Artemisia vulgaris
Artemisia vulgaris
Artemisia vulgaris
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<strong>Artemisia</strong> <strong>vulgaris</strong><br />
Mugwort<br />
Introduction<br />
The genus <strong>Artemisia</strong> includes more<br />
than 300 species, which are distributed<br />
primarily in temperate regions and<br />
subtropics of Asia, Europe and North<br />
America. In China, there are 186 species<br />
and 44 varieties belonging to 2 subgenera<br />
with a nationwide distribution. Members<br />
of the genus <strong>Artemisia</strong> are well-known<br />
as aromatic herbs [103] .<br />
Species of <strong>Artemisia</strong> in China<br />
(see next page)<br />
Taxonomy<br />
Family: Compositae<br />
(Asteraceae)<br />
Genus: <strong>Artemisia</strong> L.<br />
Description<br />
Commonly known as mugwort, <strong>Artemisia</strong><br />
<strong>vulgaris</strong> is a perennial herb that can<br />
reach 60-160 cm high, with many thin<br />
lateral roots. The branched, purplishbrown<br />
stems are parallel grooved, with<br />
ascending twigs covered with short<br />
hairs. Leaves are papery, pubescent,<br />
dark green on the upper surface, and<br />
have various shapes depending on<br />
their position on the plant. The leaves<br />
near the base are elliptic and oblong,<br />
bipinnate (divided two times) deeply<br />
even nearly to midrib. The leaves in<br />
the middle are elliptic to ovate, 3-10<br />
cm long and 1.5-6 cm wide, pinnate<br />
or bipinnate, with four to five lobes<br />
that are elliptic lanceolate or linear<br />
lanceolate, 3-5 cm long and 1-1.5 cm<br />
wide, with more than one tooth on the<br />
tip. The leaves near the top are small,<br />
also pinnate and lanceolate-lobed, not<br />
significantly toothed or even entire.<br />
Head inflorescences are oblong, 2.5-<br />
3 mm in diameter, borne densely in a<br />
spike on the branched twigs as well as<br />
spreading panicles on the stems. There<br />
are seven to ten purple female flowers,<br />
with narrow tube-shaped corollas.<br />
Bisexual flowers number 8-20, with<br />
tube or goblet shaped corollas, and<br />
long densely ciliate hairs at the top of<br />
the style. Fruits, appearing from August<br />
to October together with flowers, are<br />
obovate or ovate achenes [103] .<br />
Habitat<br />
Mugwort grows in high-elevation pastures,<br />
forest edges, valleys, hillside wasteland,<br />
ditches, and roadsides [112][103] .<br />
Distribution<br />
In China, mugwort has been reported<br />
to occur in Shaanxi and Qinghai at<br />
elevations above 2,500 m, as well<br />
as in western Gansu and Xinjiang at<br />
elevations of 1,500 to 2,100 m [103] .<br />
<strong>Artemisia</strong> <strong>vulgaris</strong> is also reported<br />
to occur in Sichuan and the desert of<br />
Inner Mongolia [103] [112] .<br />
Photo unavailable<br />
Leaves of <strong>Artemisia</strong> <strong>vulgaris</strong>.<br />
<strong>Artemisia</strong> <strong>vulgaris</strong><br />
Economic Importance<br />
In addition to the volatile oil psilostachyin,<br />
which contributes to its strong aroma,<br />
mugwort also contains other medically<br />
active ketones and alkaloids. Mugwort<br />
is also used as a livestock feed [103] .<br />
Related Species<br />
In China, mugwort, the common name<br />
of <strong>Artemisia</strong> <strong>vulgaris</strong> is often confused<br />
with A. argyi, which is a common<br />
inhabitant of wastelands, roadsides,<br />
riversides, and hilly slopes, as well<br />
as the forests and prairie at low to<br />
moderate elevations [103] .<br />
Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies — 21
<strong>Artemisia</strong> <strong>vulgaris</strong><br />
Natural Enemies of <strong>Artemisia</strong><br />
Twenty-two fungi have been recorded<br />
to occur on members of the genus<br />
Species of <strong>Artemisia</strong> in China<br />
Scientific Name Scientific Name Scientific Name<br />
A. abaensis Y. R. Ling et S. Y. Zhao A. absinthium Linn. A. adamsii Bess.<br />
A. aksaiensis Y. R. Ling A. anethifolia Web. ex Stechm. A. anethoides Mattf.<br />
A. angustissima Nakai A. annua L. A. anomala S. Moore<br />
A. argyi Lévl. et Van. A. argyrophylla Ledeb. A. aschurbajewii C. Winkl.<br />
A. atrovirens Hand.-Mazz. A. aurata Komar. A. austriaca Jacq.<br />
A. austro-yunnanensis Ling et Y. R. Ling A. baimaensis Y. R. Ling et Z. C. Zhuo A. bargusinensis Spreng.<br />
A. blepharolepis Bge. A. brachyloba Franch. A. brachyphylla Kitam.<br />
A. caespitosa Ledeb. A. calophylla Pamp. A. campbellii Hook. F. et Thoms in C. B. Clarke<br />
A. campestris L. A. capillaris Thunb. A. carvifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.<br />
A. chienshanica Ling et W. Wang A. chingii Pamp. A. comaiensis Ling et Y. R. Ling<br />
A. conaensis Ling et Y. R. Ling A. dalai-lamae Krasch. A. demissa Krasch.<br />
A. depauperata Krasch. A. desertorum Spreng. A. deversa Diels<br />
A. disjuncta Krasch. A. divaricata (Pamp.) Pamp. A. dracunculus L.<br />
A. dubia Wall. ex Bess. A. duthreuil-de-rhinsi Krasch. A. edgeworthii Balakr.<br />
A. emeiensis Y. R. Ling A. eriopoda Bge. A. erlangshanensis Ling et Y. R. Ling<br />
A. fauriei Nakai A. flaccida Hand.-Mazz. A. forrestii W. W. Smith<br />
A. freyniana (Pamp.) Krasch. A. frigida Willd. A. fukudo Makino<br />
A. fulgens Pamp. A. gansuensis Ling et Y. R. Ling A. gilvescens Miq.<br />
A. giraldii Pamp. A. glabella Kar. et Kir. A. globosoides Ling et Y. R. Ling<br />
A. gmelinii Web. ex Stechm. A. gongshanensis Y. R. Ling et C. J. Humphries A. gyangzeensis Ling et Y. R. Ling<br />
A. gyitangensis Ling et Y. R. Ling A. halodendron Turcz. ex Bess. A. hancei (Pamp.) Ling et Y. R. Ling<br />
A. hedinii Ostenf. et Paulse. A. igniaria Maxim. A. imponens Pamp.<br />
A. incisa Pamp. A. indica Willd. A. integrifolia Linn.<br />
A. japonica Thunb. A. jilongensis Y. R. Ling et C. J. Humphries A. kanashiroi Kitam.<br />
A. kangmarensis Ling et Y. R. Ling A. kawakamii Hayata A. keiskeana Miq.<br />
A. klementze Krasch. A. kuschakewiczii C. Winkl. A. lactiflora Wall. ex DC.<br />
A. lagocephala (Fisch. ex Bess.) DC. A. lancea Van. A. latifolia Ledeb.<br />
A. lavandulaefolia DC. A. leucophylla (Turcz. ex Bess.) C. B. Clarke A. littoricola Kitam.<br />
A. macilenta (Maximl) Krasch. A. macrantha Ledeb. A. macrocephala Jacq. ex Bess.<br />
A. mairei Lévl. A. manshurica (Komar.) Komar. A. marschalliana Spreng.<br />
A. mattfeldii Pamp. A. maximowicziana (F. Schum.) Krasch. ex<br />
Poljak.<br />
22 — Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies<br />
A. medioxima Krasch. ex Poljak.<br />
A. minor Jacq. ex Bess. A. mongolica (Fisch. ex Bess.) Nakai A. moorcroftiana Wall. ex DC.<br />
A. morrisonensis Hayata A. myriantha Wall. ex Bess. A. nakai Pamp.<br />
A. nanschanica Krasch. A. niitakayamensis Hayata A. nilagirica (C. B. Clarke) Pamp.<br />
A. nortonii Pamp. A. nujianensis (Ling et Y. R. Ling) Y. R. Ling A. obtusiloba Ledeb.<br />
A. occidentali-sichuanensis Y. R. Ling et<br />
S. Y. Zhao<br />
<strong>Artemisia</strong>. Eight species are reported<br />
to infect A. <strong>vulgaris</strong>. At least 111 species<br />
of insects and mites in 31 families and<br />
A. occidentali-sinensis Y. R. Ling A. oligocarpa Hayata<br />
A. ordosica Krasch. A. orientali-hengduangensis Ling et Y. R. Ling A. orientali-xizangensis Y. R. Ling et. C. J.<br />
Humphries<br />
A. orientali-yunnanensis Y. R. Ling A. oxycephala Kitag. A. palustris L.<br />
A. parviflora Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb A. penchuoensis Y. R. Ling et S. Y. Zhao A. persica Boiss.<br />
7 orders attack members of the genus<br />
<strong>Artemisia</strong>.<br />
A. pewzowi C. Winkl. A. phaeolepis Krasch. A. phyllobotrys (Hand.-Mazz.) Ling et Y. R. Ling<br />
A. polybotryoidea Y. R. Ling A. pontica L. A. prattii (Pamp.) Ling et Y. R. Ling
A. princeps Pamp. A. przewalskii Krasch A. pubescens Ledeb.<br />
A. qinlingensis Ling et Y. R. Ling A. robusta (Pamp.) Ling et Y. R. Ling A. rosthornii Pamp.<br />
A. roxburghiana Bess. A. rubripes Nakai A. rupestris L.<br />
A. rutifolia Steph. ex Spreng. A. sacrorum Ledeb. A. saposhnikovii Krasch. ex Poljak.<br />
A. scoparia Waldst. et Kit. A. selengensis Turcz. ex Bess. A. sericea Web. ex Stechm.<br />
A. shangnanensis Ling et Y. R. Ling A. shennongjiaensis Ling et Y. R. Ling A. sichuanensis Ling et Y. R. Ling<br />
A. sieversiana Ehrhart ex Willd. A. simulans Pamp. A. sinensis (Pamp.) Ling et Y. R. Ling<br />
A. smithii Mattf. A. somai Hayata A. songarica Schrenk<br />
A. speciosa (Pamp.) Ling et Y. R. Ling A. sphaerocephala Krasch. A. stolonifera (Maxim.) Komar.<br />
A. stracheyi Hook. f. et Thoms. ex C. B.<br />
Clarke<br />
A. subulata Nakai A. succulenta Ledeb.<br />
A. succulentoides Ling et Y. R. Ling A. sylvatica Maxim. A. tafelii Mattf.<br />
A. taibaishahensis Y. R. Ling et C. J.<br />
Humphries<br />
A. tainingensis Hand.-Mazz. A. tanacetifolia L.<br />
A. tangutica Pamp. A. thellungiana Pamp. A. tournefortiana Reichb.<br />
A. tridactyla Hand.-Mazz. A. tsugitakaensis (Kitam.) Ling et Y. R. Ling A. velutina Pamp.<br />
A. verbenacea (Komar.) Kitag. A. verlotorum Lamotte A. vestita Walle ex Bess.<br />
A. vexans Pamp. A. viridisquama Kitam. A. viridissima (Komar.) Pamp.<br />
A. viscida (Mattf.) Pamp. A. viscidissima Ling et Y. R. Ling A. <strong>vulgaris</strong> L.<br />
A. waltonii J. R. Drumm. ex Pamp. A. wellbyi Hemsl. et Pears. ex Deasy A. wudanica Liou et W. Wang<br />
A. xanthochloa Krasch. A. xerophytica Krasch. A. xigazeensis Ling et Y. R. Ling<br />
A. yadongensis Ling et Y. R. Ling A. younghusbandii J. R. Drumm. ex Pamp. A. youngii Y. R. Ling<br />
A. yunnanensls J. F. Jeffrey ex Diels A. zayuensis Ling et Y. R. Ling A. zhongdianensis Y. R. Ling<br />
Fungi<br />
Phylum Family Species H. R. Ref.<br />
Ascomycota<br />
Basidiomycota<br />
Erysiphaceae<br />
Erysiphe artemisiae Grev. oo 22<br />
Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. p 23<br />
Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schltdl.)<br />
Pollacci<br />
po 23<br />
Pleosporaceae Pleospora tarda E.G. Simmons po 23 I<br />
Pseudoperisporiaceae Nematostoma artemisiae Syd. & P. Syd. m 23<br />
Atheliaceae Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C.C. Tu & Kimbr. po 23 II<br />
Phakopsoraceae<br />
Pucciniaceae<br />
Phakopsora artemisiae Hirats. p 23<br />
Phakopsora compositarum Miyake p 23<br />
Puccinia adjuncta Mitter oo 23<br />
Puccinia asteris Duby po 23<br />
Puccinia atrofusca (Dudley & C.H.<br />
Thomps.) Holw.<br />
<strong>Artemisia</strong> <strong>vulgaris</strong><br />
p 23<br />
po 149<br />
Puccinia asteris Duby o 23 III<br />
Puccinia extensicola Plowr. po 23<br />
Puccinia tanaceti DC. o 23<br />
Uromyces oblongisporus Ellis & Everh. oo 23<br />
Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies — 23
<strong>Artemisia</strong> <strong>vulgaris</strong><br />
Oomycota Peronosporaceae<br />
Anamorphic Mycosphaerella<br />
Paraperonospora artemisiae-annuae (L.<br />
Ling & M.C. Tai) Constant.<br />
Paraperonospora sulfurea (Gäum.)<br />
Constant.<br />
Peronospora sulfurea Gäum.<br />
24 — Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies<br />
mo 23 IV<br />
mo 188<br />
oo 188<br />
oo 23<br />
oo 188<br />
Cercospora ferruginea Fuckel o 23<br />
Pseudocercospora artemisiicola Y.L.<br />
Guo<br />
Pseudocercospora dracunculi (Sarwar)<br />
Y.L. Guo<br />
mo 110<br />
mo 110<br />
Septoria artemisiae Pass. m 23<br />
I Recorded as Stemphylium botryosum Wallr.<br />
II Recorded as Corticium centrifugum (Lév.) Bres.<br />
III Recorded as Puccinia cnici-oleracei Pers<br />
IV Recorded as Peronospora artemisiae-annuae Ling et M. C. Tai<br />
Arthropods<br />
Order Family Species H. R. Ref.<br />
Aceria abalis (Keifer) oo 83<br />
Eriophyidae<br />
Aceria kunminensis Kuang et Hong mo 83<br />
Heterotergum artemisiae Hong et Kuang mo 83<br />
Acariformes<br />
Brevipalpus obovatus Donnadieu po 65<br />
Tetranychidae<br />
Bryobia hengduanensis Wang et Cui<br />
Tetranychus ludeni Zacher<br />
po<br />
po<br />
141<br />
143<br />
Tetranychus piercei McGregor mo 65<br />
Cerambycidae Phytoecia rufiventris Gautier po 85<br />
Coleoptera<br />
Chrysomelidae<br />
Chrysolina aeruginosa (Faldermann)<br />
oo<br />
oo<br />
mo<br />
140<br />
185<br />
65<br />
Chrysolina aurichalcea (Mannerheim)<br />
po 140<br />
oo 185
Hemiptera<br />
<strong>Artemisia</strong> <strong>vulgaris</strong><br />
Crosita altaica altaica Gebler oo 185<br />
Galeruca nigrolineata Mannerheim oo 185<br />
Geinella nila (Maulik) po 185<br />
Geinula antennata Chen po 140<br />
Geinula coeruleipennis Chen, Jiang et Wang oo 140<br />
Geinula similis Chen, Jiang et Wang oo 140<br />
Hespera cyanea Maulik<br />
po<br />
po<br />
140<br />
185<br />
Monolepta hieroglyphica (Motschulsky) po 140<br />
Nonarthra cyaneum Baly<br />
oo<br />
po<br />
65<br />
185<br />
Nonarthra nigricolle alticola Jiang po 140<br />
Pallasiola absinthii (Pallas) po 185<br />
Phaedon alticola Chen po 140<br />
Phyllobrotica signata (Mannerheim) oo 185<br />
Afidentuta manderst jernae (Mulsant) po 65<br />
mo 65<br />
Epilachna ocellatae-maculata (Mader)<br />
mo 122<br />
Coccinellidae<br />
Epilachna plicata Weise<br />
oo<br />
mo<br />
140<br />
122<br />
Epiverta chelonia (Mader)<br />
po<br />
po<br />
122<br />
140<br />
Henosepilachna ocellata (Redtenbacher) mo 122<br />
Curculionidae<br />
Lixus acutipennis Roelofs<br />
Xanthochelus faunus (Olivier)<br />
po<br />
mo<br />
2<br />
140<br />
Basilepta fulvipes (Motschulsky) po 139<br />
Cleoporus variabilis (Baly)<br />
po<br />
po<br />
139<br />
140<br />
Eumolpidae<br />
Coptocephala asiatica chûjô<br />
Cryptocephalus koltzei Weise<br />
oo<br />
oo<br />
139<br />
139<br />
Pachybrachys scriptidorsum Marseul po 139<br />
Smaragdina nigrifrons (Hope)<br />
po<br />
po<br />
139<br />
140<br />
Hispidae<br />
Cassida fuscorufa fuscorufa Motschulsky<br />
Cassida fuscorufa jacobsoni Spaeth<br />
oo<br />
oo<br />
65<br />
65<br />
Anoplocnemis phasiana (Fabricius) po 192<br />
Coreidae<br />
Corizus tetraspilus Horvath po 193<br />
Derepteryx hardwickii White po 193<br />
Lygaeidae NySius ericae (Schilling) po 192<br />
Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus) po 192<br />
Dymantiscus marginatus Hsiao oo 193<br />
Pentatomidae Eysarcoris montivagus (Distant) mo 65<br />
Pentatoma kunmingensis Xiong po 193<br />
Poeciiocoris sanszesignatus Yang po 192<br />
Plataspidae<br />
Coptosoma bifaria Montandon<br />
Coptosoma gyirongan Zhang et Lin<br />
mo<br />
po<br />
oo<br />
65<br />
193<br />
193<br />
Coptosoma zhamua Zhang et Lin oo 193<br />
Tingidae Tringis crispata (Herrich-Schaeffer) mo 193<br />
Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies — 25
<strong>Artemisia</strong> <strong>vulgaris</strong><br />
Homoptera<br />
Craspedolepta lineolata Loginova mo 132<br />
Aphalaridae<br />
Craspedolepta terminara Longinova mo 132<br />
Craspedolepta topicalis Longinova mo 132<br />
mo 65<br />
Aphis kurosawai Takahashi<br />
o 100<br />
o 189<br />
Capitophorus formosartemisiae Takahashi o 100<br />
oo 100<br />
Coloradoa artemisicola Takahashi<br />
oo 140<br />
oo 189<br />
Coloradoa nodulosa Zhang<br />
mo<br />
mo<br />
189<br />
100<br />
Coloradoa rufomaculata (Wilson) oo 100<br />
Cryptosiphum artemisiae Buchton mo 65<br />
Cryptosiphum artemisiae linanense Zhang<br />
p<br />
p<br />
100<br />
189<br />
Macrosiphoniella brevisiphora Zhang mo 140<br />
Macrosiphoniella formosartemisiae (Takahashi) oo 100<br />
Aphididae<br />
Macrosiphoniella grandicauda Tak. et Moritsu po 140<br />
Macrosiphoniella hokkaidensis Miyazaki oo 189<br />
Macrosiphoniella huaidensis Zhang oo 189<br />
Macrosiphoniella kuwayamai Takahashi<br />
mo<br />
mo<br />
100<br />
189<br />
Macrosiphoniella pseudoartemisiae Shinji<br />
oo<br />
oo<br />
100<br />
140<br />
oo 100<br />
Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette)<br />
oo 65<br />
po 85<br />
Macrosiphoniella similioblonga Zhang mo 189<br />
Macrosiphoniella yomogifoliae (Shinji) oo 65<br />
Myzus tsengi Tao mo 140<br />
Pleotrichophorus glandulosus (Kaltenbach)<br />
mo<br />
mo<br />
65<br />
189<br />
Pleotrichophorus pseudoglandulosus (Palmer) mo 189<br />
Cercopidae Cosmoscarta dorsimacula (Walker) po 65<br />
Cicadellidae Mileewa margheritae Distant mo 48<br />
Coccidae<br />
Ceroplastes ceriferus (Anderson)<br />
Ceroplastes rubens Maskell<br />
po<br />
po<br />
151<br />
151<br />
Membracidae Leptobelus gazella Fairmaire<br />
po<br />
po<br />
65<br />
140<br />
Amonostherium prionodes Wang po 150<br />
Eriococcus terrestris (Matesova) po 150<br />
Pseudococcidae Heliococcus pamirensis Borchsenius po 150<br />
Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) po 150<br />
Trionymus multivorus (Kiritshenko) po 150<br />
Triozidae<br />
Eubactericera artemicola Li<br />
Eubactericera artemisisuga Li<br />
oo<br />
oo<br />
132<br />
132<br />
26 — Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies
<strong>Artemisia</strong> <strong>vulgaris</strong><br />
Arctiidae<br />
Rhyparia purpurata (Linnaeus)<br />
po<br />
p<br />
40<br />
41<br />
Rhyparioides nebulosa Butler po 40<br />
Geometridae Carige cruciplaga (Walker) mo 177<br />
Lycaenidae Plebejus argus (Linnaeus) po 203<br />
Cucullia formosa Rogenhofer oo 12<br />
Cucullia fraudatrix Eversmann mo 209<br />
Cucullia fuchsiana Eversmann mo 12<br />
Cucullia santonici (Hübner)<br />
po<br />
po<br />
12<br />
141<br />
Euxoa cursoria (Hufnagel) po 13<br />
Noctuidae<br />
Euxoa oberthuri Leech po 141<br />
po 13<br />
Lepidoptera<br />
Melicleptria scutosa (Schiffermüller)<br />
po 65<br />
po 205<br />
Phyllophila obliterata (Rambur) mo 209<br />
Xylena formosa (Butler)<br />
po<br />
po<br />
13<br />
141<br />
Nymphalidae Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus) po 203<br />
Homoeosoma binaevella Hübner po 145<br />
Pyralidae<br />
Loxostege aeruginalis Hübner<br />
Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)<br />
mo<br />
po<br />
po<br />
145<br />
85<br />
145<br />
Cnephasia chrysantheana (Duponchel) oo 113<br />
Tortricidae<br />
Epiblema foenella (Linnaeus)<br />
Eucosma intacta (Walsingham)<br />
mo<br />
oo<br />
mo<br />
65<br />
113<br />
113<br />
Eucosma metzneriana (Treitschke) oo 113<br />
Pandemis dumetana Treitshke po 141<br />
Parasitiformes Phytoseiidae Amblyseius heveae (Oudemans) po 65<br />
Thysanoptera<br />
Phlaeothripidae<br />
Thripidae<br />
Haplothrips aculeatus (Fabricius)<br />
Thrips tabaci Lindeman<br />
po<br />
po<br />
56<br />
56<br />
Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies — 27
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