Oregano and Marjoram - The Herb Society of America
Oregano and Marjoram - The Herb Society of America
Oregano and Marjoram - The Herb Society of America
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong><br />
An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to<br />
the Genus Origanum<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong><br />
9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd.<br />
Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, Ohio 44094<br />
© 2005 <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong><br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
Table <strong>of</strong> Contents<br />
Introduction …………………………………………………………….….<br />
Contributors & Acknowledgements ………………………………………<br />
Description ………………………………………………………………...<br />
Chemistry ………………………………………………………………….<br />
Nutrition …………………………………………………………………...<br />
History & Folklore …………………………………………………………<br />
Literature & Art ……………………………………………………………<br />
Cultivation …………………………………………………………………<br />
Pests & Diseases …………………………………………………………...<br />
Pruning & Harvesting ………………………………………………………<br />
Preserving & Storing ……………………………………………………….<br />
Uses ………………………………………………………………………...<br />
- Culinary ……………………………………………………….<br />
- Recipes …………………………………………………<br />
- Craft …………………………………………………………..<br />
- Medicinal ……………………………………………………...<br />
- Garden ………………………………………………………..<br />
- Other Uses …………………………………………………...<br />
Species Highlights …..………………………………………………………<br />
Cultivar Examples ………………………………………………………….<br />
Literature Citations & References ………………………………………...<br />
HSA Library Origanum Resources …...……………………………………<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
Introduction<br />
Mission:<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> is dedicated to promoting the knowledge, use <strong>and</strong> delight <strong>of</strong> herbs<br />
through educational programs, research, <strong>and</strong> sharing the experience <strong>of</strong> its members with the community.<br />
Environmental Statement:<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Society</strong> is committed to protecting our global environment for the health <strong>and</strong> well-being <strong>of</strong> humankind<br />
<strong>and</strong> all growing things. We encourage gardeners to practice environmentally sound horticulture.<br />
Purpose, Scope <strong>and</strong> Intended Audience:<br />
This guide was designed to provide an overview <strong>of</strong> the cultivation, chemistry, description, history, folklore<br />
<strong>and</strong> uses <strong>of</strong> herbal plants in the genus Origanum. It was written to accommodate a variety <strong>of</strong> audiences,<br />
providing basic information appropriate for beginners to herbs <strong>and</strong> herb gardening with supplemental<br />
information for intermediate level herb enthusiasts. It can be used in conjunction with HSA’s<br />
<strong>Herb</strong> Study Groups Resource Kit or as a starting point for those interested in pursuing individual research<br />
or developing an herbal presentation/program.<br />
Disclaimer: Information is provided as an educational service. Mention <strong>of</strong> commercial products does<br />
not indicate an endorsement by <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong>. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> cannot<br />
advise, recommend, or prescribe herbs for medicinal use. Please consult a health care provider before<br />
pursuing any herbal treatments.<br />
Contributors & Acknowledgements<br />
Text by Michele Meyers, HSA Director <strong>of</strong> Education, except where otherwise noted<br />
© 2005 <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong><br />
Horticultural advisor: Robin Siktberg, HSA Editor/Horticulturist<br />
Contributors<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> would like to thank the following contributors, without whose expertise<br />
<strong>and</strong> input this guide would not have been possible:<br />
James Adams<br />
Jim Adams has been gardening <strong>and</strong> growing herbs since childhood. He earned his horticulture degree<br />
from Michigan State University. He completed numerous internships at some <strong>of</strong> the country’s premier<br />
horticultural institutions before becoming the Assistant Curator <strong>of</strong> the Fern Valley Native Plant Collection<br />
at the U.S. National Arboretum. In 1997, he changed posts <strong>and</strong> became Curator <strong>of</strong> the National<br />
<strong>Herb</strong> Garden, also at the arboretum. Jim is a member <strong>of</strong> the Potomac Unit <strong>of</strong> <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>America</strong>, HSA’s Promising Plants committee as well as various other horticulture-related organizations<br />
<strong>and</strong> was awarded HSA’s Nancy Putnam Howard Award for Horticulture in 2004. He lives in Washington,<br />
D.C.<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
Gwen Barclay<br />
Gwen is Director <strong>of</strong> Food Services at <strong>The</strong> International Festival-Institute at Round Top, Texas. A member<br />
<strong>of</strong> both the Pioneer Unit <strong>and</strong> the South Texas Unit <strong>of</strong> HSA, she is a nationally recognized expert<br />
on herbs <strong>and</strong> herbal cuisine. Gwen <strong>and</strong> her mother, Madalene Hill, are co-authors <strong>of</strong> Southern <strong>Herb</strong><br />
Growing.<br />
Susan Belsinger<br />
Susan Belsinger is a culinary educator, food writer <strong>and</strong> photographer whose articles have been published<br />
in Woman’s Day, Organic Gardening, Victoria Magazine <strong>and</strong> <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> Companion. She is the author<br />
<strong>of</strong> Flowers in the Kitchen, co-author, with Carolyn Dille, <strong>of</strong> <strong>The</strong> Garlic Book, <strong>Herb</strong>s in the Kitchen, <strong>and</strong> <strong>The</strong><br />
Greens Book, <strong>and</strong> co-author <strong>of</strong> Basil: An <strong>Herb</strong> Lover’s Guide with Thomas DeBaggio. Susan is a member <strong>of</strong><br />
the Potomac Unit <strong>of</strong> <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong>.<br />
Francesco DeBaggio<br />
A second-generation herb grower, Francesco DeBaggio owns <strong>and</strong> operates DeBaggio's <strong>Herb</strong> Farm <strong>and</strong><br />
Nursery (formerly DeBaggio <strong>Herb</strong>s) in Chantilly, VA. Francesco is a member at large <strong>of</strong> <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> <strong>and</strong> maintains several HSA-registered herb collections, including Origanum, in his gardens<br />
<strong>and</strong> greenhouses, in addition to growing 100,000 herb, vegetable, annual, <strong>and</strong> perennial plants<br />
each spring for his devoted customers.<br />
Joan DeLauro<br />
Joan is HSA’s Garden Consultant <strong>and</strong> is responsible for the design <strong>and</strong> maintenance <strong>of</strong> the demonstration<br />
garden at HSA Headquarters. She previously served as Urban Gardening Coordinator at Clevel<strong>and</strong><br />
Botanical Garden <strong>and</strong> currently runs her own freelance gardening business. She lives in Clevel<strong>and</strong>,<br />
Ohio, <strong>and</strong> is a member at large <strong>of</strong> <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong>.<br />
Richard Dennis<br />
Richard is the curator <strong>of</strong> the Northern California unit’s HSA-registered Origanum collection <strong>and</strong> has<br />
been a member <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> since 1985.<br />
Henry Flowers<br />
Henry is a native Texan with a B.S. in Horticulture <strong>and</strong> a Master <strong>of</strong> Agriculture degree in Floriculture<br />
from Texas A&M University. He has worked as a retail nursery manager <strong>and</strong> garden manager in Georgia<br />
<strong>and</strong> Texas <strong>and</strong> presently works with Madalene Hill as Director <strong>of</strong> Gardens <strong>and</strong> Grounds for <strong>The</strong><br />
International Festival-Institute in Round Top, Texas. Henry is a member <strong>of</strong> HSA’s Pioneer Unit.<br />
Madalene Hill<br />
Madalene was president <strong>of</strong> <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> from 1986-1988 <strong>and</strong> has been a member<br />
since 1957. She organized the South Texas Unit <strong>and</strong> was a charter member <strong>of</strong> the Pioneer Unit. Madalene<br />
was awarded HSA’s Helen de Conway Little Medal <strong>of</strong> Honor in 1978. She is an accomplished<br />
plantswoman, <strong>and</strong> her garden at <strong>The</strong> International Festival-Institute at Round Top, Texas, attracts visitors<br />
from all over the world.<br />
Scott Kresge<br />
Scott Kresge is an avid plantsman <strong>and</strong> owner <strong>of</strong> Emily Mae’s Garden Stop in Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania.<br />
He is a member at large <strong>of</strong> <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong>, serves on HSA’s Promising Plants Committee,<br />
<strong>and</strong> is holder <strong>of</strong> several HSA-registered plant collections, including Origanum.<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
Rae McKimm<br />
Rae McKimm, owner <strong>of</strong> Crystal Hill Gardens located in Sims, Arkansas, propagates <strong>and</strong> sells herbs, natives,<br />
plants for butterflies <strong>and</strong> unusual ornamental plants. She received her B.S. degree in Agriculture<br />
Business with an emphasis in Horticulture from Arkansas Tech University in 1997. She is a member<br />
<strong>and</strong> current unit chair <strong>of</strong> the Arkansas Unit <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong>, a member <strong>of</strong> the Arkansas<br />
Native Plant <strong>Society</strong>, secretary for the Arkansas State Horticultural <strong>Society</strong>, past president <strong>and</strong> current<br />
board member <strong>of</strong> the Arkansas - Oklahoma Horticulture Industries Show <strong>and</strong> a Montgomery County<br />
(Arkansas) Master Gardener.<br />
Carol Morse<br />
Carol is a member <strong>of</strong> the Northern California Unit <strong>and</strong> helps maintain the unit’s HSA-registered Origanum<br />
collection.<br />
Rexford Talbert<br />
Rexford Talbert has been a member <strong>of</strong> <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> for 37 years <strong>and</strong> is the recipient<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Nancy Putnam Howard Award for Horticultural Excellence. He is the co-founder <strong>and</strong> former<br />
chairman <strong>of</strong> the South Texas Unit <strong>and</strong> has served on the HSA Board <strong>of</strong> Directors. Rex served on the<br />
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics <strong>and</strong> <strong>The</strong> National Aeronautics <strong>and</strong> Space Administration<br />
as Senior Information Research Scientist <strong>and</strong> is now retired. He has written <strong>and</strong> lectured on herbs for<br />
over 40 years <strong>and</strong> has been published in <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> Companion, Kitchen Gardens, <strong>The</strong> Gilded <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>The</strong><br />
<strong>Herb</strong>arist, among others. His particular interest is the botany <strong>and</strong> taxonomy <strong>of</strong> the family Lamiaceae.<br />
Arthur O. Tucker, Ph.D.<br />
Dr. Tucker is a research pr<strong>of</strong>essor at Delaware State University specializing in the chemistry <strong>and</strong> identification<br />
<strong>of</strong> herbs. He is a member <strong>of</strong> the Rosemary Circle <strong>and</strong> the Northern New Jersey Unit <strong>of</strong> HSA<br />
<strong>and</strong> has received HSA’s Nancy Putnam Howard Award for Excellence in Horticulture <strong>and</strong> the Helen de<br />
Conway Little Medal <strong>of</strong> Honor. Art has a B.S. from Kutztown State College <strong>and</strong> M.S. <strong>and</strong> doctoral degrees<br />
from Rutgers University. He is a nationally recognized expert on flavor, fragrance <strong>and</strong> medicinal<br />
plants <strong>and</strong> has been published many times in scholarly <strong>and</strong> popular publications. Dr. Tucker is coauthor<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>The</strong> Big Book <strong>of</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>s with Thomas DeBaggio.<br />
Barbara Varl<strong>and</strong><br />
Barbara is an HSA member at large <strong>and</strong> has maintained an HSA-registered Origanum collection since<br />
1999. She is a retired English teacher, a life-long gardener <strong>and</strong> Master Gardener. Barbara lives in Cincinnati,<br />
Ohio.<br />
Tina Marie Wilcox<br />
Tina Marie Wilcox has been the head gardener <strong>and</strong> herbalist at the Ozark Folk Center’s Heritage <strong>Herb</strong><br />
Garden in Mountain View, Arkansas, since 1984. She tends the extensive gardens, plans <strong>and</strong> coordinates<br />
annual herbal events <strong>and</strong> workshops <strong>and</strong> facilitates the production <strong>of</strong> the plants sold there. Tina<br />
Marie has collaborated with Susan Belsinger on articles that have appeared in <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist, <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong><br />
Companion <strong>and</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>s for Health. She is an HSA member at large.<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
Additional editorial assistance provided by Robin Siktberg. Research assistance provided by HSA Librarian/Webmaster<br />
Christine Liebson <strong>and</strong> HSA Assistant Librarian Holly Ferkol.<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
Image credits<br />
Images included courtesy <strong>of</strong> Gwen Barclay, Susan Belsinger, Rex Talbert, Tina Marie Wilcox, the U.S.<br />
National Arboretum, the Arkansas Department <strong>of</strong> Parks <strong>and</strong> Tourism <strong>and</strong> <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong><br />
Archives (from the collection <strong>of</strong> slides <strong>of</strong> the Northern California Unit’s Origanum collection). Line<br />
drawings <strong>of</strong> O. vulgare subsp. vulgare <strong>and</strong> O. rotundifolium by Robin Siktberg. Gerard's herbal image photographed<br />
from: Gerard, John, 1545-1612. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>all, or Generall Historie <strong>of</strong> Plantes. Enlarged <strong>and</strong> revised<br />
by T. Johnson. London: A. Islip, J. Norton <strong>and</strong> R. Whitakers, 1633. (HSA Library rare book collection).<br />
Cover photographs (clockwise from top left): O. ‘Herrenhausen’ by Robin Siktberg, O. xmajoricum by<br />
Susan Belsinger, O. libanoticum <strong>and</strong> O. onites from HSA Archives collection.<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
Description<br />
Origanum is one <strong>of</strong> over 200 genera in the Lamiaceae (mint family),<br />
<strong>and</strong> the genus includes culinary, fragrant, medicinal <strong>and</strong> ornamental<br />
plants. <strong>Herb</strong>aceous perennials or subshrubs, origanums are native to<br />
the Mediterranean <strong>and</strong> Eurasia, <strong>and</strong> grow in mountainous areas with<br />
rocky, calcareous soil. Some species grow in mounds that are only<br />
2-3 inches high (104) while others grow erect up to 39 inches tall<br />
(102).<br />
All members <strong>of</strong> the genus have flowers that occur in spikes; for<br />
most species these form a panicle with multiple branched stems<br />
growing from a central stalk. In O. onites, the spikes grow in a “false<br />
corymb” (56), forming a convex or flat-topped open inflorescence<br />
(102). Corollas may be purple, pink or white depending on the species.<br />
In some species flowers are arranged in whorls. <strong>The</strong> calyx, or<br />
small vase-like receptacle that supports <strong>and</strong> protects the corolla <strong>and</strong><br />
reproductive organs <strong>of</strong> the flower, can be bell-shaped or tubular<br />
(97) with one or two lips (56). <strong>The</strong> shape <strong>of</strong> the calyx is the principal<br />
plant character used to distinguish between Origanum species<br />
(97). Flower stems can be erect<br />
Paniculate inflorescence <strong>of</strong><br />
or trailing/cascading (104). Trailing types Origanum vulgare subsp. vulgare<br />
like the ornamental O. rotundifolium <strong>and</strong><br />
the cultivar ‘Kent Beauty,’ a hybrid <strong>of</strong> O. rotundifolium <strong>and</strong> another<br />
Origanum species, have a graceful, drooping appearance. <strong>The</strong> leaves<br />
(15) <strong>and</strong> flowering parts <strong>of</strong> the plant contain essential oil gl<strong>and</strong>s that<br />
secrete volatile oils responsible for the plant’s fragrance (97).<br />
O. rotundifolium with prominent<br />
hop-like bracts<br />
Taxonomy<br />
Plants in the genus Origanum have bracts, or non-typical leaves, that<br />
surround the calyx <strong>and</strong> corolla. In some instances the bracts are so<br />
beautiful <strong>and</strong> colorful that the casual observer might mistake them<br />
for the flower. In these cases, the flower is actually hidden within the<br />
bracts. In some species, like O. rotundifolium <strong>and</strong> O. dictamnus (dittany<br />
<strong>of</strong> Crete), bracts overlap <strong>and</strong> resemble hops (92).<br />
Both the stems <strong>and</strong> leaves <strong>of</strong> origanums are <strong>of</strong>ten covered with fine<br />
hairs. Leaves can be <strong>of</strong> various shapes including round, heart-shaped<br />
<strong>and</strong> oval <strong>and</strong> may be shiny/waxy or hairy-fuzzy in appearance. Stems<br />
may be woody or non-woody. All species also bear tiny brown fruits<br />
called nutlets.<br />
When most people think <strong>of</strong> oregano, pizza <strong>and</strong> pasta sauce come to mind. <strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> marjoram may<br />
seem familiar <strong>and</strong> straightforward to the average cook, but in reality, these common herbs have a very<br />
complicated taxonomic history. Although Linnaeus first classified Origanum as a single genus, over the<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
years, plants in the genus have been ordered under various botanical names including Amaracus, Origanum<br />
<strong>and</strong> Majorana (56, 96).<br />
According to Dr. Arthur O. Tucker, “it’s best to think <strong>of</strong> oregano as a flavor rather than a genus or<br />
species” (100). Plants from several genera including Lippia <strong>and</strong> Plectranthus are also considered oreganos<br />
due primarily to the presence <strong>of</strong> the chemical carvacrol, which is largely responsible for oregano’s signature<br />
scent <strong>and</strong> flavor. See the Chemistry <strong>and</strong> Culinary Uses sections <strong>of</strong> this guide for more information<br />
on this topic.<br />
According to current estimates there are 44 species, 6 subspecies, 3 varietates (botanical varieties)<br />
(95) <strong>and</strong> 18 naturally occurring hybrids (60). Because Origanum taxa are so variable <strong>and</strong> cross easily,<br />
there are hundreds <strong>of</strong> unclassified hybrids growing in gardens where close proximity encourages crossing<br />
that isn’t likely in the wild (95).<br />
Chemistry<br />
Origanums have long been valued for their culinary, fragrant <strong>and</strong> medicinal properties. <strong>The</strong>se qualities<br />
are the result <strong>of</strong> naturally occurring chemicals in the plant. One source for these qualities is the volatile<br />
or “essential” oil. Other plant metabolic chemical products such as fixed oils <strong>and</strong> flavonoids also contribute<br />
(95). <strong>The</strong> composition <strong>of</strong> the essential oil depends on both the genetics <strong>of</strong> the plant <strong>and</strong> where<br />
it is grown (42, 62). Some species, although beautiful, lack the subjective culinary or fragrance chemistry<br />
<strong>and</strong> are used exclusively as ornamentals.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are two primary chemicals associated with culinary origanums, carvacrol <strong>and</strong> sabinene hydrate.<br />
Carvacrol is the signature chemical largely responsible for the sharp, pungent oregano flavor <strong>of</strong> Origanum<br />
vulgare subsp. hirtum, O. onites, O. minutiflorum <strong>and</strong> O. syriacum (90, 92, 95, 100). Sabinene hydrate<br />
is the signature chemical linked to O. majorana’s sweet flavor <strong>and</strong> can occur heavily in its hybrids with<br />
O. vulgare subspecies (O. xmajoricum) (95).<br />
Carvacrol is a creosote-scented phenol with antibacterial <strong>and</strong> antifungal properties (100, 102). Like all<br />
plant chemicals, the amount <strong>of</strong> carvacrol varies depending on the species, subspecies <strong>and</strong> growing conditions.<br />
According to one report, “extreme water stress” can actually increase the amount <strong>of</strong> carvacrol<br />
(<strong>and</strong> thymol) in the essential oil <strong>of</strong> O. vulgare (103). Greek oregano, O. vulgare subsp. hirtum, is valued<br />
for its flavor due largely to a high concentration <strong>of</strong> carvacrol. Some <strong>of</strong> the other subspecies <strong>of</strong> O. vulgare,<br />
including O. vulgare subsp. vulgare, have little or no carvacrol (102, 103) <strong>and</strong> do not have the characteristic<br />
oregano scent <strong>and</strong> flavor (102, 104). Because carvacrol is prominent in species from different<br />
genera, including Lippia, Plectranthus, <strong>and</strong> Poliomintha, plants from these other genera are also considered<br />
“oreganos” (100, 103). Some <strong>of</strong> the more widely known include Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano)<br />
<strong>and</strong> Plectranthus amboinicus (Cuban oregano).<br />
In addition to carvacrol, the essential oil <strong>of</strong> some Origanum taxa also includes thymol, which produces a<br />
thyme-like aroma. Both thymol <strong>and</strong> carvacrol inhibit the growth <strong>of</strong> bacteria <strong>and</strong> may aid food preservation<br />
(99). <strong>The</strong> essential oil <strong>of</strong> the various Origanum species can contain hundreds <strong>of</strong> additional chemical<br />
constituents (95) including linalool, gamma-terpinene, p-cymene <strong>and</strong> terpinene-4-ol (3, 102), <strong>and</strong> scents<br />
<strong>of</strong> the different species <strong>and</strong> subspecies can include hints <strong>of</strong> lavender, pine <strong>and</strong> carnation (102). For detailed<br />
chemical analysis <strong>of</strong> the different Origanum species, see <strong>The</strong> Big Book <strong>of</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>s by Arthur O.<br />
Tucker <strong>and</strong> Thomas DeBaggio.<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
Nutrition<br />
Of all the Origanum species, only O. vulgare (subspecies not identified), O. onites (pot marjoram), O. majorana<br />
(sweet marjoram) <strong>and</strong> O. dictamnus (dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete) are considered GRAS (Generally Recognized<br />
as Safe) (107, 108). O. majorana leaves are GRAS at concentrations <strong>of</strong> 1.9 to 9946 ppm, the essential<br />
oil from 1 to 40 ppm, <strong>and</strong> the oleoresin from 37-75 ppm (102). O. vulgare leaves are GRAS at<br />
320-2800 ppm (102). Although O. xmajoricum isn’t on the GRAS list, it is a hybrid <strong>of</strong> O. vulgare <strong>and</strong> O.<br />
majorana <strong>and</strong> has widespread culinary use. O. dictamnus is only GRAS as a natural flavoring substance<br />
(89, 107).<br />
According to an analysis by the USDA, 1 average teaspoon <strong>of</strong> dried marjoram has 2 calories, .04 grams<br />
<strong>of</strong> fat, .36 grams carbohydrate, .08 grams protein, .2 grams fiber, 12 mg <strong>of</strong> calcium, 9 mg <strong>of</strong> potassium<br />
<strong>and</strong> 48 IU vitamin A, plus small amounts <strong>of</strong> a variety <strong>of</strong> other vitamins <strong>and</strong> minerals. <strong>The</strong> same quantity<br />
<strong>of</strong> dried oregano is slightly more nutritious with 6 calories, .2 grams protein, .18 grams fat, <strong>and</strong> 1.16<br />
grams carbohydrate <strong>and</strong> .8 grams fiber. It also contains 28 mg calcium, 30 mg potassium, <strong>and</strong> 124 IU<br />
vitamin A. (106). In addition to vitamins <strong>and</strong> minerals, it has been reported that Origanum vulgare also<br />
includes the flavonoids, galangin <strong>and</strong> quercetin, which can reduce mutations in the dietary carcinogen<br />
Trp-P-2 (102).<br />
Aside from oregano’s inherent nutritional value, it may impact overall nutrition by stimulating or curbing<br />
appetite, depending on the amount used. A 1997 study showed that adding .27% oregano to pasta<br />
sauce increased the amount <strong>of</strong> food eaten by study participants. Raising the amount to .56% had the<br />
opposite effect, reducing food consumption (47 cited in 72). Pregnant women may notice a particular<br />
“aversion” to oregano. This could be a natural protection since oregano can be a “mucous membrane<br />
irritant” (67) <strong>and</strong> may stimulate uterine bleeding <strong>and</strong> cause spontaneous abortion (19 cited in 3). Several<br />
sources recommend avoiding “excessive use” <strong>of</strong> both O. vulgare <strong>and</strong> O. majorana during pregnancy<br />
for the same reason (19 cited in 3, 26). In addition to pregnancy precautions, some individuals may experience<br />
allergic reactions to origanums (3, 72).<br />
History & Folklore<br />
Native to the Mediterranean <strong>and</strong> Eurasia, Origanum species have been cultivated in Egypt for over 3000<br />
years, were used by the ancient Greeks since classical times (92) <strong>and</strong> have been grown in Engl<strong>and</strong> since<br />
the 13th century (68, 92). Some <strong>of</strong> the earliest records <strong>of</strong> Origanum use date back to 1600-1200 B.C.,<br />
when images <strong>of</strong> the plants were inscribed on tablets by the Hittites <strong>of</strong> Asia Minor/Syria (61). Some<br />
sources claim that oregano traveled to North <strong>America</strong> with the European colonists (63, 73, 111). Dittany<br />
<strong>of</strong> Crete was introduced to <strong>America</strong>n growers as recently as the 1930s thanks to the efforts <strong>of</strong><br />
HSA member Mrs. Ellery Sedgwick, who brought a source plant back from a trip to Crete after being<br />
inspired by an article about the legendary herb in an early issue <strong>of</strong> <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist (58, 71).<br />
An <strong>Herb</strong> by Any Other Name…<br />
Sometimes called the “prince <strong>of</strong> herbs” (60, 98), the name Origanum was first used by the ancient<br />
Greek physician Hippocrates (460-370 B.C.) (96, 112) <strong>and</strong> is thought by most authorities to have originated<br />
from the Greek words for mountains (oreos) <strong>and</strong> brightness/joy/beauty (ganeos) (96, 112). <strong>Oregano</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> marjoram were commonly called “joy <strong>of</strong> the mountains” due to their beauty <strong>and</strong> abundance<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
on the Mediterranean mountainsides, where they grew wild (48, 84, 102).<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are four species that st<strong>and</strong> out in Origanum history <strong>and</strong> folklore: sweet marjoram (O. majorana),<br />
wild marjoram/oregano (O. vulgare), dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete (O. dictamnus) <strong>and</strong> Syrian oregano (O. syriacum). It<br />
is important to note, however, that in much <strong>of</strong> the history <strong>and</strong> folklore <strong>of</strong> the genus it is difficult to distinguish<br />
between sweet marjoram <strong>and</strong> oregano since many authors have used the name marjoram to<br />
describe both plants, <strong>and</strong> historically, both O. majorana (sweet marjoram) <strong>and</strong> O. vulgare (wild marjoram/oregano)<br />
have been called marjoram (26, 88). <strong>The</strong> physical similarity <strong>of</strong> the plants <strong>and</strong> difficulty<br />
with proper identification have been a historical problem (63) that has persisted to recent times, so all<br />
history <strong>and</strong> folklore must carry a disclaimer <strong>and</strong> be considered in a broad context. That said, in most <strong>of</strong><br />
the folklore, origanums have been portrayed in a very positive light, associated with love, protection,<br />
purification, healing, <strong>and</strong> happiness, <strong>and</strong> steeped in religious tradition <strong>and</strong> myth.<br />
Love<br />
Sweet marjoram has long been an herb <strong>of</strong> love. According to Roman legend, the goddess <strong>of</strong> love, Venus,<br />
gave the plant its scent “to remind mortals <strong>of</strong> her beauty” (9). A similar legend surrounds Aphrodite,<br />
Venus’s counterpart in Greek mythology, who is said to have created sweet marjoram <strong>and</strong> grew it<br />
on Mount Olympus (85, 92). <strong>Marjoram</strong> has been used in love potions <strong>and</strong> spells (9, 31, 54, 84) <strong>and</strong> as a<br />
wedding herb in nosegays/tussie mussies <strong>and</strong> bridal bouquets (9, 66, 86). In ancient Greece <strong>and</strong> Rome a<br />
crown <strong>of</strong> marjoram was worn by the bride <strong>and</strong> groom during wedding ceremonies (37, 84, 92), a tradition<br />
that has also been associated with wild marjoram/oregano (48).<br />
<strong>The</strong>re is more than one folk tradition linking marjoram to love <strong>and</strong> divinatory dreams. According to<br />
one legend, if a woman placed marjoram in her bed before going to sleep, Aphrodite would appear in a<br />
dream to “reveal her future spouse’s identity” (25 cited in 92). <strong>Marjoram</strong> was also one <strong>of</strong> the herbs<br />
used to divine a future spouse in a St. Luke’s Day tradition when combined with marigold flowers,<br />
thyme, wormwood, honey <strong>and</strong> vinegar. If anointed with this mixture before bed, a girl would dream <strong>of</strong><br />
her future husb<strong>and</strong> (48).<br />
Protection<br />
Both sweet <strong>and</strong> wild marjoram have been used to protect against evil by being carried, grown in gardens<br />
or placed inside a house (31). <strong>The</strong>y have also been enclosed in magical amulets to ward <strong>of</strong>f colds<br />
(31), <strong>and</strong> marjoram was believed to repel witches’ spells, ghosts, goblins <strong>and</strong> the devil if thrown “over<br />
the threshold” <strong>of</strong> a house (84) or hung over a doorway (88). Wild marjoram/oregano had a reputation<br />
for protecting milk during storms, <strong>and</strong> if combined with wild thyme <strong>and</strong> placed near milk pails, was believed<br />
to prevent the milk from being soured by thunder (48, 80, 84).<br />
Healing<br />
<strong>The</strong> use <strong>of</strong> Origanum for healing dates back centuries <strong>and</strong> is recorded in the earliest herbals <strong>and</strong> natural<br />
histories. Early writers like <strong>The</strong>ophrastus, Mithradates, Pliny, Dioscorides <strong>and</strong> Galen mentioned them<br />
(16, 91), <strong>and</strong> the plants were praised by the well-known herbalists Parkinson, Culpeper <strong>and</strong> Gerard.<br />
Gerard, Culpeper <strong>and</strong> Parkinson all recommended marjoram for a wide variety <strong>of</strong> conditions, including<br />
menstrual irregularity <strong>and</strong> urinary congestion. According to Culpeper, marjoram was “warming <strong>and</strong><br />
comfortable in cold Diseases <strong>of</strong> the Head, Stomach, Sinews <strong>and</strong> other parts, taken inwardly, or out-<br />
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wardly applied” (30). He also suggested it for problems with the stomach, spleen <strong>and</strong> liver <strong>and</strong> for earaches,<br />
swellings <strong>and</strong> stiff joints.<br />
Gerard recommended sweet marjoram <strong>and</strong> wild marjoram/oregano<br />
for a variety <strong>of</strong> similar ailments, from colds, toothaches <strong>and</strong> stomachaches<br />
to bruises <strong>and</strong> swellings. Sweet marjoram could comfort<br />
those “given to overmuch sighing,” <strong>and</strong> wild marjoram could be<br />
used externally for scabs <strong>and</strong> itching, poured into the ear with milk<br />
for earache, used for coughing <strong>and</strong> “against the swouning <strong>of</strong> the<br />
heart” (45). According to Gerard, oregano <strong>and</strong> wine could remedy<br />
the stings <strong>of</strong> “venomous beasts” as well as opium, hemlock or black<br />
poppy poisoning. <strong>The</strong> reputation <strong>of</strong> Origanum as a poisoning antidote<br />
may have originated with Aristotle, who claimed that a tortoise<br />
could survive swallowing a snake if it ate oregano (17, 92).<br />
Gerard also discussed dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete, claiming that it encouraged<br />
menstruation, was a “remedie against the stinging <strong>of</strong> serpents” when<br />
drunk with wine, <strong>and</strong> would ward <strong>of</strong> serpents with its smell. He believed<br />
the Cretan dittany could draw out splinters, expel arrows <strong>and</strong><br />
aid in wound healing, <strong>and</strong> reported that goats <strong>and</strong> deer would eat<br />
the plant when “wounded with arrows…shake them out by eating<br />
<strong>of</strong> this plant, <strong>and</strong> heal their wounds” (45).<br />
Religious References <strong>and</strong> Myth<br />
Origanum syriacum (Syrian or Lebanese oregano) is considered by<br />
most biblical authorities to be one <strong>of</strong> the plants referred to in the Bible as hyssop (77, 92, 102), particularly<br />
in the Old Testament passages (77). It is believed to be the plant used to sprinkle lamb’s blood<br />
on the Israelites’ doorposts during Passover in the account <strong>of</strong> Exodus 12:22 (77, 102) <strong>and</strong> to have been<br />
used for purification (Leviticus 14:5-52; Psalms 51:7) <strong>and</strong> sacrificial <strong>of</strong>ferings (Numbers 19:6-18) (77).<br />
Origanums also played a role in ancient, pre-Judaic religions <strong>and</strong> mythology. In addition to its association<br />
with Aphrodite <strong>and</strong> Venus, marjoram was reportedly worn during rites to the god Osiris in ancient<br />
Egypt (84). Dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete was linked with various goddesses who watched over women during<br />
childbirth, including the Cretan mountain goddess Dictinna <strong>and</strong> the Roman goddess Lucina (84, 91).<br />
<strong>The</strong> Greek goddess Artemis <strong>and</strong> the Roman goddess Diana were also linked with the plant, <strong>and</strong> both<br />
Artemis <strong>and</strong> Lucina have reportedly been pictured wearing a crown <strong>of</strong> dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete (84, 91).<br />
Amaracus, one <strong>of</strong> the former names for the genus, has a mythology <strong>of</strong> its own. According to legend, the<br />
king <strong>of</strong> Cypress once had a servant named Amaracus who was charged with transporting a bottle <strong>of</strong><br />
valuable perfume for the king. When Amaracus dropped the bottle he died <strong>of</strong> fright, collapsed into a<br />
pool <strong>of</strong> the perfume, <strong>and</strong> was transformed by the gods into a sweet-scented Origanum. Versions <strong>of</strong> this<br />
legend have been associated with both sweet marjoram (76) <strong>and</strong> dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete (26, 84).<br />
Language <strong>of</strong> Flowers<br />
Illustration <strong>of</strong> sweet marjoram from<br />
Gerard’s <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>all, or Generall<br />
Historie <strong>of</strong> Plantes, 1633 edition (HSA<br />
Library rare book collection)<br />
In the Victorian Language <strong>of</strong> Flowers, both marjoram <strong>and</strong> oregano signified joy <strong>and</strong> happiness (24, 46,<br />
88). In some interpretations, oregano also meant substance (24), <strong>and</strong> sweet marjoram could symbolize<br />
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blushes, “maidenly innocence” (46), consolation, kindness, courtesy <strong>and</strong> distrust (66).<br />
Magic <strong>and</strong> Other Folklore<br />
According to magical folklore, dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete could be “burned to manifest spirits” (31) or enable astral<br />
projection (31, 54). Probably because <strong>of</strong> these properties, it is one <strong>of</strong> the herbs associated with<br />
Samhain (54), a Celtic pagan holiday that is the basis for the secular Halloween. Wild marjoram also has<br />
an association with spirits, as it was thought to “help the dead sleep peacefully” (92) if planted on a<br />
grave <strong>and</strong> foretell a happy afterlife if found growing on a grave in Greece (48, 80). Both marjoram <strong>and</strong><br />
wild marjoram/oregano are also reputed to attract wealth when placed in sachets (31), <strong>and</strong> marjoram<br />
has been used in Sephardic Jewish tradition for healing <strong>and</strong> to divine the cause <strong>of</strong> an illness (70).<br />
Culinary History<br />
Sweet marjoram was a popular culinary herb in Europe during the Middle Ages (60) when it was used<br />
in cakes, puddings <strong>and</strong> porridge (72), <strong>and</strong> records <strong>of</strong> its culinary use date back to the 1300s in Spain <strong>and</strong><br />
Italy when it was added to stews <strong>and</strong> shellfish (8). O. majorana was a common salad herb in the 16th<br />
century (84) <strong>and</strong> was used to flavor eggs, rice, meats <strong>and</strong> fish during the Renaissance (8). Both marjoram<br />
<strong>and</strong> oregano have been used to make teas (9, 38, 48), <strong>and</strong> prior to the introduction <strong>of</strong> hops, wild<br />
marjoram/oregano was an ingredient in beers <strong>and</strong> ales (48).<br />
Although oregano has been used in the cuisines <strong>of</strong> its native countries (60) <strong>and</strong> was employed since 7th<br />
century B.C. to flavor meat, vegetables, fish <strong>and</strong> wine (61), the herb’s pervasive culinary popularity is<br />
somewhat more recent. <strong>Oregano</strong> has been grown in <strong>America</strong> since colonial times (28, 85) but was not<br />
in widespread use in the U.S. until the end <strong>of</strong> WWII, when <strong>America</strong>n GIs returned from Europe with a<br />
taste for pizza <strong>and</strong> Italian sauces (92, 99).<br />
Dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete has had more limited culinary use, but the flowers <strong>and</strong> bracts were reportedly used<br />
to make tea, <strong>and</strong> the plant was combined with garlic, parsley, thyme, salt <strong>and</strong> pepper in a Saxon fish<br />
sauce (58).<br />
Other Historic Uses<br />
Origanums have historically been used for hygiene, fragrance <strong>and</strong> cleaning. <strong>The</strong> Egyptians used oregano<br />
as a disinfectant, preservative <strong>and</strong> medicine (17). <strong>Marjoram</strong> was combined with oregano, rosemary <strong>and</strong><br />
lavender by the Romans in linen <strong>and</strong> bath sachets (9), <strong>and</strong> sachets <strong>of</strong> dried Origanum were used to protect<br />
stored clothes from moths <strong>and</strong> other insects (84). According to Culpeper, “<strong>Marjoram</strong> is much<br />
used in all odiferous Waters, Pouders, etc., that are used for Ornament or delight” (30), <strong>and</strong> Parkinson<br />
recommended marjoram, which he called sweete marierome, for use in nosegays, sweet bags <strong>and</strong><br />
sweet washing waters (83). Gerard described sweet marjoram as “<strong>of</strong> a most pleasant taste <strong>and</strong> aromatical<br />
smell” <strong>and</strong> recommended the leaves as “excellent good to be put into all odiferous ointments,<br />
waters, powders, broths, <strong>and</strong> meats” (45). <strong>Marjoram</strong> was used to polish furniture <strong>and</strong> floors in Europe<br />
(17, 48) <strong>and</strong> was listed as one <strong>of</strong> Tusser’s strewing herbs (48, 80) scattered over floors to freshen, disinfect<br />
<strong>and</strong> ward <strong>of</strong>f disease (85), although it isn’t completely clear whether the plant in question was<br />
sweet or wild marjoram.<br />
<strong>Marjoram</strong> (Origanum sp.) was also grown in English knot gardens as bee <strong>and</strong> butterfly plants in the Tudor<br />
<strong>and</strong> Stewart periods (84), <strong>and</strong> was planted in mazes during the 16th century (80).<br />
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Origanum Today<br />
Today, oregano is the “largest selling” culinary herb (60). <strong>America</strong>ns consume 379,000 metric tons <strong>of</strong><br />
oregano per year, the majority <strong>of</strong> which (63%) is imported (81). (Statistics also include Lippia species.)<br />
Increases in consumption in recent years may be due in part to popularity <strong>of</strong> low-fat, low-salt diets,<br />
which rely more on seasonings (81). See the Uses section <strong>of</strong> this guide for other contemporary uses.<br />
Did you know?<br />
<strong>Oregano</strong> lends its name to an obscure computer programming language.<br />
Literature & Art<br />
For as long as there has been recorded literature, there have been references to the origanums. One<br />
<strong>of</strong> its earliest literary appearances is in Aristophanes’s Women in Power (393 B.C.): “<strong>The</strong>n first strew me<br />
some origanum underneath, <strong>and</strong> break <strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> place under four vine-twigs, <strong>and</strong> wear a taenia, <strong>and</strong> place<br />
beside you the vases, <strong>and</strong> set down the earthen vessel <strong>of</strong> water before your door” (5).<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are many references to marjoram in the classics. It appeared in the 1st century B.C. poem Epithalamion<br />
by Catullus, was mentioned by Shakespeare as well as English poets Edmund Spencer (16 th<br />
century) <strong>and</strong> Michael Drayton (16-17th century), <strong>and</strong> 19 th century authors Oscar Wilde <strong>and</strong> Robert<br />
Browning.<br />
Shakespeare included marjoram in <strong>The</strong> Winter’s Tale <strong>and</strong> All’s Well that End’s Well: “Indeed, sir, she was<br />
the sweet-marjoram <strong>of</strong> the salad, or, rather the herb <strong>of</strong> grace” (Act IV, Scene V). It was also referenced<br />
in Sonnet 99: “<strong>The</strong> lily I condemned for thy h<strong>and</strong>,/And buds <strong>of</strong> marjoram had stol’n thy hair,” <strong>and</strong> played<br />
a role in King Lear, when Edgar must give the password “sweet marjoram” to be dispatched by Lear<br />
(Act IV, Scene VI) (29).<br />
Michael Drayton, a contemporary <strong>of</strong> Shakespeare, made reference to marjoram as a strewing herb in<br />
his poem, Muse’s Elysium:<br />
… Germ<strong>and</strong>er, <strong>Marjoram</strong> <strong>and</strong> Thyme,<br />
Which uses are for strewing,<br />
With Hyssop as an herb most prime,<br />
Here in my wreath bestowing. (86)<br />
<strong>The</strong> anonymous English/Scottish ballad Lady Alice includes a bittersweet sentiment: “And bury me in<br />
Saint Mary’s church/All for my love so true,/And make for me a garl<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> marjoram,/And <strong>of</strong> lemonthyme,<br />
<strong>and</strong> rue.” (21)<br />
Although literary references to dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete are more limited, it did play a noteworthy role in<br />
Virgil’s Aenied, when the goddess Venus uses the herb to extract an arrow from Aeneus <strong>and</strong> heal his<br />
wound:<br />
A branch <strong>of</strong> healing dittany she brought,<br />
Which in the Cretan fields with care she sought…<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
This Venus brings, in clouds involved, <strong>and</strong> brews<br />
Th’ extracted liquor with ambrosian dews,<br />
And odorous panacee…<br />
<strong>The</strong> steel, but scarcely touched with tender h<strong>and</strong>s,<br />
Moves up, <strong>and</strong> follows <strong>of</strong> its own accord,<br />
And health <strong>and</strong> vigor are at once restor’d. – source: <strong>The</strong> Aeneid, Book 12 (110)<br />
Most explicit references to oregano are more recent, probably because any early works would have<br />
used the name marjoram. <strong>Oregano</strong> is mentioned by a variety <strong>of</strong> 20th century poets <strong>and</strong> playwrights,<br />
the most famous being the Chilean Nobel Laureate Pablo Neruda whose Love Sonnet XXXIV opens<br />
with a reference to oregano (79).<br />
Although Origanum illustrations have been featured in various herbals, including Gerard’s, portrayals <strong>of</strong><br />
origanums in art are scarce <strong>and</strong> not well documented. Some sources claim that the goddesses Artemis<br />
(91) <strong>and</strong> Lucina (84) have been pictured wearing a crown <strong>of</strong> dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete, but the specific artworks<br />
have not been identified. <strong>The</strong> earliest known image <strong>of</strong> Origanum dictamnus appeared in a 1500 B.C.<br />
fresco that was discovered in the ruins <strong>of</strong> a Minoan palace near the ancient Cretan city <strong>of</strong> Knossos (20,<br />
58, 92). According to one source, dittany’s role in <strong>The</strong> Aeneid was illustrated in a Pompeian wall painting<br />
that portrayed Venus bringing the healing plant to Aeneas’s physician (58). A color painting <strong>of</strong> dittany<br />
<strong>of</strong> Crete was also allegedly included in a second century A.D. papyrus found at Umm el Baragat<br />
(27).<br />
<strong>The</strong> role <strong>of</strong> Origanum isn’t limited to the visual <strong>and</strong> literary arts. <strong>Oregano</strong> also appears in a composition<br />
by jazz musician Art Pepper titled Art’s <strong>Oregano</strong>.<br />
Cultivation<br />
Growing origanums may seem intimidating at first, since growth requirements <strong>and</strong> hardiness vary<br />
among species <strong>and</strong> subspecies (105), but if you start with one or two plants <strong>and</strong> follow a few basic<br />
guidelines, cultivation can be easy, low-maintenance <strong>and</strong> rewarding. In this section, HSA’s expert growers<br />
will show you how.<br />
Propagation<br />
Origanum species can be grown from seed, cuttings, division or layering, <strong>and</strong> the best method will depend<br />
on the plant’s growth habit <strong>and</strong> variability. Susan Belsinger’s rule <strong>of</strong> thumb is to “take the lead<br />
from the plant” (7). In general, she takes cuttings for upright plants, layers the sprawling types <strong>and</strong> divides<br />
if plants get very large. According to Susan, “If you have a really sprawling one it almost selflayers.<br />
It’s so easy all you need to do is take a branch, put a little soil on it <strong>and</strong> put a rock on top” (7).<br />
Susan recommends layering for O. xmajoricum, O. onites <strong>and</strong> O. vulgare subsp. hirtum, which though<br />
erect, will easily “flop over” <strong>and</strong> spread. Because O. majorana <strong>and</strong> O. dictamnus are upright, Susan grows<br />
them from cuttings. She also propagates O. xmajoricum, O. onites <strong>and</strong> O. vulgare by division. After dividing,<br />
O. xmajoricum plants can be placed in 4-inch pots (11). Scott Kresge propagates the plants in his<br />
HSA-registered Origanum collection from cuttings, but also divides the larger clump-forming varieties in<br />
his garden (64). Division can also be a means <strong>of</strong> pruning. See the Pruning & Harvesting section for details.<br />
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To propagate sweet marjoram <strong>and</strong> O. xmajoricum from cuttings, Tina Marie Wilcox suggests cutting<br />
about 8 inches down the stem, 2-3 nodes from the top so that the base <strong>of</strong> the cutting is in the semihard<br />
woody portion <strong>of</strong> the stem, <strong>and</strong> nipping <strong>of</strong>f the weak uppermost inch or two <strong>of</strong> the stem tip. New<br />
branches will grow from the nodes (114). Rae McKimm recommends taking cuttings from a semi-ripe<br />
portion <strong>of</strong> the stem since “new green growth will rot easily, <strong>and</strong> woody material takes longer to strike<br />
roots <strong>and</strong> results in a leggier plant” (75). Cuttings can be taken in late spring (16) or summer (109). O.<br />
xmajoricum can be rooted in s<strong>and</strong>, water or a mix <strong>of</strong> s<strong>and</strong>, peat <strong>and</strong> perlite (11), <strong>and</strong> Francesco DeBaggio<br />
roots all <strong>of</strong> his cuttings in a peat-based soilless mix (32). Madalene Hill, Gwen Barclay <strong>and</strong> Henry<br />
Flowers prefer to propagate their Origanum plants from cuttings because it is easy <strong>and</strong> preserves the<br />
plant’s genetic characteristics (52). Francesco DeBaggio points out that propagating from cuttings is<br />
particularly useful for culinary origanums to preserve flavor (32).<br />
Growing from seed can be a tricky proposition for many <strong>of</strong> the more variable Origanum species. If<br />
grown from seed, the resultant plant will <strong>of</strong>ten lack the desired scent <strong>and</strong> flavor due to genetic variation<br />
<strong>and</strong> crossing. Rex Talbert recommends propagation methods like division <strong>and</strong> cuttings that clone<br />
the source plant’s chemistry <strong>and</strong> form <strong>and</strong> preserve its aroma <strong>and</strong> flavor (95). Growing from seed is a<br />
last resort for Madalene Hill, <strong>and</strong> she will only use this method if seed is all that is available (51).<br />
Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay caution against planting seeds directly in the ground because they may<br />
be washed away by rain or eaten by birds (51). If you do decide to take your chances <strong>and</strong> propagate<br />
from seed, your best bet is to start in flats. In their book, <strong>The</strong> Big Book <strong>of</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>s, Arthur O. Tucker <strong>and</strong><br />
Thomas DeBaggio suggest sowing both oregano <strong>and</strong> marjoram uncovered (102), but Carol Morse, who<br />
helps maintain an HSA-registered Origanum collection in northern California, likes to “sprinkle small<br />
pinches <strong>of</strong> seeds on lightly tamped, slightly moist soil” <strong>and</strong> “barely cover the seeds with ground vermiculite<br />
<strong>and</strong> water with a mister to get it evenly wet” (78). She prefers topping with vermiculite to<br />
hold moisture. <strong>Marjoram</strong> will generally germinate in 5 days <strong>and</strong> oregano in 4 at a temperature <strong>of</strong> 70°F<br />
(102), but Carol Morse finds that in her northern California greenhouse, where nighttime temperatures<br />
can drop to the 30s <strong>and</strong> 40s, germination may take up to a month. Francesco DeBaggio <strong>and</strong> Tina<br />
Marie Wilcox propagate O. majorana from seed, <strong>and</strong> this species is the only Origanum Francesco grows<br />
from seed because it will generally come true. He has found that seed from seed catalogs is more reliable<br />
for O. majorana than the other Origanum species, but cautions that although the species can be<br />
grown from seed, any named cultivars should be grown from cuttings (32).<br />
In March, Tina Marie sows 1-2 seeds per cell <strong>and</strong> uses a heat mat to encourage germination. When the<br />
plants have germinated, she removes the weaker one, leaving one plant per cell. When it has 2-3 true<br />
leaves she moves it to a 4½-6-inch pot before transplanting into the ground (114). Rae McKimm starts<br />
her seeds in January using fluorescent lights on a timer, 16 hours on <strong>and</strong> 8 hours <strong>of</strong>f (75). For starting<br />
seed, Francesco DeBaggio recommends a soilless peat-based growing medium (32).<br />
Beginners may want to start by purchasing a young plant. Because origanums are so variable <strong>and</strong> are<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten mislabeled by nurseries <strong>and</strong> retail outlets, many <strong>of</strong> HSA’s Origanum experts recommend smelling<br />
a culinary oregano or marjoram before you buy it (7, 51, 95, 114). Plants may be labeled oregano <strong>and</strong><br />
actually be an ornamental subspecies <strong>of</strong> O. vulgare rather than a culinary type like O. vulgare subsp. hirtum.<br />
For O. xmajoricum, matters are even more complicated. O. xmajoricum is a hybrid <strong>of</strong> O. vulgare<br />
subsp. virens <strong>and</strong> O. majorana, but since the rules <strong>of</strong> nomenclature require that the subspecies is not<br />
specified in the cross, a plant labeled O. xmajoricum may actually have a parent that is a different subspecies<br />
<strong>of</strong> O. vulgare <strong>and</strong> may not have the characteristic scent <strong>and</strong> flavor (95). According to Rex<br />
Talbert, unless O. xmajoricum is grown from cuttings, genetic variation can occur that may produce a<br />
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culinarily flavorless plant, even if the plant’s parents are O. majorana <strong>and</strong> O. vulgare subsp. virens (95).<br />
Interestingly, although O. vulgare subsp. virens is recorded as the subspecies <strong>of</strong> O. vulgare involved in the<br />
originally authored cross, the subspecies itself is not generally used as a condiment (102).<br />
In the South, fall is a good time to buy plants for transplanting outdoors (51). Susan Belsinger <strong>and</strong> Tina<br />
Marie Wilcox suggest looking for O. xmajoricum as Italian oregano or the cultivar ‘Hilltop’ <strong>and</strong> to taste<br />
the plant before purchasing. According to Tina <strong>and</strong> Susan, the leaf “should tingle on your tongue with<br />
the familiar spicy pungency <strong>of</strong> oregano, yet the sweetness should round out the spice, <strong>and</strong> it should be<br />
only very mildly hot” (11).<br />
For beginners, the majority <strong>of</strong> HSA’s experts recommend O. vulgare subsp. hirtum (1, 7, 75, 95, 101), O.<br />
xmajoricum (7, 32, 51, 95) <strong>and</strong> O. majorana (7). Scott Kresge finds that O. vulgare. subsp. hirtum is “the<br />
most tolerant <strong>of</strong> extreme conditions” (64). Dr. Arthur O. Tucker considers this species the best for<br />
outdoor culture for the home gardener because it is hardy in most North <strong>America</strong>n gardens <strong>and</strong> has a<br />
flavor that works well for pizza <strong>and</strong> other foods that call for oregano (101). O. xmajoricum is another<br />
favorite that Francesco DeBaggio recommends for its mild pungency <strong>and</strong> excellent flavor (32). Likely<br />
due to a trait inherited from its parent O. vulgare subsp. virens, O. xmajoricum is hardier than O. majorana<br />
<strong>and</strong> can be a good plant for many novice gardeners.<br />
OUTDOOR CULTIVATION<br />
Origanum plants are perennials or subshrubs with hardiness ranging from Zone 5 to Zone 9 depending<br />
on species/subspecies. Many are tender <strong>and</strong> are grown as annuals in North <strong>America</strong> or are grown in<br />
pots <strong>and</strong> overwintered indoors (102). Origanums grow so easily that some species, like O. vulgare, if<br />
left unchecked, may become invasive <strong>and</strong> spread like weeds. See the Species Highlights section for<br />
more information on habit, growth form <strong>and</strong> hardiness.<br />
Soil<br />
Origanums can grow in a variety <strong>of</strong> soils <strong>and</strong> climates<br />
(85, 116) but thrive in dry, rocky conditions that mimic<br />
their native habitat. <strong>The</strong>y prefer well-drained to dry<br />
(16), s<strong>and</strong>y (33, 75), gravelly loam (102) with a neutral<br />
to alkaline pH (16, 85), about 6.9 for O. majorana <strong>and</strong><br />
6.7 for O. vulgare subsp. vulgare (102). Wood ashes or<br />
dolomitic limestone can be used to reduce acidity (85).<br />
Good air circulation/aeration is also essential (104).<br />
Origanum bed with Mediterranean mulch<br />
Photo by Susan Belsinger<br />
Raised beds can be helpful for aiding drainage <strong>and</strong> preventing<br />
weed growth (116). Susan Belsinger <strong>and</strong> Tina Marie<br />
Wilcox have an easy <strong>and</strong> economical method for creating a raised bed. Simply dig paths around <strong>and</strong><br />
through the garden, shoveling the soil from the paths to create the beds as you dig (116). Francesco<br />
DeBaggio recommends raising the planting bed 6-12 inches or planting each plant on its own mound to<br />
promote drainage. He also suggests light colored gravel if your climate is humid. He doesn’t recom-<br />
mend st<strong>and</strong>ard organic mulch because it holds too much humidity around the foliage (32). Barbara Varl<strong>and</strong>,<br />
who maintains an HSA-registered Origanum collection in Cincinnati (zone 6) plants in raised beds<br />
to overcome heavy clay soil <strong>and</strong> uses a combination <strong>of</strong> soilless mix, s<strong>and</strong>, compost <strong>and</strong> chicken grit<br />
topped with a pea gravel mulch for all <strong>of</strong> her Origanum plants (109). Susan Belsinger <strong>and</strong> Tina Marie<br />
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Wilcox recommend using ground rocks, shells or greens<strong>and</strong>, plus builder’s s<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> a mixture <strong>of</strong> compost,<br />
fish meal, blood meal, <strong>and</strong>/or worm castings to provide a healthy root foundation (116).<br />
Planting<br />
Before transplanting, plants that have been started indoors should be hardened <strong>of</strong>f in a cold-frame for<br />
about a week to acclimate them to the outdoors (32, 102). (See Propagation section for information<br />
on starting plants.) <strong>The</strong>y can be transplanted into the ground after the last chance <strong>of</strong> frost (32). Winter-hardy<br />
perennials can be planted in spring, summer or fall, depending on when the ground freezes<br />
(7, 95).<br />
<strong>The</strong> required spacing between plants will vary depending on the species <strong>and</strong> growth habit. Art Tucker<br />
<strong>and</strong> Thomas DeBaggio recommend spacing O. majorana plants 6-12 inches apart for home gardens<br />
(102), <strong>and</strong> according to Francesco DeBaggio, 6-10 inch spacing will work for most species (32). Tina<br />
Marie Wilcox spaces sweet marjoram 1½ feet apart, <strong>and</strong> Henry Flowers recommends 1½-2 foot spacing<br />
for O. xmajoricum unless planting in a border or hedge, in which case spacing can be closer (51,<br />
114). Gwen Barclay reminds gardeners that the spreading, low-growing origanums will fill in regardless<br />
<strong>of</strong> how they are spaced at planting, <strong>and</strong> make great groundcovers for this reason (51).<br />
Light<br />
Origanums can be grown in full sun or partial shade but will have improved scent <strong>and</strong> flower color with<br />
at least ½ day <strong>of</strong> full sun (104), but Carol Morse, who gardens in Zone 9, finds that marjoram (O. majorana)<br />
prefers light shade on very hot, windy days (78), <strong>and</strong> one source suggests north-facing rock garden<br />
slopes for species with hop-like blooms (112). Morse has also had success growing O. vulgare<br />
subsp. hirtum, <strong>and</strong> the cultivars O. vulgare subsp. vulgare ‘Humile,’ O. ‘Marshall’s Memory,’ O. ‘Kent<br />
Beauty’ <strong>and</strong> O. ‘Santa Cruz’ in morning sun.<br />
Water<br />
For the genus Origanum, proper drainage is more <strong>of</strong> a concern than watering. Plants can tolerate moist<br />
to dry conditions, <strong>and</strong> established plants are drought tolerant (102). All origanums prefer well-drained<br />
soil, but some require sharper drainage than others. Drainage is particularly important for O. dictamnus<br />
(51, 105), O. microphyllum <strong>and</strong> O. rotundifolium (51). Humidity is also a concern, <strong>and</strong> origanums generally<br />
dislike high humidity (104). Low humidity is crucial for hairy-leaved plants like O. dictamnus (95, 101,<br />
105), which can be grown to zone 7 if the air is dry enough (105). According to Dr. Arthur O. Tucker,<br />
“Origanum dictamnus is even hardy to Denver, I underst<strong>and</strong>, because the summers <strong>and</strong> winters are dry,<br />
but I cannot get it through a Delaware winter because <strong>of</strong> the excessive moisture” (101). Holders <strong>of</strong><br />
HSA-registered Origanum collections, Carol Morse <strong>and</strong> Richard Dennis, suggest minimal watering. Tina<br />
Marie Wilcox, who gardens at the Ozark Folk Center in Arkansas, doesn’t water her outdoor origanums<br />
at all <strong>and</strong> grows them on mountain ridges for good drainage (114). According to Rae McKimm,<br />
“supplemental watering is needed only during extremely dry conditions – then water slowly <strong>and</strong><br />
deeply” (75). For containers, McKimm suggests watering well <strong>and</strong> deeply <strong>and</strong> waiting until the soil is<br />
almost completely dry before watering again. For Scott Kresge, O. vulgare <strong>and</strong> its subspecies are most<br />
tolerant <strong>of</strong> wet conditions (64).<br />
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Fertilizer<br />
Most origanums will thrive with minimal fertilizer if planted in soil amended with gravel, shells, s<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
compost, <strong>and</strong> proper soil amendments are especially critical for container-grown plants. According to<br />
Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay, most plants grown in containers in the South, including herbs, require<br />
regular fertilization because <strong>of</strong> the excessive amount <strong>of</strong> water required during hot summers. Weekly<br />
or biweekly applications <strong>of</strong> half-strength fertilizer may be required (51). Scott Kresge waters his container<br />
plants with manure tea in the summer <strong>and</strong> top-dresses his in-ground origanums with compost<br />
made from plant material, leaves <strong>and</strong> horse manure (64). Fish meal, blood meal <strong>and</strong> worm castings are<br />
other possible organic additions (116). At the National <strong>Herb</strong> Garden, James Adams amends ground<br />
plantings with compost once or twice a year (1). Susan Belsinger recommends foliar feeding with kelp,<br />
fish emulsion or compost tea when transplanting <strong>and</strong> once a month during the summer. She sprays<br />
plants early in the morning or late in the day so that the sun does not evaporate the solution (7). Tina<br />
Marie Wilcox feeds plants up to twice a month during the active growing season, but discontinues in<br />
September to ensure the plants a healthy winter (114). Francesco DeBaggio recommends granular or<br />
liquid organic fertilizers <strong>and</strong> suggests light fertilizing to prevent rapid, s<strong>of</strong>t growth that becomes disease<br />
prone (32). Disease isn’t the only reason to go easy on the fertilizer. According to Henry Flowers,<br />
plants given too much nitrogen will be rangy <strong>and</strong> less flavorful (51).<br />
Containers<br />
Most Origanum plants can be grown in containers, for hardiness, appearance, <strong>and</strong> convenience or to<br />
control the more aggressive types. Susan Belsinger, who gardens in Zone 7, grows some <strong>of</strong> the more<br />
tender species like O. majorana <strong>and</strong> O. dictamnus in pots that can be brought inside in October <strong>and</strong> returned<br />
outdoors in late April or early May after the danger <strong>of</strong> frost has passed. She starts plants in 2-4inch<br />
pots <strong>and</strong> eventually moves to 8-inch pots. Even if the plant will be staying in the same size pot, it is<br />
important to trim the roots <strong>and</strong> change the soil annually or at least every 2-3 years. Susan grows O. rotundifolium<br />
hybrid ‘Kent Beauty’ in hanging baskets for its beauty as an ornamental (7).<br />
Gwen Barclay recommends container growing to beginners because it allows plants to be moved for<br />
optimum sun exposure <strong>and</strong> to protect from excess water/rain. This is especially important for grayleaved<br />
<strong>and</strong> smaller-growing plants that require more drainage, like O. microphyllum, O. dictamnus <strong>and</strong> O.<br />
rotundifolium. Henry Flowers recommends a porous container like terra cotta for proper drainage, using<br />
a 6-inch pot for smaller types <strong>and</strong> a 20-24-inch pot for O. xmajoricum <strong>and</strong> O. vulgare. Origanums can<br />
also be planted in whiskey barrels where upright habit plants like O. xmajoricum can be grown with<br />
other herbs <strong>and</strong> vegetables. Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay like to grow the culinary origanums with<br />
tomatoes or chili peppers, rosemary, parsley <strong>and</strong> chives, planting 5 to 7 plants per barrel (51). Richard<br />
Dennis recommends ‘Kent Beauty,’ ‘Santa Cruz’ <strong>and</strong> O. libanoticum for container growing (34).<br />
Tina Marie Wilcox recommends all Origanum species for container growing, but for different reasons:<br />
“<strong>The</strong> showy ones look nice in containers; the tender ones are happy in containers” <strong>and</strong> the more invasive<br />
types can be controlled with container culture. She prefers to grow O. vulgare in a 7-inch hanging<br />
basket where it can cascade over the side but be prevented from spreading across the garden (114).<br />
Scott Kresge suggests container growing for species that are difficult to grow <strong>and</strong> susceptible to being<br />
wet (64). Pot marjoram (O. onites) is a tender perennial that must be grown in terra-cotta pots <strong>and</strong> requires<br />
“cool, near freezing temperatures over winter” (102). Carol Morse likes to grow O. vulgare<br />
subsp. hirtum in 2-gallon herb bowls with thyme <strong>and</strong> rosemary since they all grow roots at the same<br />
rate. She keeps hers near her kitchen door <strong>and</strong> finds the plants will last about 3 years grown this way<br />
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(78). Rex Talbert has had the same plants for 10 years (95), <strong>and</strong> according to Tina Marie Wilcox, O.<br />
xmajoricum “will last forever if repotted, divided <strong>and</strong> root pruned” (114). Containers are also a good<br />
way to showcase diminutive plants like O. microphyllum, O. ‘Kaliteri’ <strong>and</strong> O. sipyleum, <strong>and</strong> plants with<br />
showy blooms such as O. ‘Kent Beauty,’ O. ‘Barbara Tingey,’ <strong>and</strong> O. dictamnus (109).<br />
Container plants have special requirements for soil, fertilizer <strong>and</strong> water. When growing in containers,<br />
Susan Belsinger <strong>and</strong> Tina Marie Wilcox use an aggregate mix <strong>of</strong> oyster shell, activated charcoal, greens<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> granite meal; a meal mix <strong>of</strong> fish meal, bone meal <strong>and</strong> kelp; <strong>and</strong> a mulch <strong>of</strong> crushed oyster shell,<br />
greens<strong>and</strong>, activated charcoal, coarse s<strong>and</strong>, granite or rock dust <strong>and</strong> lava rock (116). See the Water<br />
<strong>and</strong> Fertilizer sections for additional information.<br />
INDOOR GROWING<br />
Disclaimer: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> would like to encourage gardeners to cultivate plants appropriate<br />
to their region <strong>and</strong> season. We realize, however, that opinions on the appropriateness <strong>of</strong> indoor<br />
growing vary, <strong>and</strong> indoor cultivation is the only way that some herb enthusiasts will be able to grow<br />
fresh oregano <strong>and</strong> marjoram.<br />
Most <strong>of</strong> HSA’s Origanum experts don’t grow origanums indoors except to start seeds/plants or as a last<br />
resort. Rex Talbert prefers outdoor growing, but has grown Origanum plants in ceramic chimney flues<br />
in a tiered arrangement on occasion (95).<br />
Carol Morse grows Greek oregano (O. vulgare subsp. hirtum), O. vulgare subsp. vulgare ‘Humile’ <strong>and</strong><br />
sweet marjoram indoors in individual 6-inch pots <strong>and</strong> finds that although the plants don’t become dormant<br />
they do slow down significantly in the winter <strong>and</strong> require less food <strong>and</strong> water during this time.<br />
During other parts <strong>of</strong> the year, indoor plants require additional water <strong>and</strong> food. Although high humidity<br />
can be a problem for outdoor origanums, for Carol, the excessively low humidity caused by air conditioning<br />
<strong>and</strong> heating can be trouble for indoor plants, <strong>and</strong> she recommends keeping plants in the<br />
kitchen, away from vents (78).<br />
Although outdoor Origanum ground plantings can thrive with minimal fertilizer, indoor, containergrown<br />
plants require additional fertilization. Scott Kresge supplements with ¼-½ strength fertilizer<br />
every other watering, <strong>and</strong> he waters greenhouse plants 1-2 times per week in spring <strong>and</strong> fall <strong>and</strong> every<br />
week or two in winter using a dositron (64). According to Francesco DeBaggio, although origanums<br />
need aeration year round, proper air circulation is even more crucial during the winter, <strong>and</strong> he recommends<br />
keeping the roots <strong>and</strong> foliage as dry as possible without letting the plants wilt (32). Division is<br />
also essential for many indoor plants. See the Pruning & Harvesting section for information.<br />
Some tender perennial species like O. majorana, O. onites <strong>and</strong> O. dictamnus may need to be overwintered<br />
indoors even if they are grown part <strong>of</strong> the year as outdoor container plants (114). Barbara Varl<strong>and</strong><br />
overwinters her tender perennial species indoors under lights (109), but Rex Talbert houses<br />
sweet marjoram outdoors in a cold frame during the colder months (95). According to Madalene Hill<br />
<strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay, moving tender herbs in containers to an unheated porch will usually <strong>of</strong>fer enough<br />
protection in the South. Although plants can be brought into the house or garage during periods <strong>of</strong><br />
very low temperatures, in general, herbs don’t thrive indoors in their region (51). No matter where<br />
you garden, even if you start seed <strong>and</strong> overwinter indoors, most plants will be more robust if moved<br />
outside as the weather permits.<br />
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Pests & Diseases<br />
Although pests <strong>and</strong> diseases are not a common problem for Origanum species, there are some to<br />
watch out for. Origanum plants are susceptible to a variety <strong>of</strong> fungal diseases. Rust fungi (Pucinnia sp.)<br />
(56) causes circular spots on the leaves, <strong>and</strong> the cultivars ‘White Anniversary’ <strong>and</strong> ‘Dr. Ietswaart’ are<br />
most susceptible (95). Origanum vulgare can fall prey to Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani (102) <strong>and</strong> alpha<br />
mosaic virus (103). Other fungi that may afflict Origanum plants include Botrytis spp., Phytopthera <strong>and</strong> Pythium<br />
(32), which can cause damping <strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> various forms <strong>of</strong> rot (40).<br />
Care <strong>and</strong> propagation method impact disease resistance. Arthur Tucker <strong>and</strong> Tom DeBaggio report that<br />
O. majorana is less vulnerable to root <strong>and</strong> stem diseases if grown from cuttings (102), <strong>and</strong> Rae McKimm<br />
finds that container-grown plants are more susceptible to fungal infections (75). To thwart fungal attacks,<br />
avoid over-watering <strong>and</strong> make sure plants have proper air circulation. Pruning <strong>and</strong> dividing can<br />
improve air circulation (1, 32), <strong>and</strong> moving plants to a sunnier location can also help (1).<br />
If your plant does succumb to a fungal disease, Susan Belsinger suggests removing <strong>and</strong> discarding the<br />
diseased plants or plant parts. Do not add them to the compost pile where the fungus can survive (7).<br />
According to Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay, infected soil should also be removed (51).<br />
Although pests may infest the garden, they are more <strong>of</strong> a problem indoors <strong>and</strong> in the greenhouse.<br />
White fly, aphids, mealy bugs <strong>and</strong> red spider mite may attack greenhouse plants (7, 114). Susan<br />
Belsinger recommends spraying them <strong>of</strong>f with water or chili-garlic soap spray the day before moving<br />
plants indoors for the winter (7). In the garden, spit bugs may infest plants <strong>and</strong> lead to soggy foliage <strong>and</strong><br />
mildew. Tina Marie Wilcox uses organic controls including strong streams <strong>of</strong> water, Neem seed oil,<br />
Safers soap <strong>and</strong> a few drops <strong>of</strong> essential oil <strong>of</strong> cinnamon as an insect repellent (114). Fourlined plant<br />
bug can cause dark spots on the leaves <strong>of</strong> O. xmajoricum in the spring but can be combated by applying<br />
rotenone <strong>and</strong> removing affected leaves (11).<br />
Although the above list <strong>of</strong> potential threats may seem overwhelming, most gardeners should experience<br />
few problems if a few simple precautions are taken. <strong>The</strong> best protection against pests <strong>and</strong> diseases<br />
is proper growing conditions, including using sterile potting medium, keeping plants well-aerated<br />
<strong>and</strong> avoiding excessive watering.<br />
Pruning & Harvesting<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are several reasons to prune Origanum plants: for appearance, for the health <strong>of</strong> the plant <strong>and</strong> to<br />
make room in the garden. <strong>The</strong> added benefit <strong>of</strong> pruning is that it can be a way to harvest <strong>and</strong> enjoy the<br />
culinary origanums throughout the growing season.<br />
Plant tips should be pruned when transplanting to stimulate new growth. For plants with an upright<br />
growth habit like O. xmajoricum, Henry Flowers suggests cutting back to a rounded shape 2-3 times a<br />
year. For O. xmajoricum, it is necessary to uncurl s<strong>of</strong>t growth in order to prune. In February in the<br />
South, Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay remove dead wood <strong>and</strong> winter damage “as you would for<br />
roses.” Madalene points out that it is even necessary to prune groundcover origanums if they become<br />
too aggressive (51).<br />
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Francesco DeBaggio prunes his potted Origanum plants aggressively in spring <strong>and</strong> summer, cutting small<br />
plants down to 2-3 inches high <strong>and</strong> larger woodier ones just above the wood or approximately 5-6<br />
inches. Aggressive pruning improves air circulation <strong>and</strong> prevents disease. He prunes moderately to<br />
lightly in early fall to remove weak, spindly growth, to encourage branching <strong>and</strong> additional growth, or<br />
to harvest a few sprigs for use in the kitchen (32).<br />
Remember that the leaves <strong>and</strong> aerial portions are not the only part <strong>of</strong> the plant that must be pruned.<br />
<strong>The</strong> roots should also be trimmed. This is particularly important if growing origanums in containers,<br />
but also applies to garden plants. According to Tina Marie Wilcox, for O. xmajoricum, it’s important to<br />
divide plants <strong>and</strong> remove old, dead roots every few years even if the plant is in the ground. <strong>The</strong> middle<br />
<strong>of</strong> the patch dies out because the roots fill up the space <strong>and</strong> consume the humus, preventing the plant<br />
from absorbing nutrients (114). For optimum health, aggressive or clump-forming indoor- <strong>and</strong> container-grown<br />
plants require annual division, <strong>and</strong> Carol Morse recommends dividing indoor-cultivated<br />
Greek oregano <strong>and</strong> ‘Humile’ yearly (78). Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay caution against pruning roots<br />
in hot climates except during the coolest time <strong>of</strong> the year, November through early February, when<br />
most plants are dormant (51).<br />
For ornamentals, deadhead flowers to encourage new buds <strong>and</strong> lengthen bloom time (115). Deadheading<br />
before flowers go to seed is also important to prevent spreading/crossing in the garden (33).<br />
Origanums should be harvested just before flowering (7, 75, 78, 85, 109, 114), but waiting for the buds<br />
to form will maximize the essential oils present in the plant (103, 115). Rex Talbert points out, however,<br />
that these differences may not be obvious <strong>and</strong> a larger quantity <strong>of</strong> oil does not mean that it is <strong>of</strong><br />
higher quality (95). If harvesting the flowers for dried arrangements, harvest while in fullest bloom (1).<br />
For culinary origanums, expect at least two major harvests per season. Susan Belsinger cuts back her<br />
culinary origanums from ⅓-½ before blooming <strong>and</strong> then cuts plants almost all the way back in the fall<br />
(7). Tina Marie Wilcox harvests O. xmajoricum down to the ground 2 times per year when coming into<br />
bud <strong>and</strong> tip harvests sweet marjoram as <strong>of</strong>ten as every 2 weeks (114). Remember that tips can be harvested<br />
throughout the growing season.<br />
Preserving & Storing<br />
Drying<br />
<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> marjoram are ideal for drying because they retain their flavor better than many other<br />
dried herbs (51). Although drying does cause the loss <strong>of</strong> some essential oils, Susan Belsinger loves O.<br />
xmajoricum dried almost better than fresh <strong>and</strong> raves that it “smells heavenly <strong>and</strong> makes you want to<br />
cook” (7).<br />
Origanums can be dried on screens, trays, in drying baskets or hung in bunches from the ceiling in a<br />
warm, dry area (1, 7, 75, 109). Rae McKimm hangs her origanums in the attic, <strong>and</strong> Barbara Varl<strong>and</strong> uses<br />
her garage. Jim Adams dries by attaching herb bundles to hangers using rubber b<strong>and</strong>s. If the humidity is<br />
low, Francesco DeBaggio simply dries them on a paper towel in the open air (32). Rae McKimm suggests<br />
stirring the herbs to ensure even drying. If you live in a humid area, Susan <strong>and</strong> Francesco recommend<br />
finishing in the oven on a cookie sheet. Place whole, intact stems in an oven that has been heated<br />
to 150-200°F <strong>and</strong> then turned <strong>of</strong>f (7). Leave the oven door open to avoid cooking the leaves (32). Your<br />
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Origanum will be dried when the leaves are crisp <strong>and</strong> stems do not bend (7).<br />
Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay dry their herbs piled loosely on a tray in an air-conditioned room; the<br />
stiff stems separate the s<strong>of</strong>ter foliage <strong>and</strong> allow much faster drying. <strong>The</strong>y prefer not to oven or microwave-dry<br />
culinary origanums to avoid the loss <strong>of</strong> essential oils that may occur at prolonged exposure<br />
to high temperatures. Using this method, the smaller-leaved species like sweet marjoram (O. majorana)<br />
should dry in 3-4 days (51).<br />
Tina Marie Wilcox uses more unorthodox drying methods. Her favorite is the refrigerator drying technique.<br />
A frost-free refrigerator can dehydrate any <strong>of</strong> the origanums in a couple <strong>of</strong> weeks. Place herbs in<br />
a thin layer in an open paper bag laid on its side. She prefers this method to retain color, flavor <strong>and</strong> essential<br />
oils. Tina also car dries her herbs in a paper bag, <strong>and</strong> the heat <strong>of</strong> the car mimics a drying oven<br />
(114). For optimum flavor, O. majorana can be convection dried at 113°F, <strong>and</strong> blanching before drying<br />
will preserve the green color <strong>of</strong> the leaves but will decrease essential oil content (102).<br />
Whichever method you use, after herbs are dried, remove the leaves by sliding your finger down each<br />
stem (7). Broken stems must be removed before using (51). After drying, store the leaves in glass jars<br />
in a dark, dry area. Or, if you will be using them quickly, follow Carol Morse’s lead <strong>and</strong> hang in bunches<br />
in the kitchen “for that extra garnish” (78).<br />
Remember that origanums can be dried for flower arrangements as well as culinary use. If drying for<br />
arrangements, dry on trays or hung bunches (78), but don’t strip the leaves. For dried arrangements<br />
Carol Morse prefers Greek oregano (O. vulgare subsp. hirtum), <strong>and</strong> the cultivars ‘Marshall’s Memory,’<br />
‘Hopley’s Purple,’ ‘Santa Cruz’ <strong>and</strong> ‘Kent Beauty.’<br />
Frozen Oil Concentrates<br />
For taste <strong>and</strong> convenience, Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay prefer frozen oil concentrates to other<br />
preservation methods. To make an oil concentrate, blend 2 cups firmly packed fresh marjoram leaves,<br />
tender stems <strong>and</strong> tips with ½ cup vegetable or olive oil in a food processor. Freeze in a frost-free<br />
freezer in freezer-rated plastic or glass containers. Frozen oil concentrates will keep at least 1 year, but<br />
be sure to keep frozen to prevent botulism (51).<br />
Other Preservation <strong>and</strong> Storage Methods<br />
Susan Belsinger makes Southwestern vinegar with oregano, marjoram, chile peppers <strong>and</strong> garlic in apple<br />
cider vinegar or rice wine (7). Origanum sprigs can also be layered in salt in sterilized pint jars, <strong>and</strong> fresh<br />
stems will keep for a few days in the refrigerator in plastic bags (82, 85). Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay<br />
suggest wrapping sprigs in paper towels <strong>and</strong> placing in tightly closed plastic bags in the hydrator<br />
(crisper) section. Origanums will also keep for several days in a glass <strong>of</strong> water on a countertop as long<br />
as the leaves are not submerged (52).<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
Uses<br />
Some origanums are valued for their taste <strong>and</strong> aroma, others for their medicinal properties <strong>and</strong> economic<br />
value, while yet others are prized for their beauty as ornamentals. Many species have multiple<br />
uses. If there is an herbal use, there is probably an Origanum to fill it. This section provides an overview<br />
<strong>of</strong> the myriad uses <strong>of</strong> this multifunctional genus.<br />
CULINARY USES<br />
Even the most inexperienced cooks know that oregano is one <strong>of</strong> the key ingredients in pizza <strong>and</strong> pasta<br />
sauce, <strong>and</strong> sweet marjoram is a signature poultry-stuffing herb. “<strong>The</strong> heart <strong>and</strong> soul <strong>of</strong> Mediterranean<br />
cuisine” (7), Origanum plants are essential components in Italian, Greek <strong>and</strong> French cooking. Although<br />
oregano <strong>and</strong> sweet marjoram are staples for many cooks, the culinary use <strong>of</strong> Origanum isn’t limited to a<br />
few foods or species <strong>of</strong> plants. Origanum plants are very versatile (51) <strong>and</strong> there are many different culinary<br />
species with an array <strong>of</strong> distinct flavors <strong>and</strong> uses.<br />
Origanum majorana (sweet marjoram)<br />
“Of all herbal fragrances there is none to my mind more pleasant than that <strong>of</strong> sweet marjoram, <strong>of</strong> that<br />
plant which the French call “Marjollaine à Coquille” <strong>and</strong> put with keepsakes <strong>and</strong> add to salads.” –<br />
Henry Beston, <strong>Herb</strong>s <strong>and</strong> the Earth (13)<br />
As its common name implies, sweet marjoram is the mildest <strong>and</strong> sweetest <strong>of</strong> the culinary origanums.<br />
Susan Belsinger describes the flavor as “honeyed,” similar to sweet broom with “a tiny little bit <strong>of</strong><br />
mint… slightly floral… [with] a touch <strong>of</strong> citrus <strong>and</strong> a hint <strong>of</strong> clove” (7). Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay<br />
call it “balanced, warm, comfortable <strong>and</strong> homey like chicken <strong>and</strong> dumplings or turkey <strong>and</strong> dressing”<br />
(51).<br />
Sweet marjoram has a wide variety <strong>of</strong> culinary uses. It can flavor liqueurs <strong>and</strong> beers (35, 39) <strong>and</strong> is one<br />
<strong>of</strong> the herbs in the infamous traditional absinthe (23). It can be used in herbal vinegars (13), <strong>and</strong> with a<br />
variety <strong>of</strong> meats <strong>and</strong> vegetable dishes. Leaves, flowers <strong>and</strong> tender stems can be added to stews, poultry,<br />
stuffing, syrups, dressings, cheese mixtures for sauces <strong>and</strong> spreads, seafood, omelets, pizza, salads<br />
<strong>and</strong> sausages (38, 51, 92) <strong>and</strong> tea can be made from the leaves (38). Sweet marjoram compliments<br />
mushrooms, carrots, cauliflower, spinach, squash, peas <strong>and</strong> asparagus (72, 92). It combines well with<br />
other herbs <strong>and</strong> spices including oregano (7), garlic, parsley, thyme, bay leaves, black pepper, chives,<br />
horseradish <strong>and</strong> nutmeg (72).<br />
With its sweetness, O. majorana is a natural addition to desserts. If you lived in the 16 th century, you<br />
may have been treated to sugar flavored <strong>and</strong> scented with marjoram flowers (84). Scott Kresge recommends<br />
sweet marjoram for crème brulee, ice cream, custards, pies/tarts <strong>and</strong> other fruit desserts. According<br />
to Scott, the herb complements apples, melons <strong>and</strong> tropical fruits like papaya <strong>and</strong> mango (64).<br />
Commercially, sweet marjoram is an ingredient in many processed foods. <strong>The</strong> seeds are used in meat<br />
products, c<strong>and</strong>y, beverages <strong>and</strong> condiments (38, 92), <strong>and</strong> the essential oil/oleoresin flavors sauces, preserves,<br />
soups, meats, frozen desserts, baked goods <strong>and</strong> snack foods (69, 92), but remember that marjoram<br />
essential oil is only GRAS at 1-40 ppm (102) <strong>and</strong> shouldn’t be used by home cooks.<br />
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Origanum vulgare subspecies <strong>and</strong> cultivars (oregano)<br />
While marjoram’s primary flavor is sweet <strong>and</strong> mild, oregano’s is spicy <strong>and</strong> strong. Fresh oregano has a<br />
spicy aroma reminiscent <strong>of</strong> clove <strong>and</strong> balsam, <strong>and</strong> the dried herb has a pungent flavor with notes <strong>of</strong><br />
peppermint, pine <strong>and</strong> clove (9). <strong>Oregano</strong> is traditionally used in Italian, Greek <strong>and</strong> Mexican dishes (16).<br />
Flowering tops are used in beers <strong>and</strong> ales, <strong>and</strong> fresh <strong>and</strong> dried leaves can be added to soups, casseroles,<br />
sauces, stew, stuffing, eggs, olives, teas, tomato-based dishes (38) <strong>and</strong> strong-flavored foods like<br />
chili (16) <strong>and</strong> pizza (92). Flowers have a spicy flavor similar to the leaves <strong>and</strong> can add a flavorful <strong>and</strong><br />
decorative touch to vegetables, salads <strong>and</strong> other foods (7). <strong>Oregano</strong> complements cabbage, kale, chard,<br />
tomatoes, mushrooms, zucchini, broccoli, beans, tomatoes, peppers, onions, aubergine, potatoes (72),<br />
eggplant (92), cucumber (95) <strong>and</strong> a variety <strong>of</strong> meats, poultry <strong>and</strong> seafood (92). Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen<br />
Barclay suggest tying small branches together to make a meat-basting brush (53). <strong>Oregano</strong> can be combined<br />
with black pepper, parsley, marjoram, capers, thyme, sage, rosemary, basil, garlic, cori<strong>and</strong>er <strong>and</strong><br />
cayenne pepper (72), <strong>and</strong> fresh leaves can enliven cream sauces, eggs <strong>and</strong> cheese dishes (85). Like<br />
sweet marjoram, oregano can also be added to liqueurs (35) <strong>and</strong> was reportedly a component <strong>of</strong> absinthe<br />
(23). Both oregano <strong>and</strong> marjoram can be used as salt substitutes (114). Commercially, the oil<br />
<strong>and</strong>/or oleoresin are used to flavor alcoholic beverages <strong>and</strong> processed foods (89) including baked<br />
goods, meats, condiments, vegetables, snack foods, fats <strong>and</strong> oils (72). When converting for recipes, the<br />
ratio <strong>of</strong> fresh to dried is 1 teaspoon: ½ teaspoon (99).<br />
Many sources simply list culinary oregano as O. vulgare (16, 35, 38, 48, 85, 92) but <strong>of</strong> all the subspecies<br />
<strong>of</strong> O. vulgare, only O. vulgare subsp. hirtum (Greek oregano), O. vulgare subsp. gracile (Russian oregano)<br />
<strong>and</strong> O. vulgare subsp. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum (Algerian oregano) are useful in cooking, although O. vulgare subsp.<br />
gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum is uncommon in the U.S. (102). By far the most widely used <strong>and</strong> recommended is O. vulgare<br />
subsp. hirtum, which has a “sharp,” “creosote-like” aroma (102) <strong>and</strong> a flavor that is the st<strong>and</strong>ard for<br />
pasta <strong>and</strong> tomato sauce (38). This subspecies was introduced to the <strong>America</strong>n herb trade by HSA<br />
member Arthur O. Tucker via Well-Sweep <strong>Herb</strong> Farm in 1979 (100). Although O. vulgare subsp. vulgare<br />
is generally not recommended for cooking (102), Rex Talbert <strong>and</strong> Carol Morse like the cultivar<br />
‘Humile,’ <strong>and</strong> Rex describes its flavor as “sweet” (78, 95).<br />
It is also worth repeating that plants from other genera have the characteristic oregano flavor <strong>and</strong> are<br />
known <strong>and</strong> used as “oregano.” Examples include members <strong>of</strong> the Verbenaceae (verbena family), Lippia<br />
graveolens (Mexican oregano) <strong>and</strong> L. micromera (Jamaican oregano); <strong>and</strong> other plants in the mint family,<br />
Poliomintha bustamanta (Mexican oregano), Plectranthus amboinicus (Cuban oregano) (100, 102) <strong>and</strong> Salvia<br />
greggii (San Antone oregano, autumn sage) (16, 51).<br />
Although a large proportion <strong>of</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ard spice-rack oregano is O. vulgare subsp. hirtum, bottled commercial<br />
br<strong>and</strong>s may also include O. onites (pot marjoram) <strong>and</strong> species from different genera, including<br />
Mentha spicata (spearmint), Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal) <strong>and</strong> Melissa <strong>of</strong>ficinalis subsp. altissima (a type<br />
<strong>of</strong> lemon balm) (100).<br />
Origanum xmajoricum (Italian oregano, hardy sweet marjoram)<br />
O. xmajoricum is a universal favorite among HSA’s Origanum aficionados. A natural hybrid <strong>of</strong> O. majorana<br />
<strong>and</strong> O. vulgare subsp. virens, it has the spice <strong>of</strong> oregano <strong>and</strong> the sweetness <strong>of</strong> marjoram in a blend that<br />
Susan Belsinger describes as “the best <strong>of</strong> both worlds” (7). O. xmajoricum can be used in most dishes<br />
that call for marjoram (51). Susan Belsinger <strong>and</strong> Tina Marie Wilcox recommend the young tops for<br />
green sauces <strong>and</strong> cheeses <strong>and</strong> to garnish vegetables. Italian oregano can be used in breads, grains, pas-<br />
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tas, beans, soups, pizzas <strong>and</strong> marinades. <strong>The</strong>y prefer the dried herb in stews, casseroles <strong>and</strong> tomato<br />
sauces. To Belsinger <strong>and</strong> Wilcox, a simple combination <strong>of</strong> dried O. xmajoricum, olive oil, minced garlic<br />
<strong>and</strong> Parmesan cheese “elevates” garlic bread “to gourmet level” (11).<br />
Although Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay like the flavor <strong>of</strong> both sweet marjoram <strong>and</strong> O. xmajoricum,<br />
they prefer O. xmajoricum ‘Hilltop’ for its dependability growing in the South. When adding to sauces,<br />
soups <strong>and</strong> stews, Madalene <strong>and</strong> Gwen drop green branches into the pot in 6-inch pieces <strong>and</strong> remove<br />
the stems when the leaves drop <strong>of</strong>f. <strong>The</strong>y also combine O. xmajoricum branches with shallots, garlic <strong>and</strong><br />
onions in a bed underneath meat, turkey or leg <strong>of</strong> lamb <strong>and</strong> baste with wine. By keeping the herbs under<br />
the meat instead <strong>of</strong> on top, they will flavor it without burning. According to Gwen, O. xmajoricum is<br />
“strong enough to hold up to strong meats <strong>and</strong> long cooking or mild [dishes] <strong>and</strong> quick cooking.” <strong>The</strong>y<br />
also like to use it as a blender or liaison herb, to blend <strong>and</strong> mellow strong flavors. Sweet marjoram,<br />
parsley <strong>and</strong> bay are also used for this purpose (51).<br />
Origanum onites (pot marjoram, rhigani/rigani, Turkish oregano)<br />
O. onites has a sharp (10), peppery flavor (16, 92, 104) <strong>and</strong> a scent similar to thyme (16, 92). It is one <strong>of</strong><br />
the flavorings in Turkish Delight c<strong>and</strong>y (38) <strong>and</strong> can be used fresh or dried in tea, salads <strong>and</strong> meat<br />
dishes (38, 92). Its strong taste complements Greek dishes (10) <strong>and</strong> meats (16).<br />
Origanum dictamnus (dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete, hop marjoram)<br />
Although not in widespread culinary use in the United States, flowers are used in tea in its native<br />
Crete, <strong>and</strong> leaves have been added to sauces, salads <strong>and</strong> vermouth (16, 38, 92). Dried leaves <strong>and</strong> extracts<br />
have also been reportedly used in bitters, liqueurs <strong>and</strong> baked goods (43 cited in 92). None <strong>of</strong><br />
HSA’s Origanum experts recommend this species for culinary use, <strong>and</strong> Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay<br />
find the scent too medicinal (51) <strong>and</strong> the flavor too strong for cooking (53).<br />
Origanum syriacum (za’atar, Syrian oregano, Lebanese oregano, Bible hyssop)<br />
Native to the Middle East, this Origanum can have a thyme or oregano flavor (102). A dried, ground<br />
mixture <strong>of</strong> O. syriacum <strong>and</strong> salt is eaten by the Bedouin people (38), <strong>and</strong> the leaves <strong>and</strong> flowering tops<br />
are used as a seasoning (38, 92). One <strong>of</strong> this species’ common names, za’atar, comes from the Middle<br />
Eastern condiment <strong>of</strong> the same name, which is a combination <strong>of</strong> O. syriacum, sesame seeds, sumac berries<br />
(Rhus coriaria) <strong>and</strong> salt (16, 94).<br />
Lesser-known culinary species<br />
Other species with culinary use include O. minutiflorum (Spartan oregano) from Turkey (102), Origanum<br />
xhybridinum (showy marjoram) (16) <strong>and</strong> O. microphyllum, which has a “strong spicy flavor” (92).<br />
Recipes<br />
<strong>The</strong> following recipes have been provided courtesy HSA members Susan Belsinger, Tina Marie Wilcox,<br />
Scott Kresge, Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay. Note to recipes by Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay:<br />
Madalene <strong>and</strong> Gwen tend to combine several fresh, mild <strong>and</strong> robust culinary herbs in a dish, along with<br />
herbal seeds, aromatic vegetables <strong>and</strong> other strongly flavored ingredients such as cheese, mustard or<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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wine to create deep, complex tastes. <strong>The</strong>y rarely use a single herb alone, preferring not to create an<br />
easily identifiable flavor (51).<br />
WARM CHICKEN SALAD OREGANATO<br />
A delicious recipe <strong>of</strong> Greek origin, perfect for spring or summer-weather picnics.<br />
2 fryer chickens, cut into serving pieces<br />
2 teaspoons salt, divided<br />
2½ pounds red new potatoes, or other boiling type<br />
½ cup olive oil<br />
4 tablespoons fresh oregano leaves <strong>and</strong> tender stems – mild O. xmajoricum or strong<br />
Greek type<br />
3 tablespoons fresh parsley leaves <strong>and</strong> tender stems<br />
½ teaspoon freshly ground black pepper<br />
2 cloves garlic, cut in several pieces<br />
¼ cup lemon juice<br />
1 bunch watercress, chopped or ½ cup chopped nasturtium leaves if in season<br />
2 hard-boiled eggs, coarsely chopped<br />
Nasturtium flowers to garnish, optional<br />
Cook chicken with 1 teaspoon salt in a small amount <strong>of</strong> water until tender. Remove <strong>and</strong> drain, reserving<br />
broth. Cook potatoes in reserved broth with remaining teaspoon <strong>of</strong> salt. While potatoes are cooking,<br />
prepare dressing by blending the olive oil, herbs, pepper, garlic <strong>and</strong> lemon juice together in a food<br />
processor or blender. When potatoes are tender, drain <strong>and</strong> reserve broth. Add marinade, along with<br />
cooked chicken, <strong>and</strong> about ¼ cup broth. Taste for salt <strong>and</strong> adjust as needed. Serve warm or at room<br />
temperature with watercress or nasturtium leaves <strong>and</strong> hard-boiled eggs, garnished with nasturtium<br />
flowers.<br />
Notes: Meat may be taken <strong>of</strong>f bone to serve but avoid breaking up too small. Firmly pack the fresh<br />
herbs for measuring. It is not necessary to chop the oregano <strong>and</strong> parsley before blending.<br />
Yield: 8-10 generous servings<br />
Recipe © Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay<br />
ROASTED RED PEPPER AND FENNEL VINAIGRETTE<br />
This crunchy sweet salad is from <strong>Herb</strong>s in the Kitchen by Carolyn Dille <strong>and</strong> Susan Belsinger, Interweave<br />
Press, 1992.<br />
2 large red bell peppers, roasted <strong>and</strong> peeled<br />
2 Florence fennel bulbs, about 1¼ pounds<br />
2 or 3 tablespoons balsamic vinegar or red wine vinegar<br />
⅓ cup olive oil<br />
1 garlic clove, minced<br />
1 tablespoon fresh marjoram leaves, coarsely chopped<br />
1 tablespoon fresh Italian parsley, coarsely chopped<br />
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Salt <strong>and</strong> freshly ground black pepper to taste<br />
<strong>Marjoram</strong> blossoms<br />
Cut the peppers in half <strong>and</strong> remove the seeds. Slice them into ¾-inch slices.<br />
Trim <strong>and</strong> clean the fennel <strong>and</strong> cut it lengthwise into ¼-inch slices. Blanch in abundant, boiling, lightly<br />
salted water for about a minute. Drain, cool to room temperature, <strong>and</strong> pat dry.<br />
Arrange the peppers <strong>and</strong> fennel in a serving platter.<br />
Add the vinegar to a small bowl. Whisk in the olive oil to form an emulsion. Stir in the garlic, marjoram,<br />
<strong>and</strong> parsley. Season with salt <strong>and</strong> pepper.<br />
Drizzle the vinaigrette over the vegetables. Marinate for an hour at room temperature before serving.<br />
Garnish the salad with marjoram blossoms if you have them.<br />
Serves 4 as a salad, 6 as an appetizer<br />
Recipe © Susan Belsinger <strong>and</strong> Carolyn Dille. Reprinted with permission.<br />
STUFFED MUSHROOMS WITH OREGANO<br />
This recipe is easily doubled <strong>and</strong> is a popular appetizer. I like using Origanum xmajoricum in this recipe<br />
for its fragrance, however Greek ‘Kaliteri’ <strong>and</strong> Syrian O. syriacum are also tasty.<br />
12 large mushrooms<br />
3 tablespoons olive oil<br />
1 garlic clove, minced<br />
⅓ cup chopped parsley<br />
1 tablespoon chopped fresh oregano or 1 scant teaspoon dried crumbled oregano<br />
⅓ cup fine dry breadcrumbs<br />
¼ cup freshly grated Parmesan cheese<br />
Salt <strong>and</strong> freshly ground pepper<br />
½ cup dry white wine<br />
Carefully wipe the mushrooms clean. Remove the stems <strong>and</strong> mince them. Heat the olive oil in a small<br />
skillet <strong>and</strong> sauté the stems with the garlic, over moderate heat, for about 3 minutes.<br />
Preheat the oven to 350ºF.<br />
Remove the mixture from the heat <strong>and</strong> add the parsley, oregano, breadcrumbs, <strong>and</strong> Parmesan cheese.<br />
Season well with salt <strong>and</strong> pepper, <strong>and</strong> blend the mixture well.<br />
Divide the stuffing among the mushroom caps, packing it <strong>and</strong> mounding it. Arrange the mushrooms in a<br />
lightly buttered 11- by 8-inch gratin dish. Add the wine to the dish <strong>and</strong> bake the mushrooms for 10<br />
minutes.<br />
Place the dish under a preheated broiler about 2-inches from the heat for about 1 minute, or until the<br />
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tops are golden brown. Transfer the mushrooms with a slotted spatula to a warm platter. Serve hot or<br />
warm.<br />
Serves 6-12<br />
Recipe © Susan Belsinger<br />
ITALIAN-STYLE SAUTÉED PEPPERS<br />
Colorful, as well as flavorful, there are many variations <strong>of</strong> peperonata. It is <strong>of</strong>ten served as an appetizer<br />
in Italy--it can be hot or at room temperature--or tossed with pasta. Serve it with crusty bread <strong>and</strong><br />
cheese, <strong>and</strong> perhaps some imported olives.<br />
4 large sweet bell peppers: 1 red, 1 orange, 1 yellow, <strong>and</strong> 1 green<br />
3-4 tablespoons olive oil<br />
1 medium onion, sliced lengthwise in ¼-inch slivers<br />
4 garlic cloves, slivered<br />
1 large tomato, diced, optional<br />
About 1 tablespoon each: fresh oregano <strong>and</strong> marjoram<br />
Salt <strong>and</strong> freshly ground pepper<br />
Wash the peppers, stem <strong>and</strong> seed them, <strong>and</strong> remove any large ribs. Cut them lengthwise into ⅜-inch<br />
strips.<br />
Heat the olive oil in a skillet. Sauté the peppers over medium heat, stirring occasionally, for about 5<br />
minutes. Add the onion <strong>and</strong> garlic to the pan <strong>and</strong> cook for about 5 minutes.<br />
If you are using the tomato, add it to the pan. Cook for about 3 minutes, stirring occasionally.<br />
Add the oregano <strong>and</strong>/or marjoram <strong>and</strong> season with salt <strong>and</strong> pepper. Lower the heat, stir the ingredients,<br />
cover the pan <strong>and</strong> cook for about 10 minutes, or a few minutes longer. Serve hot or at room<br />
temperature.<br />
Serves 4-6<br />
Recipe © Susan Belsinger<br />
PANTRY PÂTÉ WITH CANNELLINI BEANS, DIJON AND GREEN PEPPERCORNS<br />
1 19-ounce can ready-to-eat cannellini beans, drained <strong>and</strong> rinsed<br />
1 clove garlic, mashed<br />
1-2 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil<br />
2 tablespoons plain sour cream or yogurt<br />
1 teaspoon green peppercorns, drained <strong>and</strong> finely chopped<br />
1 tablespoon Dijon style mustard<br />
2 teaspoons chopped fresh chives<br />
½ teaspoon chopped fresh rosemary<br />
1 teaspoon chopped fresh sage<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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2 teaspoons chopped fresh oregano – mild O. xmajoricum preferred<br />
⅛ teaspoon freshly ground black pepper<br />
1 teaspoon ground cori<strong>and</strong>er seed<br />
1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice<br />
⅛ teaspoon Tabasco Sauce<br />
Salt to taste<br />
Combine beans, garlic, olive oil <strong>and</strong> sour cream or yogurt in food processor bowl. Process until<br />
smooth. Stir in remaining ingredients. Taste for seasoning; adjust salt <strong>and</strong> pepper. Refrigerate overnight;<br />
serve at room temperature with crackers, toast, crusty bread or raw vegetables.<br />
Yield: Approximately 2 cups, 6-8 servings with accompaniments<br />
Recipe © Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay<br />
TAPÉNADE WITH HERBS<br />
Do not use olives from a can. Use a good, tasty imported olive like French Nyons or Nicoise, Kalamata,<br />
or some well-cured ones from California. Green olives like the meaty Certignoli also make a wonderful<br />
tapénade. Serve this with toast, bread, or crackers, or with grilled or raw vegetables as a dip. I especially<br />
like it with tomatoes, raw fennel, or roasted bell pepper strips, <strong>and</strong> on s<strong>and</strong>wiches <strong>and</strong> hardboiled<br />
eggs. This recipe was published in Natural Home Magazine, July 2004.<br />
2 or 3 cloves garlic<br />
Large pinch coarse salt<br />
A few red pepper flakes, optional<br />
Generous cup imported pitted black or green olives<br />
2 tablespoons capers<br />
H<strong>and</strong>ful flat-leaved Italian parsley leaves, torn roughly<br />
Generous tablespoon fresh Italian oregano or marjoram<br />
1 teaspoon minced fresh rosemary<br />
About ½ teaspoon freshly ground black pepper<br />
About 1 teaspoon Dijon-style mustard<br />
¼ cup olive oil<br />
Peel the garlic cloves <strong>and</strong> place them in a mortar with the salt <strong>and</strong> the pepper flakes if desired. Crush<br />
the garlic with the pestle <strong>and</strong> add about ⅓ <strong>of</strong> the olives. Pound the olives to crush them. Continue adding<br />
the olives another ⅓ at a time <strong>and</strong> pound with the pestle. Add the capers <strong>and</strong> crush them. <strong>The</strong> olives<br />
<strong>and</strong> capers should still have small bits <strong>and</strong> pieces.<br />
Add the herbs <strong>and</strong> pepper <strong>and</strong> continue the pounding motion until the herb leaves are fairly broken<br />
down, but there are still some pieces. Add the mustard, <strong>and</strong> then the olive oil, drizzling in about 1 tablespoon<br />
at a time. When incorporating the oil, you should use more <strong>of</strong> a grinding motion, running the<br />
pestle around the mortar in a circular motion. This helps to form an emulsification. Add the rest <strong>of</strong> the<br />
oil, <strong>and</strong> blend well. <strong>The</strong> tapénade can be served immediately, but tastes better if it st<strong>and</strong>s for about 30<br />
minutes. Serve at room temperature. Covered tightly, it will keep in the refrigerator for a week. You<br />
may need to stir in a little more olive oil once it comes to room temperature.<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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Makes about 1½ cups<br />
Recipe © Susan Belsinger. Reprinted with permission<br />
CAPONATA<br />
<strong>The</strong> classic Sicilian antipasto or appetizer is <strong>of</strong>ten served with or combined with fish.<br />
Try hot as a topping for crusty bread or chilled with salad greens.<br />
2 pounds eggplant, peeled <strong>and</strong> cut in 1-inch cubes (small Italian or Oriental varieties do<br />
not require peeling)<br />
¼-⅓ cup extra virgin olive oil<br />
2 large cloves garlic, mashed<br />
1 medium yellow or red onion, peeled, cut in half <strong>and</strong> sliced<br />
2 cups sliced celery<br />
2 cups ripe Roma tomatoes or other ripe type<br />
3-4 bay leaves (remove center stem <strong>and</strong> finely chop fresh leaves; if using dried leaves,<br />
break in 2 or 3 pieces)<br />
2 tablespoons chopped fresh oregano (O. xmajoricum preferred)<br />
1 teaspoon chopped fresh rosemary<br />
2-3 tablespoons good quality red wine vinegar<br />
2 tablespoons capers, preferably small variety (chop if large capers are used)<br />
½ cup pitted Kalamata olives, coarsely chopped (or other good quality ripe olives)<br />
Salt <strong>and</strong> freshly ground black pepper to taste<br />
¼ cup fresh basil leaves, sliced in thin pieces (do not cut until last minute)<br />
3 tablespoons toasted pine nuts or walnuts (coarsely chop walnuts)<br />
Chopped fresh parsley to garnish<br />
Place eggplant in a col<strong>and</strong>er <strong>and</strong> sprinkle generously with salt. Let st<strong>and</strong> at least ½ hour; rinse well under<br />
cold water, drain <strong>and</strong> pat dry with paper towels.<br />
Over medium high heat, pour olive oil (start with smaller amount) into a large heavy skillet. Gradually<br />
add eggplant, stirring constantly. Add more oil as needed. As soon as all eggplant is in pan, gradually<br />
add garlic, onion <strong>and</strong> celery. Cook until hot through but not browned, keeping heat as high as possible.<br />
Stir in chopped tomatoes, bay leaves, vinegar, capers <strong>and</strong> olives. Mix well <strong>and</strong> lower heat to simmer.<br />
Cook for about 15-20 minutes or until eggplant is tender <strong>and</strong> flavor is well developed. Add a small<br />
amount <strong>of</strong> water if mixture becomes too thick. Season caponata with salt, pepper <strong>and</strong> additional vinegar<br />
as needed. Add sliced basil leaves, nuts <strong>and</strong> parsley for garnish. Serve hot, at room temperature or<br />
chilled.<br />
Note: It is thought that bitterness in eggplant is caused by interruptions in water supply. Check by tasting<br />
raw vegetable at stem end. When in doubt, it is better to salt <strong>and</strong> rinse to avoid the problem.<br />
Yield: 4-6 servings<br />
Variation: Add chopped anchovies, chunks <strong>of</strong> fish or shellfish, ham or Italian sausage to vegetables.<br />
Recipe © Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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SAVORY BLACK BEAN SOUP<br />
From Cuba to Texas, this soup is a winning recipe.<br />
1 pound black beans, washed <strong>and</strong> culled<br />
4-6 cups chicken or beef broth, vegetable stock or water as needed<br />
3 cloves garlic, crushed<br />
2 cups chopped onion<br />
2 tablespoons fruity olive oil or butter<br />
3-4 large bay leaves<br />
3-4 sprigs fresh thyme – 3” long<br />
5-6 sprigs fresh oregano (O. xmajoricum preferred) – 3-4” long (less if using strong flavored type)<br />
2 teaspoons ground cumin (also known as comino seed in Latin cultures)<br />
2 teaspoons ground cori<strong>and</strong>er seed<br />
1 tablespoon chopped fresh epazote – optional (1-2 teaspoons dried)<br />
2 tablespoons chopped fresh cori<strong>and</strong>er leaves (cilantro)<br />
1-2 tablespoons chopped fresh jalapeno pepper or hot pepper sauce to taste<br />
Salt <strong>and</strong> freshly ground black pepper to taste<br />
1-2 tablespoons fresh lemon or lime juice, or herb vinegar<br />
¼ cup rum – optional<br />
Sour cream, shredded cheddar cheese, cubed avocado, <strong>and</strong>/or cori<strong>and</strong>er sprigs for garnish<br />
Cover cleaned beans with cold water <strong>and</strong> soak overnight. Drain, rinse <strong>and</strong> cook as directed, or use<br />
quick soak method by covering cleaned beans with cold water <strong>and</strong> bring to a boil; cook 10 minutes, remove<br />
from heat <strong>and</strong> let st<strong>and</strong> 1 hour. Drain, rinse <strong>and</strong> proceed with cooking as directed below.<br />
Return soaked beans to soup pot (not a deep, narrow stockpot) with stock or other liquid, garlic, onion,<br />
olive oil, bay leaves, thyme <strong>and</strong> oregano sprigs, <strong>and</strong> ground cumin <strong>and</strong> cori<strong>and</strong>er seeds. Return to a<br />
boil, reduce heat <strong>and</strong> simmer until beans are very tender, about 2 hours (boiling vigorously will cause<br />
skins to burst). Add more hot liquid as needed.<br />
When beans are almost done, stir in epazote, cori<strong>and</strong>er leaves, jalapeno pepper, salt <strong>and</strong> pepper; continue<br />
cooking until beans are tender. If a smoother soup is desired remove about 2 cups <strong>of</strong> cooked<br />
beans <strong>and</strong> puree in a blender or processor. Stir in lemon juice <strong>and</strong> rum, if desired, <strong>and</strong> additional stock<br />
to thin soup; continue cooking for 5-10 minutes, stirring <strong>of</strong>ten. Taste for seasonings; adjust to taste as<br />
needed. Serve with grated sour cream, cheddar cheese, cubed avocado, <strong>and</strong>/or cori<strong>and</strong>er sprigs as garnish.<br />
Yield: 6-8 servings as first course<br />
Variation: Cook beans with smoked ham hock or turkey wings. Remove meat from the bones <strong>and</strong><br />
chop, adding to serve. Add smoked sausage toward end <strong>of</strong> cooking time.<br />
Recipe © Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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LIPTAUER CHEESE<br />
This is a sheep’s milk cheese in Hungary, named after the province <strong>of</strong> Liptauer. <strong>The</strong> cheese,<br />
with about 45% butterfat, is traditionally mixed with other seasonings, including lots <strong>of</strong> paprika for<br />
color, <strong>and</strong> known by the same name in other areas <strong>of</strong> Central Europe.<br />
It will be most traditional when prepared with feta cheese.<br />
1 cup feta cheese, small curd cottage cheese, or ricotta cheese<br />
4 ounces unsalted butter, s<strong>of</strong>tened<br />
8 ounces cream cheese, s<strong>of</strong>tened<br />
¼ cup finely chopped yellow onion<br />
1-2 teaspoons mashed anchovy fillets, depending upon personal taste<br />
1 tablespoon caraway seed, bruised with the back <strong>of</strong> a spoon<br />
1 teaspoon each finely chopped fresh sweet marjoram, sage <strong>and</strong> thyme (regular or lemon), stems removed<br />
1 teaspoon ground paprika, preferably Hungarian<br />
2 tablespoons chopped capers<br />
Freshly ground black pepper <strong>and</strong> salt to taste<br />
1-2 tablespoons beer, white wine or milk to thin mixture as needed<br />
In an electric mixer, whip feta cheese (or other choice) until smooth; add cream cheese <strong>and</strong> butter.<br />
Beat until light <strong>and</strong> well mixed. Add remaining ingredients, using only enough liquid to thin to a spreading<br />
consistency. Adjust with additional pepper <strong>and</strong> salt, depending upon saltiness <strong>of</strong> feta <strong>and</strong> anchovies.<br />
Chill for several hours or overnight to flavor. Serve mounded in a bowl, dusted with additional paprika.<br />
Cheese is delicious with pumpernickel or rye bread, toast or crackers, or raw vegetables.<br />
Yield: 12-16 servings as an appetizer<br />
Recipe © Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay<br />
SAVORY OATMEAL PECAN CRACKERS<br />
8 ounces finely grated sharp cheddar cheese<br />
3 ounces butter<br />
1 tablespoon White Worcestershire Sauce<br />
½ cup ground oatmeal (measure after grinding in food processor)<br />
¾ cup all-purpose flour<br />
½ teaspoon salt<br />
⅛ teaspoon ground red pepper (cayenne)<br />
½ teaspoon Tabasco Sauce<br />
1 cup finely chopped pecans (measure after chopping in food processor or by h<strong>and</strong>)<br />
2 tablespoons thinly sliced garlic chives<br />
1 tablespoon chopped fresh rosemary<br />
2 tablespoons chopped fresh mild oregano or sweet marjoram<br />
Directions: Cream cheese <strong>and</strong> butter until smooth with paddle attachment <strong>of</strong> electric mixer. Add remaining<br />
ingredients <strong>and</strong> mix well. Divide dough in 2 portions; use plastic wrap or waxed paper to shape<br />
into logs about 6 inches long by 1½ inches in diameter. Refrigerate or freeze until firm before slicing<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
into thin rounds. Let s<strong>of</strong>ten a few minutes if frozen. Place slices on ungreased cookie sheets <strong>and</strong> bake<br />
about 10-12 minutes at 350°F until lightly browned; be sure to brown on bottom. Crackers will become<br />
crisp when cool.<br />
Uses: Serve as an appetizer with drinks or to accompany soup or salads. Crackers are delicious with<br />
apples or pears.<br />
Yield: About 60 crackers<br />
Recipe © Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay<br />
GOAT CHEESE GOUGÈRE WITH HERBS AND GARLIC<br />
This recipe makes a delicious, buttery dough rather like a choux paste, which results in a savory herb<br />
bread that is sort <strong>of</strong> like a popover <strong>and</strong> a rich egg bread combined. It is adapted from Chevre! <strong>The</strong> Goat<br />
Cheese Cookbook by Laura Chenel <strong>and</strong> Linda Siegfried. Vary the herbs with what is in season, but use a<br />
combination <strong>of</strong> only two or three herbs at a time.<br />
1½ cups water<br />
12 tablespoons unsalted butter, cut into pieces<br />
¾ teaspoon salt<br />
Freshly ground black pepper<br />
1¼ cups unbleached flour<br />
¼ cup whole-wheat flour<br />
6 extra-large eggs, at room temperature<br />
5 ounces chevre, fresh or aged, or feta<br />
¼ cup fresh chopped Italian flat-leaved parsley<br />
3 tablespoons each: chives, marjoram<br />
4 large cloves garlic, finely minced<br />
About 1 tablespoon sesame seed<br />
Butter <strong>and</strong> flour a large baking sheet. In a medium saucepan, heat the water, butter, salt <strong>and</strong> pepper<br />
over medium heat, stirring until the mixture comes to a boil.<br />
Add the flour all at once <strong>and</strong> beat with a wooden spoon, for about a minute, until the mixture begins<br />
to form a ball. Remove from heat <strong>and</strong> let cool. Preheat oven to 375°F.<br />
Transfer the mixture to a food processor <strong>and</strong> add the eggs one at a time, beating until smooth <strong>and</strong> satiny<br />
after each addition.<br />
Break the goat cheese into large pieces or crumble the feta into small pieces <strong>and</strong> add it to the processor<br />
with the herbs <strong>and</strong> garlic. Process until just blended.<br />
Drop the dough by heaping tablespoons onto the prepared baking sheet, forming a large wreath shape.<br />
Sprinkle with the sesame seeds if desired <strong>and</strong> bake until well-browned, about 35 minutes. Serve immediately<br />
or while still warm.<br />
Serves 6-8 Recipe © Susan Belsinger<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
HONEY AND EGG FRESH HERB BREAD<br />
A batter type bread that does not need to be kneaded!<br />
1½ cups milk<br />
½ cup butter (4 ounces)<br />
2 tablespoons dry yeast<br />
¼ teaspoon sugar<br />
6 ounces warm water (110-115°F)<br />
½ cup honey (not extremely dark type)<br />
2 eggs, lightly beaten<br />
1½ tablespoons salt<br />
1½ tablespoons wheat germ<br />
⅓ cup finely chopped yellow onion<br />
1½ tablespoon chopped fresh basil – substitute 2½ teaspoons basil oil concentrate<br />
1 tablespoon chopped fresh thyme<br />
1½ tablespoon chopped fresh mild oregano or sweet marjoram<br />
6-7 cups all-purpose flour<br />
Combine milk <strong>and</strong> butter in a small saucepan <strong>and</strong> heat to 120°F. Combine yeast, sugar <strong>and</strong> warm water<br />
in a measuring cup, stirring lightly; let st<strong>and</strong> to pro<strong>of</strong> (will bubble).<br />
Place milk <strong>and</strong> butter in mixer bowl, add yeast mixture <strong>and</strong> all remaining ingredients in order listed;<br />
make sure well mixed before adding flour. Mix until well combined. Turn into a large, well-oiled bowl;<br />
cover <strong>and</strong> let rise in the refrigerator a least 2 hours or until doubled in bulk. Punch down <strong>and</strong> divide<br />
into 2 portions; shape into loaves <strong>and</strong> place in oiled 9x5-inch loaf pans. Cover <strong>and</strong> let rise in a warm<br />
place until doubled in bulk, about ½ -¾ hour. Bake at 350°F about 25-30 minutes until golden brown.<br />
Remove from oven <strong>and</strong> brush hot bread with s<strong>of</strong>t butter. Let cool slightly before slicing. Bread should<br />
be refrigerated or frozen to store. To re-warm, slice <strong>and</strong> wrap tightly in foil; heat in 350°F oven for<br />
about 25-30 minutes. Serve hot.<br />
Yield: 2 large loaves<br />
Note: Bread makes delicious grilled s<strong>and</strong>wiches or toast.<br />
Recipe © Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay<br />
PIZZA WITH SUNDRIED TOMATOES, GOAT CHEESE, AND ORIGANUM FLOWERS<br />
This delicious pizza is worth making, especially when your origanums are in bloom. If you don’t have time<br />
to make the crust you can go ahead <strong>and</strong> use a pre-made pizza crust. This recipe is excerpted from Flowers<br />
in the Kitchen by Susan Belsinger, Interweave Press, 1991.<br />
1 tablespoon active dry yeast<br />
Pinch <strong>of</strong> sugar<br />
¼ cup warm water<br />
2 cups unbleached white flour<br />
¼ cup rye flour<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
⅔ cup warm water<br />
1 tablespoon olive oil<br />
½ teaspoon salt<br />
1 large clove garlic, very finely minced<br />
1½ tablespoons olive oil<br />
Salt<br />
¾ cup sundried tomatoes, cut into ¼-inch slivers<br />
1 medium onion, quartered lengthwise <strong>and</strong> sliced thinly<br />
5½ ounces goat cheese, crumbled<br />
1 tablespoon finely chopped Italian parsley<br />
2 tablespoons marjoram or oregano blossoms<br />
Olive oil for burnishing<br />
To make the dough, dissolve the yeast <strong>and</strong> sugar in the ¼ cup warm water. Mix the flours in a bowl <strong>and</strong><br />
make a well in the flour. When the yeast is foamy, add it to the well. Let the sponge rise about 5 minutes.<br />
Gradually add the ⅔ cup water, adding 1 tablespoon olive oil <strong>and</strong> ½ teaspoon salt about half way through<br />
adding the water. Stir well with a wooden spoon, incorporating all <strong>of</strong> the flour; the dough will be a bit<br />
sticky though very lively.<br />
Turn the dough onto a floured surface <strong>and</strong> knead for 10 minutes, adding a little more flour if necessary.<br />
Transfer the dough to a lightly oiled bowl, covered with a damp tea towel, <strong>and</strong> let rise for 1-1½ hours,<br />
until doubled in bulk. (Or the dough can be covered with plastic wrap <strong>and</strong> refrigerated overnight; allow<br />
the dough to come to room temperature before proceeding.) Punch the dough down <strong>and</strong> let it rest for<br />
15 minutes before forming into pizza shapes.<br />
Prepare the pizza toppings; mix the finely chopped garlic with the olive oil. Preheat a baker's tile or pizza<br />
stone in a 450-500ºF oven for 20-30 minutes.<br />
Divide the pizza dough into two equal parts. Form one piece <strong>of</strong> dough into a 9 or 10-inch round on a<br />
pizza paddle that has been lightly dusted with flour or cornmeal. (Be sure to flour the paddle or the pizza<br />
will stick.) Brush the top <strong>of</strong> the dough with half <strong>of</strong> the garlic in olive oil. Sprinkle lightly with salt. Spread<br />
half <strong>of</strong> the sundried tomatoes over the dough, <strong>and</strong> cover them with half <strong>of</strong> the onions.<br />
Slide the pizza onto the baking stone <strong>and</strong> bake for about 5 minutes, until the crust is puffed around the<br />
edge <strong>and</strong> just starting to turn golden. Remove the pizza, using the paddle, <strong>and</strong> evenly spread half <strong>of</strong> the<br />
crumbled goat cheese over it. Return the pizza to the oven for about 3 minutes more, until the cheese<br />
begins to melt <strong>and</strong> the bottom crust is done.<br />
Remove the pizza to a cutting board <strong>and</strong> sprinkle it with half <strong>of</strong> the parsley <strong>and</strong> half <strong>of</strong> the marjoram or<br />
oregano flowers. Brush the edges <strong>of</strong> the pizza crust lightly with olive oil. Cut into 8 pieces <strong>and</strong> serve hot.<br />
Repeat the procedure for the other pizza.<br />
Makes two 9- or 10-inch pizzas<br />
Recipe © Susan Belsinger. Reprinted with permission.<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
MEATLESS MEATLOAF<br />
Tina Marie grew up eating meatloaf, which her mother prepared with ground beef <strong>and</strong> lots <strong>of</strong> vegetables,<br />
baked in the oven in an iron skillet. We’ve substituted t<strong>of</strong>u for the beef. When you freeze t<strong>of</strong>u<br />
overnight <strong>and</strong> then let it thaw—it changes the texture—it becomes crumbly <strong>and</strong> more “meaty” in texture.<br />
We drain it <strong>and</strong> then sauté it with garlic <strong>and</strong> oregano to enhance the flavor. This may not be your<br />
mother’s meatloaf, but it tastes close to home <strong>and</strong> has the right “mouth feel.”<br />
About 1 pound frozen t<strong>of</strong>u, thawed, crumbled <strong>and</strong> drained<br />
1 tablespoon dried O. xmajoricum or O. xmajoricum ‘Hilltop’ leaves (no other will do)<br />
1 pint home canned tomatoes or 14-15-ounce can tomatoes, chopped<br />
1 8-ounce can tomato sauce<br />
1 medium onion, chopped<br />
½ green bell pepper, chopped<br />
2 eggs<br />
3 tablespoons olive oil<br />
1 cup rolled oats<br />
3 cloves garlic, minced<br />
2 celery stalks, chopped<br />
Salt <strong>and</strong> pepper<br />
Ketchup to drizzle over top<br />
Preheat the oven to 375°F. Heat the olive oil in a skillet over medium heat. Add the crumbled t<strong>of</strong>u <strong>and</strong><br />
sauté for about 10 minutes, stirring so it doesn’t stick. Add minced garlic <strong>and</strong> crumble 1 teaspoon <strong>of</strong><br />
the O. xmajoricum into the t<strong>of</strong>u halfway through the sautéing. Season with salt <strong>and</strong> pepper.<br />
Beat eggs in a large bowl, add the oats, <strong>and</strong> stir to combine. Add tomatoes, tomato sauce, onion, celery,<br />
bell pepper, crumble in the remaining oregano, <strong>and</strong> season with salt <strong>and</strong> pepper. Stir in the sautéed<br />
t<strong>of</strong>u <strong>and</strong> mix to blend.<br />
Add a little more oil to the skillet if necessary <strong>and</strong> turn the mixture into it. Drizzle ketchup on top.<br />
Bake in a hot oven for 40-45 minutes until bubbling <strong>and</strong> golden brown around the edges. Serve with<br />
mashed potatoes, corn on the cob, <strong>and</strong> green beans. Texan vegetarians will love you for this meal.<br />
Recipe © Tina Marie Wilcox. Reprinted with permission from “Our Favorite <strong>Oregano</strong> in the Kitchen”<br />
by Susan Belsinger <strong>and</strong> Tina Marie Wilcox in <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist, 2004.<br />
CHRISTMAS EVE SEAFOOD LASAGNA<br />
Seafood is traditional for this special day in many parts<br />
<strong>of</strong> the world, <strong>and</strong> this lasagna is a very great treat.<br />
8 ounces lasagna noodles (enough for 3 layers in dish)<br />
1 pound whole milk ricotta cheese or small curd cottage cheese<br />
½ cup freshly grated Parmesan cheese<br />
2 tablespoons sliced chives<br />
2 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley, preferably Italian flat-leaf variety<br />
Salt <strong>and</strong> freshly ground white pepper to taste<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
¼ teaspoon Tabasco Sauce or ground red cayenne pepper<br />
1 teaspoon mashed garlic<br />
4 eggs, lightly beaten<br />
½ cup butter<br />
½ cup flour<br />
3½ cups milk<br />
1½ cups heavy cream<br />
3 tablespoons chopped fresh sweet marjoram or mild oregano<br />
1 tablespoon chopped fresh thyme (lemon thyme would be very good)<br />
½ pound Fontina cheese, grated (substitute baby Swiss, Muenster, mozzarella or other mild white<br />
cheese)<br />
1 pound medium shrimp, cooked, peeled <strong>and</strong> chopped (2 pounds raw in shell)<br />
½ pound cooked oysters, clams or scallops<br />
½ pound crab, picked over carefully to remove bits <strong>of</strong> shell <strong>and</strong> cartilage<br />
Chopped fresh parsley to garnish<br />
Cook lasagna noodles according to package directions, or use pre-cooked type. Drain <strong>and</strong> place in a<br />
single layer on an oiled sheet pan. Brush with oil <strong>and</strong> cover with a damp paper towel. Set aside while<br />
remaining ingredients are assembled.<br />
Mix ricotta <strong>and</strong> Parmesan cheese, chives, parsley, salt <strong>and</strong> pepper to taste, Tabasco sauce, garlic <strong>and</strong><br />
beaten eggs. Set aside. In a heavy 2-quart saucepan, melt butter over medium heat; stir in flour, mixing<br />
well. Heat mixture to bubbling, <strong>and</strong> then gradually pour in milk, stirring constantly. Add cream, marjoram<br />
<strong>and</strong> thyme, <strong>and</strong> season with salt <strong>and</strong> pepper. Cook sauce until thickened, stirring constantly in a<br />
figure-8 or zigzag pattern to keep from sticking. Remove from heat <strong>and</strong> stir several more times until<br />
sauce cools slightly.<br />
Butter a 9x3x2½-inch (or 11x15x3-inch) baking dish or casserole. Spread a thin layer <strong>of</strong> sauce in bottom<br />
<strong>of</strong> pan, about ½ cup. Arrange one layer <strong>of</strong> noodles, then spread ½ <strong>of</strong> ricotta mixture over noodles;<br />
sprinkle with ⅓ <strong>of</strong> shredded Fontina. Add ⅓ <strong>of</strong> seafood. Repeat process. Cover with ½ <strong>of</strong> sauce.<br />
Top with a third layer <strong>of</strong> noodles <strong>and</strong> remaining seafood. Finish with remaining sauce.<br />
Cover dish loosely with foil. Bake at 350°F for 40-45 minutes, or until lasagna is bubbling in center <strong>and</strong><br />
lightly browned. Test doneness with a knife in center <strong>of</strong> dish. Sprinkle with remaining cheese; remove<br />
dish from oven <strong>and</strong> let rest at least 5 minutes before cutting into squares. Garnish with chopped parsley<br />
or other herbs.<br />
Note: If seafood is not already cooked, boil shrimp for 1 minute in salted water, seasoned with onion,<br />
celery, lemon slices, bay leaves <strong>and</strong> Tabasco Sauce. Peel shrimp <strong>and</strong> chop coarsely unless quite small.<br />
Sauté oysters, clams or scallops in a small amount <strong>of</strong> butter until just colored. Drain well <strong>and</strong> chop<br />
coarsely as needed. Crabmeat is usually precooked when purchased.<br />
Any combination <strong>of</strong> shellfish may be used in lasagna, even fish fillets. For boneless fillets, cook quickly in<br />
water or broth, <strong>and</strong> then break into 2-inch pieces. Be very careful in h<strong>and</strong>ling or fish will break into tiny<br />
bits.<br />
<strong>The</strong> smaller sized dish indicated will be very full. Place on a foil-covered sheet pan to catch any liquids<br />
which may boil over.<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
Yield: 12-15 servings<br />
Recipe © Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay<br />
GRILLED PORK TENDERS<br />
With Chimichurri Basting Sauce <strong>and</strong> Three Pepper Relish<br />
2½ -3 pounds fresh pork tenders, trimmed <strong>of</strong> tendons, connective tissue, <strong>and</strong> excess fat<br />
½ cup Chimichurri (recipe below)<br />
⅓ cup dry wine, red or white<br />
2 tablespoons Dijon or grainy style mustard<br />
Salt <strong>and</strong> freshly ground black pepper as desired<br />
Chopped fresh parsley for garnish<br />
Three Pepper Relish (recipe below)<br />
Prepare pork tenders as directed above. Combine Chimichurri, wine <strong>and</strong> mustard <strong>of</strong> choice. Spread<br />
liberally over all surfaces <strong>of</strong> meat; sprinkle with salt <strong>and</strong> freshly ground black pepper. Cover <strong>and</strong> marinate<br />
up to 2 hours at room temperature or overnight in refrigerator.<br />
Heat charcoal or indoor grill until very hot. Oil cooking surface lightly. Cook pork, turning to evenly<br />
brown on all sides, about 20 minutes total, or until meat is firm <strong>and</strong> juices run clear. Do not over cook.<br />
Cover grill, leaving vents partially open to smoke, if desired. Internal temperature, tested at mid-thickness<br />
<strong>of</strong> pork tenders should register 150ºF for medium rare. Baste every 5-6 minutes with remaining<br />
sauce. Note: It is not usually advised to cook pork rare.<br />
Remove pork tenders to a warm platter or carving board, cover loosely <strong>and</strong> let st<strong>and</strong> about 5 minutes<br />
for juices to set. Slice in ¼-inch slices across the grain <strong>of</strong> meat, with knife held at a 45 degree angle to<br />
achieve wider slices. Sprinkle with parsley to garnish <strong>and</strong> serve with additional Chimichurri <strong>and</strong> Three<br />
Pepper Relish.<br />
Serves: 6-8 with Three Pepper Relish<br />
Alternative Method: Sear pork tenders in a lightly oiled, large oven-pro<strong>of</strong> skillet over high heat; roast in<br />
a 400ºF oven until done, about 25 minutes. Baste with marinating liquids while roasting.<br />
Recipe © Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay<br />
TRADITIONAL CHIMICHURRI<br />
A Pungent seasoning blend <strong>of</strong> South <strong>America</strong>n origin<br />
<strong>and</strong> used as a basting sauce <strong>and</strong> condiment<br />
2 tablespoons coarsely chopped garlic<br />
2 cups firmly packed parsley leaves <strong>and</strong> tender stems (preferably flat-leaved)<br />
½ cup firmly packed cilantro leaves <strong>and</strong> tender stems (cori<strong>and</strong>er leaves)<br />
3 tablespoons fresh oregano – we prefer mild O. xmajoricum but a stronger variety may<br />
be used<br />
2 tablespoons fresh thyme<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
4 fresh bay leaves, center stem removed<br />
Dash crushed red pepper or ground Cayenne pepper<br />
¾ cup vinegar – white wine or cider<br />
¾ cup extra virgin olive oil<br />
Salt to taste – at least ½ teaspoon<br />
Combine garlic <strong>and</strong> herbs in processor; finely chop. Add vinegar, olive oil <strong>and</strong> salt. Let st<strong>and</strong> overnight<br />
in refrigerator to mellow flavors. If fresh bay leaves are not available, grind dried bay in a spice mill.<br />
Chimichurri is delicious on grilled meats, poultry <strong>and</strong> fish. It keeps well in the refrigerator because <strong>of</strong><br />
its vinegar content. Store up to 1 week.<br />
Yield: 2 cups<br />
Note: Traditionally, Chimichurri contains considerably more olive oil than this version but more can be<br />
added to achieve a lighter flavor.<br />
Recipe © Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay<br />
THREE PEPPER RELISH<br />
Excellent with pork but is equally complimentary to other<br />
meats, chicken or fish. Try as an appetizer with toast or chips.<br />
1 fresh red sweet bell pepper<br />
1 fresh yellow sweet bell pepper<br />
1 fresh poblano pepper or other mildly hot, large fresh chiles – adjust number for smaller chiles<br />
½ cup sliced green onion<br />
3 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil<br />
1-2 tablespoons rice wine vinegar<br />
1 large clove garlic, mashed with ¼ teaspoon salt<br />
1 tablespoon chopped fresh oregano – O. xmajoricum preferred but other varieties may be used.<br />
⅛ teaspoon fresh ground black pepper<br />
¼ cup fresh basil leaves, sliced into thin strips (note: do not cut basil until ready to combine)<br />
Over a gas flame or in a 450ºF oven, roast peppers until skin is black <strong>and</strong> charred. Remove <strong>and</strong> quickly<br />
place in a paper or plastic bag. Close bag <strong>and</strong> let cool until peppers can be h<strong>and</strong>led. Peel skin away with<br />
a small knife <strong>and</strong> discard. Cut open <strong>and</strong> remove core, seeds <strong>and</strong> white placenta. Do not rinse. Slice<br />
peppers into ¼-inch pieces <strong>and</strong> place in a medium glass bowl.<br />
Combine prepared peppers with remaining ingredients. Let st<strong>and</strong> at room temperature for 1 hour to<br />
mellow flavors. Store in refrigerator for up to 1 week.<br />
Note: A tablespoon <strong>of</strong> Chimichurri is delicious added to relish.<br />
Yield: About 1½ cups<br />
Recipe © Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
39
<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
LEMON THYME AND ITALIAN OREGANO CHIMICHURRI<br />
A variation on the classic Central <strong>and</strong> South <strong>America</strong>n condiment.<br />
2 tablespoons coarsely chopped garlic<br />
2 cups tightly packed parsley (preferably flat-leaved)<br />
¼ cup tightly packed lemon thyme leaves <strong>and</strong> tender stems<br />
½ cup tightly packed mild oregano leaves <strong>and</strong> tender stems (O. xmajoricum)<br />
½ cup tightly packed cilantro leaves <strong>and</strong> tender stems (cori<strong>and</strong>er)<br />
Peel <strong>of</strong> 1 lemon, yellow portion only, cut into small pieces<br />
4 fresh bay leaves, with center stem removed<br />
Dash crushed red peppers or ground cayenne to taste<br />
¾ cup vinegar (white wine or cider) or lemon juice<br />
¾ cup extra virgin olive oil<br />
½ teaspoon salt<br />
Combine garlic, herbs <strong>and</strong> peppers in processor; finely chop. Add vinegar or lemon juice, olive oil <strong>and</strong><br />
salt. Process until completely mixed. Refrigerate at least 24 hours before using to mellow flavors. Store<br />
in refrigerator for up to 1 week; do not freeze. If fresh bay leaves are not available, grind dry leaves in a<br />
spice mill.<br />
Yield: About 2 cups<br />
Recipe © Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay<br />
SIMPLE TOMATO SAUCE<br />
This easy tomato sauce is tasty—both savory <strong>and</strong> sweet. Traditionally I use Italian oregano (Origanum<br />
xmajoricum), however other origanums can be used, they will just make the sauce a little spicier. Flavorful<br />
tomatoes are essential to the taste <strong>of</strong> this sauce. If the tomatoes are very acid—which they can<br />
be sometimes—add a few teaspoons <strong>of</strong> honey or sugar. Reduce the sauce by cooking longer if the tomatoes<br />
are watery.<br />
2-2½ pounds ripe tomatoes, peeled, <strong>and</strong> diced or a 28-ounce can tomatoes, diced<br />
1 tablespoon <strong>and</strong> 1 teaspoon chopped fresh oregano or 1½ teaspoons crumbled dried<br />
oregano<br />
2 teaspoons chopped fresh marjoram or 1 teaspoon crumbled dried marjoram<br />
About 1 cup finely diced onion<br />
3 garlic cloves, minced<br />
2 tablespoons olive oil<br />
About 1 teaspoon salt<br />
In a non-reactive saucepan combine the tomatoes, oregano, marjoram, onion, garlic, olive oil, <strong>and</strong> salt.<br />
Bring to a boil <strong>and</strong> simmer the mixture over moderate heat for 20 minutes, stirring occasionally. Taste<br />
for salt <strong>and</strong> sweetness <strong>and</strong> adjust if necessary. Serve the sauce as is—which is a bit chunky—or puree<br />
all or part <strong>of</strong> it.<br />
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This sauce can easily be doubled or tripled <strong>and</strong> processed in canning jars.<br />
Makes about 1 quart<br />
Recipe © Susan Belsinger<br />
MASTER RECIPE FOR HERBAL DRESSING<br />
½ cup canola oil<br />
½ cup extra virgin olive oil<br />
⅓ cup white wine vinegar<br />
⅓ cup water<br />
1 large clove garlic, peeled <strong>and</strong> cut into several uniform pieces – about 1 teaspoon<br />
½ teaspoon each freshly ground cori<strong>and</strong>er <strong>and</strong> cumin seeds<br />
½-1 teaspoon salt<br />
1 tablespoon Dijon style mustard or good homemade mustard, optional<br />
½ teaspoon hot pepper sauce or small piece <strong>of</strong> hot fresh chile – seeded <strong>and</strong> de-veined<br />
⅛ teaspoon freshly ground black pepper<br />
¼ cup firmly packed fresh parsley leaves <strong>and</strong> tender stems<br />
¼ cup firmly packed fresh leaves <strong>and</strong> tender stems <strong>of</strong> O. xmajoricum<br />
2 tablespoons firmly packed fresh leaves <strong>and</strong> tender stems <strong>of</strong> spearmint<br />
1 tablespoon firmly packed fresh leaves <strong>of</strong> rosemary<br />
Combine all ingredients in blender container or food processor work bowl; blend until smooth. Taste<br />
for salt <strong>and</strong> other seasonings. Hot pepper can be increased to make a piquant flavor if desired. Salt<br />
measurement will vary depending upon mustard <strong>and</strong> type <strong>of</strong> vinegar. Avoid blending too long after<br />
herbs are added to keep dressing from becoming green puree. Store in the refrigerator in glass or plastic<br />
refrigerator container for up to 1 week.<br />
Yield: About 2 cups dressing<br />
Recipe © Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay<br />
FOUR OREGANO PESTO<br />
¼ cup Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum)<br />
¼ cup sweet marjoram (O. majorana)<br />
¼ cup golden oregano (O. vulgare subsp. vulgare ‘Aureum’)<br />
¼ cup Cuban oregano (Plectranthus amboinicus)<br />
½ cup flat-leaf parsley<br />
2 tablespoons minced garlic<br />
½ cup pecan pieces, toasted<br />
¼ cup freshly grated Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese<br />
1 teaspoon balsamic vinegar<br />
1 teaspoon sea salt<br />
1 cup extra virgin olive oil<br />
Pepper to taste<br />
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Put the first ten ingredients in a food processor <strong>and</strong> pulse until mixture is finely ground. Turn the machine<br />
on <strong>and</strong> pour the olive oil in a steady stream. Stop <strong>and</strong> scrape down the sides, then process until<br />
the sauce is smooth <strong>and</strong> slightly creamy. Taste <strong>and</strong> add pepper to taste. Store tightly covered in the refrigerator<br />
for up to 1 week.<br />
Recipe © Scott Kresge<br />
FRESH HERBAL BLEND FOR POULTRY<br />
This concentrated mixture is delicious for poultry <strong>of</strong> all types, seafood, delicate<br />
vegetables, rice <strong>and</strong> pasta. All measurements <strong>of</strong> herbs should be firmly packed.<br />
1 cup fresh sweet marjoram or mild oregano (O. xmajoricum) leaves <strong>and</strong> tender stems<br />
¼ cup sliced onion chives<br />
1 cup fresh parsley, leaves <strong>and</strong> stems<br />
¼ cup fresh French or English thyme leaves <strong>and</strong> tender stems<br />
¼ cup fresh sage leaves<br />
4 large fresh bay leaves, tough center stem removed<br />
½-¾ cup vegetable oil, as needed<br />
Combine all ingredients in food processor or blender; process until uniformly chopped. Add larger<br />
measurement <strong>of</strong> oil if needed to smooth. Use immediately or, to keep fresh <strong>and</strong> safe, store in freezer<br />
for up to 2 years.<br />
Note: If fresh bay leaves are not available, dry may be substituted, but do not blend with other herbs.<br />
Break into several pieces <strong>and</strong> add to blended mixture. Remove before serving.<br />
Yield: 2-2½ cups<br />
Recipe © Madalene Hill <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay<br />
DRIED MEDITERRANEAN HERB MIX<br />
This combination <strong>of</strong> dried herbs features the origanums, <strong>and</strong> you will find it h<strong>and</strong>y to have in the pantry.<br />
It goes with all sorts <strong>of</strong> dishes from tomato sauce, pasta dishes, marinades, vegetables, meat <strong>and</strong><br />
fowl, minestrone <strong>and</strong> other soups, vinaigrettes for salads, <strong>and</strong> mixed with garlic, olive oil, <strong>and</strong> a little<br />
fresh Parmesan for garlic bread.<br />
If you are using Greek oregano, which is much more pungent than Italian (or Sicilian), then use equal<br />
portions <strong>of</strong> the herbs—⅓ cup <strong>of</strong> each.<br />
½ cup whole dried Italian oregano leaves<br />
¼ cup whole dried marjoram leaves<br />
¼ cup whole dried Genoa Green basil leaves<br />
Combine the whole, dried herb leaves in a bowl <strong>and</strong> toss to blend. Pack the herbs into a glass jar, label,<br />
<strong>and</strong> store away from heat <strong>and</strong> light. When you use the herbal blend, crumble the leaves as you need<br />
them in order to release the essential oils <strong>and</strong> flavor right into the dish.<br />
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Makes about 1 cup<br />
Recipe © Susan Belsinger<br />
1 pound <strong>of</strong> chopped fresh mango<br />
1½ cups sugar<br />
½ cup water<br />
1 quart <strong>of</strong> cream<br />
2 tablespoons whole fresh marjoram leaves<br />
8 egg yolks<br />
MARJORAM MANGO ICE CREAM<br />
In a saucepan, combine the mango, sugar <strong>and</strong> water. Over medium-low heat, simmer for 5 minutes. Remove<br />
from the heat <strong>and</strong> cool. In a food processor fitted with a metal blade, pulse several times, so that<br />
the mixture is lightly chunky. Remove from the processor <strong>and</strong> reserve. In another saucepan, add the<br />
cream. Bring the liquid to a near boil, remove from heat, add the marjoram <strong>and</strong> let steep for 30-45<br />
minutes. Pour cream through a sieve <strong>and</strong> remove all <strong>of</strong> the marjoram. Bring the infused cream back to<br />
a near boil. Whisk the egg yolks together. Very slowly whisk 1 cup <strong>of</strong> the hot cream into the egg mixture.<br />
In a steady stream, slowly add the egg mixture to the hot cream mixture, whisking constantly.<br />
Continue to cook on very low heat for 4-7 minutes, stirring constantly till mixture thickens. Remove<br />
from the heat <strong>and</strong> stir in chunky mango mixture. Cool completely. Add the mango/cream mixture to<br />
the electric ice cream maker. Process according to manufacturer’s directions.<br />
Recipe © Scott Kresge<br />
Crust:<br />
2 cups flour<br />
2 teaspoons baking powder<br />
½ cup Crisco<br />
½ cup ice water<br />
Filling:<br />
6-8 firm apples<br />
½ cup sugar<br />
1 teaspoon finely chopped marjoram leaves<br />
Crumbs:<br />
½ stick butter<br />
1 cup flour<br />
½ teaspoon cinnamon<br />
¼ cup brown sugar<br />
Preheat oven to 350°F<br />
MARJORAM APPLE TART<br />
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For crust, mix flour, baking powder <strong>and</strong> Crisco with a pastry blade. Slowly add water until it adheres<br />
<strong>and</strong> forms a ball. On a floured surface, roll in a perfect round until it will fit the pie pan.<br />
Sprinkle flour on bottom <strong>of</strong> crust <strong>and</strong> lay in apples (slices on the bottom, halves <strong>and</strong> quarters on top).<br />
Sprinkle apples with sugar <strong>and</strong> marjoram leaves. Top with crumbs <strong>and</strong> sprinkle with cinnamon.<br />
Bake 50-60 minutes or until s<strong>of</strong>t.<br />
Recipe © Scott Kresge<br />
CRAFT USES<br />
Due to their beautiful flowers <strong>and</strong> bracts, many Origanum species <strong>and</strong> cultivars are ideal for dried arrangements<br />
<strong>and</strong> crafts. Carol Morse likes to make holiday swags with bay leaves, oregano <strong>and</strong> other<br />
herbs (78). Susan Belsinger adds the dried, pressed flowers to herbal notecards (7).<br />
Both the foliage <strong>and</strong> the flowers <strong>of</strong> the origanums can be used in wreaths for their beauty <strong>and</strong> fragrance<br />
(51). Tina Marie Wilcox uses the purple flowers <strong>of</strong> the ornamental O. vulgare subsp. vulgare in everlastings,<br />
wreaths <strong>and</strong> swags (114). <strong>The</strong> majority <strong>of</strong> the ornamental species <strong>and</strong> cultivars will retain their<br />
color <strong>and</strong> shape when dried (87), but according to Scott Kresge, the “gorgeous dark pink <strong>and</strong> purple<br />
flowers” <strong>of</strong> O. ‘Herrenhausen’ <strong>and</strong> O. ‘Rotkugel’ dry <strong>and</strong> keep particularly well (64). <strong>The</strong> flower spikes<br />
<strong>of</strong> other ornamentals like O. rotundifolium <strong>and</strong> O. libanoticum can also be used in dried arrangements<br />
(104).<br />
Sweet marjoram (2, 7, 32), O. onites <strong>and</strong> O. vulgare leaves <strong>and</strong> flowers can be included in potpourris<br />
(16), <strong>and</strong> sprigs can be added to tussie mussies <strong>and</strong> bridal bouquets to symbolize joy <strong>and</strong> happiness (66,<br />
86). <strong>Marjoram</strong> can also be used in advent wreaths for its symbolism <strong>of</strong> joy, happiness <strong>and</strong> kindness (65).<br />
Dyes can be made from both sweet marjoram <strong>and</strong> oregano. A red or purple dye was historically created<br />
from the dried <strong>and</strong> fermented flowers <strong>of</strong> O. vulgare subsp. vulgare (22, 85, 92), <strong>and</strong> the tops <strong>of</strong> O.<br />
majorana can be used to dye wool yellow, gold, orange, brown or gray, depending on the mordant<br />
(metallic compound) used to treat the yarn (22).<br />
MEDICINAL USES<br />
Although not in widespread medicinal use today, Origanum plants have a long history <strong>of</strong> use in folk<br />
medicine <strong>and</strong> a chemistry that shows some promise for modern applications. Species that have been<br />
used medicinally include O. vulgare, O. majorana, O. dictamnus <strong>and</strong> O. syriacum, among others. Origanums<br />
have been used to treat many conditions, from digestive problems, menstrual irregularities <strong>and</strong> cancer<br />
to aches, pains <strong>and</strong> the common cold.<br />
Dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete has been used internally as a tonic, digestive aid (16, 89), for rheumatism <strong>and</strong> respiratory<br />
ailments <strong>and</strong> externally for snakebite, sciatica <strong>and</strong> wounds (16). In Crete, O. dictamnus is still used<br />
today for tonsillitis, toothache, rheumatism, amenorrhea, diabetes, kidney <strong>and</strong> liver problems, obesity,<br />
digestion <strong>and</strong> externally for wounds <strong>and</strong> headaches (91).<br />
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O. vulgare’s uses in folk medicine include respiratory problems, coughs, upset stomach, painful menstruation/as<br />
an emmenagogue (48), rheumatoid arthritis, scr<strong>of</strong>ulosis, to induce sweating, for urinary<br />
problems <strong>and</strong> as a diuretic (14, 48, 49). It is used internally for colds, flu, fever, painful periods <strong>and</strong> digestive<br />
disorders <strong>and</strong> externally for bronchitis, asthma, arthritis <strong>and</strong> muscle aches (16). In Chinese<br />
medicine, oregano is a remedy for colds, vomiting, fever, dysentery, jaundice <strong>and</strong> childhood malnutrition<br />
(49). Oil is reportedly used to kill lice (16), <strong>and</strong> in homeopathy, oregano is considered an aphrodisiac<br />
(49). Preparations include infusions, tea powders, gargles <strong>and</strong> baths (14, 49).<br />
O. majorana has been used to treat cancer (57, 69), colds, rhinitis <strong>and</strong> gastritis, <strong>and</strong> the herb <strong>and</strong> essential<br />
oil have been used for cramps, depression, gastrointestinal problems, headaches, coughs, paralysis<br />
<strong>and</strong> as a diuretic (49). <strong>The</strong> species is used externally for chest congestion, muscle aches <strong>and</strong> arthritis,<br />
<strong>and</strong> warm olive oil infused with sweet marjoram is a reported remedy for ear infections (16). Like O.<br />
vulgare, O. majorana is employed as an aphrodisiac in homeopathic medicine (49). It can be prepared as<br />
an infusion/tea, mouthwash, poultice (49) <strong>and</strong> tincture (36), <strong>and</strong> the oil is an ingredient in ointments<br />
<strong>and</strong> compound preparations (49).<br />
O. onites is a primary ingredient in kekik water, a “household remedy” prepared in villages <strong>and</strong> sold<br />
commercially in Turkey (4), <strong>and</strong> O. syriacum has reportedly been used to treat heart problems, cough,<br />
toothache (44), colds, anxiety <strong>and</strong> wounds (26).<br />
A number <strong>of</strong> the genus’s reported medicinal activities have been supported by animal/in vitro studies<br />
or assays <strong>of</strong> isolated extracts or chemicals from the plants (36). Several plants in the genus are antibacterial,<br />
antifungal <strong>and</strong> antimicrobial due to the phenol carvacrol (49, 102). <strong>The</strong> essential oil <strong>of</strong> O. vulgare<br />
is antimicrobial (49), <strong>and</strong> O. majorana plants <strong>and</strong>/or essential oil are antimicrobial (102), anti-viral, insecticidal<br />
(49), <strong>and</strong> antibacterial (14). O. syriacum is reportedly antifungal, <strong>and</strong> O. onites oil has antifungal <strong>and</strong><br />
antibacterial properties (102). Origanum species including O. vulgare, O. majorana <strong>and</strong> O. dictamnus may<br />
be antispasmodic due to the presence <strong>of</strong> flavonoids (3). Some origanums may also have antioxidant effects<br />
due to the phenols carvacrol <strong>and</strong> thymol, polar hydroxycinnamic derivatives <strong>and</strong> flavonoid glycosides<br />
(3). <strong>The</strong>re is also limited scientific evidence that O. vulgare <strong>and</strong> O. majorana may have anticancer,<br />
sedative, diuretic, diaphoretic <strong>and</strong> analgesic activities <strong>and</strong> that O. vulgare may aid digestion (36).<br />
It is important to note that although many sources list medicinal actions for the essential oil <strong>of</strong> O. vulgare<br />
<strong>and</strong> O. vulgare subsp. hirtum, most commercial oil <strong>of</strong> Origanum is actually sourced from Thymbra<br />
capitata (syn. Thymus capitatus). According to Dr. Arthur O. Tucker, there is a great deal <strong>of</strong> confusion<br />
in the essential oil literature, but “high-carvacrol oils would have similar applications” (101).<br />
<strong>The</strong> German Commission E considers both O. vulgare <strong>and</strong> O. majorana “unapproved” (14), but the<br />
<strong>America</strong>n <strong>Herb</strong>al Products Association Botanical Safety H<strong>and</strong>book lists O. vulgare subsp. hirtum <strong>and</strong> O. majorana<br />
as class 1 herbs “that can be safely consumed when used appropriately” (74), <strong>and</strong> economic botanist<br />
<strong>and</strong> former USDA researcher Dr. James A. Duke gives both O. vulgare (subspecies not identified)<br />
<strong>and</strong> O. majorana his highest safety rating (i.e. “safer than c<strong>of</strong>fee”) (36). Some sources advise against the<br />
use <strong>of</strong> origanums during pregnancy due to uterine stimulating <strong>and</strong> abortifacient effects (3). <strong>Oregano</strong><br />
may also disrupt progesterone, an important pregnancy hormone (117 cited in 26). According to the<br />
PDR for <strong>Herb</strong>al Medicines <strong>and</strong> Commission E Monographs, O. majorana should not be used for extended<br />
periods due to arbutin <strong>and</strong> hydroxyquinone, the latter <strong>of</strong> which is carcinogenic, <strong>and</strong> salves should not<br />
be used on young children or infants (14, 49). <strong>Oregano</strong>/O. vulgare may cause systemic allergic reactions<br />
in some individuals who consume the herb, <strong>and</strong> there have also been reports <strong>of</strong> contact dermatitis (3,<br />
72). O. majorana food flavoring has reportedly caused perioral dermatitis (3), <strong>and</strong> although there is con-<br />
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flicting information about O. vulgare oil <strong>and</strong> skin sensitivity, oil may be a dermal toxin <strong>and</strong> skin irritant,<br />
<strong>and</strong> at least one source cautions against home use (67). Tina Marie Wilcox felt this effect first h<strong>and</strong><br />
when she experienced intense burning after applying Origanum oil mixed with nut oil to insect bites<br />
(114).<br />
GARDEN USES<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are probably as many ways to use origanums<br />
in the garden as there are species in the<br />
genus. <strong>The</strong> key is to respect the plant’s natural<br />
tendencies <strong>and</strong> to consider how its physical appearance<br />
<strong>and</strong> growth habit will complement<br />
other plants in the garden.<br />
In the l<strong>and</strong>scape, origanums can be grown in edgings,<br />
pots <strong>and</strong> borders (102) <strong>and</strong> dwarf, spreading<br />
types like O. vulgare subsp. vulgare ‘Humile’ can be<br />
used as groundcovers (78, 104). According to<br />
Carol Morse, O. vulgare subsp. vulgare ‘Humile’<br />
makes a good edible ground cover that can be<br />
planted between stepping stones or allowed to grow<br />
to 6 inches for wilder or eccentric paths (78).<br />
Origanum xmajoricum (left) with thyme <strong>and</strong> chives<br />
Image courtesy Arkansas Dept. <strong>of</strong> Parks <strong>and</strong> Tourism<br />
Susan Belsinger, Joan DeLauro, Gwen Barclay <strong>and</strong> Henry Flowers recommend planting origanums with<br />
plants having similar growth requirements (7, 33, 51), like savory, thyme, lavender, sage <strong>and</strong> rosemary<br />
(7). Tina Marie Wilcox likes to plant O. vulgare with yarrow, silver king artemisia <strong>and</strong> tansy since they<br />
all send out runners underground, are harvested the same way <strong>and</strong> can be cut to the ground when<br />
they flower (114). Dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete’s small, fuzzy leaves make it ideal for fairy gardens (7). Francesco<br />
DeBaggio plants his origanums all over the garden <strong>and</strong> suggests growing around ponds (32).<br />
According to Henry Flowers, oregano’s fine texture can provide a nice contrast to coarser, bolderleaved<br />
plants. He uses oreganos in borders <strong>and</strong> beds, <strong>and</strong> plants the mounding types as fillers. <strong>The</strong> s<strong>of</strong>t<br />
texture looks great around shrubs <strong>and</strong> under roses, <strong>and</strong> the gray-leaved species look wonderful with<br />
lavenders. Henry also suggests planting with plants with different bloom times for variety <strong>and</strong> a continuous<br />
display. Although O. xmajoricum is a culinary Origanum, its graceful, fountain-like flowers make it<br />
a perfect addition to many types <strong>of</strong> gardens <strong>and</strong> plantings (51).<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are many origanums that are planted exclusively as ornamentals for their attractive bracts, flowers<br />
<strong>and</strong> foliage. <strong>The</strong>se include O. ‘Kent Beauty,’ O. ‘Hopley’s Purple,’ O. ‘Herrenhausen,’ O. sipyleum, O.<br />
scabrum, O. acudins, O. amanum <strong>and</strong> O. xsuendermanii (hort.), which Rex Talbert describes as “exotic<br />
looking” (95). Some <strong>of</strong> the hybrids <strong>and</strong> lesser-known ornamentals are James Adams’s favorites for<br />
mixed plantings. According to Jim, “cultivars such as O. ‘Herrenhausen’ <strong>and</strong> O. ‘Rotkugel’ are really<br />
beautiful in a perennial planting or planted next to a walkway. <strong>The</strong>y might not be tasty in food, but<br />
when stepped on they release an oregano scent which is always welcome” (1). For edging, Barbara Varl<strong>and</strong><br />
uses the spreading, low-growing cultivars O. ‘Jim Best’, O. vulgare subsp. vulgare ‘Humile,’ O. vulgare<br />
‘White Anniversary,’ O. vulgare ‘Polyphant’ <strong>and</strong> O. vulgare subsp. vulgare ‘Aureum’ (109). Try plants with<br />
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variegated foliage in perennial borders or mixed containers with<br />
flowers (64). Scott Kresge also recommends cascading varieties for<br />
flower boxes <strong>and</strong> mixed hanging baskets (64).<br />
Origanums can also be planted in many types <strong>of</strong> gardens including<br />
children’s, medicinal (114), <strong>and</strong> rock gardens (34, 59). <strong>The</strong> culinary<br />
oreganos can be used in pizza gardens (114), <strong>and</strong> sweet marjoram<br />
can be grown in knot gardens (41). O. vulgare is useful in bee <strong>and</strong><br />
butterfly gardens (6, 93). As a butterfly nectar plant O. vulgare is<br />
the “preferred flower” <strong>of</strong> the Ctenucha moth (6), <strong>and</strong> is one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
few plants pollinated by the alfalfa leafcutting bee (Megachile rotundata)<br />
(93).<br />
A practical use <strong>of</strong> origanums in the l<strong>and</strong>scape is for erosion control.<br />
O. vulgare subsp. vulgare can be grown on hillsides to prevent<br />
erosion, <strong>and</strong> Tina Marie Wilcox likes to plant it on the ro<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> her<br />
root cellar to hold the soil in place (114).<br />
OTHER USES<br />
Origanum xmajoricum border (right <strong>and</strong><br />
back). Photo by Gwen Barclay<br />
<strong>The</strong> oils <strong>of</strong> both O. majorana <strong>and</strong> O. vulgare are used commercially to scent soaps, lotions <strong>and</strong> perfumes/<br />
colognes (16, 67, 69).<br />
Origanum species have also demonstrated an ability to combat various pests. In Southern France, O. vulgare<br />
has been used to protect stored kidney beans from the bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus) (3,<br />
12), <strong>and</strong> a recent study supports this traditional use, showing that O. vulgare subsp. hirtum is toxic to<br />
the bean weevil through both direct contact <strong>and</strong> fumigation (3). Vapors <strong>of</strong> the essential oil <strong>of</strong> O. syriacum<br />
var. bevanii are reportedly toxic to the confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum), the Mediterranean<br />
flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella), the carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus) <strong>and</strong> the cotton<br />
aphid (Aphis gossypii) (3). Extracts <strong>and</strong> essential oils <strong>of</strong> Origanum species have also exhibited antinematodal<br />
<strong>and</strong> moluscicidal effects in various studies (3).<br />
Due to their antioxidant <strong>and</strong> antibacterial properties, origanums also show promise for food preservation.<br />
<strong>Oregano</strong> can inhibit oxidation <strong>of</strong> fats <strong>and</strong> oils due primarily to the presence <strong>of</strong> carvacrol <strong>and</strong> flavonoids<br />
(72). Although various molds, yeast <strong>and</strong> bacteria have been found growing on samples <strong>of</strong> dried<br />
oregano <strong>and</strong> marjoram, oregano (genus <strong>and</strong> species not specified) has demonstrated antimicrobial activity<br />
against a variety <strong>of</strong> organisms including E. coli, a subspecies <strong>of</strong> Salmonella enterica, Salmonella enteritidis<br />
<strong>and</strong> C<strong>and</strong>ida albicans (72). According to a study published in the Journal <strong>of</strong> Food Protection in March<br />
2003, the essential oil <strong>of</strong> O. vulgare retarded the spoilage <strong>of</strong> freshwater Asian sea bass by inhibiting bacterial<br />
growth, extending shelf-life to 33 days (50).<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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Species Highlights<br />
Origanum amanum<br />
Common Names: none<br />
Form: evergreen subshrub<br />
Flowers: pink<br />
Bract Color: purple<br />
Height: 4-8’’<br />
Width: 12’’<br />
Hardiness Zone: 5-8<br />
Uses: ornamental<br />
Origanum dictamnus<br />
Common Names: dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete, Hop marjoram<br />
Form: dwarf evergreen subshrub with erect or<br />
trailing stems<br />
Flowers: Origanum pink, amanum in whorls<br />
Bract Common Color: Names: purple none or reddish<br />
Height: Form: 5-6’’ evergreen subshrub<br />
Width: Flowers: 8-16’’ pink<br />
Hardiness Bract Color: Zone: purple 7-9<br />
Uses: Height: culinary, 4-8’’ medicinal, economic<br />
Scent/Flavor: Width: 12’’ menthol, camphor, medicinal<br />
Hardiness Zone: 5-8<br />
Uses: ornamental<br />
Origanum xhybridinum<br />
Synonyms: O. xhybridum, O. pulchellum Boiss.<br />
Common Names: showy marjoram<br />
Form: perennial mounding subshrub with trailing<br />
stems<br />
Flower Color: pink<br />
Bracts: purple/pink; resemble hops<br />
Height: 10-20’’<br />
Width: 10-12’’<br />
Hardiness Zone: 8<br />
Uses: ornamental, culinary<br />
Scent/Flavor: similar to oregano<br />
O. amanum. R. Talbert image collection<br />
O. dictamnus. Photo courtesy U.S. National Arboretum<br />
O. amanum. R. Talbert image collection<br />
O. xhybridinum ‘Ray Williams.’ HSA Archives<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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Origanum laevigatum<br />
Common Names: none<br />
Form: subshrub with ascending stems<br />
Flower Color: reddish-purple<br />
Bract Color: purple<br />
Height: 20-28’’<br />
Width: 18’’<br />
Hardiness Zone: 7<br />
Uses: craft, ornamental<br />
Origanum libanoticum<br />
Synonym: O. pulchellum<br />
Common Names: hops oregano<br />
Form: mounding subshrub with trailing stems<br />
Flower Color: pink<br />
Bracts: cream/pink or purple; resemble hops<br />
Height: 24’’<br />
Hardiness Zone: 7<br />
Uses: ornamental<br />
O. laevigatum (above). HSA Archives<br />
O. libanoticum. HSA archives<br />
Origanum majorana<br />
Synonym: Majorana hortensis<br />
Common Names: sweet marjoram, knotted<br />
marjoram<br />
Form: tender perennial evergreen subshrub<br />
with erect or ascending stems<br />
Flower Color: white<br />
Bract Color: grayish- or whitish-green<br />
Height: 24-32’’<br />
Width: 18’’<br />
Hardiness Zone: 9b<br />
Uses: culinary, medicinal, economic, craft<br />
Scent/Flavor: sweet with floral, citrus <strong>and</strong> clove<br />
notes O. majorana. Photo courtesy U.S. National Arboretum<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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Origanum xmajoricum<br />
(hybrid <strong>of</strong> O. majorana <strong>and</strong> O. vulgare subsp. virens)<br />
Common Names: Italian oregano, hardy marjoram<br />
Form: clump-forming perennial<br />
Flower Color: white<br />
Bract Color: green<br />
Height: 18-24’’<br />
Width: 12-18’’<br />
Hardiness Zone: 6-9<br />
Uses: culinary<br />
Scent/Flavor: similar to sweet marjoram but savory, spicy<br />
<strong>and</strong> sweet<br />
O. microphyllum. Photo by Gwen Barclay<br />
Origanum minutiflorum<br />
Common Names: Spartan oregano<br />
Form: tender perennial subshrub with erect stems<br />
Flower Color: white<br />
Bract Color: green<br />
Height: 14’’<br />
Uses: culinary<br />
O. xmajoricum. Photo by Susan Belsinger<br />
Origanum microphyllum<br />
Common names: small-leaved oregano<br />
Form: subshrub with ascending stems<br />
Flower Color: purple or purplish-red<br />
Bract Color: white<br />
Height: 10-20’’<br />
Hardiness Zone: 7<br />
Uses: culinary, ornamental<br />
Scent/Flavor: spicy <strong>and</strong> strong<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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Origanum onites<br />
Synonyms: Majorana onites<br />
Common Names: pot marjoram, Greek/<br />
Turkish oregano, rhigani/rigani<br />
Form: tender perennial semi-evergreen subshrub<br />
with erect or ascending stems<br />
Flowers: white with spikes forming a false<br />
corymb<br />
Bract Color: light green<br />
Height: 12-39’’<br />
Width: 12’’<br />
Hardiness Zone: 9<br />
Uses: culinary, craft, medicinal<br />
Scent/Flavor: hot, peppery <strong>and</strong> thyme-like<br />
Origanum rotundifolium<br />
Common Names: none<br />
Form: deciduous subshrub with trailing stems<br />
Flower Color: white or pale pink<br />
Bract Color: yellow-green<br />
Height: 12’’<br />
Hardiness Zone: 7<br />
Uses: ornamental, craft<br />
Scent/Flavor: minimal<br />
O. onites. HSA Archives<br />
O. rotundifolium. HSA Archives<br />
Origanum syriacum<br />
Synonyms: O. maru<br />
Common Names: Syrian oregano, bible hyssop, za’atar, Lebanese oregano<br />
Form: tender perennial subshrub with erect or ascending stems<br />
Flowers: white or purple-pink in panicles<br />
Bract Color: green or whitish<br />
Height: 18-36’’<br />
Width: 12-18’’<br />
Hardiness Zone: 8<br />
Uses: culinary, medicinal<br />
Scent/Flavor: may be thyme or oregano scented<br />
Botanical Varieties: O. syriacum var. syriacum, O. syriacum var. sinaicum, O. syriacum var. bevanii<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
Origanum vulgare<br />
Synonyms: O. heracleoticum Auct. (synonym for O. vulgare<br />
subsp. hirtum), O. heraclioticum L. (synonym for O. vulgare<br />
subsp. viridulum)<br />
Common Names: wild marjoram, oregano<br />
Form: woody perennial with erect stems<br />
Flowers: purple, pink or white in panicles<br />
Bract Color: green, yellow-green or purple<br />
Height: 4-39’’<br />
Hardiness Zone: 5-9<br />
Uses: culinary, medicinal, ornamental, craft, economic<br />
Scent/Flavor: culinary subspecies have spicy, pungent oregano<br />
flavor with clove <strong>and</strong> pine notes; other subspecies musty<br />
Subspecies:<br />
• O. vulgare subsp. vulgare (wild marjoram): purple bracts,<br />
pink flowers; ornamental; some Turkish plants have “musty,<br />
carnation-like” scent (102)<br />
• O. vulgare subsp. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum (Algerian oregano): green<br />
bracts, white flowers; culinary<br />
• O. vulgare subsp. gracile (Russian oregano): green or pur- O. vulgare subsp. gracile. HSA Archives<br />
plish bracts, white or pink flowers; Z7; culinary<br />
• O. vulgare subsp. hirtum (Greek/Turkish oregano, winter marjoram): green bracts, white flowers;<br />
Z5; culinary – hot, spicy <strong>and</strong> pungent, st<strong>and</strong>ard culinary oregano<br />
• O. vulgare subsp. virens (wild marjoram): yellowish-green bracts, white flowers; ornamental;<br />
“musty lavender-basil” scent (102)<br />
• O. vulgare subsp. viridulum syn. O. vulgare subsp. viride (wild marjoram): green bracts, white flowers;<br />
ornamental; plants from Iran have lavender-pine scent<br />
Sources for Pr<strong>of</strong>iles: (7, 11, 16, 18, 32, 51, 55, 56, 92, 101, 102, 104, 105, 113)<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
Cultivar Examples<br />
Origanum xhybridinum ‘Ray Williams’ (ornamental)<br />
HSA Archives<br />
Origanum ‘Jim Best’ (ornamental)<br />
Photo by Susan Belsinger<br />
Origanum ‘Kaliteri’ (syn. O. ‘Kalitera’) (culinary)<br />
Photo by Susan Belsinger O. ‘Kent Beauty’ (ornamental, craft)<br />
R. Talbert image collection<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
Origanum ‘Herrenhausen’ (ornamental,<br />
craft). Photo by Robin Siktberg<br />
Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum ‘Chef’s Greek’<br />
(culinary). Photo by Susan Belsinger<br />
O. xmajoricum ‘Hilltop’ (culinary, HSA<br />
Promising Plant). Photo by Gwen Barclay<br />
O. vulgare subsp. vulgare ‘Aureum’ (ornamental)<br />
Photo courtesy U.S. National Arboretum<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
Origanum vulgare subsp. vulgare ‘Dr. Ietswaart’<br />
(ornamental). Photo courtesy U.S. National Arboretum<br />
Origanum vulgare subsp. vulgare ‘Humile’<br />
(ornamental, culinary). Photo by Gwen Barclay<br />
Other Recommended Cultivars<br />
Origanum ‘Barbara Tingey’ (ornamental)<br />
O. dictamnus ‘Wee Dittany’ (ornamental)<br />
O. xhybridinum ‘Nancy Wilson’ (ornamental)<br />
O. ‘Hopley’s Purple’ (ornamental, craft)<br />
O. ‘Marshall’s Memory’ (ornamental, craft)<br />
O. ‘Rotkugel’ (ornamental, craft)<br />
O. ‘Santa Cruz’ (ornamental, craft)<br />
O. vulgare ‘Polyphant’ (ornamental, craft)<br />
O. vulgare subsp. hirtum ‘Greek Mountain’ (culinary)<br />
O. vulgare ‘White Anniversary’ (ornamental, culinary)<br />
O. vulgare ‘Yunnan’ (culinary, HSA<br />
Promising Plant.). Photo by Gwen Barclay<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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Literature Citations<br />
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2. Baer, Mary E. 1954. Pot-pourri album. <strong>The</strong> herbarist. 20: 20-26. (HSA Library)<br />
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genus. In <strong>Oregano</strong>: the genera Origanum <strong>and</strong> Lippia. Edited by Spiridon E. Kintzios. London:<br />
Taylor & Francis. (HSA Library)<br />
4. Baser, K. Hüsnü Can. 2002. <strong>The</strong> Turkish Origanum species. In <strong>Oregano</strong>: the genera Origanum <strong>and</strong><br />
Lippia. Edited by Spiridon E. Kintzios. London: Taylor & Francis. (HSA Library)<br />
5. Bates, Alfred, ed. 1903. <strong>The</strong> drama. London: <strong>The</strong> Athenian <strong>Society</strong> (via Litfinder).<br />
6. Becker, Jim 2000. <strong>Herb</strong>s are for butterflies, too. <strong>The</strong> herbarist. 66: 59-62. (HSA Library)<br />
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marjoram. (unpublished h<strong>and</strong>out).<br />
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(HSA Library)*<br />
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4(3): 29-32. (HSA Library)<br />
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70: 4-9. (HSA Library)<br />
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Genetic Resources Institute.<br />
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<strong>and</strong> Lippia. Edited by Spiridon E. Kintzios. London: Taylor & Francis. (HSA Library)<br />
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22. Buchanan, Rita. 1995. A dyer's garden: from plant to pot growing dyes for natural fibers. Lovel<strong>and</strong>, CO:<br />
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23. Buhner, Stephen Harrod. 1998. Sacred <strong>and</strong> herbal healing beers: the secrets <strong>of</strong> ancient fermentation.<br />
Boulder, CO: Siris Books. (HSA Library)*<br />
24. Campbell, Mary Mason, et al., ed. 1983. A basket <strong>of</strong> herbs: a book <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong>n sentiments. Brattleboro,<br />
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26. Ch<strong>and</strong>ler-Ezell, Karol 2004. Folklore <strong>of</strong> oregano. <strong>The</strong> herbarist. 70:16-24. (HSA Library)<br />
27. Collins, Minta. 2000. Medieval herbals: the illustrative traditions. London: British Library. (HSA<br />
Library)*<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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28. Colonial Dames <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong>. 1995. <strong>Herb</strong>s <strong>and</strong> herb lore <strong>of</strong> colonial <strong>America</strong>. New York: Dover. (HSA<br />
Library)*<br />
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University Press (via Bartleby.com http://www.bartleby.com/70/).<br />
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31. Cunningham, Scott. 2000. Cunningham's encyclopedia <strong>of</strong> magical herbs. St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn<br />
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<strong>and</strong> November 3,4,5, 2004.<br />
33. DeLauro, Joan. 2004. Personal communication. October 20, 2004.<br />
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37. Dyer, T. F. Thiselton. 1889. <strong>The</strong> folk-lore <strong>of</strong> plants. New York: D. Appleton <strong>and</strong> Company.<br />
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(HSA Library)<br />
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(HSA Library)*<br />
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Library)*<br />
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the IPGRI international workshop on oregano 8-12 May 1996, CIHEAM, Valenzano (Bari), Italy.<br />
Edited by S. Padulosi. Rome: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute.<br />
43. Furia, T. E. <strong>and</strong> N. Bellanca. 1975. Fenaroli's h<strong>and</strong>book <strong>of</strong> flavor ingredients. Clevel<strong>and</strong>, OH: CRC<br />
Press.<br />
44. Gardner, JoAnn. 1989. Holy l<strong>and</strong> herbs revisited. <strong>The</strong> herbarist. 55: 69-73. (HSA Library)<br />
45. Gerard, John. 1975. <strong>The</strong> herbal or general history <strong>of</strong> plants: the complete 1633 edition as revised <strong>and</strong><br />
enlarged by Thomas Johnson. New York: Dover. (HSA Library)<br />
46. Gips, Kathleen. 1990. Flora's dictionary: the Victorian language <strong>of</strong> herbs <strong>and</strong> flowers. Chagrin Falls, OH:<br />
TM Publications. (HSA Library)*<br />
47. Gray, R. W., et al. 1997. Independent effects <strong>of</strong> palatability <strong>and</strong> within-meal pauses on intake <strong>and</strong><br />
appetite ratings in human volunteers. Appetite. 29: 61-76.<br />
48. Grieve, Mrs. M. 1931. A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic <strong>and</strong> economic properties,<br />
cultivation <strong>and</strong> folk-lore <strong>of</strong> herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs & trees with all their modern scientific uses.<br />
New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company. (HSA Library)*<br />
49. Gruenwald, Joerg, Thomas Brendler <strong>and</strong> Christ<strong>of</strong> Jaenicke, eds. 2000. PDR for herbal medicines.<br />
Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics. (HSA Library)<br />
50. Harpaz, S., et al. 2003. Effects <strong>of</strong> herbal essential oils used to extend the shelf life <strong>of</strong> freshwater-<br />
reared Asian sea bass fish (Lates calcarifer). Journal <strong>of</strong> food protection. 66(3): 410-417.<br />
51. Hill, Madalene <strong>and</strong> Gwen Barclay. 2004, 2005. Personal communication. November 24, 2004 <strong>and</strong><br />
January 29, 2005.<br />
52. Hill, Madalene, Gwen Barclay <strong>and</strong> Henry Flowers. 2004. Personal communication. September 30,<br />
2004.<br />
53. Hill, Madalene, Gwen Barclay <strong>and</strong> Jean Hardy. 1987. Southern herb growing. Fredericksburg, TX:<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
57
<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
Shearer Publishing. (HSA Library)*<br />
54. Hopman, Ellen Evert. 1995. A druid's herbal for the sacred earth year. Rochester, VT: Destiny Books.<br />
(HSA Library)*<br />
55. Huxley, Anthony, ed. 1992. <strong>The</strong> new Royal Horticultural <strong>Society</strong> dictionary <strong>of</strong> gardening. New York:<br />
Stockton Press. (HSA Library)<br />
56. Ietswaart, J.H. 1980. A taxonomic revision <strong>of</strong> the genus Origanum (Labiatae). <strong>The</strong> Hague/ Boston/<br />
London: Leiden University Press.<br />
57. Johnson, Tim. 2002. <strong>Herb</strong>web CD-ROM. (HSA Library)<br />
58. Jones, Dorothy Bovee. 1973. <strong>The</strong> great dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete - then <strong>and</strong> now. <strong>The</strong> herbarist. 39: 13-18.<br />
(HSA Library)<br />
59. Kelaidis, Panayoti <strong>and</strong> Gwen Kelaidis. 1988. <strong>Herb</strong>s <strong>of</strong> the rocks: the Mediterranean garden. <strong>The</strong><br />
herbarist. 54: 20-29. (HSA Library)<br />
60. Kintzios, Spiridon E. 2002. Pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> the multifaceted prince <strong>of</strong> the herbs. In <strong>Oregano</strong>: the genera<br />
Origanum <strong>and</strong> Lippia. Edited by Spiridon E. Kintzios. London: Taylor & Francis. (HSA Library)<br />
61. Kitiki, Ayse. 1997. Status <strong>of</strong> cultivation <strong>and</strong> use <strong>of</strong> oregano in Turkey. In <strong>Oregano</strong>: proceedings <strong>of</strong> the<br />
IPGRI international workshop on oregano 8-12 May 1996, CIHEAM, Valenzano (Bari), Italy. Edited by<br />
S. Padulosi. Rome: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute.<br />
62. Kokkini, Stella. 1997. Taxonomy, diversity <strong>and</strong> distribution <strong>of</strong> Origanum species. In <strong>Oregano</strong>:<br />
proceedings <strong>of</strong> the IPGRI international workshop on oregano 8-12 May 1996, CIHEAM, Valenzano<br />
(Bari), Italy. Edited by S. Padulosi. Rome: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute.<br />
63. Kowalchik, Claire <strong>and</strong> William H. Hylton, eds. 1987. Rodale's illustrated encyclopedia <strong>of</strong> herbs.<br />
Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press. (HSA Library)*<br />
64. Kresge, Scott. 2004. Personal communication. September 28 <strong>and</strong> 30, 2004.<br />
65. Kussman, W<strong>and</strong>a, Mary Reeves <strong>and</strong> Gail Wholey. 2003. A family Advent table. In Symbols for<br />
Advent by Mary Wohlleb. <strong>The</strong> herbarist. 69: 15. (HSA Library)<br />
66. Laufer, Geraldine Adamich. 1993. Tussie-mussies: the Victorian art <strong>of</strong> expressing yourself in the language<br />
<strong>of</strong> flowers. New York: Workman. (HSA Library)*<br />
67. Lawless, Julia. 1992. <strong>The</strong> encyclopedia <strong>of</strong> essential oils. Shaftesbury, Dorset: Element Books. (HSA<br />
Library)<br />
68. le Strange, R. 1977. A history <strong>of</strong> herbal plants. New York: Arco. (HSA Library)*<br />
69. Leung, Albert Y. <strong>and</strong> Steven Foster. 2003. Encyclopedia <strong>of</strong> common natural ingredients used in food,<br />
drugs <strong>and</strong> cosmetics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience. (HSA Library)<br />
70. Levy, Isaac Jack <strong>and</strong> Rosemary Levy Zumwalt. 2002. Ritual medical lore <strong>of</strong> Sephardic women:<br />
sweetening the spirits, healing the sick. Urbana: University <strong>of</strong> Illinois Press.<br />
71. Lord, Priscilla Sawyer. 1983. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - a kaleidoscopic view <strong>of</strong> the first 50<br />
years. <strong>The</strong> herbarist. 49: 37-44. (HSA Library)<br />
72. Makinen, Seija Marjatta <strong>and</strong> Kirsti Kaarina Paakkonen. 2002. Processing, effects <strong>and</strong> use <strong>of</strong> oregano<br />
<strong>and</strong> marjoram in foodstuffs <strong>and</strong> in food preparation. In <strong>Oregano</strong>: the genera Origanum <strong>and</strong><br />
Lippia. Edited by Spiridon E. Kintzios. London: Taylor & Francis. (HSA Library)<br />
73. Makri, Olga. 2002. Cultivation <strong>of</strong> oregano. In <strong>Oregano</strong>: the genera Origanum <strong>and</strong> Lippia. Edited by<br />
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74. McGuffin, Michael, et al., eds. 1997. <strong>America</strong>n <strong>Herb</strong>al Products Association botanical safety h<strong>and</strong>book.<br />
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75. McKimm, Rae. 2004. Personal communication. October 4 <strong>and</strong> 5, 2004.<br />
76. Miller, C<strong>and</strong>ace M. 1995. Tales from the plant kingdom. Lima, OH: Pourquoi Press. (HSA Library)*<br />
77. Moldenke, Harold N. <strong>and</strong> Alma L. Moldenke. 1952. Plants <strong>of</strong> the bible. New York: Dover<br />
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78. Morse, Carol. 2004. Personal communication. October 2, 2004.<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
58
<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
79. Neruda, Pablo. 1986. Love sonnets: cien sonetos de amor. Austin, TX: University <strong>of</strong> Texas Press.<br />
80. Northcote, Lady Rosalind. 1971. <strong>The</strong> book <strong>of</strong> herb lore. New York: Dover. (HSA Library)<br />
81. Oliver, Gilbert W. 1997. <strong>The</strong> world market <strong>of</strong> oregano. In <strong>Oregano</strong>: proceedings <strong>of</strong> the IPGRI<br />
international workshop on oregano 8-12 May 1996, CIHEAM, Valenzano (Bari), Italy. Edited by S.<br />
Padulosi. Rome: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute.<br />
82. Ortiz, Elisabeth Lambert, ed. 1992. <strong>The</strong> encyclopedia <strong>of</strong> herbs, spices, & flavorings. New York: Dorling<br />
Kindersley. (HSA Library)<br />
83. Parkinson, John. 1976. A garden <strong>of</strong> pleasant flowers (paradisi in sole: paradisus terrestris). New York:<br />
Dover. (HSA Library)*<br />
84. Picton, Margaret. 2000. <strong>The</strong> book <strong>of</strong> magical herbs: herbal history, mystery, & folklore. London: Barron's.<br />
85. Pitzer, Sara. 1996. Growing <strong>and</strong> using oregano. Pownal, VT: Storey Communications. (HSA Library)*<br />
86. Reppert, Bertha. 1993. <strong>Herb</strong>s for weddings & other celebrations. Pownal, VT: Storey Communications.<br />
(HSA Library)*<br />
87. Rollins, Elizabeth. 1995. Origanums: beauty <strong>and</strong> fragrance in the summertime. <strong>The</strong> herbarist. 61: 16-<br />
22. (HSA Library)<br />
88. Scoble, Gretchen <strong>and</strong> Ann Field. 2001. <strong>The</strong> meaning <strong>of</strong> herbs: myth, language & lore. San Francisco:<br />
Cronicle Books. (HSA Library)*<br />
89. Simon, James E., Alena F. Chadwick <strong>and</strong> Lyle E. Craker. 1984. <strong>Herb</strong>s: an indexed bibliography 1971-<br />
1980 - the scientific literature on selected herbs, <strong>and</strong> aromatic <strong>and</strong> medicinal plants <strong>of</strong> the temperate<br />
zone. Archon Books. (HSA Library)<br />
90. Skoula, Melpomeni <strong>and</strong> Jeffrey B. Harborne. 2002. <strong>The</strong> taxonomy <strong>and</strong> chemistry <strong>of</strong> Origanum. In<br />
<strong>Oregano</strong>: the genera Origanum <strong>and</strong> Lippia. Edited by Spiridon E. Kintzios. London: Taylor &<br />
Francis. (HSA Library)<br />
91. Skoula, Melpomeni <strong>and</strong> Sotiris Kamenopoulos. 1997. Origanum dictamnus L. <strong>and</strong> Origanum vulgare L.<br />
subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart: traditional uses <strong>and</strong> production in Greece. In <strong>Oregano</strong>:<br />
proceedings <strong>of</strong> the IPGRI international workshop on oregano 8-12 May 1996, CIHEAM, Valenzano<br />
(Bari), Italy. Edited by S. Padulosi. Rome: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute.<br />
92. Small, Ernest. 1997. Culinary herbs. Ottawa: NRC Research Press. (HSA Library)<br />
93. Small, Ernest, Brenda Brookes <strong>and</strong> Marcel Jomphe. 1995. A bee that loves herbs. <strong>The</strong> herbarist. 61:<br />
57-61. (HSA Library)<br />
94. Talbert, Rexford. 1994. Za'atar. <strong>The</strong> herbarist. 60: 53-56. (HSA Library)<br />
95. Talbert, Rexford. 2004. Personal communication. September 21, 2004.<br />
96. Talbert, Rexford. 2004. Amaracus. <strong>The</strong> herbarist. 70: 11-13. (HSA Library)<br />
97. Talbert, Rexford. 2004. It's all in the calyx. <strong>The</strong> herbarist.70: 14-15. (HSA Library)<br />
98. Talbert, Rexford. 2004. Origanum: the prince <strong>of</strong> herbs (unpublished presentation).<br />
99. Tucker, Arthur O. 1981. Which is the true oregano? Horticulture. 59(7): 57-59. (HSA Library)<br />
100. Tucker, Arthur O. 1992. Will the real oregano please st<strong>and</strong> up? <strong>The</strong> herb companion. 4(3): 20-22.<br />
(HSA Library)<br />
101. Tucker, Arthur O. 2004. Personal communication. September 9, 2004 <strong>and</strong> November 2,18, 2004.<br />
102. Tucker, Arthur O. <strong>and</strong> Thomas DeBaggio. 2000. <strong>The</strong> big book <strong>of</strong> herbs: a comprehensive illustrated<br />
reference to herbs <strong>of</strong> flavor <strong>and</strong> fragrance. Lovel<strong>and</strong>, CO: Interweave Press. (HSA Library)*<br />
103. Tucker, Arthur O. <strong>and</strong> Michael J. Maciarello. 1994. <strong>Oregano</strong>: botany, chemistry, <strong>and</strong> cultivation. In<br />
Spices, herbs <strong>and</strong> edible fungi. Edited by G. Charalambous. Elsevier Science.<br />
104. Tucker, Arthur O. <strong>and</strong> Elizabeth Rollins. 1992. <strong>The</strong> other origanums. <strong>The</strong> herb companion. 4(3):<br />
23-27. (HSA Library)<br />
105. Tucker, Arthur O. <strong>and</strong> Elizabeth D. Rollins. 1989. <strong>The</strong> species, hybrids, <strong>and</strong> cultivars <strong>of</strong> Origanum<br />
(Lamiaceae) cultivated in the United States. Baileya. 23(1): 14-27.<br />
106. U.S. Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2003. USDA national nutrient<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
59
<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
database for st<strong>and</strong>ard reference [online] [accessed November 6]. Available from World Wide<br />
Web (http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/cgi-bin/nut_search.pl).<br />
107. U.S. Food <strong>and</strong> Drug Administration. 2002. Code <strong>of</strong> federal regulations Ch.21 Section 172.510 [online]<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> the Federal Register <strong>and</strong> NARA. [accessed December 2004]. Available from World<br />
Wide Web (http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/<br />
cfr_2002/aprqtr/pdf/21cfr172.510.pdf).<br />
108. U.S. Food <strong>and</strong> Drug Administration. 2002. Code <strong>of</strong> federal regulations Ch.21 Section 182.20 [online]<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> the Federal Register <strong>and</strong> NARA. [accessed December 2004]. Available from World<br />
Wide Web (http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/<br />
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109. Varl<strong>and</strong>, Barbara. 2004. Personal communication. October 5, 2004.<br />
110. Virgil. 1903. <strong>The</strong> Aeneid. <strong>The</strong> works <strong>of</strong> Virgil. Oxford University Press (via Litfinder).<br />
111. Webster, Helen Noyes. 1948. Notes on the marjorams. <strong>The</strong> herbarist.14: 19-22. (HSA Library)<br />
112. White, Susie. 1998. Origanum: the herb marjoram <strong>and</strong> its relatives. Surrey: NCCPG. (HSA Library)*<br />
113. Wiersema, John H. <strong>and</strong> Blanca Leon. 1999. World economic plants: a st<strong>and</strong>ard reference. Boca Raton:<br />
CRC Press. (HSA Library)<br />
114. Wilcox, Tina Marie. 2004. Personal communication. September 21, 2004.<br />
115. Wilcox, Tina Marie <strong>and</strong> Susan Belsinger. 2004. Don't let pruning get you down. <strong>The</strong> herb<br />
companion. 16(3): 43-46. (HSA Library)<br />
116. Wilcox, Tina Marie <strong>and</strong> Susan Belsinger. 2004. Mediterranean companions. <strong>The</strong> herb companion. 16<br />
(6): 42-48. (HSA Library)<br />
117. Zava, D. T., C. M. Dollbaum <strong>and</strong> M. Blen. 1998. Estrogen <strong>and</strong> progestine bioactivity <strong>of</strong> foods,<br />
herbs, <strong>and</strong> spices. Proceedings <strong>Society</strong> Experimental Biological Medicine. 217(3): 369-378.<br />
* denotes items in the HSA Library collection that circulate to members<br />
Additional References<br />
Bagust, Harold. <strong>The</strong> Gardener’s Dictionary <strong>of</strong> Horticultural Terms. London: Cassell, 1992. (HSA Library)<br />
Belsinger, Susan. Flowers in the Kitchen. Lovel<strong>and</strong>, CO: Interweave Press, 1991. (HSA Library)*<br />
Botsoglou, Nikolaos A. et al. “Antioxidant Acitivity <strong>of</strong> Dietary <strong>Oregano</strong> Essential Oil <strong>and</strong> α-Tocopheryl<br />
Acetate Supplementation in Long-Term Frozen Stored Turkey Meat.” Journal <strong>of</strong> Agricultural <strong>and</strong><br />
Food Chemistry. 51 (2003): 2930-2936.<br />
Clarkson, Rosetta E. <strong>The</strong> Golden Age <strong>of</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>s <strong>and</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>alists. New York: Dover, 1972. (HSA Library)*<br />
<strong>The</strong> Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. [online] New York: Columbia University Press. [accessed October-<br />
December 2004]. Available from World Wide Web (www.bartleby.com/65/), 2001–04.<br />
Duke, James A. <strong>and</strong> Stephen M. Beckstrom-Sternberg. H<strong>and</strong>book <strong>of</strong> Medicinal Mints (Aromathematics):<br />
Phytochemical <strong>and</strong> Biological Activities. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000. (HSA Library)<br />
Ellacombe, Henry N. <strong>The</strong> Plant-lore <strong>and</strong> Garden-craft <strong>of</strong> Shakespeare. New York: Edward Arnold, 1896.<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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<strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong>: An <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> Guide to the Genus Origanum<br />
Ellis, Barbara W. <strong>and</strong> Fern Marshall Bradley, eds. <strong>The</strong> Organic Gardener’s H<strong>and</strong>book <strong>of</strong> Natural Insect <strong>and</strong><br />
Disease Control. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 1996. (HSA Library)*<br />
Gardner, Jo Ann. “<strong>Herb</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Antiquity: A Fresh Look at Biblical Botany.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist. 52 (1986) 29-34.<br />
(HSA Library)<br />
Kintzios, Spiridon E., ed. <strong>Oregano</strong>: <strong>The</strong> Genera Origanum <strong>and</strong> Lippia. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2002.<br />
(HSA Library)<br />
Integrated Taxonomic Information System database [online]. [accessed August 9, 2004]. Available from<br />
World Wide Web (http://www.itis.usda.gov), 2002.<br />
Gildzen, Alex. <strong>The</strong> Origin <strong>of</strong> <strong>Oregano</strong> [poems]. Kent, OH: Tarragon, 1971.<br />
Litfinder database [online]. Thompson Gale. [accessed through Clevel<strong>and</strong> Public Library August-Oct<br />
2004] (http://80-www.litfinder.com.ezproxy.cpl.org/home.asp).<br />
Padulosi, S., ed. <strong>Oregano</strong>. Promoting the Conservation <strong>and</strong> Use <strong>of</strong> Underutilized <strong>and</strong> Neglected Crops. 14. Proceedings<br />
<strong>of</strong> the IPGRI International Workshop on <strong>Oregano</strong> 8-12 May 1996, CIHEAM, Valenzano (Bari), Italy<br />
[online]. Rome: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. [accessed September 2004]. Available<br />
from World Wide Web (http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=199), 1997.<br />
Rinzler, Carol Ann. <strong>The</strong> New Complete Book <strong>of</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>s, Spices & Condiments. New York: Checkmark<br />
Books, 2001. (HSA Library)<br />
Rohde, Eleanour Sinclair. Shakespeare's Wild Flowers: Fairy Lore, Gardens, <strong>Herb</strong>s, Gatherers <strong>of</strong> Simples <strong>and</strong><br />
Bee Lore. London: <strong>The</strong> Medici <strong>Society</strong>, Ltd., 1935. (HSA Library)*<br />
Rose, Jeanne. <strong>The</strong> Aromatherapy Book. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books, 1992. (HSA Library)*<br />
Tuccio, Joseph. <strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> Other Poems. Calabria, Italy; Matacena, 1983.<br />
Tucker, Arthur O. <strong>and</strong> Michael J. Maciarello. “<strong>The</strong> Essential Oil <strong>of</strong> Origanum laevigatum Boiss.<br />
(Labiatae).” Journal <strong>of</strong> Essential Oil Research. 4 (July/August 1992): 419-420.<br />
Whiting, Edward E. “Apples Aren’t <strong>Herb</strong>s.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist. 21(1955): 25-28. (HSA Library)<br />
Woodward, Marcus. Leaves from Gerard's <strong>Herb</strong>all. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931. (HSA Library)<br />
Young, J. F. et al. “Ascorbic Acid, α-Tocopherol, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Oregano</strong> Supplements Reduce Stress-Induced Deterioration<br />
<strong>of</strong> Chicken Meat Quality.” Poultry Science. 82 (2003): 1343-1351.<br />
For additional titles, see the HSA Library Origanum Resources section <strong>of</strong> this guide.<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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HSA Library Origanum Resources<br />
Books<br />
* Bown, Deni. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> New Encyclopedia <strong>of</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>s & <strong>The</strong>ir Uses. New York: DK,<br />
2001.<br />
Provides a general overview <strong>of</strong> the genus Origanum, with pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>of</strong> O. dictamnus, O. xhybridinum,<br />
O. majorana, O. xmajoricum, O. onites, O. syriacum, O. ‘Norton Gold,’ <strong>and</strong> O. vulgare. Includes color<br />
photographs.<br />
* Evans, Hazel. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> Basket: <strong>Marjoram</strong>, Mint & Marigold. North Dighton, MA: JG Press, 1996.<br />
A brief book with basic information on Origanum folklore, cultivation, harvesting, drying, recipes<br />
<strong>and</strong> crafts. Evans supplies tips for rock gardens, kitchen planters, <strong>and</strong> hanging baskets <strong>and</strong> recipes<br />
for potpourri, hair conditioner, kitchen sachets, Rolled <strong>Herb</strong> Cheese, Pork Provençal with <strong>Marjoram</strong>,<br />
Mixed <strong>Herb</strong> Bread, <strong>and</strong> Tomato <strong>and</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong> Salad. Species discussed include O. vulgare, O. majorana,<br />
O. onites <strong>and</strong> O. dictamnus. Includes color photographs.<br />
Kintzios, Spiridon E, ed. <strong>Oregano</strong>: <strong>The</strong> Genera Origanum <strong>and</strong> Lippia. London <strong>and</strong> New York: Taylor &<br />
Francis, 2002.<br />
This collection <strong>of</strong> articles by various authors addresses the botany, taxonomy, chemistry, cultivation,<br />
breeding, pharmacology, food industry uses <strong>and</strong> biotechnology <strong>of</strong> oregano plants in the genera<br />
Origanum <strong>and</strong> Lippia. A bibliometric analysis <strong>of</strong> agricultural <strong>and</strong> biomedical databases is also included.<br />
Small, Ernest. Culinary <strong>Herb</strong>s. Ottawa: NRC Research Press, 1997.<br />
This in-depth text examines the genus’s description, taxonomy, history, uses, recipe sources,<br />
importance, cultivation, harvest, storage, cultivars, chemistry, medicine, nutrition <strong>and</strong> curiosities, with<br />
separate entries for O. majorana, O. vulgare, O. onites, O. dictamnus, O. microphyllum, O. syriacum <strong>and</strong> O.<br />
xmajoricum. Also includes black <strong>and</strong> white line drawings.<br />
* Tucker, Arthur O. <strong>and</strong> Thomas DeBaggio. <strong>The</strong> Big Book <strong>of</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>s. Lovel<strong>and</strong>, CO: Interweave Press,<br />
2000.<br />
Tucker <strong>and</strong> DeBaggio provide information on O. majorana, O. xmajoricum, O. minutiflorum, O.<br />
onites, O. syriacum <strong>and</strong> O. vulgare, with detailed description, nomenclature, chemistry, uses, cultivation,<br />
<strong>and</strong> pests/diseases information. Also includes a botanical key <strong>and</strong> extensive bibliography.<br />
Pamphlets<br />
* Pitzer, Sara. Growing <strong>and</strong> Using <strong>Oregano</strong>. Storey Publishing Bulletin A-157. Pownal, VT: Storey Communications,<br />
1996.<br />
<strong>The</strong> first sixteen pages are devoted to propagating, cultivating, preserving <strong>and</strong> using plants in<br />
the genus Origanum, followed by twelve pages <strong>of</strong> recipes, a source list for plants, seeds <strong>and</strong> supplies,<br />
<strong>and</strong> a list <strong>of</strong> recommended reading.<br />
* White, Susie. Origanum: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Marjoram</strong> <strong>and</strong> its Relatives. Surrey: NCCPG, 1998.<br />
This 35-page booklet by British National Plant Collection Holder Susie White covers the taxonomy,<br />
cultivation, uses <strong>and</strong> harvesting/drying <strong>of</strong> origanums, with pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>of</strong> fifteen species, subspecies<br />
<strong>and</strong> hybrids <strong>and</strong> twenty-two named cultivars. Includes color photographs.<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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Selected Articles from <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist<br />
Belsinger, Susan <strong>and</strong> Tina Marie Wilcox. “Our Favorite <strong>Oregano</strong> in the Kitchen.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist. 70<br />
(2004): 4-9.<br />
Belsinger <strong>and</strong> Wilcox discuss identifying, purchasing, growing <strong>and</strong> using Origanum xmajoricum.<br />
<strong>The</strong> article includes recipes for Jalapeno <strong>and</strong> <strong>Oregano</strong> Salsa, Skillet Corn Bread with Cheddar, Chiles,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>Oregano</strong>, <strong>and</strong> the Meatless Meatloaf recipe reprinted in this guide.<br />
Brown, Harriet Addams. “Righte Dittany.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist. 1 (1935): 23-27.<br />
This inaugural issue <strong>of</strong> <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist discusses dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete’s record as a medicinal plant in<br />
various classical texts, nomenclature confusion <strong>and</strong> the discovery <strong>of</strong> the earliest painting <strong>of</strong> the plant.<br />
Burrage, Anne. “Dittany Redivivus.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist. 2 (1936): 58-60.<br />
Burrage tells the story <strong>of</strong> the introduction <strong>of</strong> dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete to the U.S. by HSA members,<br />
with additional anecdotes about O. microphyllum.<br />
Ch<strong>and</strong>ler-Ezell, Karol. “Folklore <strong>of</strong> <strong>Oregano</strong>.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist. 70 (2004): 16-24.<br />
Ch<strong>and</strong>ler-Ezell discusses the history, folklore, chemistry/pharmacology <strong>and</strong> uses <strong>of</strong> a variety <strong>of</strong><br />
Origanum species, including Origanum vulgare, O. majorana, O. dictamnus, O. onites <strong>and</strong> O. syriacum.<br />
Gambee, Eleanor Brown. “An Ancient <strong>Herb</strong> Travels to the New World or Dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete <strong>and</strong> the<br />
Roman Empire.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist. 51 (1985): 15-19.<br />
This article recounts in detail the story surrounding the use <strong>of</strong> dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete to heal Aeneus<br />
<strong>and</strong> provides a summary <strong>of</strong> Book XII <strong>of</strong> <strong>The</strong> Aeneid.<br />
Gardner, Jo Ann. “Holy L<strong>and</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>s Revisited.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist. 55 (1989): 69-72.<br />
Gardner relates her experiences with O. syriacum <strong>and</strong> the condiment za’atar while traveling in<br />
Israel.<br />
Jones, Dorothy Bovee. “<strong>The</strong> Great Dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete – <strong>The</strong>n <strong>and</strong> Now.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist. 39 (1973): 13-18.<br />
Jones discusses dittany’s history <strong>and</strong> folklore, its use as a medicinal plant <strong>and</strong> limited use as a<br />
culinary herb, its introduction to <strong>America</strong> by HSA, her personal experience <strong>and</strong> suggestions for growing<br />
the plant.<br />
Rollins, Elizabeth. “Origanums: Beauty <strong>and</strong> Fragrance in the Summertime.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist. 61 (1995): 16-<br />
22.<br />
Rollins describes the form, appearance <strong>and</strong> cultivation <strong>of</strong> Origanum dictamnus, O. calcaratum, O.<br />
libanoticum, O. sipyleum, O. xhybridinum, O. rotundifolium, O. ‘Kent Beauty,’ O. ‘Barbara Tingey,’ O.<br />
scabrum, O. ‘Purple Surprise,’ O. amanum, O. laevigatum, O. ‘Santa Cruz,’ ‘Aureum’ <strong>and</strong> O. microphyllum,<br />
as well as how some <strong>of</strong> these plants arrived in North <strong>America</strong>.<br />
Rollins, Elizabeth. “Origanums Today.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist. 55 (1989): 1-5.<br />
Rollins discusses the origanums grown by the HSA Northern California Unit for an early project<br />
to study the plants in the decade following the revision <strong>of</strong> the genus published by Ietswaart.<br />
Talbert, Rexford. “Amaracus.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist. 70 (2004): 11-13.<br />
Talbert combines a discussion <strong>of</strong> Origanum botany <strong>and</strong> nomenclature with a review <strong>of</strong> authoritative<br />
articles on the genus.<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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Talbert, Rexford. “It’s All in the Calyx.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist. 70 (2004): 14-15.<br />
This concise article describes the nature <strong>and</strong> importance <strong>of</strong> Origanum calyces <strong>and</strong> includes anatomical<br />
line drawings.<br />
Talbert, Rexford H. “Za’atar.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist. 60 (1994): 53-56.<br />
This article is devoted to the herbal condiment za’atar, a mix <strong>of</strong> Origanum syriacum, sesame<br />
seeds, sumac <strong>and</strong> salt, <strong>and</strong> discusses the origins <strong>of</strong> the name <strong>and</strong> plants from other genera that have<br />
been used in the mix (Satureja thymbra, Thymbra spicata <strong>and</strong> T. capitata).<br />
Tucker, Arthur O. “Botanical Aspects <strong>of</strong> <strong>Oregano</strong> Reconsidered.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist. 40 (1974): 11-13.<br />
An early article addressing the concept <strong>of</strong> oregano as a scent/flavor rather than an individual<br />
species or genus <strong>and</strong> reporting on the efforts to identify plants obtained from the U.S. commercial<br />
market. Nomenclature is pre-Ietswaart. Includes photographs.<br />
Webster, Helen Noyes. “Notes on the <strong>Marjoram</strong>s.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist. 14 (1948): 19-22.<br />
Discusses the history, cultivation <strong>and</strong> appearance <strong>of</strong> wild <strong>and</strong> sweet marjoram <strong>and</strong> other origanums.<br />
Nomenclature is pre-Ietswaart.<br />
Wright, Hortensia Janet. “From Cretan Hillsides.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>arist. 11 (1945): 28-32.<br />
<strong>The</strong> first half <strong>of</strong> this article provides an overview <strong>of</strong> the appearance <strong>of</strong> Origanum dictamnus<br />
(dittany <strong>of</strong> Crete) in the works <strong>of</strong> early writers <strong>and</strong> herbalists. <strong>The</strong> second half is a detailed physical description<br />
<strong>of</strong> the plant.<br />
Other Articles<br />
Belsinger, Susan <strong>and</strong> Carolyn Dille. “Cooking with <strong>Marjoram</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Oregano</strong>.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> Companion. 4(3)<br />
(Feb/March 1992): 29-32.<br />
Covers history, folklore, cultivation <strong>and</strong> culinary use. Types discussed include O. majorana, O.<br />
xmajoricum, O. vulgare subsp. hirtum, O. onites <strong>and</strong> Lippia graveolens. Includes color photographs <strong>and</strong> recipes<br />
for Stuffed Mushrooms with <strong>Oregano</strong>, Spanakopita, Hearty Minestrone <strong>and</strong> Stewed Sweet Peppers.<br />
Goliaris, A. H., P. S. Chatzopoulou <strong>and</strong> S. T. Katsiotis. “Production <strong>of</strong> New Greek <strong>Oregano</strong> Clones <strong>and</strong><br />
Analysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>The</strong>ir Essential Oils.” Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>s, Spices & Medicinal Plants. 10(1) (2002): 29-35.<br />
Describes the development <strong>and</strong> analysis <strong>of</strong> four high-quality, high-carvacrol, clones <strong>of</strong> O. vulgare<br />
subsp. hirtum produced for commercial cultivation in Greece.<br />
Houmani, Zahia et al. “<strong>The</strong> Essential Oil Composition <strong>of</strong> Algerian Zaâtar: Origanum spp. <strong>and</strong> Thymus<br />
spp.” Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>s, Spices & Medicinal Plants. 9(4) (2002): 275-280.<br />
Discusses Origanum floribundum, O. vulgare subsp. gl<strong>and</strong>ulosum <strong>and</strong> two Thymus species.<br />
Klocke, Evelyn. “DNA Fingerprinting by RAPD on Origanum majorana L.” Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>s, Spices & Medicinal<br />
Plants. 9(2/3) (2002): 171-176.<br />
This study examined the use <strong>of</strong> RAPD analysis <strong>and</strong> its potential in O. majorana breeding research.<br />
Langbehn, Jan et al. “Influence <strong>of</strong> Selection <strong>and</strong> Inbreeding on Origanum majorana L.” Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>s,<br />
Spices & Medicinal Plants. 9(2/3) (2002): 21-29.<br />
Traits evaluated include resistance to lodging, anther status, yield <strong>of</strong> leaf-flower fraction, essen-<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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tial oil content, <strong>and</strong> percentage <strong>of</strong> cis-sabinene hydrate.<br />
Long, Jim. “Menu: All About <strong>Oregano</strong>.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> Quarterly. 102 (Spring 2005): 26-30.<br />
This collection <strong>of</strong> sixteen recipes includes Salsa Mexicana with <strong>Oregano</strong>, Stuffed Mushrooms,<br />
Crab Salad with Orange <strong>and</strong> <strong>Oregano</strong> on Toast, Orange <strong>and</strong> <strong>Oregano</strong> Salad, Grilled Chicken with Tequila-<strong>Oregano</strong><br />
Butter, Corn <strong>and</strong> Tomato Salad with Fresh <strong>Oregano</strong>, <strong>Oregano</strong> Pesto Potatoes, Green<br />
Beans with Tomatoes <strong>and</strong> <strong>Oregano</strong>, Skillet Corn Bread with <strong>Oregano</strong> <strong>and</strong> Roasted Pepper, Southwestern<br />
Chocolate Cake <strong>and</strong> Orange <strong>Oregano</strong> Sorbet, among others.<br />
Novak, Johannes et al. “Combining Ability <strong>of</strong> Origanum majorana L. Hybrids: Sensorial Quality.” Journal<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>s, Spices & Medicinal Plants. 9(2/3) (2002): 13-19.<br />
This study used a human panel to evaluate the sensorial characteristics <strong>of</strong> taste, color <strong>and</strong> smell<br />
for O. majorana hybrid combinations involving cytoplasmic male sterile lines <strong>and</strong> pollinator lines.<br />
Omer, E. A., H. E. Ouda <strong>and</strong> S. S. Ahmed. “Cultivation <strong>of</strong> Sweet <strong>Marjoram</strong>, Majorana hortensis, in Newly<br />
Reclaimed L<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> Egypt.” Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>s, Spices & Medicinal Plants. 2(2) (1994): 9-16.<br />
Recommends cultivation <strong>of</strong> sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana syn. Majorana hortensis) on reclaimed<br />
l<strong>and</strong>s in Egypt using sprinkler irrigation <strong>and</strong> discusses yield <strong>and</strong> essential oil composition.<br />
Pank, Friedrich et al. “Combining Ability <strong>of</strong> Origanum majorana L. Strains – Agronomical Traits <strong>and</strong> Essential<br />
Oil Content: Results <strong>of</strong> the Field Experiment Series in 1999.” Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>Herb</strong>s, Spices & Medicinal<br />
Plants. 9(2/3) (2002): 31-37.<br />
Traits evaluated include anther status, plant height, resistance to lodging, parasitic attack, precocity,<br />
yield <strong>and</strong> proportion <strong>of</strong> leaf-flower fraction, essential oil content <strong>and</strong> regrowth following initial<br />
harvest.<br />
Pizzi, Helene. “<strong>Oregano</strong>: Joy <strong>of</strong> the Mountains.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> Quarterly. 102 (Spring 2005): 21-25.<br />
Includes information on oregano history, folklore, uses <strong>and</strong> cultivation, with attributes <strong>and</strong><br />
growing tips for Origanum vulgare, O. majorana, O. onites, O. libanoticum, O. dictamnus <strong>and</strong> groundcover<br />
origanums. Some <strong>of</strong> the nomenclature in this article is incorrect.<br />
Rollins, Elizabeth D. “Origanum: Beauty <strong>of</strong> the Mountains.” Pacific Horticulture. 52(2) (Summer 1991): 19-<br />
26.<br />
Rollins discusses the history, appearance, cultivation <strong>and</strong> uses <strong>of</strong> a variety <strong>of</strong> Origanum species,<br />
hybrids <strong>and</strong> cultivars, including Origanum rotundifolium, O. acutidens, O. scabrum, O. libanoticum, O.<br />
sipyleum, O. xhybridinum, O. dictamnus, O. calcaratum, O. majorana, O. xmajoricum, O. onites, O. syriacum,<br />
O. vulgare, O. laevigatum, O. amanum, O. dayi, <strong>and</strong> O. microphyllum, with emphasis on California growing.<br />
Includes color photographs.<br />
Tucker, Arthur O. “Will the Real <strong>Oregano</strong> Please St<strong>and</strong> up?” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> Companion. 4(3) (Feb/Mar<br />
1992): 20-22.<br />
Dr. Tucker describes species from different genera that are considered oreganos due to their<br />
flavor, provides tips for distinguishing between culinary <strong>and</strong> non-culinary species <strong>and</strong> relates his experience<br />
growing seed from a bottle <strong>of</strong> grocery-store oregano that produced plants from multiple genera.<br />
With color photographs.<br />
Tucker, Arthur O. <strong>and</strong> Elizabeth Rollins. “<strong>The</strong> Other Origanums.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> Companion. 4(3) (Feb/Mar<br />
1992): 23-27.<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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Describes the habit, appearance <strong>and</strong> uses <strong>of</strong> lesser known culinary, medicinal <strong>and</strong> ornamental<br />
origanums, including the cultivars O. vulgare subsp. vulgare ‘Aureum,’ O. vulgare subsp. vulgare ‘Dr.<br />
Ietswaart,’ O. vulgare subsp. vulgare ‘Humile,’ O. ‘Kent Beauty,’ <strong>and</strong> O. ‘Barbara Tingey,’ with color photographs<br />
<strong>of</strong> six species/subspecies/cultivars.<br />
Wilcox, Tina Marie <strong>and</strong> Susan Belsinger. “Mediterranean Companions.” <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> Companion. 16(6)<br />
(September 2004): 42-48.<br />
Belsinger <strong>and</strong> Wilcox provide guidelines for the care <strong>and</strong> feeding <strong>of</strong> Origanum majorana, O. xmajoricum<br />
<strong>and</strong> other plants native to the Mediterranean, with recipes for aggregate mix, meal mix <strong>and</strong> textured<br />
Mediterranean mulch.<br />
* denotes items that circulate to HSA members<br />
© <strong>The</strong> <strong>Herb</strong> <strong>Society</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>America</strong> - 9019 Kirtl<strong>and</strong> Chardon Rd., Kirtl<strong>and</strong>, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org<br />
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