wife. Woman's highest sphere is not in the Harem orthe Zeilani, but in that dignified state in which she is the sole connubialcompanion of but one man. It is debasing to her nature, and subversiveof her dignity in the rank of humanity, to make her the equal onlywith others in the marital union with one male. She becomes only thetrue, noble, and affectionate being when she is conscious of a superiorityto others in the connubial companionship with her accepted one. Thefemale of birds chirps but for her single mate, and she is pugnaciouslymonogamic as well as virtuous, allowing neither male nor female at ornear her home. The spirit of independence she gains by being themate of but one male gains for her the victory over the intruders.The physical and mental welfare of the female is also dependent uponmonogamic marriage. I have demontrated that temperate indulgenceis conducive to the sanitary condition of the sexes, and that absoluteabstinence is opposed to the designs of nature. It is also evident thatthe male is not endowed with greater power, vigor or capacity thanthe female ; therefore, confinement or limitation of the congress to thecompanionship of one male with one female, as in monogamic marriage,gives the healthy balance to the marital union. The polygamic husbandmust either suffer from the consequences of excessive indulgence,or his wives from poverty of uxorial gratification ; probably both wouldbe the case. Polyandry is equally as proper as polygamy, yet it neverin the history of man obtained a permanent foothold. The female isequally capable, if not more so, to capacitate more husbands than oneas the male more than one wife, and the physical deterioration wouldnot be greater. The system is more logical than polygamy, becauseher dependence would be distributed between two or more husbands, ia18

410 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.which case she would be better insured against poverty, and her supportwould be guaranteed by greater probability.We have now described the history and aspect of the two customs,and will conclude this subject by remarking that a man is morally andphysically entitled to but one wife, and that a plurality is a gi'eat wrongto the female, and in total opposition to the ordinance of Nature.WTierever polygamy is the custom the female is held in slavish subjection.It only prospers in proportion to the ignorance of the sex. Intelligent and civilized woman will always rebel against such uxorialdebasement and servitude.Maruiage Customs.It wovild probably be interesting to many to describe the marriageceremonies observed by different nations, but to enter into a descriptivedetail would occupy too much space. It is suflficient to say that whilesome wives are wooed and won, others are bought and sold ;while insome countries the husband brings the wite to his home, in others, as inFormosa, the daughter brings her husband to her father's house, and isconsidered one of the family, while the sons, upon marriage, leave thefamily forever. In civilized countries the ceremonies are either ministerialor magisterial, and are more or less religious in character, while inothers less civilized the gaining of a wife depends upon a foot-race, inwhich the female has the start of one-third the distance of the course,as is the custom in Lapland. In Caffraria the lover must first fighthimself into the affections of his lady-love, and if he defeats all hisrivals she becomes his wife without further ceremony. Among theCongo tribes a wife is taken upon trial for a year, and if not suited tothe standard of taste of the husband he returns her to her parents. InPersia the wife's status depends upon her fruitfulness : if she be barrenshe can be put aside. In the same country they have also permanentmarriages, and marriages for a certain period only— the latter neveraUowed to exceed ninety years.In fact the marriage ceremonies differ nearly in all countries. Tc ussome may appear very absurd, and yet our customs may be just asamazing to them. It matters but little how a conjugal union is effectedas long as .sanctioned by law or custom, and obligates the parties, bycommon opinion, to observe the duties pertaining to married life.The Basis of a Happy Marriage.The state of conjugal union should be the happiest in the whole ofthe existence of either man or woman, and is such in a congenial marriage.Yet in the history of very many marriages contentment or happinessis palpably absent, and an almost insufferable misery isthe heritageof both parties. It is therefore important that previous to the

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 411marital union the parties should take everythiug in consideration thatforeshadows happiness after marriage, as well as everything calculatedto despoil conjugal felicity.The first requisite of congenial marriage is hve. Without being cementedby this element the conjugal union is sure to be uncongenial.It is the strongest bond, the firmest cord, uniting two hearts inseparablytogether. Love for the opposite sex has always been a controllinginfluence with mankuid. It is the most elevating of all the emotions,and the purest and tenderest of all sentiments. It exerts a wonderfulpower, and by its influence the grandest human actions have beenachieved. Of what infinite worth it is to either sex to be compensatedwith a worthy and satisfying love, and how ennobling to the impulsesand actions it is to bestow the sentiment upon one worthy to receive andwilling to return.Love is only given to that which we admire and esteem.admires the shajaely hand, the comely figure, the pretty foot, the handsomefeatures, the well-formed waist, etc., will naturally love theThe man whowoman possessing such attractions. The woman will love the man whofavorably approaches her standard of conception as to manly excellenceand beauty. Others admire moral purity, vivacity of disposition,superior talents, genius, etc., and hence natujally will love the possessors.In fact this proposition is founded upon a law of mind;lovecannot be generated by forces that antagonize our ideals of esteem andadmiration. The love that engenders matrimonial happiness must bereciprocal. Reciprocity of love will naturally induce matrimonialalliance. It should not be inspired by a passional nature only, norshould it be platonic entirely, but the two intimately blended togetherwill render the love one of adaptation, and secure conjugal placidity.The love that is created in us by the Venus-like form of the female, orApollo-like character of the male, is not that love that alone insureshappiness, the moral and mental nature must also be congenial. Candidatesfor marriage should carefully consult themselves, and withoutulterior motives ascertain if the love they have for the one to be chosenor accepted is adequate to compensate the yearning of this sentiment.If the one selected has all the characteristics that inspire love, that willbe the proper one to marry. Love is the main-spring that regulates theharmony of conjugal life, and without it there is a void in the machinery,productive only of jars, convulsive movement, and a gratingand inharmonious action. The soul yearns for love and to love, andunless the desire is compensated, human life is a blank, and becomes apurposeless existence. Love ever stimulates the good and suppressesthe bad, if kept in a proper channel, and guided by pure affections.Another requisite of a happy marriage is health. No person has a moralright to engage iu wedlock who cannot bring to his partner the offering

412 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.of good health. It may be apparently a cruelty to the consumptive todeny to him the gratification of his aifections or passions, but it wouldbe a greater cruelty to encourage him or her in a step the consequencesof which would engender anything but happiness. Is it a pleasing thingto contemplate that you throw upon the bosom of your spouse but thebody of an invalid, and one that will be the constant object of care andEolicitation on the part of either husband or wife ? Is it consoling toyour justness that you can but offer a limited period of your life to theone of your choice, and that the iaevitable consequences of your affectionwill at an early period leave but one at the hearthstone? Is itencouraging to know that the offspring of your union will in all probabilitybe equally tainted as yourself, and that on those upon whom youconjointly place your hopes and pride are destined to perhaps an earlygrave ? It is intrinsically wrong for those in whom the taint of consumption,scrofula, syphilis, insanity, etc., to many, unless they feelconvinced that by proper medical treatment they have been or can bethorouglily cured. Intermarriage of the cachectic would be far morejudicious than the union of the healthy to the diseased. Vigor anddebility are constitutional opposites, and cannot exist together iu thephysical economy, and the marital union of the physically healthy tothe phy.sically unhealthy does also produces nothing but discord in theeconomy of marital existence. ,A very important consideration is the knowledge of what marriagereally implies. Id obliges the encountering of duties and circumstanceswhich press considerations and plans of life upon the most carelessmhids. The change in the habit and manner of life, the divided responsibility,the inexorable demands of marital duties to be compliedwith, and various other matters incident to wedded association shouldbe fully pre-considered, and the relation assumed only after thoroughdeliberation and satisfactory self-examination. It is the duty of theeligible of either sex to marry, but a marital alliance should be consumatedintelligently, not thoughtlessly or "ignorantly. Look beforeyou leap," is an adage that has profound significance in its applicationto candidates for connubial association. If an error is made in selection,scarcely an other error that may be committed by man or womanis so difficult of rectification, and none will result in greater misery,mental anguish, and destruction of all the joys of life. If, on the contrary,the selection or acceptance is wisely and discreetly made on bothsides, the conjugal pair will be blest with all the earthly joys capable ofattainment.It is invariably those who thoughtlessly entered into marital companionshipthat make mistakes. They shrink before the realities incidentto married life on their first presentation, simply because theynever dreamed, much less thought, that such exigencies are inevitable

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 413to the marital sphere. They are ignorantof the duties incumbentupon either husband or wife, hence they leave them unperformed ;opportunities for ad%'ancement are not improved ; neglect becomes thebasis of action with only one possible result— marital infelicity. If wetrace the cause, we find that in the majority of cases, infelicity isowingto neglect in the performance of marital duty ;and this disregard isascribable to utter ignorance previous to marriage of the duties inherentto the marital sphere ; consequently, as soon as they confront the weddedpair they are not met with a fixed determination to discharge them satisfactorilyas emergencies will admit, but are shirked and postponed, andfinally, when the necessity for action becomes absolute, they are inadequatelyperformed a fault which is sure to; engender dissatisfaction,petulance, or rejiroach on the part of either husband or wife.MaiTiage implies the utter abandonment of the interests and advancementof self to the exclusion of the other marital companion. If circumspect,by noting marital conduct in others, a fair conception of marriageand its consequences wUl soon be known. Then, the individualmust ask himself, or herself : Am I capable and willing to do my duty ?Could I rise superior to all the trials, vexations, and perplexities thatpresent themselves to those in marriage ? Would I never weary of doingthe best under all circumstances ? If you can satisfactorily answer theseand others, you can enter fitly and nobly into the marital sphere.Another consideration is cccnncss of temper. In the wooing daysevery one is a lamb, and only becomes the howling wolf after marriage.Circumstances that ruffle the temper in the presence of the intendedare but like the harmless squib, but would become like the explosivetorpedo in his or her absence, or in after-marriage. Quan-elling causedby matrimonial differences is the most frequent cause of infelicity, andmost of them are caused by an innate irate temper of either the husbandor wife. Differences that would be amicably adjusted by the exerciseof a little reason and temperance in argviment or judgment, are to theirascible the subject for the most vehement and angry logic, and thesolution is inevitably discord. It is difficult, I acknowledge, to ascertainpreviously the mental disposition of persons, when they haveoccasion to conceal the defect in order to enhance their own interest.It is quite possible that Socrates, when he wooed the lovely Xanthippe,deemed her perfection, called her his ' ' darling," his "pet," his " angel,"if philoso]ihers ever make use of such endearing expressions. Her conductevidently deceived him as to her real nature, for the poor oldphilosopher was egregiously deceived and inexpressibly tortured in hismarried life by the historically renowned virago and termagant. "Loveis blind," but its eyes should not be blindly closed against any suchimperfection as naturally tends to desti-oy wedded bliss. Careful/»bservation in a variety of circumstances will often disclose the real

414 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.disposition, and the mask is sometimeg unwitting-ly let fall, so that youmay gain a cursory glance of the features, which if uncomely, should beenough.The trtstes should not be dimmilar. Some of them may be unimportant,but others are a fruitful source of disagreement. The social•w-ife will never be contented with the unsocial husband, and the gayhusband, though his gayety may not be commendable, will alwaysaccuse his wife if she lacks a social disposition to a great extent.The religious wife will never excuse a tendency to irreligion in her husband,and though he may be far from being immoral, she isunhappy ifhe docs not participate in her devotions. The one devoted to childrenwill never be happy with one having a natural repugnance for them.In this way we might multiply facts illustrative of the importance of aninvestigation into the similarity of taste, previous to marriage. Greatlove, however, overcomes almost every obstacle.The parties should be nearly of one age, the husband should be theolder. The union of the old husband to the young wife, or the reverse,is seldom a happy one. There is seldom that such a marriage occurs inwhich the incentive is not the wealth of either of the parties. Theyoung praft on the old tree does not thrive well, the vitality^requiredby the one is not afforded by the other. The magnetism of the 'old isnot suited to the young, and there never can be a concord in their uîon.It is a law of nature that animals of like age should only mate together.The old male bird does not mate with the young female bird, but matingalways occurs between those of the same year's brood. It is only intheir domestication that they lose this law of instinct, and it is onlythrough a vice of civilization that marriages between the old and youngare contracted, in opposition to the original design of marital union.Such marriages are but seldom the result of a mutual love;one of theparty is sure to be actuated by motives other than the one of conjugalhapi)iness. and the union is usually enforced by the opportune chance ofenhancement in respect to wealth or station in society. The progeny ofsuch a union is very seldom endowed with either physical or mentalvigor, which is easily accounted for. The physiologist knows that themental emotions of the mother, during the period of pregnancy, is veryapt to affect development of the chUd in utero, either favorably or imfavorably.How, then, can a young mother be actually comfortable,how can her emotions be elevated, how can she have that solicitude•which isprompted by love, if she bears but little more than respect forher elderly or old husband ? She has not that intense solicitude or hopethat her child shall be all that is excellent;she has not that incentiveof love that prompts her to a rcvcry of desire that her child shall be allthat she deems noble and beautiful;her conjugal relation is not calculatedto iu8i)irc her highest and purest emotions, and the pride of her

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 415htisband is not g^-eat enough for her to yearn for the day when she canpresent, with all the joys of maternity, an heir to her lord. It is, therefore,a union not calculated to promote domestic contentment, and theremust be in the heart of either a htisband or wife an aching void, and alonging for other than a senile embrace.There are other considerations to be viewed before a union is effected.No one should neglect the moral character, the habits of frugality andindustry, etc. etc. A, marriage should only be consummated when bothof the parties are morally certain that they are necessary to each other'sexistence;that life would be a dreary waste without the oasis of theloved one;that the intended one possesses all you admire and esteem ;and that the journey of life in his or her companionship will be one ofserenity and happiness ;— the union will then, by the endeavors of both,be attended by all the joy, contentment, and happiness that it is in thepower of mortals to obtain here below.I cannot more appropriately close this subject than by quoting an abstractfrom a weU-kno\vn author, who presents his case in full color, butare made init exposes the undercurrent that leads to the marriage-tie only too truthfully.He asks: " Who dared first to say that marriagesheaven ? We know that there are not only blunders but roguery in themarriage-office. Do not mistakes occur every day, and are not thewrong people coupled ? Had heaven anything to do with the bargainby which young JMiss Blushrose was sold to old Mr. Hoarfrost ? Didheaven order young Miss Fripjier to throw over poor Tom Spooner, andmarry the wealthy Mr. Bung ? You may as well say that horses aresold in heaven, which, as you know, are groomed, are doctored, arechanted on the market, and warranted by dexterous horse-venders aspossessing every quality of blood, pace, temper, and age. Against theseMr. Greenhorn has his remedy sometimes but; against a mother whosells a warranted daughter what remedy is there ? You have beenjockeyed by false representations into bidding for the Cecilia, and theanimal is yours for life. She shys, kicks, stumbles, has an infernal temper,is a crib-biter, and she is warranted to you by her mother as themost perfect, good-tempered creature, whom the most timid could man'age You have bought her. She is yours. Heaven bless you Take! !her home, and be miserable for the rest of your days. You have noredress. You have done the deed. Marriages were made in heaven,you know;and in yours you were as much sold as Moses Primrose waswhen he bought the gross of green spectacles."Marriages are usually contracted to gratify various desires, as love,fortune, or position. The results are most truthfully stated by an eminentdivine in the following passages :—" Who marries for love, takes a wife;who marries for fortune, takesa mistress;who marries for position, takes a lady. You are loved by

416 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.your wife, regarded by your mistress, tolerated by your lady. Youhave a wife for yourself, a mistress for your house and friends, a ladyfor the world and society. Your wife will agree with you, your mistresswill rule you, your lady will manage you. Your wife will take care ofyour household, your mistress of your house, your lady of your appearances.If you are sick, your wife will nurse you, your mistress will visityou, your lady will inquire after your health. You take a walk withyour wife, a ride with your mistress, and go to a party with your lady.Your wife will share your grief, your mistress your money, and yourlady your debts. Tf you die, your wife will weep, your mistress lament,and your lady wear moumiBg. Which will you have " ?To man there is but one choice that he can rationally make, a marriageof love. My female readers, I hope, will also decide rather to weda husband than the master or the elegant gentleman.A little foresight, a little prudence, and a little caution, will preventin most cases the entrance into a marriage which, by the very nature ofthe alliance, is certain to be an unhappy and improper one.Married Life.Two sparrows, votaries of Love, They both were prisoned in a cage ;The Mars and Venus of the prove,Where— much I grieve the tale te tell—Had been for years siich constant mates, A sorry scandal now befell A;\on would have sworn the 'very Fates They scold, recriminate and fight,Were impotent to break the bond.Like arrant foes, from morn till night ^That joined a pair so true and fond ;Until, at length, the wretched birdsTogotlier still they sought their food ;In cruel acts and bitter wordsTogether played in field and wood The;very furies emulate—Together built the cosy nestAnd all their love is turned to hate IThat served for shelter and for rest;L'envoi.Together fought the feathered foesWith whom tliey came to words and blows ;Full many a couple come to strifeIII fine, they lived as lovers ought. And hatred m connubial life.Without ft single selfish thought, Whose days of courtship iiromised fairSave such as might concern the twain, As those of thi"! unhappy pair ;Their mutual joy or mutual pain.But, like the sparrows in my tale.At last, one day, thej' chanced to get When trouble comes their tempers fail ,Tlieir feet entangled in a net.They blame each other for the fate(A vagrant boy had spread the snare Which both should strive to mitigate,To catch and keep the pretty pair!) With patience helping to endureAnd soon, despite their noisy rage, The iUs that kindness fails to cure !What an interesting lesson is contained in the above— a lesson thatshould bo well coimed and thoroughly learned by every married couplefor practical use and guidance.The phjsician, in his a^lvices as to the conduct that should be observedby the husbaud and wife, is more properly confined to physiologicala.spccts, but as the behavior iu every respect is so intimately blended, itis not araLs.s, in a medical work, to state what the conduct should be ia

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 417general. UnliappiueGS in wedded life is the result freqiiently of a couplebeing' joined who should not on any account have been thrown intomarital companionship. It is found that they are uncongenial in everyrespect, and hence the natural and inevitable result is dissension and amutual regret of marriage. The pharmaceutist knows that if a chemicalelement is incompatible in a mixture that no amount of shaking,trituration, or commotion that he may produce will make the contraryelement act affinitively ;on the contrary, the more violent his endeavorsthe more the incompatibility is manifested. It is precisely so in theunion of the man and woman who are by nature and purposes of lifeincompatible. Discord is evident at the first contact, which in time increasesto ebullitions and explosions of temper, and the more theyattempt to reconcile their differences the greater they become ;theaffections are destroyed, and each one becomes conscious that they havemade the greatest mistake of their lives. Each blames their misfortuneto the other when both are to blame, not so much on account of theircombativeness, as that is but a law of their nature, but because neitherof them had the wisdom to abstain from entering into the marital relation.It is, of course, commendable that both should be desirous ofmaking the best of their union, and that each should display prudencein their conduct, but in the face of all their endeavors the galling factof incompatibility is ever present, and no amount of the best efforts wiUmake the union a happy one. If children are born to them they willin all probability be of a vicious nature, lacking in all the noble qualities,and who, l)om with the innate disposition, and reared and schooledin the midst of family discord, wiU almost inevitably "go to the bad,"thus adding materially to the general misery of the parents, both ofwhom are ready and honest in their beUef and averment that the dispositionof the children is the heritage from the other. It is unfortunatethat such marriages are consummated, for the diversity in all the actionsand purposes of life naturally manifested by both is too great to bereconciled by the most earnest exercise of either prudence or forbearance.Such a union has always been, and \villalways be, an unhappyone, and the best endeavors will scarcely make it tolerable. It may beare deci-poetical to say that such a man and woman are one, but theydedly two on all subjects and conditions of married life.It is not to be supposed, however, that every infelicitous episode inmarried life is to be ascribed to incompatibility. The turbulence inmany cases is owing to decided misconduct on the part of either husbandor wife. Many unions would be very hapjiy if but a generous effortwould be made to render it so ;but if either one is actuated by a si)iritin opposition to mutual confidence, mutual welfare, and mutual enjoyment,it will either create a slavish submission on the part of one, orthe assertion of mutual equality. In both cases the result is detri-18* 2b

418 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.mental to conjug'al bliss. A tame submission begets disrespect, and theassertion of the right generates the "family jar." In the social andcommercial intercourse of man and wife, mutual confidence, mutualendeavor, and mutual benefit should be the objective point. Concealmentof purpose is as vfrong as deception in action, and neither shouldbe for a moment entertained. The wife should be the possessor of thehusband's secrets, and the husband the custodian of the wife's confidences.To be actuated by secrecy either in intent or action is nothingmore than duplicity, and an attitude in entire opposition to the spiritof wedded life;but, while the author in every instance advocates anopen and candid intercourse between the husband and wife, he canonly hurl anathemas upon the one who betrays the confidence. To beworthy of confidence, and to be enti-usted with secrets, demands thefidelity that wiU not betray the one or divulge the other. Deception onthe part of either husband or wife will, in spite of all attempts at concealment,often be detected, causing justly indignation and loss of respect.It is an evidence that the one to whom everything should beconfided is deemed unworthy of trust, and it puts at an end that harmonyand confidence that should exist.]\Iarried couples should most carefully husband their affections foreach other. It is a most deplorable fact, that the love between manytoo soon loses its fervor. This loss is not due to familiarity, nor is it Anatural result of daily association ;but decidedly the effect of a reprehensibledisregard of a mutual endeavor to maintain We it. love only thatwhich is lovely and the;person who makes himself lovely will be loved.It is more frequently the case that the wife loses her husband's affectionsthan the reverse. This is not so much the result of the inferior affectionatenature of man as it is of neglect and imprudence on the part of woman.Women, if they would rule men's hearts, must deserve and unwittinglyexact the approval and admiration of their minds. Her variability of temperis most unfortunate. It goes up like a rocket and comes down like anaerolite ;a miracle of smiles or weeping Niobe, a driving tempest or a flashingsunbeam. A never-varying, bland, lullaby-sort of temperament ismo.st deplorable ; sparkle, buoyancy, and even an irrepressible dash of fun,now and then, are most healthful and appetizing ;but mere feminine diplomacyshould forbid the not unfrequent dovetailing of winsome caressesand childish poutings on the part of the wife, and so should the whimsicalinteri)iay of fooli.sh indulgence and churlish neglect on the part of the husbandbe abandoned. Principle, not caprice, should be the energizing andcontrolling motive. The most charming views of wedded life are to betaken from the higher mounts of vision— those of settled design andsteady purpose. There must, of course, be mutual concessions and mutualagreements to disagree. There is a way to win by commanding,and a way to command by winning. By the wise interblending of self-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 419centred strength, and a prodigal wifely affection, she may achieve marvelsof wifely management. The husband may imconsciously lead but;never essay to drive. At the same tmie, we are frank enough to confessthat there are too many women who need the flaming sword of anarchangel to awe and repress them. There is no such thing as conqueringthem by love;as well prate of love to a blackbird. But if kindnessfails, severity will fail aU the more surely. Flies stiU continue to takemore kindly to molasses than to vinegar. If they but knew how acheerful temper, joined with innocence, will make their beauty moreattractive, knowledge more delightful, and wit more good-natured,they surely would endeavor to cultivate and cherish it. It is an unquestionedfact that too many wives neglect the most important elementsof wifely conduct.To her is entrusted the care and management of the home— if it isagreeable, it is her work, if it is attractive, it is to her credit alone thatit should be ascribed. If the home is not a cheery place, it is becauseshe does not render it so. It is not requisite that elegance and luxury— that only wealth can procure — should characterize it ; cleanliness,order, and, above all, her bright, sunny smiles, and cheerful company,adorn it more than the richest household furniture. The atmosphere ofthe home must not be darkened by the clouds of discontent, perplexity oranger, but lit up by the effulgence of social conviviality, good-nature,and buoyancy of spirit. The husband coming from his daily task must,in return for the bright smiles of the wife and children that welcomehim home, throw aside all cares of business, and devote himself to theirenjoyment. It wiU put a new life in him as well as in his wife andchildren. If exhausted and fatigued, or if his mental energies havebeen overtaxed, he must not thrust the fact too forcibly upon hisfamily, but on the contrary bring freshness and buoyancy of spirit intothe family circle. He must not recuperate his energies at the expenseof the vitality of his wife and little ones. The wife should also as earlyas possible dispense with household duties, and, until the retiring hour,be ever ready to engage in that social communion, which is so healthful,and so conducive to happiness of manied life. But how frequently isit the case that the weary husband, who v,'0uld gladly engage in thatrelaxation afforded by domestic conference in play, reading, etc., isonly beguiled by the din of pots and kettles, the clatter of dishes, themusic of a wash-tub, etc., in the kitchen, which often is incessant, untilthe poor husband, desirous of social comforts, but weary of waiting forthem, goes to bed with nothing to luU him to sleep but the confusednoises that come from the kitchen, made by his bu.sy and industrious,but indiscreet spouse. We would not deprecate industry on the part ofthe wife. We well know that many a wife, whose household duties andpersonal attention to the children absorb most of her time, can find but

420 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.little opportunity to eng

THE COMPLETE HEKBAXiIST. 421It is not only the duty of physicians, but of every one who has thewelfare of society at heart, to put their voices against the doctrine of"free love," which has of late been promulgated and defended by certainpersons who wish to make it a matter of creed or principle of society.It is to the shame of the sex that the majority of its adherentsare women, in whom virtue is supposed to have its staunchest defendersand supporters. It is not ostensibly advanced in advocacy of unrestraintin cohabitation, but if thoroughly analyzed, its objective principleamounts to the same. It is a scortatory love at best, and itstendency is to give still greater laxity to the morals of society. It isveiled under the sophistical dogma that every woman, if she desires tobecome a mother, should be privileged to select her own male to be thefather, and that every man should be licensed to choose the woman hedesires to be the mother of his progeny. This, they advocate, wouldinsure higher development of the race, and that mankind would soon besuperior in intellectual, moral, and physical qualifications.The fact isundeniable that a superior offspring would be the result, if the mosteligible individuals would copulatively unite, but it could never be accomplishedby licensed libertinism. It can only be gained by judiciousmarriage, and in no other way. If the doctrine of unrestraintthey promulgate is best adapted to promote higher development ofoffspring, it would naturally be exemplified ia the issue of those who''Honed not wisely, but too locll,^^ or in those of the lowest grades of societyor savage races, where chastity is unknown as a virtue. AH theprinciples of free love characterize such an intercourse but it has; yetto be ascertained whether such progeny are in any respect superior on;the contrary, it is quite probable that they are in many respects inferior.This may be, however, accounted for by the mental emotions of themother, which are naturally caused by grief, fear, shame, etc. If, even,such unfavorable mental emotions could be removed by sanction fromsociety for such issue, the case would not be modified to a more favorableextent than is now possilile by legitimization of offspring by marriage.They also prate of ' ' affinities " and spiritual attraction;but letthe candid and virtuous mind investigate the full import of these cohesions,he will find that the spirit of attraction is the cohesive powerof gratification of the animal passions. The hideous form of lechery isveiled with but the thinnest gauze and; disguise it as they will, theycannot hide the fact that it is lewdness, and not virtue, which they attemptto honor. The doctrine, if philosophically reviewed, presents noadvantages over marriage, but is one pregnant with defects and immoralities,and if carried into effect would unmistakably prove itselfto be the death-blow to morality and civilization. The barrier to promiscuityis to be made even more impregnable, and the sacred precinctof the prerogative legitimatized by marriage is not to be over-stepped

422 THE COIIPLETE HERBALIST.by the husband or suffered to be invaded by the wife. Lechery hasnever been, nor can never become a standard principle of moral philosophy,and "free love" is but its synonym.Is it a consoling picture to those with whom moral rectitude is a cardinalprinciple to see disloyalty to the marriag-e-tie openly and shamelesslydisplayed ? Is it ennobling to man's moral nature to cut loose theshackles put upon him by a well-organized society with regard to hisconduct in amorous matters ? Can it be Justified by the most liberalviews of right and wrong ? Unalterably, no the man who comes;tothe abode of his -wife, with his lips tainted by contact with others, andyet excited by an unlawful orgasm, commits the greatest offence againsthis wife, against nature, and against high heaven. The wife who receivesthe embraces of an unsuspecting husband, while at the sametime she is guilty of illicit dealings with others, is worse than the lowestprostitute, and is entitled to no sympathy or condouement. It is onlyby the most scrupulous adherence to the loyalty that should be observedby man and wife, that marital happiness is to be gained or maintained ;infringement is the element of its decay and destruction.Jealousy is one of the most common visitors at the hearth of a familyand is a great destroyer of its peace. Entertained to a moderate degreeit is quite natural, but when it becomes a morbid it feelin'^,isworthy of severe denunciation. The exhibition of slight isjealousy anunerring manifestation of love, and should be accepted as such byman eitheror wife. We are jealous of what we love, and unconcerned onlyabout that which we do not appreciate, therefore a certain degree ofjealouf5y entertained by the husband or wife in respect to each othershould be elevating to their pride, respectively, and not condemned as asickly sentimentality. It is only when it becomes a ruling passion thatit exerts mischief and discord. When it is so morbid that it becomes amatter of dislike and reproach for the husband to bestow but the ordinarycivilities of social intercourse to the opposite sex, or for the wifeto receive them, it amounts to but little more than insanity. If thewife is so jealous as to impugn all the motives of the husband, that hedare not even look askance at tmy other woman, that to speak withother women subject him to one of those infinitely pleasant curtain-lectures,and his personal liberty denied to him with regard to social intercourse,it is then that it becomes disruptive to marital felicity ; forthe husband, if erring though he be, will surely chafe under the injusticewhich she will be sure to commit. On the other hand, the jeaioushusband is just as extravagant in his folly, and instead of guarding hiswife's love, takes the best means of repelling it.Confidence, not suspicion,sh(hild be the controlling motive, and its mutual entertammenfshould not be disregarded until the most indubitable proofs areto presentedguarantee a disbelief of the pailner's honor. Then, if you have

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 423bombfihells, set them off but even; then, I think, it would comportmore with reason and dignity, if the error could be calmly adjudicated,and if that is impossible, a quiet and dignified separation is unquestionablythe best course. Reproach, recrimination, and parade of the causeof disruption before the ijublic are by no means a philosophic action, orpart of an honorable conduct. It is so with all matrimonial differences,they should not be made public property, for they will surely becomedisgusting scandal before the scandal-loving people, to be found in everycommunity, are done with them. It will receive such additions, andwill be so manipulated and distorted, that, which at its fountain-headwas but a peccadillo, will at its terminus be magnified into the greatestcrime. What was at first but a shght immorality, is sure to become atthe end the grossest violation of decency. If Mr. John Smith in a playfulmoment is found to kiss ]\Irs. Sarah Jones, the critics of societywill wink and blink, they will hem and haw, look wise, toss their headssuperciliously, and before they have ceased their comments, there willbe no doubt in their minds but that Mr. Smith and Mrs. Jones werefound in flagrante delicto. Finally, when the scandal has assumed itaworet aspect, some order-loving Christian (!) will with considerable embellishmentacquaint Mrs. Smith of her husband's crime, and Mr. Jonesof his wife's sins, and then comes the sequel. The fact would scarcelyproduce a ruffle, at best but a gentle breeze, but the monster created byscandal produces the commotion of a tornado. Then these vampireswho feed upon the peace and reputation of society are satisfied, butthey at all times go round like " roaring lions seeking whom they maydevour." It is to these scandal-mongers that matrimonial infelicity isoften due, from the fact that a husband or a wife may be guided bytheir opinion rather than to rely implicitly upon each other's honor. Ifrespect is shown to scandal connubial peace is at a discount. The onlyway to circumvent it, is to isolate adjustment of differences to the familycircle, and not allow it to be the property of the unconcerned. Theadvice of disinterested and honorable jseople may at times be very serviceable,and not to be disregarded, but to array any or every matrimonialvariance before the public for their comments is reprehensiblyimprudent and foolish.It is, however, not to be understood that selfishness should extend tosocial intercourse with the neighbors, for next to an affectionate familyan agreeable neighborhood and good society become objects of desire,because calculated to create happiness. As far as friendship is notabused it should be freely given to the neighbors, and it should be theendeavor of every one to make the relations of a neighborhood of amost friendly and accommodating character. How consoling it is to thebride, who leaves the bosom of her own family and accompanies herhusband to a locality where all are strangers, to find in her new home

424 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.neighbors who manifest a friendly spirit, and are willing to extend cordialgreetings to the stranger. She is at once set at ease. The duty thatfamilies owe to society is only second in importance to the duty thathusband and wife owe to each other, and domestic happiness is notcomplete unless its social surroundings are congenial and aêeable.An ascetic married life is abusive of the order of nature.The conjugal pair should in reality be helpmates. They should (touse a homely phrase) pull in one direction, and, if the direction is properand right, imll together. The combination of similar forces has a twofoldeffect, but forces opposed to each other weakens one and annulsthe other, or brings them both to a quietus. This simple law of physicsis peculiarly applicable to the behavior of the married pair. A harmoniousprogress requires a combination of purpose and exertion. Ifthe husband is devoted to literature or science, the wife should manifestinterest in the same, but if her taste is not for either, she shouldby no means show displeasure at her husband's devotion to them. It isher duty, in case of improvidence on his part in consequence of hisstudies, to ask him to improve his negligence, but never in a tone ofanger or reproach. The husband should, in like manner, never frownupon any of his wife's delights. If she is devoted to tlowersv to music,to painting, etc. it should be he that should stimulate by,approval. Incase the husband is desirous to accumulate a fortxme, and himselfto that effect, the wife should not dispirit him, or render his effortsexertâbortive by extravagance. If he is not successful, or fails in business,she should be his comforter and stimulate him to further exertion;andin case the manner of living will in consequence be rendered less luxurious,she should exhibit such a contentment and willingness as to robthe misfortune of half its bitterness. The noble wife is one who doesnot sink under the cnicial test of her husband's misfortunes, but risesto a higher mount of greatness and action by her cheerful resignationto the loss, and encouragement to her husband's drooping spirits. Thehusband shoidd ever be ready with his approving smiles to cheer hiswife's labors, even if to him it appears but a trivial affair. Womanonly thrives under the approbation of man, and if that is withhekl,especially from the one whom she values most, she soon becomes purposelessand fretful. How many a good wife's heart has been woundedby her husV)and's indifference with regard to matters which she in her\

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 425piirpose and design, the respective action should be one of accord,and the faculties of each other should be mutually gratified. It iaonly by such a concert that love is perpetuated and wedlock made anElysium.If the husband or wîfe have vices, the conduct to be pursued is peculiarlydelicate. If it is judicious, the vice may be corrected if other-;wise, the habit may become intensified. If the husband is intemperate,the wife should address his highest sentiments, and not attempt to bringaboiit repentance and reform by angry reproach, unkind remarks, orundignified aspersions. No one has a keener sense of his depravity thanthe drunkard, and he is by no means dead to the finer sensibilities,hence any inhumane treatment, or reproof insulting to inherent dignity,is not calculated to achieve reformation. He is to be approached as aman, his nobility is to be addressed, and his better feelings excited.He is to be shown that he is none the less loved for his noble qiialities,that aside from his folly he is still the being who possesses his wife'saffections, and that only his vice and not he himself is abhorred. It isonly by such a procedure that vices, or a disposition to vice, can becured. It is the mild and gentle force that works reform, revolutionsscarcely ever do.We have now in many aspects considered the prudent course for theconjugal pair to pursue in search of wedded bliss. We have confinedourselves merely to their social relation, there yet remains for us to discussa not less important subject, namely, that of connubial commerce.From what we have already written the inference is plain, thatwe advocate a dignified conduct, benignity of temper, subjection ofanger, co-operation of purpose, etc., etc., and though there may be,nay, are, many other rocks upon which the matrimonial bark will impinge,the reflective mind wiU be guided in his behavior in eveiy possiblecontingency by what we have more lengthily dwelt upon. Theindices to marital happiness are reason, prudence, justice, and equality,and they who shape their course by them must attain the object. Itshall now be our purpose to consider a subject that is not less important,and much less understood. In its discussion we will confine ourselvesto particulars which married people mostly inquire after, and inwhich they need the most enlightenment.The discussion of this delicate relation between the married pair is necessary,inasmuch as the unprofessional have access to scarcely any workof standard value and excellence from which they may gather theknowledge so indispensable, unless they are fortunate enough to havethe privilege of reading the works of an extensive medical library.Even if this opportunity is afforded, the truth is not clearly presented tothem, as such works are intended usually for the professional reader.I, therefore, am confident that I discharge an important duty, especially

426 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.as I write particularly for the instruction of the popular mind, in presentingto my many readers the philosophy of that relation legitimatizedby man-iage. In consideration of the subject, I shall employ plain butdecorous language, and attempt to present the facts so that they maybe intelligible to all,and yet not wound any of the finer sensibilities ofmy readers. I have previously stated my aim to be merely to affordinstruction to the masses relative to such medical subjects as have neverbeen capablj' popularized, but have been, and are yet a theme on whichincompetent charlatans have so ignorantly dwelt upon, and disseminatedso much offensive literature. The medical profession is to blamefor this. If they had not neglected to teach the popular mind the physiologyof cohabitation, empirics would have found no market for theiroffensive and pernicious works, excepting, perhaps, among the morallydepraved.The married, which I positively know from the many opportunitiesafforded me in my professional career, are extremely ignorant of thephilosophy and physiology appcrtainitig to the special connubial relation,and absolutely know nothing of the hygienic limit or period. I know alsothat every married man and woman is extremely anxious to possessl)roper knowledge. As the access to works of scientific authority ie extremelylimited, they are led to accept the teachings of ignorant ei^pirics,and thus unwittingly do much that is wrong and hurtful. *Thediffidence characterizing the marital pair to inteiTogate the family physicianas to the proper course to pursue, also tends to keep them in ignorance.It is only when the abuse of the marital privilege becomes painfullyapparent that the physician feels warranted to interpose his cautions,and counsel reform and moderation. This, however, occurs onlyin exceptional instances, the great majority are uninformed and unadvised,controlled only by self-interpretation of the right or wrong oftheir conduct, or by such information as is commonly jjossessed by theheads of families, which is often traditional, and usually faulty in itsconclusions.To supply, then, in a medical work for general circulation, the properin.struction as regards the important marital relation alluded to, needsno further justification, but every person actuated by a catholic spiritwill, 1 am sure, deem the discussion emuiently appropriate. The underlyingpuiposc of wedded association is of greater importance than halfwho assume the relation are aware of. ]\Iarriage implies much morethan a mere association of the sexes— it is rather an institution devisedby society to regulate cohabitation and the propogation of sjêcies in thebe.st manner. This is the only legitimate purpose of mamage, as asidefrom this relation between the sexes, every other one could be securedand maintained without matrimonial ties or obhgations. Any systemof rules or regulations subserving the puipose of controlling this particu-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 427lar marital relation so as to accordwith the best known laws of physiologyand hygiene, and best adapted for the requirements of propogationof the species, so that offspring will not be recklessly brought into theworld, but calculated to secure to it the highest possible endowment ofall the nobler human qualities, is decidedly the best marriage code. Asan institution, marriage should be governed more by physiological lawsthan by statute regiilations. and the time may j'ct come when \\'ilful disregardof physiological laws applicable to the matrimonial associationof the sexes will be regarded as reprehensible or criminal as the violationof the statute laws governing the institution. It is then quite importantthat those in marriage as well as those who contemplate matrimonialalliance, should possess adequate knowledge of the incumbentduties, contemplate the dijnity and importance of wedlock, endeavor topromote the grand interests and welfare which the marital pair have atstake, avoid animalization and debasement of the connubial repast, endeavorto fitly endow their offspring, and so conduct themselves throughoutthe whole course of wedded association, that they may be rewardedwith all the manifold blessings that should be gained by the grandestand closest association of human interests, purposes, and hearts.It should never be forgotten by the married that our passions can beover-indulged precisely the same as our appetites. Hygiene requiresthat our appetites for food or drink should only be appeased to such anextent as wUl not create a loathing for that which was eaten or drunk,upon quitting the repast. If indulgence is carried to such an extent itamounts to intemperance and will be followed by the usual consequencesof violation of hygienic law. It is precisely so with the marital repastif the relation :is assumed too frequently the temperate limit willbe over-reached and hurtful consequences ensue. Excess is not onlydeleterious because destructive of the natural tone of the excitement,generative of nervous disorder, and other hurtful consequences it is extremelyapt to engender indifference after a certain period on the part;of either or both of the conjugal pair. By indifference I mean to expressthat feeling of insatiety after indulgence, that want of mutual accord,or sense of unsatisfactory awakening of the emotions, which issiTre to follow excesses. The de.sires are present but cannot be satisfactorilyappeased, precisely as an appetite for a certain article or kind offood remains unsat iated if not within reach to be partaken of. Thiscondition, directly a sequal to immoderation, is one of the greatest incentivesto adultery. I am well satisfied that this unpardonable violation ofmatrimonial trust and fidelity is, in the majority of instances, due toneglect of observing temperance in the early years of marriage. Theresults of coitive intemperance should thus be strongly impressed uponthe minds of every one married or contemplating marriage, as by moderationthey will surely attain a higher altitude of connubial enjoyment,

428 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.besides avoiding' the violation of the highest and purest of all humantrusts -which if committed, is irreparably destructive of the integrity ofmatrimonial alliance.The nianied pair should carefully guard against all excesses. Excessof connubial commerce is a severe tax to the nervous system, and verydetrimental to health. The class of diseases met with by the physician,of which the remote cau.se is immoderation, is scarcely second to nonein frequency. Besides, the orgasm is less profound if the banquet istoo freely partaken of. The physician is frequently asked the questionhow often intercourse may be indulged in without injury. To this noanswer can be given with numerical preciseness ;but both sexes possessan unerring monitor, whose voice they should promptly heed."VMienevcr a sense of exhaustion is felt, after copulation, the violationof a physiological law is made manifest. No coitive act should be completedwhen it requires fatiguing efiforts to accomplish it. It is sure tobe followed by exhaustion, and the orgasm is neither elevating or satisfactory,and apt to generate an inharmony quite antagonistic to the designs of nature.Frequency of indulgence does not only deteriorate the moral tone ofthe coitive act, but it often provides the germinal agenciesôf seriousdiseases. The remote cause of insanity and consumption is not- infrequentlyintemperance in marital union. The children who are the pro-at which time coitive in-ducts of the earlier periods of mamed life,temperance is most f lequently indulged, are more nientally imbecile,and more pallid in hue and attenuated in form than those bom at a laterperiod. This is in consequence, that, sooner or later, the parents areforced to abstain from excess by the ensuing ruination of health, allowingnature to gather up the shattered powers and assert anew the controlof the organism. In the earlj' years of marriageexcesses shouldtherefore, by no means transpire.During the period of the catamenial presence, strict continence mustbe observed by the conjugal pair. I should not give this caution wereI not aware that in many instances the marital prerogative is thus grievou.slyabused. Propriety and privilege in this respect are particularly atvariance, and duty demands observance of propriety.During the period of pregnancy the husband's conduct should be characterizedby kijidness, forbearance, and encouragement. While thegerm of an immortal being is iu her loins, that husband is no more thana brute, who would in any way neglect her wishes, or refuse to joinwith her iu the solicitude for its welfare. The expectant mother mustalso control every appetite or mental passion that might injure theprecious trvi.st committed to her. The best and noblest thoughts shouldoccuj)y her mind, and the purest sentiments prevail in her heart, whilethe babe in hid beneath it, so tliat her shortcomuigs and caprices may

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 429not be commiinicated to the product of her conception. She should be,and her husband should assist her to be, patient under any weariness orsorrow belonging to her condition. She should strengthen her heartagainst the hour of her labor with the thoughts of joy she shall feel,when her child shall see the light, and the process of maternity fulfilled.It is she who bore and in agony gave birth to the link thatunites the parents all the more closely together, and that strengthensthe hymeneal compact. To her the husband owes devotion, allegiance,and comforting encouragement. He must make her feel that the joysof maternity are not to be centered entirely in the little helpless babenestling in her arms, but also her heart is to be rejoiced in witnessingthe paternal pride of the product of connubial union—the jewel of theirconjoint love. The component parts of the family are then complete, thehusband, the wife, and the child, nothing is wanting but the coupling ofenergy and intent, to procure the highest share of human bliss to be obtainedon this side of the grave.The author isprompted, but space will not allow, to give at lengthhis views upon the management of children. On this point husbandand wife frequently disagree, and the result of the disagreement iamanifested in the child. It is more usually the case that the fatheris sterner and firmer than the mother, in whose heart the tender elementsof humanity prevail. It is, however, not necessary to be stem iathe management of children, but an unflinching firmness is at all timesessential, and absolutely necessary in both parents to gain a healthycontrol over their children. Firmness must, however, be exhibited inthe same direction, and that direction the right one.There is a tendency, we think, at the present day to put children tooforward, not so much for the sake of showing off their extraordinarymerits to an admiring world, as from the better motive of early accustomingthem to the conversation of grown people and the usages ofsociety, and of inspiring them with confidence, ease, and self-possession.No doubt these results are very valuable, but the mistake which manypeople make is in forgetting that children are something like dogs,which require to be very well trained before they can safely be recommendedto the familiarity of strangers. And it is to be rememberedthat the moment children cease to respect any of the grown-up peoplewith whom they associate, not only is the whole benefit of the intercourselost at once, but real injury is inflicted on the moral tone of thechild. For this reason children should be brought as little as possibleinto the society of men and women who cannot command their respect ;while those who can, the influence should be hedged round by all thenumerous impalpable barriers which judicious parents know perfectlywell how to interpose between children and the most popular and carelessof their adult play-fellows. The confidence which well-bred chil-

430 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.natural taste for theirdren at once rppose in an eligible stranger, without being rude or troublesome,is charming to everybody, who has anyBociety. It is not pleasant, on the other hand, to see children who areshy, timid, and sheepishly speechless in the presence of strangers, but aconfidence and imobtrusive ease of manners can be inspired withoutthrusting them constantly into the society of elders.Closely allied with the mistaken license allowed to children in matterslike the above, is the disposition to laugh at, and thereby to encourage,all traits of singularity, oddness or affectation, which children may exhibit,as marks of genius which ought not to be repressed. Of all thedangerous errors into which parents can fall, this, in our opinion, is theworst. For nothing so soon hardens into second nature as juvenileeccentricity and few; things are more injurious to success in life thanmarked oddities of manner and gesture when they reach the point ofgrotesciueness. The fond parents dote upon the eccentric child as anoriginal^ but the author in this respect agrees perfectly with Mr. PeterMagnus he does not see the; necessity of originals. And what is more,so many " originals " are only sham ones after all. That is to say, theirsingularity is merely a bad habit which they can't shake off, a^d is onlyvery partially innate. WTien parents see their child doing anythingunlike other children, anything queer, surprising, or uncouth, howevercomic or however clever it may seem, they should never laugh at orapplaud it. Children naturally self-willed, and with real natural peculiarities,can soon be broken of such tricks, if treated with absoluteindifference. But soon let the idea find its way into their brains thatsuch sallies, naughty though they be, are regarded as marks of genius,and the mischief is done. It is not necessary that parents should engageharsh reproof or exhibit anger to correct such pertness or disposition tooddity, but if approbation is withheld, and probably displeasure shown,the mischief will soon be corrected. Children, like their elders, delightin approbation, and if they can only secure it Ijy doing what is rightand proper, the inclination to do that which is wrong or displeasing, isrobbed of its greatest incentive.To come back to the point from which we started— the management,namely, of young children— there is one thing to be laid dowTi : letthere be no divided rul(3 in a house. Do not let children see thatthe father means one thing and the mother another in their bringingup. They see the difference in a moment, and when they do, farewellto all wholesome parental influence. The starting-point of ruined manhoodor womanhood, in many cases, is just this diversity of parentalcontrol. That mother urges her child towards destruction whooffers condolence to it, after reproof or correction by the father, nomatt(!r how harsh or cruel it may have been. Such matters must becorrected by conference, at which the children are not present. She is

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 431not to show any displeasure at the exercise of authority by the father inthe presence of the child ;if she does, the child's self-will is Ratified bya mother's alliance, and a certain importance is given to the improperconduct of the child, which, in accordance with the human liability toerr, is hard to resist. The parents in this resiiect must be the allies, notthe children with the father and mother.Husbands and mothers may talk too freely before their children, forgetfulof their rising intelligence. And, indeed, nothing is more commonthan to get a wink from the head of the house, implying that youare to be on your guard before Johnny or Tommy, Kitty or Lucy, whoare listening open-mouthed to your witty narrative, while they themselvesin the next moment wiU ofEend against their own precautions inthe most barefaced manner by plunging headlong into your domesticcontroversy, in which, to speak metaphorically, knives are freely usedon both sides. Again, parents should be extremely careful in commentingupon the conduct of their neighbors in the society of their children,or that self-same Tom will at the first oijportunity acquaint neighborJones that, in the opinion of his father, " he is a confounded old"fool;or the same little Kitty will teU Mrs. Robinson that her mothersays she is a "lazy, good-for-nothing woman." Trouncing Tommy orKitty for such imprudence is hardly fair, when the fault lies at the doorof the parents. At best, it gives children but a poor example, and m-stills within them a disrespect of the neighbors, which, probably, theydo not deserve, and which may in later years possibly stand in theway of individual advancement. Parents, in rearing their children,have a greater trust than is commonly supposed, and they owe a doubleduty — one to the child, and the other to society in general. If thechild is inclined to vice, the fault lies in many cases with the parents,and the right to thrust upon society either a son or daughter who willconstitute but a useless or vicious member thereof, is not properly oneof the privileges of humanity. No man has the right to set at large alot of ferocious animals, who, in the exercise of their ferocity, may doharm to his feUow-men; neither has that parent a moral right to sendadrift in the world sons and daughters, who, in the exercise of thevicious culture they have received, prove annoying and harmful to theirfellow-beings. There is no deeper stratum of thought in moral economythan this, and none that receives less attention.It is to mothers that society and mankind are indebted for its moralityand uprightness. By her efforts the only real work of reformation canbe achieved. The training of children is mainly intnisted to herhands;if her duty is properly performed, the moral tone of societyis to be placed to her credit ;if carelessly and imprudently attended to,she is the one that is mainly accountable for itfi vices. It may seem acruelty to add to the travails of maternity and to her household duties

'432 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.the further responsibility of rearing the moral structure of society ;butwho is to assume it, if she be not the proper person ? The child is, to acertain age, mainly in her presence alone, and this association cannot beshirked or chang-ed for it is true to a natural law that the mother is to;be the closest companion of her children. It is during this period ofcompanionship that the foundation of the moral superstructure is to belaid, and the mother must be the artisan. She may be aided by herhusband and others ;but the chief duty to form and direct is her own,and the structure she rears, whether good or bad, is her work.Her duty to her offspring commences at the moment of conception.^\^lile the product is yet hidden within the confines of her womb shemust have its future welfare at heart, and lend her thoughts only uponthat which is good and noble. She should in her mind select the careerof the child, and that such a one that is characterized by all the noblequalities, and freedom from vices. Who can gainsay the fact, that whenthe babe is assuming its physical character, while yet in the mysteriousdepth of the gravid womb, that the mother is not enabled by the purityof her thoughts and exalted character of her emotions to give it alsothe endowment of its moral character ? Who will deny that the transmissionof hereditary qualities give the original bias, which subsequentto birth is hard to overcome ? The law of transmitting talent and yirtuefrom mother to child is based on physiological principles, as demctastrableas material matter. I would then say to every expectant mother :Let your thoughts be good, your emotions pure, your imaginationsmorally exalted be; brave, be strong, be good, and centre all and onlythe purest feelings upon that helpless atom of humanity reposing inyour womb, so that at the hour of your labor you are fortified againstits agony by the consciousness that the babe you usher into the world iaendowed with qualities, which, by subsequent development and culture,will enable it, when of proper years, to take its place among the goodand noble of this earth.Subsequent to birth the mother must continue her efforts. She mustimpose barriers against everything that has an unwholesome influenceon the moral tone of her child. She must not intrust the training of herprecious darlings to nurses or governesses. A mother who reposes thedevelopment of character of her children to salaried persons is prostituting the high estate of maternity, and sins against Nature and herGod. It is she who must take the hand of the child while yet in itsinnocence, and lead it in the path of virtue and truth;her hand mustremove all the lures and seductive temptations that beset its path, andshe alone must assume the cultivation of its moi-al nature.Men may build prisons, asykims, reformatories, create midnight missions,etc., but reformation by these means is uncertain, expensive, andat best very ineffectual. It is the hardened criminal they deal with—

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 433ouo in -whom vice lias become the second nature. No real reformationis accomplished by any such means, none will ever ensue ;and as longas mothers are not alive to the importance of properly training the pliantchild, vice will increase and baffle every other mode of refonnation.One wiser than myself has said—" Train up a childhe shouldin a waygo, and when he is old he will not depart from it." The truth of thisis self-evident, and is supported by another, whose figurative languageis —equally truthful"As the twig is bent the tree 's inclined."It is, therefore, the mother who must nourish the truth in her arms, sothat when it leaves them it wiU walk strongly forth alone, blessing andblest of all men.Advice to the Childless.The most impressive words in the whole range of language are Fatherand Mother. Their full significance is only realized and understoodwhen the prattling babe stretches out its tiny arms and first lispinglypronounces the tender words. The heart must, indeed, be dead to allemotion, which at that moment does not pulsate with pride and exaltedlove. The first words taught to it, and the first words learned, are thosetender names, and the proudest moment of the whole of parentage iswhen the lesson is learned by, and let fall from, the lips of the smilingbabe. The soul is elevated above material things, the tenderestchords of love are vibrated, the joys of the world but this one are forgotten,and the whole heart embraces but the innocent babe that sprungfrom their loins. The entity of the family is incomplete without children,and the action of its machinery is unhannonious without thoselittle wheels. The integrity is faulty in the absence of offspring ;it islike the pillar of which the capital and pedestal exist, but the shaft iswanting to give it dignity. The childless family is not a pleasant oneto contemplate the husband and wife;grow old, but there is no younglife to inspirit them, or to give cheer to their existence. Childless longevityis at best but a dismal life — there is always au achmg void — apalpable evidence of a lacking integer. Barrenness is a condition fromwhich every woman instinctively recoils. The desire for children mayor may not be entertained, yet to know that she is incapable of motherhoodis to know that she is lacking in the most important element ofwomanhood. It is a physical condition abhorrent to every female, becauseshe feels that she is beneath the dignity that distinctively characterizesher sex. Motherhood is the ideal state of womanhood, and theyearning for maternity is one born of nature. The woman in whosebosom such a desire makes no response isunworthy of her sex, and shedeserves none of the elevated joys and honor which woman is sent here19 20

434 THE COMPLETE nERBALIST,to achieve, and she Trill reap none.It is the highest honor her sex canreach, as productiveness entitles her to the prond position of one of theprime factors in the propagation of species.None but physicians know how great the desire for children is inthose whose married life has been passed for some time without issue.To them the secret yearnings of their hearts is intrusted, and to theirconfidence is reposed the animated impulse that is ceaselessly throbbingin the bosom of those whose hearth-stone is desolate, and around whichgathers not a child. The outside world may not know of the painfulvacancy that is ever confronting them, nor the despair that has possessionof their hearts;Init the i^hysician, to whose skill they so earnestlyappeal to accomplish the realizatian of their hope, is ever, and probablythe only confidante. He alone knows the elevation of spirits, the fulnessof pride, and the intensity of satisfaction that is nianifested if he hasremoved the barrier to productiveness, and that the process of maternityis in progress. But let him say that the barriers to conception areinsuperable, it causes a painful despondency, and that exquisite anguishresulting from unappeased yearnings of the soul. It is, ^however, aprovidential ordination that few women are hopelessly barren, ^nd butfew men unprocreative. Circumstances may for a certain timj makethem practically unproductive, but such a physical condition can inalmost every case be removed by consistent treatment, and by observingsuch measures and precautions tending to promote fruitfulness. Thecauses of childlessness with certain married parties are various. It maybe due to deformities of the womb. Fallopian tubes, and ovaries of thefemale;or testes, spermatic cord, and of the male organ. The pathologicalconditions are many, which occur in both sexes, that producebarrenness, while in some cases the anatomy of the parts render conceptionand child-bearing utterly impossible. It may be caused byKtricture of the womb and Fallopian tubes, misplacement of the tubes,adhesions of the uterine walls, etc. ,etc. , or through malformation, asocclusion of the vagina, etc. It may also be due to degeneracy of thetestes of the male, epispadias, hypospadias, etc. Conception may alsotemporarily be prevented by uterine and ovarian diseases, or to a diseasedcondition of the spermatozoids of the male semen. Unproductivenessis frequently due to a devitalized condition of those animalculoids,in which state they have no fecundating properties. Sterility,dependent uj)on some vicious conformation of the genital organs ofeither sex, apparent or concealed, is called absolute. Infecundity, dueto the sonditioiis already enumerated, are absolute causes of sterility,and can only be removed by medical treatment, which in most cases, ifof a rational and appropriate character, can effectually be accomplished.WTion a female does not conceive with one individual, but has or maywith another, the condition is called relative sterility. Relative infecun-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 435dity is frequently met with, and in many cases presents such featuresthat the atociac condition cannot be overcome without calling to aidartificial means. It is often observed that a woman in her second marriageis sterile who in her first marriage was prolific in offspring ;again,the widower in his first marriage gave evidence of fecundating power,but in his second alliance no impregnation ensues. Absolute and relativesterility may exist at the same time, thus a female may be married toa man who is physically incapable of impregnating her, yet at the sametime the conformation of her genital organs may be such as to renderher absolutely sterile. It is therefore necessary in all cases of sterilityto fully investigate the causes, both absolute and relative. Sterility insome females is often dependent upon a condition of the womb characterizedby membranous menstruation. Conception is prevented insuch cases by devitalization of the semen by the vitiated secretion anddiscbarges from the uterine surface. In all cases of absolute sterility,medical treatment offers the only hope of obliteration of the causes.The diseases of the female genitalia which are causative of infecunditymust be treated as required by their pathological character and it is;necessary that such treatment sho\ild be admirably adapted to the conditionsof the case, and most carefully instituted. Such cases shouldonly be intrusted to physicians who by skill and experience have therequisite ability, and who are conversant with the precautions thatstudiously are to be observed. Improper treatment is exceedingly apt torender sterility an irremediable condition, which under rational treatmentwould have resulted in the removal of all the barriers to impregnation.If the cause lies in the male, whose formative material isdevitalized by a diseased condition of the fabricating organs, seminiferousducts, or seminal vesicles, medical treatment likewise is the onlymeans of making the p-^tient procreative. The male often renders himselfpowerless to procreate by imprudence or various excesses, inwhich case the semen is not fidly organized and deficient in procreabiveelemf nts. All these varied conditions of husband and wife contributingto childlessness are mainly remediable, so that under the care of anintelligent jihysician parentage to them is not always a forlorn hope.The jirospect for issue is favorable in most cases under rational treatment,hence the gloom of the childless need not be perpetual if they butemploy the counsel and aid of the competent physician. Neglect of soimportant a duty is very common, the conjugal pair stolidly agreeingthat their childless state is owing to Divine ordinance, little dreamingthat their un))roductive union is in opposition to the requirements ofthe Deity, and that the fault of non-conception is due to incapacity andnot to dispensation.Relative sterility is not amenable to medical treatment. The mostcommon cause of infecundity of this character is the want of adaptation

436 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.or fitness of the genital organs of the conjugal pair to each other. Thiawant of adaptation is a very frequent cause of sterilty, and should receivethe medical man to whom is intrusted the rectifica-proper attention bytion of an unproductive union. Of itself, inadaptation may not be thecause of the atociac condition, but when associated with an atonic conditionof tlie uterus, procreation rarely, if ever, ensues. It will not benecessary for me to detail the various forms of inadaptation, as the considerationof such causes of sterility more immediately concerns themedical attendant, but it is quite appropriate to make allusion to suchcauses, as the childless very projierly desire information relative to allpossible conditions hindering fructification. Self-treatment is not to bethought of but a ; proper knowledge of all the physiological or anatomicalcauses of sterilitj' .should be pos.ses.sed by all in conjugal association, especiallyby those who have not as yet attained the full measure of matrimonialenjoyment, by reason of an exceptional provision of fate by whichtheir union is left without the graces and endearments of childhood.One of the most common causes of barrenness is unquestionably whathas been already alluded to, atony of the womb or appendages;, in factsome pathological condition of the reproductive organs of the female is, inthe large majority of cases, the sole cause.Uterine atony, or intonifcity ofthe womb, may be of every degree intensity— of ranging from a slightfeebleness to complete— exhaustion the latter condition being known asparalysis of the womb. This atonic state is owing not to any structuralor organic disease of the womb itself, but is merely a secondary pathologicalcondition, the actual seat of the disorder being in the sacralplexus, or that nervous net-work situated near the sacrum, from whichthe genital organs receive their nervous supply. A paralyzed conditionof the womb is aptly illustrated by a paralyzed arm or leg ;the loss ofnatural power, motion, or functions resulting from a diseased conditionof some cerebral or sjiinal nei-\-e-centrc, and not from any morbid conditionof the part affected. In all cases, therefore, where the cause ofsterility has been ascertained to be uterine paralysis, the proper treatmentis to restore the tonic powers of the sacral plexus. This is best accomplishedby the intelligent application of the electric or galvanic current,or by the emplo^'meut of the appropriate cerebro-spinal tonics and othermedicinal agents. The treatment is, however, to be intrusted to careful,able, and experienced physicians.The physiological function of the womb, favoring the transmission ofthe male foi'mative material from the os uteri to the ovarium, is a certainsuction power or intro-staltic motion. This is accomplished by short andwave-like contractions upward of the uterine muscles. In a paralyzedcondition of the womb, which is usually of a chronic character, there isa complete absence of this uterine motion, and consequently the respectiveformative matcriala necessary for procreation never come in contact.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 437Membranous menstruation has already been stated as one of thecauses of sterilitj'. This painful affection is characterized by eitherpartial or complete denudation of the uterine cavity of its mucous coveringat each menstrual period, leaving the uterine walls in an abradedcondition, entirely unfitted for the puiposes of gestation. Conceptionmay, however, take place in these cases, but at the arrival of the firstperiod for the occurrence of the menstrual exacerbation, the i^lacentaand membranes are dislodged with the mucous membrane.The childless wife will note that a pathological or abnormal conditionof her pelvic organs is relatively the most frequent cause of sterility, allof the affections being characterized by more or less gravity and requiringthe mofit appropriate and energetic treatment in order to restore theorgans to health, and at the same time establish functional integrity andmaternal capacity. As most of these uterine affections result from awilful disregard of the laws of health, slavish obedience to the behestsof fashion, and bad habits in general, the author hopes that all females,married or unmarried, who properly appreciate the grandeur of womanhoodand motherhood will not wilfully violate physiological law, butstrenously endeavor to preserve uterine health and integrity of thematernal capacity.Congenital phymosis is a condition of the male organ depriving himof procreative power in nearly every instance. The intervention of theprepiice in this case arrests the ejaculatory force of the seminal expenditure,preventing impulsion into the womb. This deformity is easilyobliterated by a surgical operation, which is very frequently jierformedin my office. It causes but little pain, no inconvenience, and healsrapidly. Circumcision among the Jews is a custom having for itsobject the removal of this freqiient obstacle to multiplication, as existingin the male. Infecundity, especially iii the earlier years of marriage,is often a consequence of exhaustion, induced by improper excesses.Intemperate indulgence often renders both husband and wife sterile.The semen must, in order to have procreative perfection, necessarilyremain in the seminal vesicles for a certain time, where its procreativequalities are fully developed. After its escape from the vesicles, it furtherreceives the intermixture of prostatic fluid, liquefying it to theproper consistence for easy propulsion into the uterine caA"ity. Maritalexcess is therefore preventive of full procreative quality of the semen.Excessive indulgence on the part of the wife causes a feebleness ofperistaltic motion of the uterine muscles, or, as it may be otherwisetermed, the suction power of the womb. I'ecbleness of the upwardpropellmg forces of the womb and Fallopian tubes is caused by theexcesses alluded to, and hence, if even the semen is introducedwithin the uterine embrace, the absence of retentive power allows itsescape through the mouth of the womb. Sterility from such cause can

438 THE COMrLETB HERBALIST.only be overcome by the observance of moderation by the conjufral pair,and in most cases restorative medical treatment becomes also a necessity.The most susceptible period for the occurrence of conception is immediatelyafter the complete cessation of the menstrual tlow. ' Thissusceptibility continues for eight or ten days, but is necessarily greatestat an early period after the menstrual discharge. The menstrual flowin its discharge carries away allobstructions that exist in the mouth ofthe womb, thus facilitating intro-propulsion of the semen, and thewomb at that period has also its greatest tonic power. It is, however,not to be supposed that conceiition will not take place at the period justpreceding the menstrual flow ;on the contrary, it may occur at anyperiod between the cessation and onset of the catamenial discharge.It will thus be seen that many cau.ses, both absolute and relative, tendto sterility. In but few cases, however, is sterility a fixed fact, or anirremediable condition. The gi'catest triumphs achieved by the medicalprofession were in the study of the causes of sterility, and the bestmeans for their removal. No ph3^sician, alive to the importance andexalted character of his calling, should neglect the study of the subject ;on the contrary, he should be conversant with all the pathological featuressterility i)rcscnts, aud.be able to intelligently ascertain the4:;auses.An impoi-taut trust is confided to his professional care the irftensest;longing capable of the human heart de^jends upon his skill, either to beappeased or unrequited. Professional acumen is in no resiêct moreessential than in this, and the medical counsellor, unworthy of the trustby reason of imperfect knowledge of the subject, does a grievous wrongby attempting treatment, or venturing decisive advice. The childles.spair should at all times seek the most intelligent counsel and most comp.eteuttreatment, and not allow themselves to become victims of despondencybefore they have made such a definite aitempt.The author has devoted much time and study upon this subject, feelingthat no greater field of usefulnesj is presented to the physician forthe exercise of his skill and professional attainments. The success attainedin this sphere of professional activity has only been gained at theexpense of laborious study and by the advantages conferred by extensivepractice. Competence can — only be gained by study and experiencein every subject of intelligence proficiency being only the reward ofintellectual labor and oi)portunity'for exercise of the secured knowledge.The author will gladly give advice to those to whom this chapter refers,being justified by previous success and long professional experienceto give pi-oper and definite ad- ice and appropriate treatment. Thosedesiring to avail themselves oi such an opportunity are referred to page390 for guidance as to the proper information to submit for my consideration.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.439Impotence op the Male.By this is generally considered the inability to engage in the virileact. It essentially signifies a loss of the virile powers. Impotency maybe either partial or complete, and, like sterility, absolute;, and relative.The term impotence is frequently used synonoraously with sterility ;but, as sterility has been considered in another place, we shall discussthe subject in this place' only in the sense implying loss of capacity.The loss of virile power is owing to a variety of causes. The processof loss in idiopathic cases is usually slow, though in some cases invirilityensues quite rapidly. When due to traumatic causes virile poweris lost synchronously with the occurrence of the injury. Impotenceusually follows injuries received by the spine and base of the brain, butin these cases the loss is not of itself a pathological disorder, but essentiallysymptomatic of the injury.The most common cause of impotence is nervous debility, apparentor concealed and unsuspected. It is the usual sequel to that disease, ifit is allowed an unchecked career, manifesting itself at first by a slightincapacity, but which gradually progresses until finally the virile poweris completely lost. That impotence is the inevitable result to nervousdebility is quite natural, the ceaseless waste of such a vital element ofthe male economy as semen can have no other finality. The geiieraldisturbance of the nervous system caused by involuntary spermaticlosses is manifested first in the virile organs, as the erectile property ofthe organ, purely a nervous phenomenon, and consequently any functionso directly under the control of nervous power as the erectilequality, is the one first to succumb to nervous disorganization. Impotencein such cases is, therefore, due to feebleness or insufficiency ofthe nervous stimuli necessary to provoke a copulative aspect of themale organ. This condition of invirility is also caused by immoderateindulgence, the pathological disorder produced being in all respects thesame as that following seminal incontinence, though as a general thingmasculine power is lost less rapidly.Spinal and cerebral diseases are usually associated with a low conditionof the virile power. This manifestation is quite in accordance withthe physiological laws governing the virile functions, as it will be rememberedthat the nervous supply that the organs of generation receiveis the pudental nerve, which arises from the sacral plexus. This nerveand branches afford the requisite stimuli necessary to promote congestionof the organ, which phenomenon constitutes an erection. Thebrain gives the necessary sensory stimiilus, without which the nervesare not excited to action. Phrenologists place amativeness in the lowerlobe of the cerebellum, but it is quite probable that its locality, thoughmost evidently in the base of the brain, is not in that situation, as

440 THE COMPLKTE HERBALIST.analogy' will not comport with Buch a view. Observation teaches thatthe chanticleer is the most amorous of animals, yet anatomists find nolower lobe of the cerebelhim in the brain of the fowl. External violence,however, upon the sacral and occipital regions usually cause virile imbecility,and hence we know that a healthy condition of the base of thebrain and sacral plexus is necessary to the existence of virility. Diseases,excessive study, intemperate use of tobacco, violent and prolongedgrief, etc., are therefore causes of impotency, from the fact that thecerebral disorganization which follows produces inertia of the nervousetimuli. Apoplexy is also a cause of temporary impotence, in consequenceof the paralysis of the sacral plexus ensuing. It is thereforevitally important that in the consideration of any case of impotence everypredisposing cause should receive attention, so that restorative effortsare based upon correct principles. No pathological condition requiressuch nicety of treatment as impotence, and none that will so readily beremedied if the medication isthoroughly adapted to the case. Althoughimpotence is the usual concomitant to long-continiied seminal losses,my experience teaches me that a fair proportion of impotent cases arethe results of habits and practices which are perfectly legitimate, andto which no shadow of blame or disgrace can be projjerly attached. Itis a well-established fact that too much mental application, alsc^ constantconfinement within doors in a vitiated atmosphere, or habitual orsudden exposure to heats and colds, or the destroying intluences ofextreme grief and care, will produce all the evd effects upon the mentaland physical organization that are caused by and attributed to solitaryhabits. Nervous debility, which is quite a common and comprehensivename for all failures of the intellectual or physical organs or facultiesto perform their functions properly, is originated and nurtured, in bothsexes, by a variety of causes as countless as the leaves of the forest.Consequently, people should not be backward about making their deficienciesof mind or body known to physicians in such a clear andconfidential way as to secure to them the full restoration of theirnormal health and vigor. Any course of life which is inordinatelyirksome or, involves heavy tasks, is liable to cause the loss of virilejiower, or especially in middle age, IMPOTENCY, which is the aggravatedform of the same difficulty. Thus we find that clergymen, merchants,book-keepers, htcrary workers, men who are overtaxed by care andlabor, lawyers, judges, boys confined too closely at school, young menwho seldom take out-of-door exercise, clerks, heads of public departments,and all others who are constantly wearing and tearing both mindand body without seeking the neutralizing aid of rent, amusement, andchange of scene, are subjected to some of the numerous ills developedin disabilities and incapabilities which impose untold suffering. Theseilia uie the iuheritaucu of everybody physically and mentally over-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 441worked, no matter in what capacity they may labor. It is to be lamentedthat many of these innocent individuals, from the fear of beingcharged with gnilt, suffer long years in silence when the truly judiciouscourse is to engatê medical aid as soon as the fact becomes known.The old-class physicians have used the most powerful minerals withintheir reach, and. with the earnest and honest desire to do good, haveaccomplished much thai has been of temporary benefit. But thereaction from the use of these minerals has been, in all instances, of anon-curative character, the patient purchasing for temporary enjoymentmany after-years of incapacity and local weakness.There is nothing so discomforting to man as the loss of virile power.He may not be a sensual being, yet manhood is a pride to him, thepossession of which isalways a gratifying knowledge. Impotence impliesmore than mere virile imbecility, it signifies also a loss of vigorand elasticity of the whole organism, and a gloomy state and impairmentof the mental faculties. It has elsewhere been observed that thewell-being of the whole economy is greatly dependent upon healthygenitalia and mental; composure, vitality and acuteness of intellect,graceful and easy manners, etc., are no less indeiêndent of the virilefaculties. Impotency is, therefore, always a deplorable condition, andhe who permits himself to be long without the legacy of virilitj', commitsa great injury upon his own personal welfare, and places but apoor value upon the choice powers of manhood. Man without virilepower is an anomaly he has lost his status of; sex, and is practically aeunuch as long as the unmanly condition is tolerated. There is ahiglier motive in possession of virile power than the ability to gratifyamorous passion. If that alone gave chief value to virility, its loss wouldbe but inconsiderate, but as we have seen that vigorous manhood iaconsonant to vitality of the mental and physical economies, it gains avalue not to be despised, but greatly cherished, even by the mostcontinent and virtuous men. Healthy functions of the genital organsare as requisite to the integrity of the whole organism as healthyfunctional action of the thoracic and abdominal organs, and any derangementof the pelvic organs is capable of precisely as much, if not more,disorganization of the general health as a disordered digestive or circulatoryapparatus. I will close the consideration of this subject byinviting all those who are deficient in masculine tone or capacity to callon me in person or consult me by letter. (See page 385.)The PHiLosornY op Generation.The greatness, importance, and responsibility of the marital relationare but improperly appreciated and understood by the majority of malesand females who enter iiito that relation. There is a momentous dutyto be performed, far more important than those generally 8U]:)posed to be19*

442 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.incumbent upon husband and wife. We have in other places consideredthe more general duties devolving upon husband and wife to be dischargedwe will in this; place dwell upon a subject which of all otherspertaining to the conjugal association of the sexes is the most important,and which- as a duty is more universally neglected and improperlyperformed because the principles and laws governing generation are butimperfectly understood or not at all. The precise question relativeto generation which we purpose to discuss is the transmission to childrenof the best possible mental, physical and moral attainments.We have in another part of this work stated that the legitimate objectof marriage is to legalize the sexual covenant, and to confine itwithin a healthful and moral atmosphere. This is not only the legitimate,but technically it is the only aspect of which the law takes cognizance.Such a congress is, therefore, legal between a male and female who havebeen bound together in wedlock. This is all right and proper but not;by mere legalized association can the welfare of the race be best advancedor secured. The distinguishment of animal creation intotwo sexes was only designed by Nature for one purpose— the multiplicationof species ;but it never was the purpose of Nature that the sexesshould indiscriminately associate, or that the intent and design of, multiplicationwould be fitly subserved in all cases by merely allowing anv maleto covenant with any female, irrespective of selection. In the lowtr animalsthis is avoided by instinct, but in man the restraint is given by thehigher impulses of reason. Yet, notwithstanding this high quality in man,the purpose of Nature is often defeated or controverted by wilful dis-or disobedience toregard of the i^romptings of an innate inteUigencewhat is known as physiological law.The first requisite is circiimspect marriage. Without the maritalunion of eligible parties human progress would be slow, or unpromising.A circumspect marriage tends, however, to bring into conjugal unionthe more highly endowed male with the more highly endowed female ;or, in other words, the best man would marry only the best woman. Theman having highly developed physical, mental, and moral, faculties wouldonly be content in marrying a woman with similarly developed faculties,and in such a union we have the basis for highly endowed offspring.In another essay arc given the precautions candidates should observeprior to consummating marriage, and if the instructions therein givenshould be heeded, unfit marriages would be of rarer occurrence.Hut in marriage, proper or improper, a duty has to be performed,neglect of which is sinning against the welfare of the whole race.The aim of all maiTied people should be the bringing into the world ofhealthy children, not physically only, but mentally and morally also.Th(! groatf^st achievement and proudest monument of parentage is iagiving to the world such oifspriug as will a^jt well their part iu the great

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 443drama of life. How is it to be done ? Can parents so regulate the gestatoryprocess as to give their children at birth the heritage of physicalexcellence, large mental cajâcity, and superior moral disposition ? Assuredlythey can it; requires but willingness and effort in the right direction.The mother who imparts to the being hid away in her loinsher personal features, her disposition, etc., can Impart much more byproper effort. The father, from whom the male formative material iareceived, can do much for the welfare of that being evolved from thatmaterial. For all that it is, the cliild is indebted to either one of theparents; from them is received the human qualities it possesses or exhibits.Subsequent care, training, and education may do much, but theoriginal bias is received within the confines of the womb.Not much need be said as to the transmission of mental superiorityto children. If the parents are intelligent and educated, the childrenwill also have large mental capacity. Subsequent mental training willserve to give offspring that mental culture which in the present progressiveperiod of the human race each individual being should possess.Intelligence, not ignorance, now holds sway and no one can harmoniouslyglide along with the current of human progress without a cultiva-;ted mind. If mothers, therefore, have tastes for the intellectual pursuits,let them not abandon them while another life is developing.The transmission of moral qualities is more readily accomplished. Towhat extent they can be transmitted is not readily definable, but it is awell-settled fact in psychology that the moral habit readily tflescendsfrom parent to child. This fact is exemplified in the history of nearlyevery family, for in nearly every ca.se the moral tone of the childrenrepresents that of the parents, at least as far as disposition is concerned.Vicious association may destroy the moral tone, even if the dispositionis unfavorable;but when the disposition is favorable to moral excellencethe inclination to vice is .strongly curbed, and moral degeneration is notso easily effected, even if the child is surrounded by all the allurementsof vice. On the mother, then, a high duty— rests she is chargeable withthe moral tone of society, not by neglecting the .supervision of the moralfaculties of her born children so umch as by indifference when ahuman soul is undergoing intra-viteriue development. Motherhoodcomes to many most uuwelcomely the trials and cares incident to it are;not favorably regarded ;.but there are few women in whom the maternalinstinct is so deficient that they would, with sheer malice, endeavorto give birth to a babe so weighted with the destiny of a bad organization,as to make them through life utterly insensible to all the moral relationsof life. Yet such a legacy is completely within the power of amother to give. If she is not elevated by purity of thought and of action,if not ennobled by intensity of maternal feeling, and if not actuatedby constant solicitude for the welfare of her unborn babe, the or-

444 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.ganization of the child will be unquestionably vicious. She should rememberthat the child in uterine life has no blood but that of itsmother; all that courses through its veins and arteries also coursesthrough the blood-vessels of the mother. How important it is then formothers to guard against everything calculated to disturb the harmonyand regularity of the vascular current !The child in utei'o is technically but an appendage or parasite, overv\ hich the maternal mind and body exerts a marked influence; consequently,if mothers in the i^regnaut state pay heed to the moral relationsof life, curb for the time any evil disposition they may have, take pleasureonly in that which is pure and upright— in short, lead a blameless morallife— they will most surely be blest with offsi^ring in whom the dispositionwill be kind and the moral tone exalted. Let me then say to expectantmothers :enlighten and elevate the moral sentiments, exercise desirabletalents, cultivate beautiful qualities ;for if you do, they will certainlybloom in great brilliancy in your children and children's children. So,too, if there exists among the subtleties of your character any darkspot, exert all your moral strength in order to eradicate it. Surroundthe growing soul with good influences cultivate all noble; impulse, allholy aspirations breathe into the ; opening flower, by the magic pbwerof a mother's love, such knowledge and moral legacy as will prepare itfor the world in all its antagonisms and; you will see in the final fruitthe rewaid for all your care, self-denial, and self-abnegation. Husbandsmust learrn to recognize this supreme power of their wives over theante-natal life (both mental and physical), and they must observe sucha line of conduct as not to frustrate any endeavor to exercise it rightly,but should give them the best possible conditions to improveHow it.can parents have healthy children ? This is a question of suchsignificant importance to married people that it should engage theirmost earnest thought and liveliest interest, for parents can by judiciouscare and careful practice endow their offspring with most excellent physicalvigor. To effect this it is only necessary that they should themselvesbe healthy, or to render inert by proper medication the tendencyof transmission of any infirmity or disease with which they may themselvesbe alllictcd. The most potential cause of degenerate health inoffspiing is the ruinous effect of nervous debility. Any male who previousto marriage practised .self-abuse, and who married while sufferingfrom the effects of such a jicrnicious habit, cannot furnish forthe purposes of generation such perfection of formative material aswill insure full health in the bemg that evolves therefrom. The seminalli

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 445the instinct of propagation, and renders the sufferer incapable or unfitto afford such formative material as will result in healthy products ofconception. I therefore adjure all these suffering from this infirmitynot to marry until by proper and skilful treatment a healthy intcgiityof the organs is fully re-established. If those who are married suft'erfrom the unmanly losses of semen, they should by all means make earlyendeavors to have their manhood restored in all its fulness. Those whoare partially impotent should not neglect to secure the required treatment—such as will restore virile vigor and healthy procreating power.Medical treatment is of the greatest importance, and, assuredly, it isonly those who have fiUl manly vigor and integrity that can hope forhealthy offspring. It is scarcely an allowable exercise of privilege fora,ny male to marry if suffering from the effects of indiscretions, as it iswell known to every plij'siologist that procreative capacity is lessenedthere'.jy, and oltsiiring usually of feeble mind and body and low moraltone. Let all such sufferers then fully appreciate the responsibility ofthe married state, and only enter its portals with healthy genital organsand proper virile capacity. This advice should be heeded by all whoproperly estimate marital eligibility. Their first duty is to engage theservices of a competent physician, who will by proiier treatment restorethe proper integrity of the organs, impart the required vigor, and securethe necessary conditions for healthy propagation.Eligibility for motherhood requires full integrity of womanhood. Nohealthy babe can be born if its ante-natal life is passed in a diseased uterinecavity. Women suffering from intlammation or ulceration of themucous membrane lining the uterine cavity cannot possibly give birthto a healthy child.It is then a high duty for all wives to make all possibleeffort to become sexually healthy, and if they have the prudenceto engage the proper herbal treatment they will certainly regain the requiredfeminine vigor and motherhood will be a blessing instead of acurse.Proper treatment will even avert the transmission of scrofula, epilepsy,consumption, and other diseases capable of hereditation. Thismust be given while the child isdeveloping within the uterine cavity.The disease in the parent may not be cured, but rational treatment,under the guidance of a skillful physician, can so modify the gestatoryprocess as to effectually prevent the child from being born with a similardiathesis.This subject is one of the most important within the whole range ofmedicine, and should engage the interest of all;it concerns not only individualwelfare, but the health and the mental and moral well-beingof the whole human race.The author gladly gives advice to those who may need counsel ortreatment. Parents who submit their cases for my consideratiou will

446 THE COMPLKTE HERBALIST.be fully advised what course should be pursued. All communicationaheld iii\-iolably secret. (See page ;J85 for guidance as to consultation.)Divorce.This implies the separation of the married pair, by legal dissolutionof the matrimonial bonds. Divorcefi are most commonly given by thecourts for causes occurring after marriage but; jurists, in treating uponthis subject, also include those causes by which a marriage may be renderednull upon antecedent grounds; as where a marriage was accomplishedby forcible or fraudulent means, or where, in consequence ofnear consanguinity, the act of cohabitation between the pair is by lawconsidered incestuous. ^Vhere a physical incapacity for marriage prevailsin one of the parties, divorces are usually granted by nearly allcourts, pro\-ided such an incapacity existed previous to marriage.It is not our purpose, however, to discuss the subject in its legalaspect, however interesting it might be, but to consider it rather in itapopular sense. It is not within the province of the medical writer toconsider the subject relative to its legal bearings, though he may withpropriety give the subject the attention it claims with reference to abuseof the marital privilege. There are practically many divorces bfitweenhusbands and wives, of which the law takes no cognizance, and forcauses for which no court would grant a dispensation. The author isfully aware that the divorce laws are not any too stringent, and probablytoo facile in many commonwealths ; but, while he is by no means infavor of easy divorce laws, he is ready to admit that the strong hand ofthe law sometimes is not waved to the .side of justice, but inflicts intolerableanguish by enforcing a matrimonial existence which in itsvery nature is adverse to the veiy spirit and essence of matrimony.It is practically divorcing the marriage tie when mutual love no longercharacterizes the union. The only bond that unites and that makes theunion an inseparable one is love, and not the mere formal ceremony ofespousal. The law, however, does not and cannot recognize anythingbut the vinciditm matrimonii as binding, but the philosopher delvesdeeper, and while he does not dispute the necessity of legal ceremonies,he nevertheless knows that marriage is in its very essence not such aunion as defined by law, but a linking of affections, a union of souls andhearts. jMarriage is practically aimulled when love is no longer thecord of union; without mutual affection the association becomes intolerable,the higher purposes of the tie are defeated, and the sacredprecinct is invaded by elements foreign to the psychical character of themarital atmosphere. Law can, however, not remedy this the candi-;dates for marriage must, as before advised, exercise such precautions,that they may not deceive themselves, and only form a matrimonialalliance that augurs a congenial wedded life. Divorces cannot be

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 447-granted for uncongeniality, provided no actual infringement of the marriagebond has been committed, and cannot extend a dispensationbecause married life is loveless. Abuse of its privileges would follow,and divorce laws should therefore of necessity be stringent, so thatmarriages be not recklessly contracted, and obliging intended union tobe the result of guarded and careful deliberation, as it is easier to preventmistakes than to rectify them. Negligence of consulting the betterknowledge brings its own reward, and, however intolerable the punishment,a separation cannot ensue by virtue of law. Humanity wouldgrant the dissolution of the tie, but the purity and purpose of law mustbe protected. Strmgency must shield it from disgrace, or the possiblechance of its becoming the agent whereby injury may be done, or flagrantviolations of matrimonial duty may be prompted by its laxity. Everycandidate should lose sight of every consideration except that of happinessin married life,and see that no one can exclaim" She (or he) whom the law calls youra,Is by her (or his) love made mine."In nearly all courts, adultery is sufficient cause for divorce, and veryproperly so. It is the mosc heinous violation of the duty and trust attachedto a conjugal union. Everything besides pales in comparisonwith adultery in the enormity of its malfeasance in the marital sphere.It is such a flagrant abuse of duty and fidelity that the conjugal pairowe to each other, that it has even been recognized by divine law assufficient cause for divorce, and as long as civilization has a foothold,and morality considered a virtue, so long will adultery be regardedsubversive to the integrity of the conjugal union. It is a crime admittingof no extenuation, and incapable of condonement by themorally upright or the virtuous pure. It is the brand that inflames theworst passions in the one who has thus been injured and disgraced byhis or her conjugal associate, surely engendering hate and detestation ifthe proper value is placed upon marital loyalty. The bubble that hasjust burst is as easily reconstructed as to again establi.sh confidence,peace and happiness in that family, of which either the husband orwife has sinned. The wound is incurable, and prolongation of thewedded association only aggravates. Therefore, the only remedy is alegal separation from the one who has proved so unworthy of maritaltrust. It is not enough that the husband and wife should be guiltlessof adultery, but their conduct must be such as to arouse no suspicionof neighbors or others. The conduct must be so guarded that loyaltyis not doubted, but manifested even under circumstances where theliability to err is great, so that fidelity is established, and suspicion disarmed.That wife, who, by her conduct in society, or in her social intercourse

448 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.with other men, brings upon her mistrust, and who provokes publioscandal by her vagaries and lax conduct, actually debauches her husband'sgood name, and does him as much injury as she would were shegrulty of adultery. She may never have committed the act, and probablynever would, but her deportmentis such as to lead observersto the opinion that she would prove disloyal if circumstances favored,thereby committing a gi-ievous wrong, and staining the honor and goodname of her husband to an unwarrantable extent. The man thatbrings to his bride the legacy of honor and respectability is greatly injuredif she by her immoral conduct begets the suspicion as to loyaltyof his friends and neighbors, and she is unworthy of his love and protectionif she so far forgets her duty as bring a stain upon his characterby her own imprudence. She is guilty of adulterous proclivities, whichshould be considered sufficient cause for divorce, even if adulterycannot be proven. On the other hand, the husband, who by improperbehavior in company, is so unguarded as to be suspected for his loyaltyand attachment to his wife, is unworthy of her, and cannot, justifyhisconduct by even the most liberal interpretation of the marriage contract.It would, unquestionably, be well if the law would recognize conductthat suggests an adulterous proclivity as sufficient for divorce, e-^n ifadultery per se could not be proven, asit would most probably have asalutary effect in counteracting the tendency to the degeneracy ofmodern free-loveism.The cry of many wives of the present day, who think that their dutyto society is paramount to the duty they owe to their husbands is—Would you exclude us from society ? Am I to be imprisoned in the homeyou afford me and not be allowed to receive my friends, or to mingleagain with society ? No, not at all the seclusivism of the harem is not;calculated to promote the best interests of conjugal life but it is to be;insisted upon that when wives are in society their conduct should be sodignified, so hedged in with propriety, that their reputation remainsunsullied, that the most suspicious need not suspect, and that the libertineit!given no opi)ortunity to make his offensive proposals,nor hisheart gratified by a passive submission to his lascivious conversation,Ciesar clainied not too much in his requirements of alooks, and hints.wife— she should in all respects be above suspicion. The wife's greatestpride should be the observance of such a line of conduct as meets her husband'sapproval. All her actions should be characterized by purity andfidelity, and no cause should be given for unpleasant comment. Suchnoble wives are denominated the oppressed, the slaves of men, etc., etc.,by the Women's Riglits women;but they— are not, they and they onlyare the idols of men, at least of those whose affections are pure andworth having. The angolic quality of women, so often the theme ofpoets and lovers, is .'jurely only manifested by the virtuous and in the

' 'Some essays have been written on the barbarisms of civilization;THE COMPLETE IIERHALIST. 449faithful. The very existence of civilization is dependent upon virtuouswomen and faithful wives ;men may become depraved, but as long- aswomen remain pvire, civilization, morality, and religion will be fosteredand propagated. If women live the truth and act the truth, humanitywUl ever be blessed with the benefits of civilization.To the sterner sex the mantle of virtue is no less becoming and fidelityis as much of an adornment and requirement to them as of the;gentler sex. The libertine is a despicable creature and the adulterer;is so lost to honor and nobility of character, that his presence in the societyof the pure and good should be considered an outrage upon decencyand propriety. Chastity is a superior virtue, and loyalty in v/edlocka noble attribute;and whichever one of the conjugal pair proves recklessto these connubial trusts is vmworthy of marital companionship anddefiles a sacred institution.BRIDAL TOURS.many more might be. Many of the habits prevailing in what ought tobe our mo.st refined society are at variance with almost elementary ideasof decency. Others are equally marked in their injurious physical tendencies.It is not surprising that clergymen, even when not of thestrictest sect, and philosophers of no i:)articular sect at all,have declaimedagainst fashionable dresses and dances at late hours. But thereare other customs against which no church has fulmiaated its anathemas,the daflg-ers and absurdities of which no fidgety reformer has perceivedor noticed. One of these conspicuously is the Bridal Tour." Let us illustrate by a typical case. During one of the earliest andcoldest ' cold snaps ' there comes off a wedding, which, from the officialstanding of the parties, naturally attracts some attention. We are soontold that the ' happy couple ' are ofE on their wedding—trip to well,not exactly Alaska or Greenland, but a territory nearly as frigid, andthat part of the journey is to be made in stages or sleighs. The intenseexcitement in appropriateness of the proceeding, the wonderful painstaken by these people to make themselves uncomfortable on what issupposed to be the most festive occasion in their lives, would move oneto Homeric laughter, did not events disastrous to the health of the con.jugal pair usually follow so closely on the heels of bridal tours." If theparties are not as high in the social scale and less wealthy, the mischiefdone is as great, if not greater, for in their tour tliey may lack substantialcomforts which the wealthy alone can afford. To all married couplesa bridal tour seems to be considered as absolutely essential to givethe marital union an importance, without which it would, in theitopinion, be an uiu'omantic and but partial marriage.2d

450 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Looking at the custom from an esthetic and sentimental point ofview, nothing can be more repulsive. An American marriage is theoreticallya love match, and it is generally so in practice. Now two personsin love want to see as much as possible of each other, and as littleas possible of other people. It is to that we find exceptions; there areindividuals whose diseased vanity desires to give publicity to every actof their life. It is a misfortiine that these vulgarians are not rarer inevery class. An instinct of seclusion and modesty should be the generalrule, but this absurd custom forces a new-married couple to put on anunnatural restraint on their legitimate affection, or to make themselvesridiculous before the public.Love, both emotional and passionate, isusually most exuberant to those recently joined in wedlock, and philosophywould suggest the exercise to be confined more to seclusion thanthe sporadic opportunities afforded in a wedding tour.Now, in the common-sense, practical, man-of-the-world point ofview, the fashionable practice is eqiaally objectionable. It is notoriousthat nothing, except marriage itself, tries the temper more than jointtravel. Therefore, at the very outset of their life-partnership, thequality on which the happiness of that union principally depends iajmt to the rudest strain. The happy couple expose themselves^to theinsolence of hackmen and hotel-clerks, the discomforts of rail and hotel,irregular hours and uncertain meals. The Irishman, in the song, marrieda wife to make him ' ' unaisy. " A wedding tour on one of our greatthoroughfares of travel is admirably contrived to accomplish this resultfor both parties.AU this, however,it may be suggested, is matter of taste. We cannotexpect to shape the caprices of fashion or custom by the dictates ofdeliberate philosophy. But what follows is not a questionable point oftaste or comfort;it is a matter of downright fact, as certain as if itcould be mathematically demonstrated.The consummation of marriage is,with the exception of child-birth,the most critical period, phy.sically, of the woman's life. After themoral and physical excitement which attends it, her .system demandsrest, repose, quiet, regular and good living, a supporting and restorativeway of life. If these can be secured for some weeks, so much thebetter, but at any rate they are necessary for some days. Her emotionalnature attains the highest state of excitement, in consequence ofassisting in a repast which is approached only by intense agitation, nomatter how much she may feel it to be a legitimate incident to marriage.This makes itdoubly exhaustive, and not only her health for the rest ofher mortal existence, but the'health aud strength of her offspring maybe, and often are, materially affected by the want of proper care at thiatime. Instead of which, the bridal tour piles on additional excitementand fatigue, makes regularity of life ir.ipossible— in short, the act in-

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 451volves the reverse of all that the rules of health and physiology require.There is an underlying sense of modesty which may urge the bride onto a journey immediately after marriage. The new condition of lifeexacts changes which she rather would fulfil among strangers than inher own or husband's domicile. It may confuse the modest and retiringwoman to assume the conjugal associations in presence of herparents, brothers, and sisters;but as this is one of the modesties notreally commendable, however natural it may be, it does not afford sufficientinducement for encoimtering all the vicissitudes of a weddingtour.For man too, at this time, repose and calm, though not so necessary,are highly desirable. It constantly happens, in the case of both sexes,that a slight indisposition, which passed unnoticed in the huny of preparation,is aggravated to a serious and even fatal extent by the excitement,exposure, and neglect consequent on the wedding tour. No man,for instance, would think of postjôning his marriage on account of aslight cold. If he stayed quietly at home afterward, and took care ofhimself, it would pass away like other slight colds but he; goes off on abridal tour in the depth of winter, and the malady develops into achronic pulmonary complaint.Nor would a young woman put off hermarriage because she felt a little extra lassitude and want of appetite,with an occasional headache, which, however, may be premonitorysymptoms of typhoid fever. If you take typhoid fever in time, there isnothing specially dangerous about it; care, patience, and slight treatmentare only necessary, and it runs its course. But, if neglected atfirst, it is almost inevitably fatal. Many cases of brides and bridegrooms,in my profesional experience, came under my observation, dyingof typhoid fever just after a wedding trip, which had caused the earlysymptoms to be misunderstood and neglected. And I have knownthings worse than death to happen — insanity, temporary or 23ermanent,brought on by the extra fatigue and excitement of the wedding journey.One old New York custom, and probably to some extent prevailing inother i^laces, was infinitely more rational. The new-married coiipletook up their quarters at the house of the bride's father, and remainedthere in seclusion for a week. The only fault about this arrangementwas the shortness of time, but for a week, at any rate, they had absoluterepose and quiet, and enjoyed all the comforts of a home withoutthe trouble of housekeeping. For one week, at least, the inter-communionof the conjugal pair was unhampered, and secured against thecriticism and gaze of the public.The present fashion of bridal tours is an unmeaning and unreasonableimitation of the European, especially the English practice. The originalEnglish theory of a wedding trip is, driving in a comfortable can'iage, ata rate of speed just sufficient to exhilarate without fatiguing, over good

452 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,roads, in weather which may be pleasant or unpleasant, but is never dangerouslycold or dangerously hot, to some secluded country -place or seaside\illage, and resting there a month. The new mode of continental toursis in some respects just as absurd as ours, though the advantage of climatelessens the fatigue and physical risk to some extent. The notoriousmutability of our climate is in itself reason enough why a bride shouldnot be exposed to the accidents of travel.It will thus be seen that the medical aspect of a bridal tour is sufficientlyimportant, and the risk incurred sufficiently great, to cause thewedded pair, if they wish to be actuated with impulses of reason andpi-udcnee, rather than by the dictates of custom, to pause before theyundergo the trials of a wedding journey. It would certainly be moreconducive to their health and happiness if they were guided by a betterreason in this respect, and leave wedding trips to be indulged iu by thosewho would rather run the risk of injuring their health and general wellbeingthan offend a fashionable practice. It is a fashionable vulgarity,and not prompted by the behests of good-breeding and social dignity.POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES.^Nothing that appertains to domestic treatment is of greater value thana knowledge of jioisons, and the treatment necessary in cases of accidentalor premeditated poisoning. So many substances of a poisonousnature are used in manufactures among farmers, mechanics, and also injirivate houses, it will be useful to have a guide to refer to in case ofaccident, for in almost every case of poisoning the antidote must be instantlj'given or else success cannot be expected. In all cases, unlessthe physician is within immediate call, no time is allowed to engage hisBei"v'ices;hence the great imiiortance of eveiy one supplying himself wiihthe requisite knowledge to treat any or all cases of poisoning.Precaution with regard to poisons is very necessary. In every family,manufactory, etc., where poisons are required and used, the antidotesshould idso be kept for use whenever occasion calls for them. Again,when poisons are used for any purpose, it is not enough to know thatthey are poisonoux^ but it should also be known of what they are composed.For instance, corrosive sublimate may be used, and by accidenta poisonous dose may be taken of it ; but, unless known that it is a prejiarutionof mercury, the treatment must necessarily be of a vague anduncertain character.As a general rule, in all cases of poisoning, especially if seen immediatelyafter the jioison has been swallowed, the indication is to make theperson vomit. To bring this about give a teaspoonful of mustard in atumbler of water, or two or three teaspooufuls of powdered alum in the

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 453same •way. Vomiting can in all cases be promoted by tickling the throatwith a feather.Arsenic.Articles.— Scheele's green, arsenious acid, orpiment, king's yellow,realgar, fly powder, ague drops, arsenical paste and arsenical soap, ratpoison.Symptoms.— Pain and burning in the stomach, dryness of throat,cramps, purging, vomiting, hoarseness and difficulty of speech, eyes redand sparkling, suppression of urine, matter vomited greenish or yellowish.Treatment.— Give large quantities of milk and raw eggs, limewater,or flour and water. Then castor-oil ; or, if tincture of iron iswithin reach, take from half to a full teaspoonful of it,and mix with ita little bicarbonate of soda or saleratus, and administer it to the person,and follow it with an emetic. This acts as a real antidote— thechemical combination resulting being insoluble in the fluids of thestomach.Acids.Articles.— Oxalic (salts of son-el), sulphuric (oil of vitriol), nitric(aquafortis), muriatic (spirit of salt), but not prussic acid.Symptoms.—These acids are all corrosive, and hence produce horribleburning and sour pain from the mouth downwards. The skin andmucous membrane of the lips, mouth, aud throat is eaten away. Thepatient experiences great thirst, and purges blood, and has excruciatingpain in the stomach.Treatment.— Put an ounce of calcined magnesia into a pint of water,and give a wineglassful every two or three minutes. If you cannot getmagnesia, use whiting, chalk, soda, or lime-water, or even knock apiece of mortar from the wall, pound it fine, and give it with milk orwater. While one person is attending to this, let another cut commonBoap into small pieces and give a tea-spoonful with water, or a tablespoonfulof soft soap. Also give plenty of warm water to drink.Citric and acetic acids are also poisonous in large doses. The treatmentis the same as for the above.Antimony.Articles.— Tart?ar emetic, butter of antimony, oxide of antimony.Symptoms.— Severe vomiting (if this does not occur it should be induced),cramps, faintness, purging, colicky pains, sense of tightness inthe chest, recurrence of vomiting repeatedly.Treatment.- -Give plenty of strong tea. If no common tea is athand, use an infusion of oak, elm, sloe, currant, or blackberry bark or

454 THE COMPLETE nERBALISTlleaves, the requirements being a vegetable astringent. If the butter ofantimony has been taken, resort to the treatment advised for acids. luall cases the strength should be supported with stimulants.Bismuth.Articles.— Nitrate, pearl powder, face powders.Sy.MPTOMS.— General inflammation of the whole alimentary canal,suppression of urine, hiccough, vomiting, cramps.TI4KATMENT.— Plenty of milk, flaxseed tea, infusion of slippery elm,marsh mallow.Copper,Articles.— Blue copperas, blue verditer, mineral green, verdigris,food cooked in copper vessels, pickles made green by copper.Symptoms.— Coppery taste in the mouth, tongue dry and parched,very painful colic, bloody stools,Treatment.— convulsions.Large quantities of milk and white of eggs, afterwardsstrong tea. Vinegar nhould not be given. ^Gold. 1Articles.—Chloride of gold, fulminating gold.Symptoms.— Similar to other irritant poisons. Pink patches aboutthe lips and mouth.Treatment.— Give sulphate of iron, which decomposes the substances.Iodine.Articles.— Iodides of potassium, mercury, iron, or sodium.Symptoms.— Burning pain in throat, lacerating pain in stomach,heartburn, vomiting, colicky pains, very likelyTreat-MENT.— salivation.Large quantities of starch and water, flour and water,grated potatoes, or anything that you know contains starch. If theiodides are taken in overdose, produce vomiting as soon as possible..\Iron.Articles.— Sulphate of iron (copperas), green vitriol, chloride ofiron.Symptoms.— Colic pains, constant vomiting and purging, violent painin throat, coldness of skin, feeble pulse.Tukat.ment— Give an emetic, afterwards magnesiaBoda and water. Also mucilaginous drinks.or carbonate of

the complete herbalist. 455Lead.Articles.— Acetate or sugar of lead, white lead, red lead, litharge.Symptoms.— Metallic taste ra mouth, pain in stomach and bowels,painful vomiting, often blood, hiccough. If taken for some time, obstinatecolic, paralysis, partial or complete obstinate; constipation,diminution of urine.Treatment.— Put two ounces of epsom salts into a pint of water andgive a wineglassful every ten minutes until it operates freely. If thesolid forms have been taken, give dilute sulphuric acid, but very carefuUy.Mercury.Articles.— Calomel, corrosive sublimate, red precipitate, vermilion,white precipitate, turbith mineral.Symptoms.— Harsh metallic astringent taste, burning pain in thestomach, vomiting and purging frequently of bloody matter, tightnessand burning in the throat, tendency to doze, stupor.Treatment.— Albumen in some form must be instantly given ;eitherthe white of eggs beaten up with water, milk or wheat flour beaten up.Iron filings can also be given. After these give linseed tea.Phosphorus.Articles.— Lucifer matches.Symptoms.— Pain in stomach and bowels, vomiting, diarrhcsa, tendernessand tension of the abdomen, great excitement of the wholesystem.Treatment.— Prompt emetic, copious draughts of warm watercontaining magnesia, chalk, whiting, or even flour. No oils or fatshould be given.Silver.Articles.— Nitrate, or lunar caustic.Symptoms.— Similar to other irritant poisons, especially arsenic.Treatment.— Give a large tea-spooufulof common salt in a glass ofwater, and repeat this in ten minutes. Then a dose of castor-oil, andlinseed tea, or barley water for a drink.Tin.Articles.— Chloride, called muriate by dyers, oxide, or putty powder.Symptoms,— Vomiting, pain in stomach, purging, convulsive twltcbings.

456 THE COMPLETE nERBALIST.TREATÎE^^T.— Milk must be given copiously. The milk may containmagnesia, chalk, or whiting, if handy. Also raw eggs beaten up withwater and milk.Zinc.Articles.— Sulphate, or white vitriol.Acetate, chloride (Burnett'sdisinfecting fluid, also used to destroy cancers).Symptojis.— Violent vomiting, astringent taste, burning pain instomach, pale countenance, cold extremities, dull eyes.Treatment.— Plenty of milk with white of eggs in it.Bulphate give carbonate of soda. If excessive vomiting occurs,be relieved by copious draughts of warm water.If it is theit canVolatile Oils.Articles.— Creasote, Dippel's animal oil, oil of tar, oil of tobacco,oil of turpentine, fusel oU.Symptoms.— Burning pain, vomiting, pungent taste, purging. Theoils of tobacco and turpentine affect the nervous system, and will berecognized by their peculiar odor in the matter vomited. -vTreatment.— Creasote is immediately coagulated by albumep, asmilk, white of eggs.Dippel's animal oil may be counteracted by (Jiluteeulphuric aoid, and castor or linseed oil. For the others give milk,and promote vomiting, and probably some stimulant.Alkalies.Ammonia.— Spirits of hartshorn, muriate, or sal ammoniac.Potassa.— Caustic potash, liquor potassa, carbonate, or pearl ash,salts of tartar, nitrate, or saltpetre, or liver of sulphur.Symptoms.— Violent, caustic, acrid taste, great heat in throat, de-Btruction of the mucous membrane of mouth and throat, cold sweats,weakness, hiccough, colic pains, bloodyTukat.ment.— stools.Vinegar, lemon juice, citric or tartaric acids. If tbefree alkaUes are taken give castor or linseed oils,which wOl form soapin combination with them. For saltpetre give a mixture of acacia,marsh-uiallovv, flax-seed tea, aud for liver of siilphur give common salt.Prussic Acid.Articles.— Oil of bitter almonds, laurel water, peach-kernels, cyanideof potassium, vised by photographers.Sy.mptoms. — If the quantity be large, death instantly ensues. InBmallcr qu;uitities, nausea, giddiness, debility, weight and pain in thehead.Tkkatmi;nt. — Give spirits of hartshorn veiy much diluted, audapply a bottle of .smelling-salts to the nose, dash cold water on thehead, give stimulants, aud make the patient stir about.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 457VEGETABLE POISONS.Opium.Articles.— Laudanum, paregoric, black drop, soothing syrups,cordials, syrup of poppies, morphine, Dover's powder, etc.Symptoms.— Giddiness, stupor, gradually increasing to a deep sleep,pupil of the eyes very small, lips blue, skin cold, heavy, slow breathing.Treatment.— Make the patient vomit as quickly as possible. If afull-grown person give fifteen grains of sulphate of zinc in a little water,to a young person half the quantity, to an infant a teaspoonful of syrupof ipecac.If these drugs cannot be had, use mustard and warm water,salt and water, and tickle the throat with a feather. After vomiting,give plenty of strong coffee, and place a mustard poultice round the calfof each leg, and if the patient is cold and sinking, give stimulants, androuse him to walking or running by your assistance. Beat the soles ofhis feet, dash cold water on the face, and do anything to prevent himfrom sleeping untU the effects are passed off, for if he goes to sleep, itis the sleep of death.Strychnine.Articles. — Rat poison, nux vomica, St. Ignatius' beaa.Symptoms. — Lockjaw, twitching of the muscles, convulsions, thebody is bent backwards, so as to rest on the feet and head only.Treatment. — Empty the stomach by an emetic, then give linseedtea or barley water, and to an adult give thirty drops of laudanum, torelieve the spasms. A tea-spoonful of ether can also be given.Other Poisonous Plants, or Seeds,Such as false mushrooms, belladonna, henbane, or anything a child mayhave eaten, or taken in mistake by any person. Vegetable poisons acteither as an irritant, acro-narcotic, or narcotic. If it an irritant, thesymptoms are an acrid, pungent taste, with more or less bitterness,excessive heat, great dryness of the mouth and throat, with sense oftightness there, violent vomiting, purging, with great pain in thestomach and bowels, breathing often quick and difficult, appearance ofintoxication, eye frequently dilated, insensibility resembling death.The symptoms of narcotic poisons are described under opium.Treatment.— If an irritant and vomiting does occur and continues,render it easier by large draughts of warm water, but if symptoms ofinsensibility have come on without vomiting, empty the stomach withany emetic that may hand,— be at sulphate of zinc, mustard ;and afterthe operation of the emetic give a sharp purgative. After as much asis possible of the poison is got rid of, very strong coffee, or vinegar di-2U

458 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.luted with water, may be given with advantage. Camphor mixturewith a little ether may be taken frequently, and if the insensibility isconsiderable, warmth, friction,s, and blisters may be employed. Forthe narcotics proceed as in opium.Animal Poisons.Poisonous Fisn.—Old wife, crawfish, land crab, gray snapper, hyne,dolphin, conger eel, mussel, barracuda, smooth bottle fish, grooper,rock fish, Spanish mackerel, king fish, bonetta, porgee, tunny, blower,etc.Symptoms.— In an hour or two, or much sooner after the fish hasbeen eaten, a weight at the stomach comes, with slight vertigo andheadache, sense of heat about the head and eyes, considerable thirst,and often an eruption of the skin resembling nettle rash.Treatment.— Give a brisk emetic. After full vomiting an activepurgative should be given. Vinegar and water may be drunk after theabove remedies have operated, and the body may be sponged with thesame. Water made very sweet with sugar, to which a little ether maybe added, may also be drunk freely. If spasms occur, give laudanum.Poisonous Serpents.— Coi3perhead, moccasin, viper, blacky viper,rattlesnake, water viper.Symptoms.— A sharp pain in the wounded part, which soon eitendaover the limb or body ; great swelling, at first hard and pale, then reddish,livid, and gangrenous in appearance, faintiugs, vomitings, convulsions,pulse small, breathing difficult, cold sweats, failing sight, andderangement of the intellectualTreatment.— faculties.Tie a string tightly above the wound, wash it well,apply a cupping glass, or let the person bitten suck the wound well ifhe can. If lunar caustic or butter of antimony are at hand, rub themwell in, to the very bottom of the wound, or take a very small poker,or a steel used for sharpening knives make the—;point of this red hotto a white heat, if you— can and press this for a moment into thewound. This is not such a dreadful operation as it seems to be, for onemoment's application is sufficient, and, if the steel is really hot enough,gives scarcely any pain at the time. Small doses of hartshorn may alsobe given, and if gangrene is threatened, give wine freely. In case ofrattlesnake bite, give whiskey freely. Bibron's antidote and the TanjorePills may also be used,— the latter carefully, as they containarsenic.Poisonous Insects.— Spanish fly, potato fly.Symptoms. —Nauseous odor of the breath, acrid taste, burning heatin the throat, stomach, and abdomen, bloody vomiting, excruciatingpaui in the stomach, heat in the bladder, strangury or retention ofluînc, frightful convulsions.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 459Treatment.— Excite vomiting by giving sweet-oil, sugar and water,milk or linseed tea, very freely. Rub camphor dissolved in oil over thebelly and thighs.Venomous Insects.— Tarantula, scorpion, hornet, wasp, bee, gnat,gad-fly.Sy.mptoms.— In general, the sting of these insects occasions only aslight degree of pain and swelling, but occasionally the symptoms aremore violent, and sickness and fever are produced by the intensity ofthe pain.Treatment.— Hartshorn and oil may be rubbed on the affected part,and a piece of rag moistened with the same, or with salt and water,may be kept upon it till the pain is over. A few drops of hartshorn mayalso be frequently given internally, in a little water. The sting may ingeneral be removed by making strong pressure with the ban-el of awatch-key around it.R.\BiD Anlmals.— See Hydrophobia, in its proper place amongdiseases.

RECIPES.Ih the following pages will be found a variety of recipes, applicable to many diseases andnfflictions for which symptomatic treatment is all that is be requirod. They will be found tovery valiiabio fur domestic treatment. 'I'hey are not all strictly herbal, but essentiallyeclectic, so as to be easily prejiared and the ingredients readily procured. Nothing capableof harm is, however, admitted,—the few mineral substances that are prescribed beinsronlyinserted for then-vjieutic effecus, in consequence of their vegetable analogues being hardto procure or difficult to prei>are. Availability was studied more than scientific arrangement,though the merit of each is rctainetl. For handy recipes, therefore, the followingare sufficiently diversified for a wide range of application.In comi)licated cases, or in diseases requiring systematic treatment, recipe.s are not to bedc[K'nded upon. Such cases, of course, require treatment in accordance with the demandsof the pathological conditions observed in the disease, and which should in all cases bedirected by a competent physician. The remedies, for which the recipes are triven in thisconnection, are designed merely for di.seases or affections not ordinarily grave in character,or which do not retiuire more than simple medication. Tho.se desiring to hiake use oftheni should have them prejmred by a druggist, if they do not have the nccesi-'iry phlirmaceuticalappliances to insure correct weight, quantity, mixture, division, etc. The and j6urityworth of tlie article are also to be ascertained before being administered. \GOLDEN TINCTURE.No. 1. Balsam of tolu, two ounces ; gum guaiacum, two ounces ; gimi h-imlock, twoounces ; gum mjTrh, two ounces ;each coarsely jjowdered ; oil of hemlock, three ounces ;oil of wintergreeii, two ounces ; alcohol, one gallon. Let it stand fourteen days. Shakefrequently in the meantime./>o.o*«.—Three to live iiills.

THE COMPLETE HERBAIIST. 461AN EXPECTORANT.No. 5. For asthma and coiiph. to promote cxpectorntinn, and remove tightness of thechest, the following is a vahiable coniiujund preparation. Fluid extracts of skunk cabbage,one ounce; lobelia, one ounce; blood-root, one ounce; pleurisj-root, one ounce; ginger,one ounce ; water, one pint ; alcohol, three pints.Duse.— Two to four teaspoonfuls. (See Fluid Extracts, psê 475.)FOR PRODUCING SLEEP-No. 6. The follo\ring is a useful preparation for producing sleep, in wakeful or excitedconditions, viz. : fluid extract of ladies' slipper, one ounce : tiuid extract of i)leurisy-root,one ounce ; fluid extract of skunk cabbage, one ounce ;fluid extract scull-cap, one ounce.Mix.Dose.— Half a drachm to a drachm three times a day.FOR SICK AND NERVOUS HEADACHE.No. 7. For sick and nervous headache, dependent on an acid stomach, the following isUseful : fluid extract of ladies' slipper, half an ounce ;fluid ejftract of catnip, half anounce ;fluid extract of scull-cap. half an ounce ; water, one pint.JJose.— One to three teaspoonfuls. Mix.TONIC TINCTURE.No. 8. Old cider, four gallons ; white oak bark, ten ounces ;horse-radish root, onepound seneca; snake-root, six ounces ; golden seal root, four ounces ; cayenne pepper, twoounces ;bruise all fine, add the cider, let stand for ten days, frequently shaking up thomixture in the meantime.JJose.— For an adult, half to two-thirds of a wine-glassful, three times a day.SARSAPARILLA SYRUP.No. 9. Good sarsaparilla, two pounds ; guaiacum, three ounces ; rose leaves, two ouncea ;senna, two ounces ; liquorice root, two ounces ; oil of sassafras, five drops oil of; aniseed,five drops; oil of wintergreen, three drops; diluted alcohol, ten pints; sugar, eightpounds.Dose.—A tablespoonful two or three times a day.RHEUMATIC TINCTURE.No. 10. Peppermint water, one and one-half ounces: wine of colchicum root, half anounce ; sulphate of morphia, one grain ; magnesia, one scruple.Dose.— One teaspoonful three or four times a day.FOR BRONCHITIS.No. 11. Tannin, three grains ; extract of belladonna, three-foiu^;hs of a grain ;extractof coninni, two and a half grains : infusion of senna, three ounces ; fennel watt^r, one anda half ounces ;syrup of marsh-mallow, one and a half ounces. Mix.Dose.— A tablespoonful to be taken every two hours ui chronic bronchitis.COMPOUND SPIRITS OF LAVENDER.No. 12. Dried lavender flowers, two drachms ; nutmeg, 2 drachms ; mace, two drachms ;cloves, two ounc(^s ; cinnamon, two ounces. Pulverize all these, and add a quart of spirits.Let it then stand for a week, and then strain off the liquid.Dose.— One or two teaspoonfuls may be taken often in a little water, with loaf sugar.Useful in nervous afEectious.NERVE TONIC.No. 13. Extract of scull-cap, two drachms: extractof chamomile, two drachms ;extractof bonesct, one drachm; pulverized cayenne, one scruple; quinine, one drachm; oil ofvalerian, half a drachm. IJcat well together, and make ninety pills.Dose.— For an adult, one pill every two or three hours.STOMACHIC BITTERS.No. 14. Gentian root, two ounces: dried orange peel, one ounce; cardamon seed, halfan ounce (all bruised) diluted alcohol;or common whiskey, one quart. Let it stand fortwo weeks.i/.S'e.— Dyspepsia, loss of appetite, general weakness, etc.Dose.— One or two Lablespoonfuls in water, three times a day.

.^462 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.FEVER AJCDAGUE.No. 15. Take of bonesot, two onncps : b.iie vervain, two ounces ; scull-cap, one ounce ;Virginia .snake-root, half on ounce. Make an infusion, ami

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 463LINIMENT FOR CHILBLAINS.No. 24. Snlpharic acid, one drachm :spirits of turpentine, one drachm ;olive oil, threedrachms. Mix the oil and turpentine first, then gradually add the sulphuric acid.A valuable liniment for chilblains. To be rubbed on two or three times a day.LINIMENT FOR NEURALGIA, ETC.No. 25. Sweet oil, one ounce; water of ammonia, strong, one ounce. Mix To bembbed on with a piece of flannel. A temporary relief for crick in the neck, and rheumaticand nem-algic pains.SLEEPLESSNESS.No. 26. Camphor, one grain, formed into a pill, fallowed by a draught of an ounce anda half of the infusion of hops, with five drops of sulphuric ether.CHRONIC RHEUMATISM.No. 27. The remedies given below will bo found generally useful :First.—Vfarm salt bath." When the pain is very severe at night, take tincture of guaiacum,one drachm ;tincture of aloes, half a drachm ; spirits of turpentine, thirty drops.Mix, and take in a pint of gruel at bedtime.Seco/id.—Should the pains continue very severe, give the following Aloes, half a scruple:opium, three grains: s>Tup of buckthorn sufficient to form a pill mass. Mix, and:make three pills one at bedtime.TAft-d.—Compound :powder of ipecacuanha, eight griiins; camphor muxture, one and ahalf ounces, llix, and give a draught every night.Fourth.—Tnkc wine of colchicum seeds, one ounce ; give from ten to twenty drops ingruel or water three times a day, with one of the following pills sulphate of quinia,:twenty-four grains ;and syrup sufficient to form into twelve pills ;or :Fifth.—Iijdi

464 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.DIABRHCEA.No. 33. Synip of orange pce\, one ounce ; acetate of morphia, two grains ;tincture ofcinnamon, kIx drachms ;tincture of cardamon, two drachms. Mix.Dose.— A teaspoonful. Valuable in diarrhoea.KEURALGIA.No. 34. Tincture of American hellebore, one drachm ;tincture of black cohosh, twoounces. Mix.Done.— One tea.'^poonful, from three to six times a day.PILE OINTMENT.No. .35. Extract of stramonium, one ounce : extract of tobacco, one ounce ; tannin, tengrains. Make an ointment, and bathe or lubricate the parts, if you cannot at once get the'•Herbal Ointment."STOMACHIC PILL.Ko. 36. Powdered cayenne pepper, one drachm ; rhubarb, two drachms. Make into ama.ss with RjTup, and divide into sixty pills.Done.— Two to three every day, an hour before dinner.AROMATIC BITTERS.(Stimulant.)No. 37. First.— Absinthium ( Wormwood). Infuse three drachms in twenty otmces ofwater.Do.ie.— From a half to two tablespoonfuls.Use.— In debilitated stat« of the digestive organs..Second.— Aconus — Csdamus {Sweet Jlag root). Infuse one ounce m twenty ounces ot'^water. Joined with other tonics.Use.— In uneasiness from'^tlatulence.. TONIC TEA. (Debility.) \No. .38. Chamomile, scull-cap, and queen of the meadow, each one poimd. Reducethem to powder, and mix well together.Dose.— To one tablespoonfiil of this powder add one pint of water ;make a tea, anddrink during the day. This is a good tonic in all cases of debility.SPICED BITTERS. (For weak patients.)No. .39. Popliir bark, ten pounds : bayberry bark, two pounds ; balmony bark, twopounds ; gulden .seal, one pound ; cloves, one pound ; cayenne pepper, half a pound loaf;sugar, sixteen pounds^.Ix't the.ê articles all be made fine and well mixed. Put a tablespoonful of this compoimd,with four oiuices of sugar, into a quart of boiling water. Take a wineglas.'if ill threetinus a day before eating, or a teaspoonful of these powders may be taken in a cup of hotwater, half an hour before each meal.• - *.TONIC. (For ChOarosis, or Green Sickness.)No. 40. Sulphate of quinia, fifteen grains: diluted sulphuric acid, fifteen drops compound;tincture of eanlanioii, three drachms ;tincture of hops, three drachms ; compoundinfusion of roses six ounces. Mi.x.Dose.— A tea.spoonful two or three tjimes a day.WHOOPING COUGH MIXTURE.No. 41. Tincture of biood-root, one ounce; tincture of red root, two ounces: tinctureof black cohusli. one ounce : tincture of lobelia, half an ounce ;tincture of belladonna,twenty drops. Mix, and shake well before u.sing.liose.— Fur a child mie year old, fifteen or twenty drops in sweetened water. The fluidexlrat^ts (se

THE COMPLETE HEKBALIST. 465ANTI-SPA SMODICS.MlBTTKA Camphors. (Aqua Camphora, U. S.)No. 43. First.— Camphor, two drachms ; alcohol, forty drops carbonate; magnesia,four drachms ;distilled water, two pints.Dose.— One to two tablcspoonfuls.Use.— In typhoid conditions, with delirium, for after pains. TrNCT. CKUvnonm, CoMP.{Paracolic Elix., Tiiicl. Opii Camph.).Stcond.— ralverized opium, one drachm ; benzoic acid, one diachm ; oil of aniseed, onedrachm; Bu:_rar. two ounces; camphor, two scruples; dUuted alcohol, two pints'. Maceratefor fourteen days. Half a drachm contains le.ss than one grrain of opium.Dote. — For infants, from five to twenty drops adults, one to two tablcspoonfuls.Use.— To ;allay cough or nausea, to check dianhrea, to relieve pain.MosCHl'S. Preputial secretion of the musk animal.I>(i.poonful two or three times a day.20* 2B

Pills." See page 473. TO PRODUCE PERSPIRATION.apply466 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.FOR DYSMENORRHCEA.No. 52. Viburnin, aulophyllin, each one .scruple gelsemin, five grains. Mix, and;diviile into ten powders. Dose.—One every two hour.s iintil relieved.FOR DL\RRHCEA.No. 53. Tincture of catechu, half an ounce ; spirits of camphor, tincture of myrrh, andtuKUire of ciiyenno, each two drachms. Mix./Jose..— From half a teaspoonful to a teaspoonful in diarrhoea.INJECTION.No. .54. Castor oil, one frill; pulv. cayenne, ten grains; table salt, one teaspoonful;molasses, one gill ;warm water, one pint. Inject.FOR THE BLUES, OR LOW SPIRITS.No. 5.5. A pleasant cordial for low spirits is the foUowinR: aniseed, four drachms ;oUof an:.,'clica, one drachm ;oil of cassia, forty drops ;oil of caraway, thirty drops ; proofepirits. two p.-jllons. Mix well.JJose.— Ualf a tablespoonful in water.SKIN DISEASES WITH MUCH IRRITATION.No. 56. Decoctions of bitter-sweet and mallows, of each half a pint ; mix, and make aliniment. Use the " Renovating Pills " internally.CHILBLAIN OINTMENT.No. 57.'i;^Lard, two quarts ; turpentine, one pint ; camphor, quarter of a pouad. RubInto the parts. This will be found a capital remedy.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 467TOOTHACHE.No. 65. Gum opium, friim camphor, siiirits of turpentine, each one scruple. Rub in aPut it in tlie iiollow tuoth.Use.— This will cure and even prevent the toothache.mortar to a paste.A FRAGRANT BREATH.No. 66. Take sherry wine, one gill ; gri-ound cloves and grated nutmeg, each onedrachm ;cinnamon and bruised caraway seeds, each a quarter of an ounce. Place allthese dry substances into the wine or spirits, in a half pine bottle, and let them stand forseveral days, shaking the bottle every night and morning. Strain offi the tincture throughlinen to get it bright, then add about ten drops of lavender, or five drops of the otto ofroses.A few drops on a lump of sugar dissolved in the mouth, will secure a breath of flowers.It may be also used with advantage on the toothbrush, in lieu of tooth powder, or, mLxedit makes an excellent gargle.Ti itli water,FOOT BATH.No. G7. A bucket of warm water ; pulv. cayenne pepper, one tablespoonful ; gromidmustard, two tablespoonfuls. Mix.Use.— As a foot bath in suppression of menses.TO IMPROVE THE VOICE.No. 68. Beeswax, two drachms ;balsam of copaiba, three drachms ; powdered liqnoricoroot, four drachms. Melt the copaiba with the wax in a new earthen pipkin. When theyare melted, remove them from the tire, and, while in a liquid state, niLx ui the powderedliquoi-ice.Make pills of three grains each. Two of these pills to be taken occasionally, or three orfour times a day if necessary.Use.— This is a good remedy for clearing and cleaning the voice, and is nuich used byprofessional singers.HEADACHE.NEURALGIC PAINS.No. 69. Take of opodeldoc, spirits of wine, sal ammoniac, equal parts, and apply likeany other lotion.STINGS.No. 70. Bind on the place a thick plaster of common salt or saleratus moistened ; itwin soon extract the venom.A STOMACHIC.No. 71. Fresh ground cuhebs.Dose. From five to twenty grains.Use.— As a stomachic in disorders of the digestive organs.FOR FEVERS AND OTHER ACUTE DISEASES.No. 72. Asclepin, one-half drnchm ; warm water, four ounces ; compound tincture ofAmerican hellebore, thirty drops. Dissolve the a(jse.— From one to three teaspoonfuls once in every two hours as long as the fever israging. If nausea occurs, omit the medicine until it subsides. Shake the mixture wellbefore using.OFFENSIVE BREATH.No. 7.3. Solution chlorinated of soda, six drops ; water, two ounces. Mix.Use. A sure remedy for an offensive breath emanating from a deranged stomach.ANTIDOTE FOR RATTLESNAKE POISON.No. 74. The Medical Journal says the followiggis an Infallible cure for the poison offt rattlesnake bite. Iodide of potass, four grains; corrosive sublimate, two grains; bromine,five drachms. Mix together, and keep the mixture in a glass-stoppered vial, weUsecured.Dose.— Ten drops ol this mixture, diluted with a tablespoonful of brandy, constitutes adose. The quantity to be repeuted, if necessary, according to the exigencies of the case.

468 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.FOR CANCER.No. 75. Take equal paits of fresh poke-weed, yellow dock, and blood-root ; evaporatethe juice by the means of a sand bath to the consistency of tar. The ointment should benpiiliod, after the cuticle has been removed by a blister, three times a day. The partsshould be washed with good French brandy after each appUcation of the ointment. Beforethis is used, the advice of a physician should first be secured.FOR HIP DISEASE.No. 76. Take of iodine, one ounce ; phosi>hate of lime, two ounces ; water, one pint.Dis.solve the iodine and lime in the water, and add twenty grams of tannin. Inject witha small syringe three or four times a day.Use.— A valuable injection in hip disease, where the head of the bone is decayed.FOR BRUISES.No. 77. Take pulv. slippery elm and pulv. indigo weed, each one pound: gum myrrh,half a pound pulv. ; jirickly ash, a (luartcr of a pound. Wet with good brewer's yeast andapply. A vei-y good poultice for bruises.FOR DIPHTHERIA.No. 78. Saturated tincture of scrophularia, one drachm, added to half a tumbler olwater.Triturated macrotin, twenty grains, added to a tumblerful of water.Dose.— One teaspoouful of each every hour..^GARGLE FOR THE ELONGATION OF THE TJVTJLA..\No. 79. Fluid extract of rhus, one drachm ; fluid extract of bayberry, two dmchms ;water, two ounces. Mix, and gargle the throat three or four times a day. Also bathe thethroat upon the outside in strong salt and water. (See fluid extracts, page 475.)FOR BILIOUS COLIC.No. 80. Fluid extract of wild yam, two ounces ;fluid extract of pleurisy root, one ounce.Mix, and take a teaspoouful as often as is required.TO REMOVE WARTS AND CORNS.No. 81. Apply the juice of the leaves of the great celandine or tetter-wort, and keepapplying until the fungous growth is removed.FOR THE TEETH.No. 82. Make charcoal of bread, pulverize it until it is reduced to an Impalpable powder,then app'y daily, morning and evening, with a soft brush and pure cold water.Use.— This will keep the teeth white, and cure diseases of the gums.A GOOD MEDICATED WINE.No. 8-3. Take of powdered colchicum seed, two ounces ;of sherry wine, twelve fluidounces. Put them together in a close glas.s bottle, and let them stand for fourteen days,giving a good shaking every day. Filter through a fine muslin cloth, and drink asrequired.INJECTION FOR ASIATIC CHOLERA.No. 84. Take of water, one fluid ounce ; tincture of pnckly ash bcn-ies, ono fluiddrachm; tincture of opium, twenty drops. MLx together. Inject in ordiiiary quantityuntil Uie desired effect has been produced.No. 85.BLEEDING AT THE NOSE.Powder of rhatany (fur internal use), ten grains.FOR OLD ULCERS.No. 80. Take of red chickweed, which is common both in .'Vmorica and Europe, theloaves and tlowers, and apply in the form of a poultice, frequently changing tliem.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 469HOW TO USE DR. 0. PHELPS BROWN'SSTANDAKD HERBAL REMEDIES IX THE DISEASES FORWHICH THEY ARE DESIGNED.The several Standard Herbal Remedies described in this articlenave grown up out of many years of labor. Their sales at thepresent time are very large, extending almost over the whole globe.They are manufactured in England as well as in America, and we havewell established agents in Africa, Egypt, New Zealand, Australia, and'^^— nearly all the foreign ports which are too numerous to mentfon. Butwhat is vastly more important, they give universal satisfaction, and willcure the diseases for which they are recommended.All my remedies are purely lierbal, as represented by the accompanyingillustrations. Around the Balsam bottle. Ointment andPill box are thrown sprigs of the principal ingredients— twigs of theAcacia Tree. Bittersweet Vine, Green Ozier; sprays of the Water

470 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Pepper and Lobelia, and the leaves of the Mandrake, Skunk Cabbageand Ayapana, which form some of the principal ingredients of theseremedies.These medicines are kept l)y the principal wholesale andretail drusi'lîsts throughout the United States and Canada. Shouldyour druggist not have a supply on hand, he can procure them for youfrom the wholesale house with which he deals, without extra freight,when ordering them with other goods. Should he, however, failto get them, you can send to me for the medicine and your orderswill receive prompt attention. The express business is now so completethat an almost daily delivery can be guaranteed to all partsof the country ; while the express charges for small packages have beenreduced one-half to all towns where the offices of the various companiesare established. Recollect, all the wholesale houses keep my StandardHerlial Remedies. A printed list will be sent on application.For over twenty years, or nearly a quarter of a century, I have been engagedin gathering herbs and treating patients from all parts of thecountry who have favored me with their confidence. Out of thisItniclicc lias grown luy Standard Herbal Ilemedies, ok Specifics'^lor certain defined diseases.The first and most important of these preparations is, perhaus, theAcacian Balsam, for all lung affections. It lubricates all thd^ tubesand air cells, removing inflammation, loosening a cough and assistingthe lungs to throw off disease. Persons far gone in consumptionhave been kept alive for years and made very comfortable by the AcacianBalsam;others who have inherited weak lungs from their parents, andwhose family invariably die at an early age with this disease, have keptconsumption at bay during an ordinary lifetime by the use of this invaluableremedy. Such persons can be referred to in nearly every sectionof the country. Send for printed certificates.These parties, tliroug'h my advice (given in various other publications,and my annual Shakesperian Almanac), never allow a coldto settle on the lungs— but, upon the first indication of a cold in the heador throat, they commence taking the Balsam and rubbing the Ointmentnight and morning around the throat and over the chest. In fromtwenty-four to forty-eight hours the cold is broken up and gone. Hadit been allowed to extend downward to the lungs and get firmly seated,it would have i>robably resisted all efibrts to throw it off ; although innumberless cases this remedy has raised people, apparently in the verylast stages of consumption, from their sick beds and restored them tohealth.1 liave, therefore, unbounded faith in this remedy in thisclass of diseases, and would strongly urge its merits uponwho thosedread the approach of C(msumption, or have any lung difficulty.'1 his disease is so insidious in its ajiproaches so flattering in its progress,up to-day, dt^vvn to-morrow, that those afflicted do not generallyrealize their condition until it has become firmly seated in the system ;whereas, had a remedy like the Balsam been employed in the outset,

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 471the disease would have been driven out ere it could firmly locate itself.It is as great a folly to wait for a disease of the lungs to disappear ofitself as it would be to stand on the bank of a stream waiting for it todry up to admit of an early crossing.We all know that simple herbal remedies are the naturalmedicine designed by the Creator for man's restoration to health.This remedy is composed of five or six herbal ingredients that not only•work together /lainioniously hut aid each other in eradicating the disease— 0}ieof tJu'se ingredients soothes the iiritated surface, another /icals.another loosens the morbid secretions, producing free and easy expectoiation; another lub> icates the parts, another soothes the nerves, producingsteep, another arrests night siueating, another provides notuishment forthe body ; so that if no food can be eaten, the Balsam, through thetonic provided by Ayapana and the nourishing properties of Gum Acaciaand Wild Honey will sustain life, and thus all the conditions of the diseaseare overpowered, and the system, working together with themedicine, is enabled to throw off the fell destroyer, called consumptionof the luugs.

472 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.In addition to this we have the Herbal Ointment, which is ourgreat external itremedy acts as a blood circulator and a counter-irritant.;{S

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 473cents. Total, Six dollars and twenty-five cents. Sent by express, securelypacked, if the remedies cannot be had of the local druggist.The Restorative Assimilant especially is valuable in all female irregularities.It removes internal inflammation, heals ulceration and tonesup and strengthens the system generally. It is one of the best and mostefficacious tonics in existence for general and local debility.Nervousness and sleeplessness (from each of which so many personssuffer at the present day), in nine cases out of ten arise from a disarrangedstomach. A few doses of the Restorative Assimilant will setthe digestive wheels in motion, thus relieving the system from nervousnessand irritation, and soothing the nervous system to rest.iu diarrhoea, or even dysentery iu its worstform, the Assimilantacts promptly in disinfecting the stomach, healing all inflammation of thebowels, and checking the disease without leaving any bad effects behind.I have known a man tottering feebly along from chronic diarrhoea, to beset upon his feet with renewed life and vigor in less than forty-eighthours, from a few doses of this medicine, so astonishing are its results.One pint bottle will cure anycase. I have never known it to fail in asingle instance.Next ill order comes my Rock Rose and Stilling-ia BloodPurilier, and the Liver Invigorator. The names of these preparationsindicate the diseases for which they are intended. Each is preparedwith great care to meet the requirements of Blood and Liver Complaints.To change the condition of the blood from an unhealthy and impurecondition to one of health and purity is a work of time;a bottle or twoof the above remedy will accomplish but little good, but a course of sixbottles will make one feel like a new creature ; it will cleanse the complexion,cure eruptions of the skin, give buoyancy to the step and brightnessto the eye. The price of Six bottles of Blood Purifier is Fivedollars.Two or three bottles of the Liver Invigorator will emulge the liver andremove the many feelings of distress attending the torpidity of this organ.In all cases of liver complaint I also advise the use of the RenovatingPills as necessary to cany off all morbid secretions from the system.The Liver Invigorator is One dollar per bottle.I will close with a few remarks about my Male Fern Termifug'eand Herbal Ointment Sni)i>ositories. {See czit 07tpage ^t^).Tiiere is not a case of Tiles or Fistula iu the United Statesthat the Suppositories will fail to cure provided they be used a reasonablelength of time, if used in connection with a course of my Blood Purifierin scrofulous constitutions. The Suppositories here represented are to beused for internal piles, and the Herbal Ointment is to be used for externalpiles. Both are to be used when the piles are both externaland internal. If the patient is not particularly scrofulous the Blood I'uri-

474 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.fiermay be omitted and the Ointment and Suppositories will do the work.The Male Fern Yermifug'C is decidedly the most reliable Vermifugeever manufactured ; it not only removes eveiy variety of Avorm (eveiitapeworms) from the body, but their nests also. It is as pleasant to thetaste as aromatic syiup— children never refuse to take it, and beingequally effectual among adults, it proves an invaluable remedy.The Woodland Balm, for the hair, invigorates the scalp, causing anew cro\\th of hair, while it cures all eruptions, and removes unnaturalheat from the head. Space will not permit a farther description,as I do not wish to say much about my Standard Herbal Remedies inthis work, as it is intended to give formulas for the benefit of the public.Those who wish to know more about them, have but to address me andprocure half a dozen copies of my Shakesperian Almanac (for themselvesand friends), which is published annually about the first of December,and can be had — at any time of the year free !This almanac contains a large number of certificates of cures wroughtby my Standard Herbal Remedies in all parts of the United States.Many of them are from persons who had been given up as incurable byvarious physicians. Being thus thrown npon their own resources,they sought for themselves a remedy, and my preparations being broughtto their notice through liberal advertising or friends, they had faithenough to procure and give them a fair trial, which resulted in their beingrestored to health.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 475My StaiKlard Herbal Remedies embrace nine preparations. Shouldany one be in doubt as to which of the remedies are adapted to his or herindividual case, I may be addressed on the subject, with a short descriptionof case, and will promptly give the required advice and myopinion by return mail, free of charge. Remittances may be madesafely by P. O. Order or Registered Letter. AddressDR. O. PHELPS BROWN,No. 21 Grand Street, Jersey City. N. J.DR. O. PHELPS BROWN'S,STANDARD FLUID EXTRACTS.The fluid extract is the most elegant form for administering medicinalagents, being concentrated, and containing just enough alcohol to preservethem from degeneration by age. They can, therefore, be administeredin all inflammatory conditions, in which tinctures containing agreater quantity of alcohol are not admissible.My fluid extracts are superior to any that are manufactured. Theyare prepared without the aid of heat, in perfect vacuum, and from plantsgathered at the proper seasons, in soils best adapted for medicinal perfection,and in climates to which they are indigenous, and in which theyattain their richest medicinal development. This is not the case withother manufacturers— they prepare 'them from plants of indiscriminateselection, which accounts for their frequent worthlessness. These fluidextractsare guaranteed for high character and reliability, and physicianscan depend upon their action with aU confidence.It is my particular desire in preparing them to offer to householdsgood and convenient remedies, by which they can treat all cases of sicknessoccurring. They wiU find them, by the aid of this work, very advantageousfor domestic medication. To meet the wants of families,the author sells them in standard small quantities, as it is not to besupposed that they desire or have use for such large quantities thatphysicians or druggists ordinarily purchase.It will be seen that the list is very complete, and so systematicallyarranged that no error can occur, as the virtues and doses of each areappended. Those marked with a star * should not be used without theadvice of a physician, and even then the administering should be verycarefully and watchfully done.These extracts are sent by express, on receipt of price, carefully

•476 THE COMPLKTE HERBALIST.packed in strong boxes. All of them are warranted to possess the hihgestexcellence of \-irtue, and to exert the full therapeutic effects desired.Address, Dr. O. Phelps Brown,21 Grand St. ^ Jersey City^ N. J.FLUID EXTRACTS.FliUID EXTEACT OFMEDICINAL PHOPEKTir.S.DOSE.Priceperoz.Aconite* (leaves).. .Aconite* (rootjAgrimonyAmerican Valerian.Arnica Flowers.Avens Root. . . .BalmBalmonyBarberryBayberryBelladonna*... .Beth KnotBitter RootBittersweetBlack Alder. .........Blackberry RootBlood RoutBlue FlagBonesetBo.xwooUBuchu" CompBuckhornBuckthornBuple WeedButternut.Button Snakeroot . . .Cannabis Indica*...CanellaCentauryCinchona (Calisaya).ChamomileCheckerbcrryCheery Bark"Comp.. .CleaversCocaColocynth*Cohosh, blackCohosh, blueColchicum RootSeedsColtsfootColumbo .ComfreyConium*Cotton Root*Cramp BarkCranesbillGubebs.Narcotic and sedative .Tonic, alterative, and astringentTonic, stimulant, diaphoretic, and antispasmodicStimulant and tonicTonic and astrincenL.Stimulant, diaphoretia, and antispasmodic. .Tonic, cathartic, ami anthelminticTonic and laxativeAstringent and .'^tiiniiUintAnodyne, relaxant, antispasmodicAstringent, tonic, antisepticEmetic, diaphoretic, tonic, and laxative. . . .Narcotic, diuretic, alterative, diaphoretic,discutientTonic, alterative, and astringentAstringentEmetic, diaphoretic, stimulant, tonicCathartic, alterative, sialagogue, diuretic...Tonic, aperient, diaphoretic, emeticTonic, astringent, anti periodic, stimulant. . .Diuretic, stimulant, tonicMucilaginous, tonic, and stypticCathartic^Sedative, tonic, astringent, narcotic,CatharticDiuretic, tonic, stimulant, emmenagogue. . .Narcotic, diuretic, diaiihoreticAromatic, stimulant, tonicTonic and antiperiodicTonic, antiperiodic, febrifugeTonic, carminative, antispasmodicStimulant, aromatic, astringent,Tonic, stimulant, expectorant,Refrigerant and diureticTonic and vivifierDrastic catharticTonic, antispasmodic, diureticEmmenagogue, jjarturient, antispasmodic. .Sedative, cathartic, diuretic, emeticEmollient, demulcent, tonic.Bitter tunicDemulcent and astringent..NarcoticEmmenagogue, parturient...Anti.'^pasniodic,A.strin.Lriiit.Diuretic, stimulant, tome2to2 or 330 to 60IṠO to 6010 to 3U10 to SO30 to 6030 to 6030 to 6030 to 602 to 530 torn10 toiO20 to -1030 to 6020 to -lU5 to 3020 to 4030 to 6020 to -1020 to 4010 to 3030 to 6030 to 6030 to 6030 to 6030 to 602 to 510 to 2010 to 3020 to 4030 to 6030 to 6020 to 6020 U) 61)30 to 6030 to 6010 to 3010 to 3010 to 303 to 105 to 1530 to 6010 to 3030 to 605 to 1030 to 6030 to 6020 to 4030 to 405 drops$ c.ts.2025202515151515151530202520201520201515303015201515207515157520152025153 00352520253015?A202535152035

. .THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 477rXniD EXTRACT OFMEDICINAL PHOPEBTIES.PriceperCulver's RootCundurangoDaiKlelionDigitalis*Dragon RootDwarf ElderI'.k'campanel:;r{jot*I'ever fewFireweedFrostwort,Garden CelandineGelseminum*GentianGilleniaGolden SealGolden RodGold ThreadHardhackHellebore, black*.Henbane*HopHydrangeaHyssopIgnatia Bean*. . .IpecacJalap*John's WortJuniper Berries...KoussoLadies' SlipperLife Everlasting.Life RootLily RootLiverwort.LobeliaI-iOgwoodLovage (Privet).LungwortMale FernMandrakeMarshmallow .MaticoMotherwortMugwortNux Vomica*Opium, deodorized*.Pareira BravaPennyroyalPinkrootPipsissewa. . . .Pleurisy Root.Poke Root . . .Poplar Bark. .Prickly Ash. . .PteleaCathartic, cholagogue, tonicAlterative, anticarcinomousCathartic, tonic, alterative, diureticSedative, diuretic, diaphoreticExpectorant and diaphoreticSudorific, diuretic, alterativeStimulant and tonicParturientEmmenagoguc, tonic, stimulantEmetic, cathartic, tonicAlterative, anti-scrofulousStimulant, alterative, ditiretic, diaphoretic,vulneraryFebrifuge, antispasmodicBitter t(3nicEmetic, cathartic, tonic - . . .Tonic, calmativeStimulant, carminativeBitter tonicAstringentAntispasmodic, diuretic, emmenagogueNarcoticTonic, hypnotic, febrifuge, antilithicDiuretic, anticulculusStimulant, aromatic, tonicCerebro-spinal t-jnicExpectorant, emeticDrastic catharticAstringent, sedative, and diureticStimulant, carminative, diureticAnthelmintic, anti-tape-wormTonic, stimulant, diaphoretic, antispasmodicAstringentDiuretic, pectoral, diaphoretic,tonicAstringent, demulcent, anodyne, anti-scrofulous10 to 30"Mucilaginous, astringent1 dramEmetic, expectorant, relaxant, antispasmodic,discutient, and anodyne, externally..Tonic, astringentAstringent10 to 30 drops2U to 4030 to 60Demulcent and mucilaginous;(l to 60AnthelminticCathartic, cholagogue, tonicDemul(-'ent and diureticStimulant, diuretic, astringent, alterative. . .Emmenagogue, nervine, antispasmodic, laxative.Tonic, narcoticCerebro-spinal tonicAnodyneTonic, diuretic, aperientStimulant, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, andcarminativeAnthelminticDiuretic, tonic, alterative, astringentExpectorant, diaphoretic, tonicEmetic, cathartic, alterative, narcoticT(jnic and febrifugeStimulant, tonic, alterative, sialagogueTonic, auLiperiodic10 to 30 drops10 to 3030 to t;o2to 510 to 3030 to GO30 to (1010 to 30•M to 4030 to OO20 to 4030 to 605 to 1020 to 403(r to 6020 to 4030 to 6020 to 405 to 155 to 105 to 1530 to 6020 to 4030 to 603 to 55 to 3010 to .%30 to 6030 to 6030 to 6020 to 4030 to 6010 to 3020 to 4010 to 6020 to 4010 to 3030 to 6020 to 403 to 103 to 1030 to 6030 to 6021/ to 4020 to 4020 to 4010 U) 3020 to 4010 to .3010 to 30$ cts.252 0025201515155015201520403020302020102040402015501 00502015502520252020251520203030254020203540302040203020152020

478 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.FLUID EXTRACT OFMEDICINAL PROPERTIES.Priceperoz.Quassia.Bitter tonicQueen of the Meadow. .Diuretic, stimulant,RhatanyA tonicpowerful astringentRhubarbCatharticRosin WeedTonic, diaphoretic, alterativeSageTonic, astringent, expectorant,Sarsapa:illa (American) Alterative"Sassaft'as.Savine*SavoryScullcapSenekaSennaSkunk Cabbage(Foreign). .Snake RootSoap WortSolomon's SealSpearmintSpikenardSquillStillingiaStonerootStramonium*SumachSweet Gale (Myrica)..Tag AlderTansyThoroughwortThymeTurkey CornDnicorn RootUva UrsiValerianVervainVeratnun*WahooWater PepperWild InditioWild YamWiU-h HazelWormwoodWormsecdYarrowYellow DockYellow Parilla.20 to 40 drops20 to 40"20 to 40"10 to :iO"20 to 60"diaphoretic. 30 to'6020 to 60"30 to 60"30 to 60"10 to 20"20 to 40"20 to 40"15 to 30"30 to 60"AlterativeAlterativeEmmenagojrue, dim-etic, diaphoreticStimulant, carminative, emmenagogueAntispasmodicEmetic and catharticCatharticEmetic, stimulant, antispasmodic, discutient,externallyTonic, diuretic, diaphoreticTonic, diaiihorutic, alterativeTonic, astringentCarminativeAlterativeEmetic, expectorantAn une(iualled alterativeStimulantEnergetic narcoticTonic, astringent, antisepticAstringent and stimulantAlterative, emetic, astringentEmmenagogue, diaphuretioTonic, ajierient, diaiihoretic, expectorant...Emmenagogue, diaphoreticAlterativeTonic, diuretic, sialagogueAstiingent and tonicSedativeTonic, antispasmodicSedative, diajihoretic:iTonic. . . . .alterative, expectorantjStimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, excellent,external remedyIPurgative, emetic, stiur.ilant,lAntispasmodiciTonic, astringent, sedaLivuITonic, anthelminticiAntluÎmintic'Astringent, diuretic, alterativeAlterative, tonic, detergentjTonic, laxative, alterative20 to 50"10 to 30"10 to 60"20 to 40 "30 to 60 ".•;o to 60 "2 to 15^ "10 to 30"10 to 30"•Uo 10 ":iO to 60 "."U to 60 "30 to 60"3U to 60"30 to 60 "30 to 60 "10 to 30 "30 to 00"20 to 40 "20 to 40 "20 to 40 "2 "30 to 60 "10 to 3010 to 3010 to 3030 to 6010 to 3010 to 3010 to 4030 to 6010 to 30$ cts.15153050302025302020252040202030202020204030252015151515151525303030254080151520151-52015.3030In the administration of these flnid-extracts the Tninimum doseshould first l)e given, and if the desired effect is not fully responsive, thedoses should be gradually increased to the maximum dose. In somecases even larger doses may be required than those given as ordinarilysufTicient for inducing their therapeutic effects.In consequence of trouble in packing, not less than two Dollars'worth of these fluid-extracts will be sent at one time, unless ordered in

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 479connection with some of my Standard Remedies. The quantity mayeither consist of one medicine, or of an indiscriminate selection from thewhole list.They are packed in strong bottles, fully labelled, and guaranteedpure. They can only be sent by express.AU orders should be addressed toDr. O. Phelps Brown,21 Grand sL, Jersey City, iV. J.ELECTRO-MAGNETICMACHINE.Formerly electric machines were unreliable, always troublesome, andconstantly getliug out of order, a source of annoyance and perplexity. Allthese inconveniences are now obviated in this machine {sec citl), which ismanufactured for us by theGalvano-Faradac Manufacturing-Company. It combines cheapness,simplicitj^ and power. Themethod of using it may be madeknown in a few senteiicfs whichare sent with the machine. Theuse of electricity for medicalpurposes, confined some fewyears since to a few specialists,has now become of common use infamilies all over the country, andit is a very valuable remedy in awide range of diseases, and especiallyis it reliable when usedin connection with my HerbalOintment. Thus used it is importantin nervous affections,paralysis, general debility, lossof voice, when it comes fromfatigue, hysteria or fright ; appoplexy,prolapsus ani, muscularatrophy, facial palsy, varicosePrice $15.veins, aneurism, vomiting, hydrocele,paralysis of the muscles of the eye, cerebral softening, hemiplegia,hydatids, enlarged joints, lead palsy, enlargement of spleen, neuralgia,numbness, rheumatism, gout, swellings, weak or diseased spine, tumors,etc., etc. After the application of the electric current my Herbal Ointmentshould be freely applied and well rubbed in over the afHicted parts.The beneficial result of the tinion of these two powerful external remediesin many cases cannot be overestimated — the one arousing action andelectrifying, the other healing, soothing, and giving warmth and renewedlife, health and strencth.Price of Ointment 25 and 50 cents per pot 2 and 4;cts. extra for postage.If constipation exists in any of the above diseases a few doses of myRenovating Pills should be taken.For a farther description of my Herbal Ointment send for my "Treatiseon Herbal Remedies," which is supplied free to all applicants.

480 THE COMPLE'IE HERBALIST.GLOSSARY.It is eonfidpntly believed that all the technical terms introduced intothis work are ixiWy defined in this Glossary. Many of the medical termsare explained where they occur, and even some of those that are heredefined are explained at the place where first employed, but are insertedhere also, so as to make this Glossary sufficiently complete for readyreference by the most casual reader.ACKO-NARCOTic, Medicines that act on the brain, or spinal marrow, orboth, but at the same time irritate the parts to which they are applied.Adjuvant, A medicine that aids the operation of the principal ingredientof a mixture or compound.Adynamic, Pertaining to adynamia, or debility of the vital powers*Aeuation, Charging with air;the transformation of venous blood andchyle into arterial blood by respiration arterialization.;Afkekent, Conveying inward, nerves that convey impressions towardsthe nervous centres.Alku.men, The immediate principle of animals and vegetables ;it constitutesthe chief part of the white of an egg.Alkaloid, Having the property of or pertaining to an alkali.Alvine, Relating to the lower belly, as alvine dejections, etc.Amaikjus, Bitter.Ajjêstiietic, Relating to privation of feeling a medicine that;preventsfeeling.Anvi-imlv, a bloodless condition.Antai'iiuodisiac, a substance capable of blunting venereal desires.Antipeuiodic, a medicine which possesses the power of arresting morbidperiodical movements, as Peruvian bark.Apeuient, a medicine that gently opens the bowels.Aphonia, A voiceless condition;loss of voice.Apiiuouisi.vc, a substance that excites the venereal passions.Antiseptic, Opposed to putrefaction.Aphthous, Pertaining to aphthaj or thrush.Areola n, Ajipertaiuing to an areola, or the siâce between the fibres,com])Osing organs, or between vessels which interlace each other.Asthenic, Debilitated; pertaining to asthenia, or wajjit of strength.Atociac, Pertaining to atocia or sterility; sterile.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 481Atonic, Wanting tone weakness of every organ, and particularly ol;those that are contractile.Atrophy, Defective nutrition a diminution in the bulk of the whol*;body, or of a part.Bougie, An instrument used for the purpose of dilating the urethra.Cachectic, Belonging or pertaining to cachexia ; depraved nutrition et:a bad habit of the body.Cadaverous, Pertaining to or resembling the cadaver, or de'xd bodj.Caltsthenic, PertaLuing to calisthenics, or the art of promoting, l»j;appropriate exercises, strength of body and grace of movements.Capillary, Hair-like small.;Caries, Death or decay of a bone.Carminative, A remedy that aUays pain or promotes the expulsion oltiatus, or wind, from the bowels.Cardiac, Pertaining to the heart.Cartilage, A solid part of the body of et medium consistence betweenbone and ligament.Caseine, The chief constituent of milxCatamenial, Pertaining to catamenia, or menstrual flow.Catharsis, A natural or artificial purgation, or movement of the bowels.Cerebral, Pertaining to the brain.Cervical, Pertaining or belonging to the cervix or neck.Cholagogue, a medicine that causes a flow of bile.Cholesterine, An inodorous, insipid substance, forming the crystallinepart of a biliary calculus, and contained in neurine and variousother tumors ;also in the seeds of many plants, olive oil, etc.Chronic, Of long duration.CiiYMiFiCATiON, Formation cf chyme, or the pulp formed by the foodand various secretions, after it has been for some time in the stomach.Clonic, Irregular convulsive motions ;convulsion with alternate relaxation.Colliquative, Profuse ; exhausting a term; applied to dischargeswhich produce rapid exhaustion.Comatose, Pertaining to coma, or a profound state of sleep, from whichit is difficult to arovê the individual.CoRRiGENT, Corrective ;a medicine that mollifies or corrects the actionof a pharmaceuticttl preparation.Deglutition, The action of swallowing.Delirium, Straying from the rules of reason ; wandering of the mind.Deobstruent, a medicine having the power of removing obstructions,21 2p

482 THE COMPLETE HEKBALIST.Deodorized, Deprived of odor or smell.Desquamation, Exfoliation, or separation of the scarf skin, in the formof scales.Detergents, Medicines that cleanse parts, as wounds, ulcers, etc.Diagnosticate, Forming a diagnosis or character of a disease by itssymptoms.DtAi'iiouESis, A greater degree of perspiration than natural, but lessthan sweating.Diathesis, Disposition of the body ; predisposition to a certain disease.DfSCUTiENT, A medicine having the power to discuss, repel, or resolvetumors.Diuresis, A greater discharge of urine than natural.Drastic, Active a name;given to those cathartics that operate powerfully.Duct, The canal leading from a gland or vesicle.Dyspncea, Difficulty of breathing. ».EcTOZOA, Parasitic animals that infest the exterior of the body, ^s lice,etc.Efferent, Conveying outwards ;nerves that convey nervous stimulusfrom the brain to other parts.Effluvia, Emanations, miasms, noxious matter.Ejaculator, That which effects the emission of sperm.Embiu'O, The fecundated germ in the early stages of its development inthe womb.Emulsion, A phannaceutical preparation, in which oil is suspended inwater by means of mucilage.Emunctory, Any organ whose office it is to excrete or expel matters.Endemic, Diseases which are owing to some peculiarity in a situation orlocality. Thus, ague is endemic in marshy countries.Entozoa, Parasitic animals that infest the interior of the body, asworms.Ephemeral, Of short duration.Epigastrium, That portion of the surface of the body lying over thestomach.Epidemic, A disease that attacks a number of persons at the same time,and referable to some condition of the atmosphere.Epispadi.vs, a condition of the penis in which the urethra opens at theupper j)art of the organ.Eructation, A aonorous emission of flatus, by the mouth, from thestomacli.EXACEKiiATioN, Increase in the symptoms of a disorder ; paroxysm.EXANTlliCMATous, Relating to the exaiUiiems, or eruptive diseases.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 483Excrescence, A tumor which forms at the surface of organs, especiallythe skin, mucous membranes, and ulcerated surfaces.Exfoliation, The separation of dead portions from the various tissues.Extravasation, Escape of a fluid from the vessel which contains it, asblood from the veins.Exudation, The oozing of a matter from the pores of a membrane ;also the matter that issues in such a manner.Facial, Relating to the face.F.^CAL, Relating to the fieces or stools.Falx, a name given to several membranous reflections having the shapeof a scythe.Farinaceous, Having the appearance or nature of farina, or the powderobtained by grinding the seeds of certain plants.Febrifuge, Having the power of abating or driving away fever.Febrile, Relating to or having the character of fever.Fibrin, An immediate animal principle entering into the composition ofthe chyle and the blood ;it is the coagulable material of blood.Flexor, Muscles whose office it is to bend certain parts.Fluctuation, The undulation of a fluid which is felt by pressure, properlypractised.F(etus, Usually this name is applied to the product of conception afterquickening, or more advanced stage of utero-gestation ;morevaguely, it is used synonymously with embryo.Follicle, A small secreting cavity formed by a depression of the skinor mucous membrane.Fungous, Relating to funga, or certain growths resembliag the mushroom,which have no external ulceration, as warts, etc.Ganglion, A name generally given to a knot-like enlargement in thecourse of a nerve.Gangrene, Privation of life or partial death of an organ ;mortification.Gastric, Relating to the stomach.Gelatine, An immediate animal principle of jelly-like character.Genitalia, The genital or sexual organs.GL/VND, Organs which separate from the blood any fluid whatever a;secreting organ the reddish and;spongy, knot-like bodies met within the course of the lymphatics.Gluten, An immediate principle of vegetables ;it is soft, of a gi-ayishwhite, viscid consistence, and very elastic.Granulation, Granulations are the reddish, conical, flesh-like shootswhich form at the surface of wounds and ulcers.Gravid, Pregnant.

484 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Grxtmous, Clotted ;gruraous blood is coagulated or clotted blood.Hallucination, A morbid error in one or more senses ;a delusion.IlKLTCiNE, Resembling in form the tendrils of a vine.IlKMOURlIAC.E, A flow of blood.IIkpatic, Relating to the liver.Hygienic, Relating to hygiene, Qr that part of medicine whose objectis the presen-ation of health.IlYPHRTRoriiY, The state of a part in which nutrition is performed withgreater activity. Unusual bulk of a part.Hypnotic, A medicine having the power to promote or cause sleep.Hypospaimas, A malformation, in which the "rethra opens at the baseor beneath the penis.Idiopathic, A primary disease ;one not ''ependent on any other.Idiosyncrasy, A peculiarity of constitution, in which one person 13affected by an agent which in many others would produce no êffect.Indolent, This, in a medical sense, means painless.Induration, The hardness which occasionally follows in an injamedpart.Infusoria. The animalcules originating in decomposition of matter.iNGESTA. Substances introduced into the body by the mouth as food.Inspiss.vted, Rendered thick, as an extract.Integument, Anything which serves to cover or envelop.Interosseous, Between the bones.Jactation, Extreme anxiety, excessive restlessness—a symptom observedin serious diseases.Kyestein, a peculiar pellicle forming on the urine of a pregnant woman,when allowed to stand for a few days.Lachrymal, Belonging to the tears.Lesion, Derangement, disorder, any morbid change.Ligament, A fibrous substance, serving to unite bones and to formjoints.LlGATi'RE, A cord or thread with which an artery or tumor is tied.Lf.MHAR, Pertaining to the loins.Lymph, A name given to the fluids contained in the lymphatic vesselsliYMPH.vTics,The vessels conveying lymph.Maceration, An operation which consists in infusing, usually withhi'at, a solid substance, so as to extract its virtues.ftLvMMAKY, Relating to the maniniai, or female breasts.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 485Mastication, The act of chewing.Materia Medica, The knowledge of medicines;the substances usedas medicines.Maturation, The state of an abscess which has reached maturity.Medulla, The base of the brain;marrow.Menses, The monthly flow.Menstrual, Pertaining to the menses.BIenstruum, a solvent;a substance possessing the property of dissolvingothers.Metastasis, Changing from one place to another.Micturition, Urination, discharge of urine.Mucilaginous, Having the character of mucilage; resembling gum.Mucus, The substance found at the surface of mucous membranes.N.4.RC0TIC, Substances which have the property of stupefying.Nasal, Relating to the nose.Nausea, Inclination to vomit sickness of stomach.Necrosis, Death of a bone.Nephritic, Relating to the kidneys.Nervine, A medicine which acts on the nervous system.Neurine, Relating to the nerves.Node, A hard concretion or incrustation gathering around the joints attackedwith rheumatism or gout.NOSOLOGIST, One versed in nosology, or classification of diseases.Obstetrician, One skilled, or practising midwifery.Ophthalmia, Relating or belonging to the eye.Orgasm, The height of venereal excitement in sexual intercourse.Orthopncea, Necessity of being in the erect posture to be able tobreathe.Osseous, Relating to or having the character of bones.Pabulum, Food, aliment.Papilla, An eminence resembling a nipple.Paracentesis, The act of tapping to evacuate a fluid in a cavity, as indropsy of the abdomen.Paroxysm, A periodical exacerbation or fit of a disease.Parturient, Bringing forth young.Parturition, Delivery, labor, child-birth.Pathological, Relating to pathology.Pathology, A branch of medicine whose object is the knowledge ofdisease.Pectin, A principle which forms the basis of vegetable jelly.

486 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.pECTORAT,, Relating to the breast;aflfections of the chest.Pc;llU'LE. a thin skin or membrane, a film.a medicine that relieves or remoyeaPliRlSTALTlC, A motion consisting of alternate contraction and dilatation.Peritoneum, The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity.Phagedenic, Appearing as if it was gnawed.Pharmaceutic, Relating to pharmacy.Pu.\R.MACOP(El.\. A work containing the formulae for the preparation,etc.,of medicines.PllAR.MACY, The art which teaches the knowledge, choice, preservation,preparation, and combination of medicines.Phlegmonous, Relating to iullammation which is confined to the areolartexture.PilIA'Z.ACious, Relating to tumors formed by the accumulation of aserous lluid under the scarf-skin.PnTSlOLOOY, The science which teaches the functions of org^xis ortis.sues.Plethora, A superabundance of blood. *tPneu-MOG.vstric, Belonging to the lungs and stomach.Portal Circulation, The circulation of blood in the system of vesselsin the kidneys and liver.Ptvalis.m, Profuse salivation.Puerperal, Relating to child-birth and its consequences.PULMON.MiY, Relating or belonging to the lungs.Purulent, Having the character of pus.Pus, The secretion from inflamed textures.PuSTUi-ii, An elevation of the skin, ha\'ing an inflamed base.Pyouknic, Having a relation to the formation of jjus.^Regimen, Diet;Kknal, Relating to the kidnej's.the rational and methodical use of food.Resi'IRation, The function of breathing, by which is accomplished themixture of venous blood with lymph and chyle.Revellent, Derivative ;a remedy causing an abstraction from themorbid condition of some organ or tissue.Revulsion, The act of turning a disease from a part in which it seemsto have taken its seat.Sac, A bag-like cavity, formed by any serous membrane.Sacculateij, Enclosed in a .sac; having the character of a sac.Salivaky, Relating to the saliva; glands whose function it is to secreteBaliva.Samgdineous, PJethoric;relating to the blood.

THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 487Scorbutic, Relating to, or having the character of scurvy.SCYBALA, Hard fa3cal matter, discharged in round lumps.Sebaceous, Small hollow organs seated in the substance of the skin,and which secrete a matter having a peculiar odor.Secretion, An organic function, chiefly confined to the glands; alsothe matter secreted.Septum, Partition; a part separating two cavities.Serum, The most watery portion of the animal fluids, exhaled by serousmembranes.Sinapism, A mustard plaster.Sinus, Any cavity, the interior of which is more expanded than the entrance.Sordes, The black substance collecting on the teeth in low fevera.Spasmodic, Having the character of a spasm.Splenetic, Relating or belonging to the spleen.Sputa, Expectorated matter.Squamous, Scaly ; having the character of scales.Stercoraceous, Fcecal.Stertorous, Of a snoring character.Strangury, Extreme difficulty in evacuating the urine.Strumous, Scrofulous.Styptic, Astringent a medicine which stanches the flow of blocd.;Subluxation, A sprain ;a partial dislocation.Sudorific, A medicine which provokes sweating.Suppuration, Formation or secretion of pus.Syncope; Fainting loss of sensation and motion.;Synovial, Relating to the membranes lining the joints.Taxis, A pressure exerted by the hand on a hernial tumor for the purposeof reducing it.Tissue, The various parts which, by union, form the organs.Thoracic, Relating or belonging to the chest.Topical, Local remedies;locally applied.Toxical, Poisonous.Tubercle, A tumor in the substance of an organ, as of the lung.Urine, The secretion of the kidney.Urinauy, Relating to the urine.Uterus, The womb.Uterine, Relating or belonging to the womb.Vaccine, Relating to the matter used for vaccination.Vascular, Relating to vessels ; arterial, venous or lymphaticVenereal, Relating to the pleasures of love.

'488 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.Vertebr;e, Rones of the spinal column.Vesicle, A small bladder or cyst.ViROSE, Possessed of noxious properties.Virus, Literally, a poison an unkno\vn;principle, inappreciable by thesenses which is the agent for the transmission of infectious diseases.VISCER.\L, Relating or belonging to the viscera, or entrails.VULNER.VRY, Medicines considered capable of favoring the consolidatmgof wounds ;only a property of plants.Zymotic, Relatuig or appertaining to fermentation.THE ELASTICTRUSS AND SUPPORTERTHE HIGHEST AWARD,i£*i='^^'-^^^**^^^ A Medal and Diploma has been given by£ L A S T I C H tennial Exposition to our .^Z^ÎIlJêlastic TRUSS:.the Cen-Thus confirminff the verdicts which have hii^to-^^^5^1-^^^^jT-*=-^^^^=ssi -isir^ m fQYQ been given by the Aiiwriatii Institute, the BrooklynIndustrial Institute and the Cincinnati IndKstrialExpoMtion, all the above institutes having givenPrice $8. the /lir/licst aimrdx, Silver ]\Iedals and Diplomas,for superiority over all for the Elastic Truss and Supporter, becauseof its excellence and cheapness. There is no superior truss, with the exceiilionof our Champion Truss (patre 342, which cannot be excelled), butin very many cases the Elastic Truss is just as good and better at lesstlKin half the price. The success and universal satisfaction they havegiven, as well as the great number of radical cans they have effected, lias(Irinoiist rated the fact that rnptnrc can be snrdy cured without suffering andannoyance, and iril/ioKf mnj dunf/i r of uicarrinej spinal diitease or paridysi.';,often caused by the severe pressure of metal trusses and supporters. Itholds the rui)ture securely in all positions in which the body may beplaced, and may be adjusted to lit any figure by loosening or tighteningthe buckles, i hese appliances are manufactured for us by the ElasticTruss Company, who guarantee each truss made to be perfect in everyrespect.Price of the Double Truss isS^.OOPrice of tlie Single Truss is 5.00Infants' and Cliildren's Trusses (1.00Children's Trusses are always made with double attachments, hence nodistinction in price is made between single and double. This price to somemay seem large, but when we consider that one of these Trusses, ifpn>|icrly worn, is sure to cure the worst cases of Hernia in a child (witliouttorture), it is the cheapest investment that can be niacle.For Children in all cases a complete cure will be guaranteed, without jCik/uor aunoi/niicc, as it can be worn with as much ease and efficacij by an infantof a week's aire as liy an adult; an atlrilxile that no other 'J'ntss yet inreatufpossesses. Send us the size of the patient around the entire body on a linewith the rupture state whether rii:ht or left ; side, or if both sides ; give usthi- illstanee between the centre of the two openings after the intestinesare n iMiiicil to Hie alidomen, and which side is the worse, if any difference,and uU ])articulurs, if any.

INDEX.PAGEAbdorninal supporters 370Abies excel.sa 128" larix 112AbortionS68Abscess 336Absinthine 1

490 INDEX.PAGEPAOEAnemonincST Asthma, hny• • 209Aneurism 284 Astrintfents 28Angcioleucitis257 Aftrya VirginicaH-*"ÂngelicaAtriplex liortensis 21"archangclica38 Atrop.i belladonna 45""Btropurpurea38manilrajjova 120Angina pectoris280 Atrophy of the heart 282Animal poisons"l-"'^ Aurelius, Emperor 5Anise 38 Autophomania 304" star 38 Aveus, purple 66Aniseed3h"water 66Anodynes2T " white 6ilAntacids 27 Averroes f>Antennaria margaritaceum 131 Aya-pana 39Anthelmintics 28 Aya-pana eupatorium 39Anthemis nobilisfi-lAnthrax 33!) Baker's Itch322Antiscorbutics 28 Baldness325Antispasmodics 28 Balm41"Apiol 133 of Gilead158"Apocynum androsiemifolium 47 Woodland473Apnoea 270Apoplexy 301Apothecaries' measuse 30"weight 30Apple-peru 108Aphthae2o3AqusB 29Aralia spinosa 13!)Archangel 38Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 43Aromatics 28Axrow-root grncl 202jelly 201Artemisia absinthum 1(14"santonica 105Arteritis 284Anim tr>T>hillum 83Asarnbiicca . 3!)Aearum Europjcum 39Ascaris lumbricoides 250" vcrmicularis 250Adcites 292Asclopiafla; 4Asclcpiiis tubvrosa 14, 136ABclepin 137AKiatic chok-ra 254Aspen 159AFpiiliiini lUbc mas 88Asphyxia 270by c

INDEX. 491PAGEBideDS connata 157"frondosa 158Bilious colic 309Bilious fever 217Bird's nest 47Birony 16Birth-wort 10Bitter-ash 140"candj'-tuft 100" cucumber 71" root 47' -sweet 48" wood 140Blackberry 143Black cherry 45" cohosh 51" hellebore 101" oak 1251" root 53" snake-root 51, 14SBladder fucus 124Blazing Star5'iBleeding from the nose2SS" "lungs 289" " stomach 280" "kidneys 290Blood Purifier 471"root 54Blooming spurge 112Blue cohosh 132" disease 28-3" flag. . 49" gentian 94" scuU-cap 150" vervain 49Blunt-leaved dock 82BoiL= 338Boneset 52Botany, Epitome of 23Bothriocephalus latus 251Bouncing Bet 15'2Bowman's root 112Box 55BoxwoodS'iBoyle 7Brain Fever 301Brakeroot 87Brassica nipa 15Brayera anthelmintica 110Bread jelly 202Bridal tours 449Bright's disease of the kidneys. 291Broken back 378" neck 378BronchitisPAGH2ti6Bronchocele 340Brncia 129Bnchu 56Buckhorn brake 87Bulls foot 72Bunions 32;jBurgundy pitch 128Burning bush 57Burns and scalds 339Buttercup . . 79" nut 102" weed 57Butterfly weed 130Buttermilk pap 203Button bush 90"snake-root 52, 86Butua root 132Buxina 55Buxus sempervii'eus 55Cahinca 58Cahincic acid 58Calico bush 58Calves' foot jellj 204Camp fever 220Canada flea-bane 57Cancer 345of the stomach 236'•" root 59Canker lettuce 146Cannabis IndicaB"*"sativa 60Capacities required by nuiês 213Carbuncle 339Carcmonia 345Carolina pink 135Carminatives 28Carpenter's square 89Carthamus tinctorius 146Cassia Marilandica 60Catalepsy 314Cataplasms 29Catarrhal ophthalmia 3-13Catiirrh 2(12of the bladder 298Catch weed 69Catechu 61"pale 92Cathartics 28Cat's foot 34Caulophyllin 133Caulophyllum thalictroides 132Ceauothine 14?

492 INDEX.PAGECeanothiis Amcricanns .14'!Cedron 61Celamline 62Centaurj- 63Century plant 64Cephnlalpia 306Cephalanthus occidcntalis 96Ceratef. 29CerebritiB. 301Cervicitis 361Cessation of the menses 361Cetraria officinalis 1 06Cetrarin 106Chamomile 64Champion truss 341Change of life 361Cheokcrberry 133Chelidonium majns 62Chelone glabra 41Chelonin 42Chenopodium anthelminticiim 164Cherry laurel 65Chictweed 60Chicken broth 204"pox 225Chilblains 339Chimaphila umbellata 136Chiococca racemnsa 58Chionanthus Virginirum 130Chlorosis 300Chorolat root (56Choice diolytra 160Cholera Asiatic 254"infantum 253" morbus 25 jChorea 314Chumis 00Cimiclfnga racemosa 51Cimicifiigin 51Cinchona., 07"calisaya 07"condnminca 07"Inncifolia 07"Rucciniba 07Cinque foilegCirrhoRiso.joFAQnCoakum 137Coca 70Cocculus palmatus 72Cockle burr 33Codeia 131Ca-lelmintha 327Coffee milk 203Colchicia 123Colchicum autumnale 123Cold in the head 201Colendrina 21Colic root155, 105" bilious 309Colitis 247CoUinsonia Canadensis 156Collinsonin 156Colocynth 71Colocynthin 7272Colt's foot.\^^."tail >.. 57Columbin .\. 73Columbo i. 72Comfrey 73Common milk-porridge 203"polypody 87Comparison of doses 31Compass weed 21, 141Condor vine 74Conduct of a labor case 371Confections 29Congestion of the brain 303Congestive fever 218Conjunctivitis 342Constipation 249Consumjition 272Convallaria multiflora 153"raiH^mosa 153Convolvulus panduratus 122Coolweed 127Copaiba 75Copaifera officinalis 75Coptis trifolia 97Coral root 78Corallorhiza odontorrhiza 78Corns 323CorninoSSCi^-yimpelinCornus Florida 82];j2Cisiuimpclop pareiraI30 Corsican moss 124t'lnp34S Corydalia 100Cleavers(jf)Corydalis formosa 100"small 09 Coryza 261ClerRymau'B sore throat 234 Cotton ()5•""•'"'tiH356 Cough wort 72Clothing 181 CrampbarkIf,

INDEX, 493PAGECranberry, high .... .1''

494 INDEX.PAGETAG9Dropsy of the heart 293 Erysipelas227" " ovariea 55S3 Erythema 228" "pleura 293 Erj'thronium Americanum 33" " scrotum . . 294 Erythroxylon coca 70Drowning 271 Escharotics 28Dry tetter 321 Esculapius 4Duodenitis 247Dwale 45Dwarf nettle 127Dyer's oak 130Dysentery 247" weed 104Dysmenorrhoca 359Dyspepsia. 238Earache 345Ecthyma 320Eczema 317Egyptian thorn 32Elastic stockings, knee-caps, and anklets 2S6Elaterium 154Elder 84Elecampane 85Elephantiasis 322El houwah 254Emetics 28Emmenagogûes 28Emollients 28Empirics, The 5Emprosthotonos 315Endo-carditis 281Eiido-cervicitis 361Enemas 29EnteriUs 247Kntozoa 326Enuresis 298Ephelis hepatica 324"lenticularis 324"vidlacea 324Epidemic diseases, prevention of 382Epilepsy 310Epispastics 28Epistaxis 288Equatoria garciana 74Erasistratus 5Eiecthites hieractifolius 90Ergot 85Ergotism 85Erigcron Canadcnse 57Erotomania ,. ... 304Errhincs 28Eniptivo or exanthematous diseasee 222Kryngium aquatioum 86Kryngo 86Essays on hygiene 171Ethers 29Eunenim vaudi 254Euonymin 57Euonymus Americanus . . 57"atropiu-pureus 57Eupatorium pertoliatum 52"purpureum 140Euphorbia corollata 112Euphrasia ofRcinalis 86Exercise 186Expectorants 28Extracts i ; 29" fluid."".....^29, 475Eye-bright '., . . 86Falling of the womb 362Falling-sickness 311False aloe 64"grape 107"unicorn-root 81" valerian 114"wintergreen 146Fatty kidney 291Felon 337Felon-wort 48Female regulator 114Ferns 87Fern, oinnamon-colorcd 87" female 87" male 88"royal flowering 87Fever and ague 216" biUous 217"congestive 218"dandy 229"hectic 333"intermittent 216"lung 267"pernicious 218"puerperal 367"remittent 217" scarlet 226"typhoid 222"typluis 220"yellow 219Feverfew 89Fever-weed 117

PAGEFicoides noctiflora 22Fig wort 89Filices 87Fireweed 90Fistula 256Fit plant47Fits 311Five finger 68Five-flowered gentian 94Five leaves 107Flornl clock 21Flowering cornel 82Fluid extracts 29, 475Fly-trap, Venus's 19Foal's foot 72Food and drinks 171Foreign bodies in the eyes 344" substances in the ears 345Fractures 375Fracture of the bones of the head 376Fracture of bones of forearm 377" " hand 377" "•' in the hip-joint 377" of the humerus 376" "leg 378" " ribs 376" "thighbone 377Frankincense 138French milk porridge 2(J3Fringe tree 130Frost plant 90" weed , 90Fucus helminthocorton 124" vesiculosis, 124Fumaria officinalis 91Fumitory 91Furunculus 338Galen . 5Galium aparine 69" tinctorium 69Galls 130Gall stones 243Gamblr 61"plant 92Garden nightshade12S"sago 147Garget 137G.istralgia 2;i7Gastritis 2.36INDEX. 495PAGKGastrodynia237Gay feather .'52Gelsemin 93Gelseminum sempervirens 93General diseases 330Gentian 93" catesbel 94Gentlana, five flowered 94" lutea 93" ochroleuca 94"qulnquefolia 94Geranin 77Geranium maculatum 77Gcrardia pedicularia 117Geuni rivale 166"Tirglnianum 166Glllenla 95" trifoliata 95Gill-go-by-the-ground 34Ginseng 13Glanders 22.1Gleet 349Globe flower 96knee-cap or patella 378" " coUar-bone 376 Glossai-y"480•'bones of foot and Glossitis 2.33ankle 377 Gnaphalium polycephalum 130Goitre 340Gold thread 97Golden seal 96" senecio 114,Goodyera pubescens 127"repens 127Gonorrhoea 348Goose grass 69Gossypiin 96Gossypium herbaceum 95Gout 3.30Gravel 297" root 140Great stinging nettle 126" water dock 83" wild valerian 161Green ozier 83" sickness 360Grocer's itch 323Ground holly 136"Ivy 34"lily 46" moss 44"raspberry 96". .squirrel pea 144Guaiac 93Guaiacum officinale 98Gum Arabic 32

496 INDEX.PAGEGum myrrh125('0GunjabHsematemesisHiematuria2S92'.I0289HivnioptysisHair-cap moss 44llamamelis Virginica99Hard hack 156JIarveyHashish 60Hazlewort 89jreadache 306Heal all 89, 156] leartbum 2.37Heart liver-leaf 110Hectic fever 3-33Hedcoma piilegioidcs 13-1Helianthemurn canadense 90"coi-ymbosum 91Helleborus niger 101Eelonias buUata 81" djocia 817Hemiplegia 316 Iberis amara 106Hemorrhages2SS Iceland moss 106Hemorrhoids. 256 Ice plant 47Henbane 101 " vine 132Hcpatica acutaloba 110" Americana 110Hepatitis 241"chronic 241Herbal Ointment 472Hercules woundwort. 35Hernia 340"humoralis 354Herophilus 5Herpes 318Hiccough 309Hidden spermatorrhoea 350High cranberry 76" mallow 119Hip disease 332HipiKH-rates 4History of medicine 3H Kirhound 102Hob-nailed liver 242Hoodwort 150Uof hornbeam. . 114Hops. 104Hordeolum 344Hr>rso-fly weed ] Hllnrse-hoof"72^*-ed57, 1.56^.osi-ital fever 220PAGKHound's ttogiK' 103House leek 105How to assist the doctor 207Humid tetter 317Humulus lupulus 104Hydatids 326, 363Hydrarthrus 332Hydrastis canadensis 96Hydrocardium 293Hydrocele 294Hydrometra 363Hydrophobia 316Hydrothorax 293Hygeia 4Hyoscyamia 102Hyoscyanius niger 101Hypericum perforatum 148H3T)ertrophy of the heart 283Hj-pochondria.' 307Hysterics .^. 313.Hyssop 105Hyssopua officinalis .i . 105Icterus 244Ignatius amara 147lUiciam anisatum 38Imperfections of l;he human form 333Imperforate hymen 357Impetigo 320Impotence of the male4i9Incontinence of urine 298Indianbalm 46"cup plant 141"hemp 59"physic 95"pipe 47"poke 100"posy 130"tobacco 116"turnip 83Inflammation 215of the arieries 284" "bladder29S" " brain 301" "brc:..sts 369" "bronchia 266« " clitoris 356" "conjunctiva 342" »'heart2S1" "kidneys 296

INDEX. 497PAGEP/3BLotions 29Ealmia Istafolla. 68 Louse wort2nminflacnination of the .lamyx aa Kalumb 73" "Uver...241 Kidney liver leaf 110mouth 2;j3 King's evil 257(Esophagus2-'j5 Kino 109pancreas 246 Kleptomania 304pharynx 234 Kousso 110pleura 209 Koussin .Illprostate gland 354 Krameria triandra 143spleen 245stomach 23(1 Ladies' slipper.....Illtestes 354 Lamb-kiU 58Mtongue 23:i Larch 112" " tonsils 234 Large flowering spui^ 112" "vagina 257 Larkspur 113« " veins 285 Lauriis sassafras 150" " vulva 356 Lavandula spica 114Influenza 202vera 114Infusions 29 Lavender 114Insanity 303 Laryngitis 265Inula helenium 85 Leontodon taraxacum 80Inversion of the uterus 368 Leonurus cardiaca 124Ipomoea jalapa 107 Lepra alphoides 321Irish moss"jelly 201nigricans 321"Irisin 49syphilitica 321Iris versicolor 49 Leprosy- 321Iron weed 106 Leptandria virginica 53Iron WoodIll Leptandrin 54Ischuria 298 Leucanthemum vulgare 80Isinglass jelly 201 Leuce 321Isis, Queen 4 Leucop.athia 324Itch 318 Leucorrhoea 361" baker's 322 Lever wood 114" barber's 325 Liatris scariosa 52" "grocer's 322spicata 53" weed 100"squarrosa 52Ivy 107 Life, health and disease 197Life-root 114Jack-in-the-pulpit 83 Lignum vitae 98Jacob's ulcer 322 Ligustrin 139Jail fever , 220 Ligustrum vulgare 139Jalap 107 Lilium candidum 115Jamestown weed 108 Lily, meadow 115Jaundice 244 Linacre 6Jeffersonia diphylla 144 Liniments 29Jerusalem oak 164 Linnieus 21Jesuit's bark 67 Lion's foot 115Joe-pie 140 Liquidambar styraciflua 158Juglandin 163 Lithiasis 291Juglans cinerea 162 Liver Invigorator 474"nigra 163 Lobelia 116Juniper 109 Lochia 374Juniperus communis 109 Locked-jaw 316

•498 INDEX.Low cranberry" mallowLozcnpcsLung fever" wort 16,LnpulinI.iipuliteLupinusLupusLymphadenitisLymi)hanpcitisLypeinaniaPAGE'"120302071171"''10'20poo257257304Machaon451SracrotynMacula;, or Bpota.334.Madder118Mad dog-weed 11^: 150Magnolia"glaucaMahometMaiden hairMale fern"vermifugeMalignant and venereal diseasesMallow, commonMalt infusionMalva rotundifolia"sylvestrisMandrakeMania" a potuMan-in-the-earth" "groundMannaMarried lifeMarriage"customsMarrubium vulgare,Marsh gentianilastcrwortMateria medica. Herbal ,MaticineMalicoMatricaria chamomillaMay appleMvadow cabbagelily" BaSronMeaslesMcchiimcckMc

PAGENepeta prlechoma 34Nephritis 2%Nei-ve rootIllNpt-leaf plantain12TNettle13, 12G"rash 227Neuralgia 308" of the heart 280Nenrus 17New Jersey tea 143Nightshade, deadly 45"garden 128Noah's arkIllNoli me tangere 322Norway pine 128Nose bleedIfiHNurses and nursing 20!)Nursing sore mouth2'^3Nutritive fluids 205Nux vomica 128Oak, black 12!)""dyer'sl.'iOred 129" white 129CEsophagitis 235Oidium abortifaclens 85Oil-nutINDEX. 499I(i2Oil of stillingia 155Oils 29Ointments 30Old age, or longevity 193" field balsam 130" man's beard 130( )pneme 259( Irach root 21( (range whey 204Orchitis 354Jrobanche Virginiana 5!)Osmunda cinnamomea 87"regalis 87Otalgia 345Ova-ova 47Oxalis acetoseU s, 153Ox balm 150" eye daisy SOOztena 263PAGEPalpitation of the heart 279Palry 315ranado 203Panakeia 4Panay 35Papaver somniferum 131Papoose root 133Papulous scale 320Paracelsus 6Paralysis 315Paraplegia 316Pareira brava 132Paronychia 337Parotitis2S5Partridge berry 133Parsley 132Paulus. 5Pear leaf wdntergreen 146Pearl flowered life everlasting 131Pelosin 132Pemphigus 319Pennyroyal 134"European 134Peonia ofHcinalis. . .• 134Peony 134Pericarditis 280Peritonitis 253Pernicious fever 213Pernio 339Pertussis 310Peruvian bark 67" balsam 135Petroselinum sativum 132Pharmaceutical preparations 29One-berry 133 Pharyngitis 234Ophthalnoia, catarrhal 343 Philosophy of Generation 441"purulent 343 Phlebitis 285"scrofulotis 344 Phlegmasia dolens 286Opisthotonos 315 Phthisis 272Opium 131 Physical and mental development 186Phytolacca decandra 137Phytolaccin 138Picraenia excelsa 140Pigeon berry 137PUes 256Pills 29Pimpinella anisum 38Pinkroot . 135Piper angustifolium 122" cubeba 79Pipsissewa 136Pityriasis 322Plants, their collection and preservation, 169Plasters. 39

500 INDEX.PAGE209Plenrisy"root 14,136riruroslhotonos. 315Pneumatics, The 5Pneumonia 207Poilalirins 4Podophyllin 121Podoiihyllum pcltatum 120Poison ashI'MPoisoning by acids 453" '•alkalies 456" " antimony 453• " arsenic 453•' " bismuth 454" " copper 454' " fish 458« " gold 454•' " insects 458" " iodine 454" " iron 454" " lead 455" " mcrcurj- 455" " opium 457" " phosphorus' 455" " plants or seeds 457" '•prussic acid. 456'• " serpents 458" " silver 455" " strychnine 457"tin 455" " volatile oils 456" " zinc 456PoisonB and their antidotes 452Poke 137Polecat weed 153Polypala senega 151Polygamy 400I'olygonum punctatum 163I'olypddium vulgare 87Polytrichium juniperum 44PomctTanate 138Pond dogwood 96I'oi'P.v 131Populin. 159I'upnlua balsamifcra 158"candicans 158" tremuloides 159J''ntcnt.Ula canadensis 08*'pamilla 68"Binn>lex 68'*tonnentilla 69Pott's curvature of the spine 334Powders 29Prairie hyssop 126J>AGEPraxagoras of Cos 5Pregnancy 364" and its accidents 364Preservation of the health of the sexualorgans 403Prevention of Croup 267" " epidemic diseases 382Prickly ash 138" southern 139Pride of China 45" weed 57Prince's feather 37"pine 136Prinos verticillatus 34Privet 139Privy prim 139Prolapsus of the rectum 255" uteri 362Prostatitis 354Pninella vulgaris .' 35Prunus lauro-cerasus ,y . . 65Pruritis 324Psoriasis .i. . 321Psychodiaria 326Ptelca trifoliata 162Ptclein 162PttTocarpus marsupium 109Ptolemies, The 5Puerperal fever 367Pulmonaria officinalis 117Pulsatilla 37Pul(iue 64Punica granatum 138Purple avens 66Purpura 229"hemorrhagica 230Purrhee morlii 254Purulent ojjhthalmia 343Putrid fever 220Pycanthemum aristatum 126"incanum 126"pilosum 126"Virginicum 12(5Pyrethrum parthenium 89Pyrola 146"rotundifolia 146"round leaved 146Pyi-osis 238Quassia 140"amara .. 140Queen of the meadow 140Queen's delight 155"root 155

INDEX. 601PAGEQuercns alba 129"infectcria 130" rubra 129"tinctoria 129Questions to invalids 390Quinine 68Quinquino 135Quinsy 23 1Raccoon berry 120Ragged cup 141Ragwort 114Kan-unculug bulbosus 79Rattle bush 141"root 51Rattlesnake root 115" weed 127Rattlesnake's master 86Recipes 460Red cock's comb 37" oak 129" puccoon 54" raspberry 142" root 143Refreshing drink in fevers 201Regiilating the passions 199Relaxation of the abdonainal muscles. . . 370Remittent fever 217Renovating Pills 473Restorative Assimilant 469Retention of the menses 359Rhatany 143Rheumatism 331" root 144Rheum palmatum 144Rhubarb 144Rhus giabrum 156Rich weed 127, 156Rice 202" gruel 202" jeUy 201" water 201Ring worm 318Robin's r. 44Rock polypody 87" rose 90Rosemary 145Roseola 228Rose pink 63" rash 228Rosin-weed 141Rosmarinus officinalis^45Round leaved pyrola 146Bubia tinctorium 118PAGERubcfacienbi 28Rubeola 225Rubus strigosus 142"triviaUs 143"vUlosus 143Rumex acetosa 154" acetosella 154"""aquations 82Brittanicus 82crispus 81" obtusifolius 82" vesicarius 154Rupia 320Rupture 340Sabbatia angularis 63SafHower 146Saffron, bastard 146"dyer's 146Sage 147"the Coan 4"tea 201Sago gruel 202St. Ignatius's bean 147St. John's wort 148St. Vitus' dance 314Salanin . 159Salseparin 149Salt-rheum weed 41Salvia officinalis 147Sambucus Canadensis 84Sampson snake-weed 94Sanguinaria Canadensis 54Sanicle 148Sanicula Marilandica 148Santonine 165Saponaria officinalis 152Saponin 153Sareoptis hominis 318Sarracenla . 20Sa'saparilla 149' issafras 150Saturates 29Satureja hortensis 150" montana 150Satyriasis 353Savory, s---mmer 150winter 150Scabies 318Scalled head 324Scarlatina 226Scarlet fever 2?"Sciatica ... 308Scoke 137

502 INDEX.RrorbntnsPAGE2S7Scrofula 257" weed 127Scrofulous ophthalmia 344Scrophularia lanccolata. 90"Marilandica 89"nodosa 89Scnll cap 150Scnccio aureus 114Seneka 151Scn.sitive plant 20Sept- foil 69Serpents' tongue 3.3Sheep laurel 58Shingles 318Shin-leafl.j(5Ship fevergoOShrubby trefoil 162Sialagoguea 28Sida 20Side floweringr scull cap 150Sidesaddle flower 20Silphium pnimmifenim 141"lacianatum 21, 141"perfoliatura 141Silver leafI55Simaba cedron 61Bimpler's joy 49Sippets 204Skin disea.ses 317Skunk cabbage 152"weed 152Sleep 134PAGESnapping hazlennt 99Sneeze wort 106SnowberryS8Soap wort 153Social status of the sexual organs 400Solaniim dulcamara 48"nigrum 128Soldier's herb 123Salomon's seal 15,3Scutellaria lat/rlflora 150Scurvy2S7 Sore nipples 369Sea-wTack 124 Sorrel, garden 154Sccale cornutum"85salts of 154Sedatives"28 sheep 154Scmpervivum tcctoram"105 wood 153Seneca snakeroot 151 South American agave 64Spanish needles 158Spasms of the glottis 310" "stomach 2.37Spermatorrhoea or General Debility 350"hidden .". >,.. 350Spigella Marilandica \.. I.35Spigeliin.^. . 136Spindle tree 57Splenitis 245Spoonwood 58Spotted alder 99"gera uum 77Square stalk 89Squaw mint 134"""root51,1.32vine 1.38weed 114Squirting cucumber 154Staggerweed 160Standard fluid extracts 475"herbal remedies 469Star grass 155Stavesacre 113Stellaria media 06Sterelmintha 326Slip|)ery elm jelly 205 SteriUty 433Siiiall cleavers 69 Stickle wort 33Small-pox 224 StiUingia 155"confluent "224oil of"155malignant"224sylvatica 155Smart weedj(y Stimulants 28Smilax Chinaj.l() Stingless nettle"127ofRcinalia 140 Stinkweed"108'"«"•'»149 Stomatitis23'i"papjTnceaI49 "follicular 2.33Barsaparllla 149"Stone in the bladder. . . ..297Ryphilitica 149 Stoneroot 155Bnnit ryegg Stricture of the urethra. 353Boake bead^j Strychnine 129

PAGEStrj-chnos nux vomica 128StyeS^-lSumach 150Summer complaint 253.Sunstroke3U3Suppression of menses 359of urine 298Swamp beggar's tick 157"dogwood 162" hellebore , 100" sassafras 119Sweet/scented life everlasting 130" gum 158" magnolia 119Swelled testicle 354SymphytumSymplocarpus foetidus 152SyphiUs 347Syrups 29officinale 73Tabes mesenterica 259Table, dose 31Tacamahac 158Tacamahaca 158Tsnialata 251" solium.. 250TseniinINDEX. 503IllTag alder 36Tall speedwell 53Tanacetum vtUgare 159Tansy 159Tape worm 250Tapioca jelly 201Teething 330Terra japonica 61Tetanus 315Tetter 318"wort 63The basis of a happy marriage 410" conduct of a case of labor 371" external organs 3!i7" internal organs 398" semen 396" sick-room 207" philosophy of the sexes 394" proper care of children 328" treatment in accidents 374Theomania 304Things for the sick-room 201Thorn apple 108ThoroughwortThousand seal 166Throat root 66Thrush 233Thyme 159.. 52PAGEThymus vulgare 159"16CserpyllusTic douleuroux 303Tickweed 134Tinctures 29Tinea favosa 324"sycosis 325Toast 202Tolu 160Tonics 28TonsilUtis 23-JToothache bush 133Trichimasis 327Tricocephalus dispar 250TrUline 46Trillium pendulum 46Trismus 315Troches 30Trumpet weed 140Tuber root 136Turkey corn 160Turmeric root 96Turnhoof 34Turtlebloom 41Tussilago farfara 73Twin-leaf 144Typhilitis 247Typhoid fever 222"Typhus220Ulceration of the womb 362Ulcers 337UmbelIllUncaria gambir 92Unguenta 30Unicorn root 155Upland cranberry 43Ursin 44Urtica diocia 126"pamilla 127" urens 127Uterine dropsy 363Uva ursi 43Vaginitis 357Valerian 161"Americanill"false 114"great wildJ61Valeriana officinalis 101Valerianic acid 161Valvular disease of the heart 281Vanilla 161Vanilla aromatica 161VftriceUa 226

504 INDEX.PAGEIPAGBWilli basil 12(; "parilla 167" hyssop 49 "puccoon. 96" indigo 141 "root 168Wild jftlap 193 " wood 188VaricoceleS55 Wiid jessamine 93"Varicose veins 285 lemon 120"Variola 224 mandrake 120"Varioloid 225 nard 39"Vegetable poisons457 potato 122'•soup 204 " senna 60Velvet leaf1^2" snowball 143Venice turpentine112" thyme 160"Venomous insects 450 tobacco 116Veratrum viride 100" turkey pea 160Verbasoum thapsus 125wood vine 107"Verbena hastata 49 yam 165Vemonia fasciculata 106 Windroot 136ViburnineTO Wines 30Viburnum opulusTG Wingseed 162Vicarious menstruation 360 Winter berry 34"Vinegars 29bloom 99"Vine maple 167clover 133"Virginia creeper 107green'.-. 136" "mouse-ear 104pear-leaf >.....^... 146" "Vulnus 374savory .•^ . 150Vulvitis 356 Witch hazel 1. . . 99Wolfsbane 123Wafer-ash 162 Womb, anteflexion of 363"Wahoo 57anteversion of 363Wake robin 46, 83 "dropsy of 363Walnut, black 163"falling of 362" white 162" inversion of 363Warts 323retroflexion of 363'•Washerwoman's scaU 322 " retroversion of 363Water avens 66"ulceration of 363" brash 238 Woodbine 93, 107"dock 82 Woodland Balm 473"gruel 202, 207 Woody nightshade 48"pepper 163 World, the Herbal 8"plantain 118 Worm grass 135Waters 29 "seed 164Watery blebs 319 " wood 164Wax myrtle 42 Worms 250Weights and measures 30 Wounds 374White avens 66 •" balsam 130 Xanthorrhiza apiifolia 168"bay 119 Xanthoxyline 139" lettuce 115 Xanthoxylum fraxineum 138"oak 129"poplar 159 Yarrow 166"swelling 332 Yaw root 155"weed 80 Yellow dock 81Whites 361 "fever 219Whitlow 337 "jessamine 93Whooping cough. 310 "moccasin flowerIll

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