Indonesian Coelacanth Fish (Latimeria menadoensis) with Plastic Trash in its Stomach by Dr-Norman Khalaf

Indonesian Coelacanth Fish (Latimeria menadoensis Pouyaud et al. 1999) with Plastic Trash in its Stomach

‫وجود ُمخلفات بالستيكية في معدة سمكة ال ُجمبيزة اإلندونيسية‬ By: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa

Picture showing an Indonesian Coelacanth fish (Latimeria menadoensis) which was found with Lay's crisp packet and other plastic trash in its stomach. www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article6041523/Fish-outlived-dinosaurs-choked-death-crisp-packet.html

On the 24th of May, 2012, an Indonesian/Japanese team of researchers reportedly "felt very sad" when they discovered plastic garbage in an Indonesian coelacanth fish specimen’s stomach. The specimen had been caught, July, 2011, in Indonesian waters. The fish showed a preference for Lay's Classic Potato Chips! The news was aired by the Manado Tribune on May 29, 2012 (Two Fish Divers, 27 June 2012). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 172 – April 2019

Campaigners said the image summed up ‘exactly what is wrong with our society’ (Edkins, 2018). John Hourston, founder of the Blue Planet Society, said: ‘There is no better example of the plastic pollution problem than this.’ He has called on crisp brands to bring in recyclable or biodegradable packets (Edkins, 2018). The coelacanth, found deep in the Indian Ocean, can weigh more than 15 stone. In 1938, one was netted off South Africa and it was declared ‘resurrected’ from extinction (Edkins, 2018). PepsiCo, which owns Lay’s crisps, said the picture was ‘upsetting’ and said it wanted 100 per cent recyclable, compostable or biodegradable packaging by 2025 (Edkins, 2018). Chip bags are made from aluminum laminated with polypropylene, also known as metalized polypropylene, or low-density polyethylene film. This basically means it's a hot plastic and aluminum hybrid mess (Hancher, 2013).

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 172 – April 2019

The Indonesian Coelacanth Fish (Latimeria menadoensis Pouyaud, Wirjoatmodjo, Rachmatika, Tjakrawidjaja, Hadiaty, Hadie, 1999) (In Indonesian: Raja Laut, translated as ‘King of the Sea’) is one of two living species of coelacanth, identifiable by its brown colour. It is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. The other species, Latimeria chalumnae Smith, 1939 (West Indian Ocean Coelacanth) is listed as critically endangered (Wikipedia). Latimeria menadoensis is only known from three locations in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia and very few specimens have been seen. It is thought to be naturally rare with a population of less than 10,000 mature adults. This is a slow growing species with low fecundity, and therefore is naturally susceptible to over-exploitation. Major threats are bycatch in deep set shark nets and hook and line fishing for deepwater groupers. There is no population information available and nothing is known about current trends. Due to small number of localities known, and the life history, suspected low population size, and threats from bycatch, Latimeria menadoensis is listed as Vulnerable under criteria D2 and C2a (ii) (IUCN Red List).

Discovery of the Indonesian Coelacanth On September 18, 1997, Arnaz and Mark Erdmann, traveling in Indonesia on their honeymoon, saw a strange fish enter the market at Manado Tua, on the island of Sulawesi. Mark Erdmann thought it was a Gombessa (Comoro Coelacanth), although it was brown, not blue. Erdmann took only a few photographs of the fish before it was sold. After confirming that the discovery was unique, Erdmann returned to Sulawesi in November, 1997 interviewing fishermen to look for further examples. In July 1998, a fisherman Om Lameh Sonatham caught a second Indonesian specimen, 1.2 meter in length and weighing 29 kg on July 30, 1998 and handed the fish to Erdmann. The fish was barely alive, but it lived for six hours, allowing Erdmann to photographically document its coloration, fin movements and general behavior. The specimen was preserved and donated to the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), part of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) (Wikipedia). DNA testing revealed that this specimen differed genetically from the Comorian population. Superficially, the Indonesian coelacanth, locally called raja laut ("King of the Sea"), appears to be the same as those found in the Comoros except that the background coloration of the skin is brownish-gray rather than bluish. This fish was described in a 1999 issue of “Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des sciences Paris” by Pouyaud et al. It was given the scientific name Latimeria menadoensis. In 2005, a molecular study estimated the divergence time between the two coelacanth species to be 40–30 mya (Wikipedia). On November 5, 2014 a fisherman found a specimen of this species in his net. It was the seventh Indonesian coelacanth found in Indonesian waters since 1998 (Wikipedia).

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 172 – April 2019

Range This species is known from the Celebes Sea, north of Sulawesi in Indonesia. It is only known only from three localities. The first two specimens were caught on Manado Tua in September 1997 and July, 1998. Another was caught in Manado Bay in May, 2007. The third site is northern Sulawesi near Dondo Bay, slightly to the east on Tanjum Kandi. The animal from the Dondo Bay site was observed in the Jago submersible in November 1999. The Tanjum Kandi sighting was in June 2006 from the Fukushima Aquamarine Aquarium ROV (IUCN Red List).

The Indonesian Coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis Pouyaud, Wirjoatmodjo, Rachmatika, Tjakrawidjaja, Hadiaty, Hadie, 1999). Photo by Mark Erdmann. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/135484/0

Population The population status of this species is unknown. It is believed to be a naturally small population (suspected to be less than 10,000 mature adults) and rare. A population study has never been undertaken and the species is very rarely caught by fisherman. One experienced fisherman informed that during his life as a fisherman this species was caught no more than 30 times, or not more than one or two times per year (M. Erdmann pers. comm.). The growth of its population is likely to be very slow, similar to Latimeria chalumnae. The shark fishermen at Manado Tua Island generally catch 1-2 individuals of L. menadoensis once every 5-10 years as bycatch (Erdmann and Kasim Moosa, pers. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Number 172 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; April 2019

comm.). In northern Sulawesi, all fishermen are aware of this species and would report it if caught (IUCN Red List).

Habitat and Ecology Teams of researchers using submersibles have recorded live sightings of the fish in the waters of Manado Tua and Talisei islands in the Sulawesi as well as in the waters of Biak in Papua. These areas share similar steep rocky topography full of caves, which are the habitat of the fish. These coelacanths live in deep waters of around 150 meters or more, at a temperature between 14 and 18 degrees Celsius (Wikipedia). Generally found at depths exceeding 300 feet (90 m), coelacanths occasionally show up in fish markets in Africa and Indonesia, usually captured as by-catch by fishermen seeking deepwater species. The fish are believed to be sexually mature at 20 years and live to 80-100 years old (Mongabay, 2007). This is a demersal, non-migratory marine species found in deep water between 150-200 meters depth. It lives in water temperatures from 17-20°C. It is presumably found in rocky slopes and caves. Fricke et al. (2000) observed two specimens of 120 and 140 cm length in a deep carbonate cave at a depth of 155 m (water temp. 17.8-20.1°C). Latimeria menadoensis is presumed to be very slow growing and long lived, with very low fecundity (maximum of around 50 for congeneric species), similar to sharks. Females produce large, orange-sized eggs which hatch within the oviduct before the female gives birth to live young. The autopsy of the Sulawesi Coelacanth that was caught in May 2007 in Bunaken National Marine Park, showed that in fact the fish was pregnant. Scientists in Indonesia, France and Japan are currently conducting research to better understand the reproductive biology of this fish (IUCN Red List). Though scientists have never observed coelacanths feeding in their natural habitat, analyses of stomach contents of captured specimens have shown that their diet includes cuttlefish, squid, and various small to medium-sized benthic fishes – including lantern fishes, cardinal fishes and deepwater snappers (IUCN Red List). Coelacanths can weigh up to 100 kg, though an average size is closer 30 kg. They may live to an age of at least 22 years (IUCN Red List). There are many unanswered questions about the ecology of Latimeria manadoensis. A unique combination of morphological features suggests that the coelacanth lineage is close to the origin of the evolution of early terrestrial, four-legged animals (tetrapods) like amphibians. The most remarkable of these features is the presence of seven lobed fins, unique among the living fishes. The paired fins move in an alternating fashion which resembles a horse in a slow trot. Other interesting features include a small secondary "epicaudal" lobe on its tail, an oil-filled notochord instead of a backbone, an intercranial joint which is thought to allow them to widen their gape when capturing Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 172 – April 2019

prey, and a unique electrosensory rostral organ that may be used to detect prey. While their morphological features lead many scientists to believe the coelacanth lineage was the direct link to tetrapods, recent molecular evidence suggests that lung fish might be more closely related to tetrapods (University of California Museum of Paleontology, website) (IUCN Red List).

Major Threats Latimeria menadoensis has a very low population size and its life history makes it a species with higher extinction risk due to slow growth and low fecundity. This is not a commercial species and has no food value, but is caught as bycatch by deep shark nets and by hook and line targeting deepwater snapper (IUCN Red List). This species is an extremely sought after aquarium fish, although no specimen has ever been successfully kept alive for aquarium display (IUCN Red List).

Conservation Actions This species is protected locally by Indonesian regulations and internationally by CITES, which includes all Latimeria species (CITES Appendix I, since 2000) (IUCN Red List). This species needs further research in all aspects of its ecology and biology and to determine the extent of its distribution, population size and trends. However it is an extremely difficult and expensive animal to study due to its habitat time and deep water living (IUCN Red List). Shark nets were outlawed in Bunaken National Park which includes Manado Tua where the first individuals were caught (IUCN Red List).

References and Internet Websites Association for the Preservation of the Coelacanth. http://gombessa.tripod.com/ Attenborough, David (1979). Life on Earth. Collins, London, Glasgow, Sydney, Auckland, Toronto, Johannesburg, and the British Broadcasting Corporation, London. 319 pp. BioLib. Classification: Taxon Profile: Species Roundhead-Roundtail Lebanon Coelacanth † Macropoma libanus Khalaf, 2014. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1141461/ Blancpain. Project Gombessa. http://www.blancpain.com/projet-gombessa Blue Planet Society. Facebook. Coelacanth with Lay’s Trash. https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook .com%2FBluePlanetSoc%2Fposts%2F1806133112756652 Bone, Quentin and Moore, Richard H. (2008). Biology of Fishes. 3rd (third) edition. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 172 – April 2019

Published by Taylor & Francis, New York. Coelacanth. Hjoula, Byblos, Lebanon. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossilspictures-of-fossils/ Coelacanth. Lebanon. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossils-hd-fossilphotographs/ Coelacanth Fossils. Fossil Information. Hjoula, Lebanon. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossils-fossil-information/ Coelacanth Fossils. Fossil Information. Lebanon. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossils-fossil-information-2/ Coelacanth Fossils. Fossil Museum. Lebanon. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanthfossils-fossil-museum/ Coelacanth News! http://www.dinofish.com/news.html Coelacanth with its pair fossils. Hjoula, Lebanon. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-with-its-pair-fossils-pictures-of-fossils/ Coelacanthiformes. http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/sarcopterygii /coelacanthinimorpha/coelacanthiformes.html Coelacanthinimorpha. http://www.palaeocritti.com/bygroup/sarcopterygii/coelacanthinimorpha Cretaceous - Macropomoides: A Coelacanth Fish. http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/seymouria/conversations/topics/1810 ebay (July/August 2018). Fish fossil Coelacanth Macropomoides orientalis - 17 x 11 x 3 cm. Seller: Culorva. https://www.ebay.com/itm/Fish-fossil-Coelacanth-Macropomoidesorientalis-17-x-11-x-3cm/332728612697?hash=item4d782bb759%3Ag%3A%7EZMAAOSwbbRbI23q&_sacat= 0&_nkw=coelacanth&_from=R40&rt=nc&_trksid=m570.l1313 ebay. Zoic Fossil Fish Lebanon Coelacanth Macropomoides orientalis unprepared. http://www.ebay.com/itm/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&item=110950562251 Edkins, Georgia (09.08.2018). Daily Mail. 'Living fossil' fish that outlived the dinosaurs could be killed off by plastic in our oceans, after one is found choked to death by a crisp packet. www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6041523/Fish-outlived-dinosaurs-chokeddeath-crisp-packet.html Encyclopedia of Life (EOL). Macropomoides. http://eol.org/pages/10648844/details Encyclopedia of Life (EOL). Roundhead Roundtail Lebanon Coelacanth († Macropoma libanus Khalaf, 2015). http://eol.org/collections/114210 Erdmann, Mark V. (April 1999). "An Account of the First Living Coelacanth known to Scientists from Indonesian Waters". Environmental Biology of Fishes. Springer Netherlands. 54 (#4): 439–443. Erdmann, M. (2008). "Latimeria menadoensis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2008: e.T135484A4129545. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135484A4129545.en. Erdmann, Mark V.; Caldwell, Roy L.; Moosa, M. Kasim (1998). "Indonesian 'king of the sea' discovered". Nature 395 (6700): 335. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 172 – April 2019

Firmansyah, Wahyu (23 June 2016). Facebook. Manado Coelacanth and Plastic Polution. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10206454372387951&set=a.4154000418162 .2133113.1528478838&type=3&theater FishBase. http://www.fishbase.org/search.php FishBase References for Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, N.A.B.A.T., 2009. http://www.fishbase.org/References/ReferencesListTitles.php?Author=KhalafSakerfalke%20von%20Jaffa,%20N.A.B.A.T.&Year=2009&FishBase=Yes Focus Magazine (April 2003). Focus Magazine's Coelacanth Confessions. Harun Yahya. http://www.harunyahya.com/en/NetCevap/147866/Focus-Magazines-CoelacanthConfessions Forey, P. L. (1988). Golden Jubilee for the Coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae. Nature, 336: 727-732. Forey, Peter L. (1997/1998). History of the Coelacanth Fishes. London: Champan & Hall and the Natural History Museum. pp. 440. Fricke, H., K. Hissmann, J. Schauer, M. Erdmann, M.K. Moosa and R. Plante (2000). Biogeography of coelacanths. Nature 403:38. Gaudant, J. (1975). Intérêt paléoécologique de la découverte de Gobius aries (AG.) (Poisson téléostéen, Gobioidei) dans l'Oligocène des bassins de Marseille et de SaintPierre-lès-Martigues (Bouches-du-Rhône). Geol Mediterran 2: 111–114. Gee, Henry (1 October 1998). "Coelacanth discovery in Indonesia". Nature. doi:10.1038/news981001-1. Goldsmith, Naomi F. & Yanai-Inbar, Ilana (1997). Coelacanthid in Israel's Early Miocene? Latimeria tests Schaeffer's theory. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Volume 17, Supplement to number 3, September 1997, p. 49A. Abstracts of Papers: Fifty-Seventh Annual Meeting, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Ramada Congress Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, October 8-11, 1997, Sponsored by the Field Museum. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Quastenflosser/message/99 Gombessa Coelacanth Expedition. http://www.saiab.ac.za/saiabnews/gombessa-coelacanth-expedition.htm Hancher, Julie (30.01.2013). Green Philly. Try o recycle chip bags? Is it possible?. www.greenphillyblog.com/recycle/recycle-chip-bags/ Holder, Mark T.; Mark V. Erdmann, Thomas P. Wilcox, Roy L. Caldwell, and David M. Hillis (1999). Two living species of coelacanths? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1999 October 26; 96(22): 12616–12620. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC23015/ IFL Science (2018). Depressing Photo Shows Even Deep Sea “Living Fossil" Fish Can't Escape Ocean Trash. www.iflscience.com/environment/depressing-photo-shows-evendeep-sea-living-fossil-fish-cant-escape-ocean-trash/ Inoue J. G.; M. Miya; B. Venkatesh; M. Nishida (2005). "The mitochondrial genome of Indonesian coelacanth Latimeria menadoensis (Sarcopterygii: Coelacanthiformes) and divergence time estimation between the two coelacanths". Gene. 349: 227–235. IUCN Red List. Latimeria menadoensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/135484/0 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 172 – April 2019

Jewett, Susan L., "On the Trail of the Coelacanth, a Living Fossil", The Washington Post, 1998-11-11, Retrieved on 2007-06-19. Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (Zoology Student, Second Year) (1982). Samak AlCoelacanth (The Coelacanth Fish). Al-Biology Magazine. Number 2, February 1982, Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. pp.14-15. (In Arabic). http://issuu.com/drnormanalibassamkhalaf/docs/coelacanth_fish_al_biology_magazine Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1987). The Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) in the Science and Natural History Museum, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178-6288. Number 15. Fifth Year, July 1987, Thul Qi'dah 1407 AH. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. pp. 1-8. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/coelacanthkuwait.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (2005). Der Komoren-Quastenflosser (Latimeria chalumnae) und der Manado-Quastenflosser (Latimeria menadoensis). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178-6288. Number 38, Twenty Third Year. February 2005. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 1-8. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (Gründer) (seit Juni 2005). Der Quastenflosser: Coelacanth Latimeria Yahoo! Deutschland Group. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Quastenflosser/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Aquatica Arabica. An Aquatic Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 - 2005 / Aquatica Arabica. Eine Aquatische Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 - 2005. ISBN 300-014835-3. Erste Auflage / First Edition, August 2005: 376 Seiten / Pages. SelfPublisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/aquaticaarabica.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) in the Science and Natural History Museum, State of Kuwait. In : Aquatica Arabica. An Aquatic Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 - 2005 / Aquatica Arabica. Eine Aquatische Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 - 2005. ISBN 3-00-014835-3. Erste Auflage / First Edition, August 2005, pp. 110-117. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Khalaf, Dr. Norman Ali (Zoologist) (2011). A note on the Coelacanth of Kuwait. Readers' Letters, National Geographic Al Arabiya Magazine. April 2011, Volume 2, Number 7, pp. 8. (In Arabic). http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/10122383976/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). † Coelacanthus sharjah Khalaf, 2013 : A New Coelacanth Fish Fossil Species from Sharjah Natural History and Botanical Museum, Sharjah, Emirate of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 - 6288. Number 106, October 2013, Thu Al Hijja 1434 AH. pp. 18–38. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 172 – April 2019

Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/coelacanthussharjah.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Taxon Profile: Species Sharjah Coelacanth Coelacanthus sharjah Khalaf, 2013. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1068520/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Sharjah Coelacanth (Coelacanthus sharjah Khalaf, 2013). EOL. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/collections/95987/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). † Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013 : A New Coelacanth Fish Fossil Species from the Anthracothere Hill in Al-Naqab, Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 107, November 2013, Muharram 1435 AH. pp. 30-38. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/macropomoidespalaestina.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Taxon Profile: Species Palestine Coelacanth Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1075889/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Palestine Coelacanth (Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013). EOL. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/collections/97239 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). A Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) Model at the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig in Bonn, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 - 6288. Number 111, March 2014, Jumada Al Oula 1435 AH. pp. 1–9. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/coelacanthmuseumkoenig.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). The Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) at the Educational Science Museum, Kuwait City, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 - 6288. Number 112, April 2014, Jumada Al Akhera 1435 AH. pp. 1-10. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/coelacanthkuwait2013.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). Coelacanth Fish Fossils †Macropomoides orientalis Woodward, 1942 from Lebanon. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 - 6288. Number 113, May 2014, Rajab 1435 AH. pp. 1-26. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/macropomoidesorientalis.htm & https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Quastenflosser/conversations/messages/ 101 & https://issuu.com/dr-normanalibassamkhalaf/docs/coelacanth_in_lebanon Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). Fauna Palaestina – Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Vier. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN 978-9950-383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. 456 Pages (English Part 378 Pages and the Arabic Part 78 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-partGazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 172 – April 2019

1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). † Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013: A New Coelacanth Fish Fossil Species from the Anthracothere Hill in Al-Naqab, Palestine. In: Fauna Palaestina – Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Vier. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN 978-9950-383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. pp. 126 - 138. Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015). † Macropoma libanus Khalaf, 2015 : A New Coelacanth Fish Fossil Species from Lebanon. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 - 6288. Number 122, February 2015. pp. 12–27. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://animals-oflebanon.webs.com/ & https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Quastenflosser/conversations/messages/ 114 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015). Plants and Animals unique to Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 125, May 2015. pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine-2.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2015). Fauna Palaestina – Part Five. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2016 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Fünf. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2016. ISBN 978-9950-383-92-0. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2015, Ramadan 1436 H. 448 pp. (English Part 304 Pages and the Arabic Part 144 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-books.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015). Der Komoren-Quastenflosser (Latimeria chalumnae Smith, 1939) in der ErziehungsWissenschaft Museum, Kuwait-Stadt, Staat Kuwait / The Comoran Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae Smith, 1939) at the Educational Science Museum, Kuwait City, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 - 6288. Number 129, September 2015. pp. 1–20. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Website: http://quastenflosser.webs.com/quastenflosserkuwait.htm & https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Quastenflosser/conversations/messages/ 108 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2016). Haywanat Falastin (Fauna of Palestine) ‫ حيوانات فلسطين‬. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 144, December 2016, pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (In Arabic). http://animals-of-palestine-2.webs.com/fauna-ofpalestine-arabic Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (March 2019). Oriental Coelacanth Fish Fossil († Macropomoides orientalis Woodward, 1942) from the Middle Cenomanian Strata, Sannine Limestone, Hajoula, Lebanon. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 172 – April 2019

0178 – 6288. Volume 37, Number 171, March 2019, pp. 1-15. Published by the Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://animals-oflebanon.webs.com/macropomoides-orientalis Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (April 2019). Indonesian Coelacanth Fish (Latimeria menadoensis Pouyaud et al. 1999) with Plastic Trash in its Stomach. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Volume 37, Number 172, April 2019, pp. 1-14. Published by the Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://coelacanth-latimeria.webs.com/

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