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Ambient ozone at a rural Central European site and its vertical concentration gradient close to the ground

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Abstract

The representativeness of ambient air quality of an in situ measurement is key in the use and correct interpretation of the measured concentration values. Though the horizontal representativeness aspect is generally not neglected in air pollution studies, a detailed, high-resolution vertical distribution of ambient air pollutant concentrations is rarely addressed. The aim of this study is twofold: (i) to explore the vertical distribution of ground-level ozone (O3) concentrations measured at four heights above the ground—namely at 2, 8, 50, and 230 m—and (ii) to examine in detail the vertical O3 concentration gradient in air columns between 2 and 8, 8 and 50, and 50 and 230 m above the ground. We use the daily mean O3 concentrations measured continuously at the Košetice station, representing the rural Central European background ambient air quality observed during 2015–2021. We use the semiparametric GAM (generalised additive model) approach (with complexity or roughness-penalised splines implementation) to analyse the data with sufficient flexibility. Our models for both O3 concentrations and O3 gradients use (additive) decomposition into annual trend and seasonality (plus an overall intercept). The seasonal and year-to-year patterns of the modelled O3 concentrations look very similar at first glance. Nevertheless, a more detailed look through O3 gradients shows that they differ substantially with respect to their seasonal and long-term dynamics. The vertical O3 concentration gradient in 2–230 m is not uniform but changes substantially with increasing height and shows by far the highest dynamics near the ground between 2 and 8 m, differing in both the seasonal and annual aspects for all the air columns inspected. We speculate that non-linear changes of both seasonal and annual components of vertical O3 gradients are due to atmospheric-terrestrial interactions and to meteorological factors, which we will explore in a future study.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Stanislav Juráň for valuable comments on O3 fluxes and Erin Naillon for proofreading. The O3 data were retrieved from the Information System of Air Quality (ISKO) run by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute.

Funding

Ozone concentration measurements at the tall tower used for the analysis were financially supported by the project ACTRIS-CZ LM2018122 and ACTRIS-CZ RI (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001315). This study was partially supported from the long-term strategic development financing of the Institute of Computer Science (Czech Republic RVO 67985807) and by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute research project ʽDlouhodobá koncepce rozvoje výzkumné organizace (DKRVO) Český hydrometeorologický ústav’ financed by the Czech Ministry of the Environment.

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  1. Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Na Sabatce 17, 143 06, Prague 4, Czech Republic

    Iva Hůnová

  2. Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benatska 2, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic

    Iva Hůnová

  3. Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Vodarenskou vezi 2, 182 07, Prague 8, Czech Republic

    Marek Brabec & Marek Malý

  4. National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 48, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic

    Marek Brabec & Marek Malý

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All the authors contributed to the study conception and design. Data curation was performed by Marek Malý; the statistical modelling was performed by Marek Brabec. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Iva Hůnová, and all the authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Hůnová, I., Brabec, M. & Malý, M. Ambient ozone at a rural Central European site and its vertical concentration gradient close to the ground. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 80014–80028 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28016-8

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