Abstract
Limited data are available on genetic structures of the herbaceous plant species populations inhabiting mountainous areas of Siberia and Northeastern Asian (Russian Far East). Although this area was not directly impacted by the extensive ice-sheets during the Quaternary, it experienced significant climatic fluctuations that influenced rich local flora. Orostachys spinosa (Crassulaceae) lacks any adaptations for long-distance dispersal, yet the species is characterized by an unusually wide range spanning from the Urals to the coast of the Pacific Ocean. We studied O. spinosa phylogeography and genetic diversity across its range sampling 203 individuals from 21 natural populations. Using sequences from three chloroplast DNA non-coding regions, we revealed 82 haplotypes and observed high level of population differentiation indicating presence of the phylogeographic structure (GST = 0.501 and NST = 0.822 (p < 0.01)). In concordance with the previous phylogenetic analyses based on ITS rDNA data, parsimony network revealed two distinct cpDNA haplotype lineages deferring in their structure and characteristics of genetic diversity. The split between these haplotype groups can be dated to the Pliocene (ca. 3.6 Mya). According to our estimates diversification in the Western group of populations took place ca. 1 Mya earlier than in the Eastern group (3.1 Mya and 2.26 Mya, respectively). Apart from the generally accepted notion about East Asian origin of O. spinosa, our results indicated that the species could have originated in mountains of Southern Siberia (Altai). This region was colonized independently from O. thyrsiflora which has a largely overlapping distribution in this area.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Shamil Abdullin, Vadim Bakalin, Viktor Bogatov, Roman Dudkin, Konstantin Kiselev, Alexandra Dubrovina, Yuri Ovchinnikov, Valery Shokhrin, Valentina Shokhrina, Dmitry Sidorov and Valentin Yakubov for sampling natural populations of O. spinosa; Marko Dobos for sharing his personal Orostachys collection and Sun Yan for assistance during sampling in North-Eastern China.
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The study was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research according to the research Project No. 18-34-00436.
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AN and AG conceived the paper with VN. AN performed the analyses and wrote the manuscript under the guidance of AG and with critical reviews, editing and contributions from VN.
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Online Resource 3. Bayesian chronogram of cladogenesis of Orostachys spinosa populations.
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Nikulin, A.Y., Nikulin, V.Y. & Gontcharov, A.A. Orostachys spinosa (Crassulaceae) origin and diversification: East Asia or South Siberian Mountains? Chloroplast DNA data. Plant Syst Evol 306, 84 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01713-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01713-4