Abstract
Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the oldest trees with harvestable products known to humans and has a history dating to 7000 BC in Persia. Walnut breeding programs aim to release productive scion cultivars with disease resistance and high-quality nuts, along with rootstocks resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Genetic improvement of walnut began with the selection of superior trees in their main centers of origin, primarily from the Persian plateau. The first selection and grafting of superior walnut genotypes began in France. The first organized walnut-breeding program employing targeted hybridization began in the USA in 1948, primarily using introduced French cultivars and selected local genotypes derived from seed imported from centers of origin (Iran, Afghanistan, China). Currently, both conventional hybridization with phenotypic evaluation and molecular breeding approaches are used in the USA programs as well as those in France, China, Iran, Spain and Italy. Recent advances in biotechnology and genomics show potential to accelerate cultivar development. In addition, the exploration, description, and preservation of biodiverse germplasm can provide a gene bank of desirable traits and enable biotechnologists to conduct breeding more accurately and rapidly in the future. Recent advancements have opened up new avenues to enhance the efficiency of walnut breeding to release new scions and rootstocks. These include next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, bioinformatics tools, high-throughput genotyping platforms and genomics-based approaches such as genome wide association studies (GWAS), marker-assisted selection (MAS), genomic selection (GS) and genome editing with the CRISPR-Cas9 system. In this chapter, we describe the background and development of conventional walnut breeding programs in the leading walnut producing countries of the USA, France, China, Iran and Turkey, and finally focus on the current use and status of molecular breeding and biotechnology in walnut breeding.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge Neus Aleta Soler, Fabrice Lheureux, Damiano Avanzato, Geza Bujdosó, Mehmet Sutyemez, Gamalier Lemus, Iosif Kiss, Joao Martins, Shugang Zhao, Hongxia Wang, Baojun Zhao, Yasar Akca, David L. McNeil, Mihai Botu, Dragan Milatovic, Anita Solar, Alexandros Papachatzis, Oleg Tirsina, Heini Gubler, Christof Gubler, David Zaurov, Zviad Bobokashvili, Endrit Kullaj, Sergey Khokhlov, Stefan Gandev, Basharat Ali Saleem, David Maghradze, Dietrich Darr and Davlet Mamadjanov who helped us to complete information of the walnut cultivars and research institutions inventory of their countries.
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Appendices
Appendices
1.1 Appendix I: Some Important Research Institutes Relevant to Walnut
Country | Institution | Specialization and research activities | Contact information and website |
|---|---|---|---|
Albania | Agricultural University of Tirana | Walnut breeding program based on selection | Prof. Endrit Kullaj ekullaj@ubt.edu.al |
Argentina | National Research Institute of Argentina (INTA-Catamarca) | Variety walnut breeding program based on hybridization and selection | Dr. Dante Carabajal Carabajal.dante@inta.gob.ar |
Belarus | Belarusian Research Institute for Fruit Growing | Walnut breeding program for early bearing, high yield, winter resistant, diseases tolerant | Dr. Vyacheslav A. Samus director@belsad.by |
Bulgaria | Fruit Growing Institute | Breeding and studies of walnut cultivars | Dr. Stefan Gandev sgandev@yahoo.com |
China | Hebei Agricultural University (College of Life Science) | Walnut breeding based on classic and molecular breeding | Dr. Shugang Zhao zshug@126.com |
China | Mountainous Area Research Institute of Hebei | Walnut breeding based on selection and hybridization | Dr. Hongxia Wang whx@hebau.edu.cn |
China | Chinese Academy of Forestry (Research Institute of Forestry) | Walnut improvement program | Prof. Pei Dong peigu@caf.ac.cn |
China | Pomology Research Institute, Shanxi | Walnut breeding program based on selection and hybridization | Prof. Jianbao Tian tianjb-001@163.com http://www.gfar.net/organizations/pomology-research-institute-shanxi-academy-agriculture-science |
China | Liaoning Institute of Economic Forestry | Walnut breeding program for high yield, blight and coldness tolerant and rootstock selection | Prof. Baojun Zhao agroforestry@163.com liufeng0427@sina.cn |
Chile | Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias | Orchard management and plant material evaluation | Dr. Gamalier Lemus glemus@inia.cl |
France | French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) | Walnut breeding program for late flowering, frost resistance, early bearing, high yield, blight tolerant, systematics and ecology of plant pathogenic bacteria | Dr. Sophie Cesbron sophie.cesbron@angers.inra.fr |
France | Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Legumes (CTIFL) | Walnut breeding program and study of the behavior of new INRA walnut varieties and rootstocks | Dr. Fabrice Lheureux lheureux@ctifl.fr |
France | Station Expérimentale de la Noix de Creysse | Study on walnut orchard management and walnut quality, improving the efficiency of the walnut industry in the south west of France | Dr. Eloise Tranchand e.tranchand.creysse@orange.fr Dr. Fabrice Lheureux lheureux@ctifl.fr |
France | Station d’Expérimentation Nucicole Rhône-Alpes | Orchard management and plant material evaluation walnut industry efficiency in the south east of France | Dr. Agnès Verhaeghe Averhaeghe@senura.com |
Georgia | Georgian Research Institute of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology | Breeding new species and varieties of walnut through hybridization of different species and varieties | Dr. Zviad Bobokashvili bobokashvili@hotmail.com |
Georgia | Scientific-Research Center of Agriculture Georgia | Selecting and preservation of walnut varieties | Dr. Zviad Bobokashvili bobokashvili@hotmail.com Dr. Nugzar Shengelia shengelianugzar@gmail.com |
Germany | Hochschule Geisenhiem University | Breeding, selection and preservation of walnut varieties | Prof. Joachim Heller (Head) Joachim.Heller@hs-gm.de https://www.hs-geisenheim.de/en/research/departments/pomology/department-of-pomology/ |
Germany | State Education and Research Institute for Viticulture and Pomology Weinsberg | Breeding, selection and preservation of walnut varieties | obstbau@lvwo.bwl.de http://www.lvwo-bw.de/pb/,Lde/Startseite |
Greece | Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly (TEI) | Walnut breeding program based on crossing of local genetical material with foreign cultivars | Prof. Alexandros Papachatzis papachad@teilar.gr |
Greece | Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese (TEI) | Walnut breeding program based on crossing of local genetical material with foreign cultivars | Prof. George Zakynthinos gzakyn@yahoo.gr http://www.teipel.gr |
Greece | National Agricultural Research Foundation (NAGREF) | Walnut breeding program based on selection | Dr. Pavlina Drogoudi drogoudi@otenet.gr |
Hungary | NARIC Fruitculture Research Institute | Walnut breeding program based on selection and hybridization | Dr. Geza Bujdosó resinfru@yahoo.com |
Iran | University of Tehran, Aburaihan Campus, Center of Excellence in Walnut Improvement and Technology | Walnut breeding for late leafing, lateral bearing and high yield; rootstock breeding for drought tolerance and dwarfing using classic breeding and biotechnology; giving consultation for walnut commercial micropropagation labs and establishment of modern walnut orchards and nurseries | Prof. Kourosh Vahdati kvahdati@ut.ac.ir |
Iran | Horticultural Science Research Institute (HSRI) | Walnut breeding program for late leafing, lateral bearing, high yield. | Dr. Darab Hassani hassanida@gmail.com |
Italy | University of Turin | Evaluation of the performance of Italian and foreign walnut cultivars and selections obtained by intraspecific hybridization | Prof. Roberto Botta roberto.botta@unito.it |
Italy | Istituto Sperimentale per la Frutticoltura | Evaluation of the performance of Italian and foreign walnut cultivars and selections obtained by intraspecific hybridization; improving rooting and disease resistance in walnut through tissue culture techniques | Dr. Pasquale Piccirillo pasquale.piccirillo@entecra.it |
Kyrgyzstan | National Academy of Kyrgyzstan (Jalal-Abad Research Center) | Walnut breeding based on selection | Dr. D.K. Mamadjanov jangak@mail.ru |
Moldova | State Agrarian University of Moldova | Creation of the walnut assortment in the republic of Moldova | Dr. Valerian Balan v.balan@uasm.md |
Moldova | Iargara State Forestry Service | Forestry management; walnut varieties improvement program | Ana Petrenco iargara@moldsilva.gov.md |
Moldova | Institute for Horticulture and Food Technologies | Selection of walnut varieties within the existing local genetic resources | Constantin Dadu |
Morocco | Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques | Prospection in local walnut populations in the south of Morocco | Dr. Abdellah Kajji kajjiabdellah03@yahoo.fr |
Pakistan | Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Department of Horticulture | Walnut breeding based on selection within local genetic resource | Prof. Nadeem Akhtar Abbasi nadeemabbasi65@yahoo.com |
Pakistan | Ayub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI), Hill Fruit Research Station | Walnut breeding based on selection within local genetic resource | Dr. Muhammad Afzal mafzal834@gmail.com |
Pakistan | University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Department of Botany | Walnut breeding based on selection within local genetic resource | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Qayyum Khan mqkhan2004@yahoo.com |
Pakistan | Agriculture Research Institute (North) Mangora | Walnut breeding based on selection within local genetic resource | Dr Khalil Ur Rehman khalilswat66@gmail.com |
Pakistan | Hazara Agriculture Research Station | Walnut breeding based on selection within local genetic resource | Mr Akhtar Nawaz akhtarsaeed5650@gmail.com http://agrires.kp.gov.pk/page/hazaraagricultureresearchstation |
Portugal | Direcção Regional de Agricultura da Beira Litoral | Behavior of some walnut-tree varieties in Região Agrária Da Beira Litoral | drapc@drapc.gov.pt |
Romania | University of Craiova (Fruit Growing Research Station – SCDP Vâlcea) | Breeding new cultivars for high yield, intensive growing, nut quality, resistance to diseases, adapted to environmental conditions and rootstock selection; evaluation of the performance of Romanian and foreign walnut cultivars | Prof. Mihai Botu btmihai2@yahoo.com |
Romania | Fruit Growing Research Station – SCDP Iaşi | Selection of walnut with high yield and fruit quality, resistance to late spring and winter frosts, resistance to diseases and pests, reduced vigor | Dr. Gelu Corneanu office@pomicolaiasi.ro |
Romania | Via Roots Srl | Study on walnut orchard management and walnut quality, study on lateral bearing in Romanian climate conditions | Iosif Kiss iosif.kiss@nucifere.com |
Russia Federation | Nikita Botanical Gardens | Fundamental bases of management of selection process of creation of new plant genotypes with high economically valuable characteristics of productivity, resistance to biotic and abiotic stress | Dr. Sergei Khokhlov ocean-10@mail.ru |
Serbia | University of Priština, Faculty of Agriculture in Lešak | Biology of walnut flowering | Dr. Dragan Jankovic draganjankovickv@gmail.com Dr. Sladana Jankovic |
Slovenia | University of Ljubljana | Selection of walnut populations in Slovenia, quantitative analysis of genotypic diversity in tree architecture constitution, evaluation of the performance of foreign walnut cultivars | Dr. Anita Solar anita.solar@email.si https://www.uni-lj.si/academies_and_faculties/faculties/2013052914461802/ |
Spain | Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA.) | Breeding and selection for walnut varieties and rootstocks, selection of basic materials for woodland. | Dr. Neus Aleta neus.Aleta@irta.es |
Spain | Bosques Naturales S. A. | Selection of genotypes for timber production, genotype × environment studies, genotyping by SSR markers | Dr. Ricardo Julian Licea-Moreno ricardolicea@bosquesnaturales.es |
Switzerland | Nuss-Baumschule Gubler GmbH | Walnut breeding for high yield, lateral bearing, late leafing and disease resistance | Dr. Heini Gubler heini.gubler@skigubler.ch |
Tajikistan | Tajikistan Forestry Institute | Walnut breeding based on selection | Prof. Hafiz Muminjanov |
Turkey | Kahramanmaraş Sütçü imam University | Walnut cultivar and rootstock breeding based on classic (selection, hybridization) and molecular breeding program for late leafing, lateral bearing, high yield, nut quality | Dr. Mehmet Sütyemez sutyemez@ksu.edu.tr Dr. Akide Özcan akideozcan@ksu.edu.tr |
Turkey | University of Gaziosmanpasa | Walnut breeding for late leafing, lateral bearing, nut quality and blight resistance using intraspecific crosses, rootstock breeding for salt stress | Prof. Yasar Akca akcanut@gmail.com |
Ukraine | Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine | Creation of the national genetic collection of Persian walnut of promising cultivars (breeding to combine precocity, high productivity, tolerance to diseases and high nut quality) | Dr. Igor V. Grynyk (Director) sad-institut@ukr.net |
United States | University of California, Davis, Department of Plant Science | Walnut cultivar and rootstock breeding based on classic and molecular breeding | Dr. Pat J. Brown pjbrown@ucdavis.edu |
Uzbekistan | Schroeder Uzbek Research Institute | Walnut breeding based on selection | Aziz Nurbekov a.nurbekov@cgiar.org |
Uzbekistan | Uzbek Scientific Research Institute of Plant Industry (VIR) | Walnut breeding based on selection | Aziz Nurbekov a.nurbekov@cgiar.org |
1.2 Appendix II: Some Walnut Genetic Resources
Cultivar | Important traits | Cultivation location |
|---|---|---|
Gizavezhda | High yield, average nut, tender shell, very light kernel color, cold-hardy and resistant to pest and diseases | Albania |
Leshnica | Medium yield, lateral bearing, large nut, light kernel color, aromatic | Albania |
Smokthina | Medium yield, lateral bearing, average nut, light tasty kernel | Albania |
Trompito | High yield, early leafing, medium kernel color | Argentina |
Ivarto | Low yield, pollinizer for medium and late varieties | Argentina |
Rote Donaunuss | Moderate yield, early to mid-early leafing, medium nut size | Austria |
Weinberg 2 | Early leafing, large nut, thin shell, light kernel color, good kernel quality | Austria |
Axel | Medium yield, late leafing, large nut | Belgium/Netherland |
Dryanovski | Early flowering, medium nut size, light kernel color, high kernel quality | Bulgaria |
Izvor 10 | Moderate yield, medium nut size, thin shell, light kernel color | Bulgaria |
Plovdivski | Large nut, high kernel percentage, high kernel quality, resistance to bacterial disease | Bulgaria |
Proslavski | Large nut, good kernel quality, resistance to bacterial disease | Bulgaria |
Silistrenski | Late flowering, medium nut size, frost resistant | Bulgaria |
Broadview | Early leafing, precocious, homogamous, large nut, good kernel quality | Canada |
Zha 343 | High yield, lateral bearing, thin shell, light kernel color | China |
Zanmei | High yield, lateral bearing, light kernel color | China |
Jinlong 1 | Moderate yield, terminal bearing, large nut, thin shell, light kernel color | China |
Wen 185 | High yield, lateral bearing, large nut, thin shell, light kernel color | China |
Xiangling | High yield, lateral bearing, thin shell, light kernel color | China |
Zhonglin 1 | High yield, lateral bearing, thin shell, extra light kernel color | China |
Liaoning 1 | High yield, lateral bearing, thin shell, extra light kernel color | China |
Jinboxiang1 | High yield, lateral bearing, thin shell, light kernel color | China |
Luguo 2 | High yield, lateral bearing, thin shell, light kernel color | China |
Luguo 7 | High yield, thin shell, light kernel color, lateral bearing | China |
Daixiang | High yield, thin shell, light kernel color, lateral bearing, dwarf | China |
Xinfeng | High yield, thin shell, light kernel color, lateral bearing | China |
Xinxin 2 | High yield, thin shell, light kernel color, lateral bearing | China |
Mars | High yield, late leafing, thin shell, good kernel quality | Czech Republic |
Jupiter | High yield, large nut, thin shell, late leafing, | Czech Republic |
Saturn | High yield, large nut, good kernel color | Czech Republic |
Apollo | Good yield, terminal bearing, early flowering, large nut, good kernel color | Czech Republic |
Sychrov | Medium nut size, red kernel color, thin shell, high kernel quality | Czech Republic |
Franquette | Fair yield, terminal bearing, late leafing, good kernel quality, extra light kernel color, used as pollinizer for ‘Chandler’ | France |
Lara | High yield, lateral bearing, medium leafing | France |
Fernor | High yield, lateral bearing, late leafing, extra light kernel color | France |
Fernette | Good yield, lateral bearing, extra light kernel color, used as pollinizer for ‘Chandler’ | France |
Ferbel | High yield, lateral bearing, large nut, thin shell, good kernel quality | France |
Ferouette | High yield, lateral bearing, extra light kernel color, large nut | France |
Feradam | High yield, lateral bearing, extra light kernel color, medium leafing | France |
Ferjean | High yield, lateral bearing, thin shell, extra light kernel color | France |
Meylanaise | Moderate yield, late leafing, good kernel quality, Used as pollinizer | France |
Ronde de Montignac | Late leafing, terminal bearing, high kernel quality, used as pollinizer, | France |
Rubis | Early leafing, good kernel quality, red kernel color | France |
Akura | Moderate yield, moderate lateral bearing, light kernel color | Georgia |
Kaspura | High yield, moderate lateral bearing | Georgia |
Avenisuri | Moderate yield, terminal bearing, large nut, thin shell | Georgia |
Alazani | High yield, lateral bearing | Georgia |
Aragvi | Moderate yield, terminal bearing, thin shell | Georgia |
Atskuri | High yield, moderate lateral bearing, thin shell, frost resistance | Georgia |
Drianovski | High yield, moderate lateral bearing, large nut | Georgia |
Aufhausener Baden | Large nut, mid-early flowering, old favorite German cultivar | Germany |
Finkenwerder Deichnuss Royal | Large nut, precocious, thin shell, high kernel quality | Germany |
Geisenheimer | Moderate yield, medium nut size, medium shell thickness | Germany |
Kurmarker | Medium nut size, good kernel quality | Germany |
Ledema | Protogynous, large and heavy nut, | Germany |
Moselaner | Large nut, light kernel color, good kernel quality | Germany |
Ockerwitzer Lange | High yield, large nut, frost resistant. | Germany |
Seifersdorfer Runde | Good yield, early flowering, thin shell, light kernel color, frost resistant | Germany |
Spreewalder | High yield, early leafing, precocious, light kernel color, good kernel quality | Germany |
Weinheimer | Medium nut size, late leafing, high kernel quality, light kernel color | Germany |
Weinsberg 1 | Moderate to high yield, early flowering, large nut | Germany |
Wunder von Monrepos | Medium nut size, late leafing, high kernel quality | Germany |
ZP–1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | ‘Chandler’ hybrids, lateral bearing, blight resistant, moderate to late leafing, light kernel color. | Greece |
Milotai Kései℗ | Late leafing and flowering, lateral bearing, nut like Milotai 10, higher tolerance to blight compared to Milotai 10 | Hungary |
Alsószentiváni 117 | Moderate yield, terminal bearing, light kernel color | Hungary |
Alsószentiváni 118 | High yield, mid-early flowering, large nut | Hungary |
Milotai 10 | High yield, moderate lateral bearing, light kernel color | Hungary |
Tiszacsécsi 83 | High yield, moderate lateral bearing | Hungary |
Esterhazy II | Early leafing, medium to large nut size, light kernel color, good kernel quality | Hungary |
Jamal | Moderate yield, terminal bearing, medium light kernel color | Iran |
Damavand | Early leafing, used as pollinizer for Jamal | Iran |
Sorrento | Moderate yield, terminal bearing | Italy |
Malizia | High yield, moderate lateral bearing | Italy |
Qingxiang | High yield, terminal bearing, light kernel color | Japan |
Kyrgyzskya Bomba | Large nut, great kernel quality, light kernel color | Kyrgyzstan |
Ak Terek | Medium nut, great kernel quality, light kernel color | Kyrgyzstan |
Oshsky | Medium nut size, great kernel quality | Kyrgyzstan |
Uygursky | Large nut, great kernel quality, light kernel color | Kyrgyzstan |
Ostrovershinny | Large nut, great kernel quality | Kyrgyzstan |
Immuniy | Medium nut, great kernel quality, light kernel color | Kyrgyzstan |
Desertniy | Large nut, great kernel quality, light kernel color | Kyrgyzstan |
Pescianski | High yield, partial lateral bearing, thin shell, frost resistant, extra light kernel | Moldova |
Calarasi | High yield, terminal bearing, frost resistant, light kernel | Moldova |
Ovata | Large nut, terminal bearing, very cold resistant | Moldova |
Carpatica | Huge nut, terminal bearing | Moldova |
Amphyon | High yield, high kernel quality, low susceptible to disease | Netherland |
Dionym | High yield, high kernel quality, low susceptible to disease | Netherland |
Big & Easy | Late flowering, thin shell, good kernel quality | Netherland |
Blanco | Large nut, homogamous | Netherland |
Coenen | Early flowering, large nut, thin shell | Netherland |
Lange van Lod | Large nut, late leafing, high kernel quality, slight tolerance to late spring frost | Netherland |
Rex | High yield, late leafing, light color | New Zealand |
Shannon | High yield, light kernel color, blight resistant | New Zealand |
Meyric | High yield, late leafing, thin shell, high kernel quality | New Zealand |
Wilsons Wonder | Large nut, light kernel color | New Zealand |
Valcor | High yield, terminal bearing, thin shell, light kernel color | Romania |
Valmit (Verisval) | Thin shell, terminal bearing, light kernel color, | Romania |
Valrex | High yield, terminal bearing, large nut, thin shell | Romania |
Sibişel 44 | Moderate yield, terminal bearing, large nut | Romania |
Jupâneşti | Precocious, high yield, terminal bearing, thin shell | Romania |
Velniţa | Precocious, high yield, terminal bearing | Romania |
Valstar | Precocious, high yield, terminal bearing light kernel | Romania |
Valcris | Precocious, high yield, terminal bearing light kernel | Romania |
Timval | High yield, terminal bearing, large nut | Romania |
Miroslava | Terminal bearing, large nut | Romania |
Ovidiu | Terminal bearing, large nut | Romania |
Anica | Terminal bearing, large nut | Romania |
Sibişel 252 | Precocious, high yield, terminal bearing | Romania |
Ciprian | Precocious, high yield, terminal bearing, large nut | Romania |
Claudia | Precocious, high yield, terminal bearing | Romania |
Germisara | Moderate yield, terminal bearing, large nut | Romania |
Şuşiţa | Precocious, high yield, terminal bearing, light kernel | Romania |
Ronutex | High yield, terminal bearing, large nut | Romania |
Belbeksky 70 | Late leafing, light kernel color, moderate shell thickness | Russia Federation |
Vynoslivy | High yield, light kernel color, resistance to low temperature | Russia Federation |
Pervomaysky | Late leafing, thin shell, light kernel color | Russia Federation |
Krymsky Urozhayany | High yield, thin shell, light kernel color | Russia Federation |
Elit | Late leafing, precocious, light kernel color | Slovenia |
Krka | Homogenous flowering, high yield, bright kernel | Slovenia |
Sava | Intermediate fruit-bearing, late leafing, moderate yield | Slovenia |
Fischenthal | Medium nut size, thin shell, cluster bearing, homogamous | Switzerland |
Giswill | Lateral bearing, interesting for wood production | Switzerland |
Nyffenegger | Terminal bearing, thin shell, red kernel color | Switzerland |
Rote Gubler | Medium nut size, light kernel color, forest resistant | Switzerland |
Yalova 1 | Fair yield, terminal bearing, large nut, thin shell | Turkey |
Yalova 3 | Fair yield, terminal bearing, thin shell, light kernel color | Turkey |
Sebin | High yield, moderate lateral bearing, thin shell, light kernel color | Turkey |
Bilecik | Moderate yield, terminal bearing | Turkey |
Maras 18 | Moderate yield, lateral bearing, light kernel color, high kernel percentage, very early harvest, | Turkey |
Sütyemez 1 | Moderate yield, lateral bearing, extra-large nut, light kernel color, very early harvest | Turkey |
Kaman 1 | High yield, lateral bearing, thin shell, light kernel color | Turkey |
Maraş 12 | High yield, terminal bearing, moderate nut, thin shell, light kernel color, extra high kernel percentage | Turkey |
Diriliş | High yield, lateral bearing, late leafing, light kernel color, high kernel percentage, thin shell, early harvest | Turkey |
15 Temmuz | High yield, lateral bearing, very late leafing, light kernel color, high kernel percentage thin shell, early harvest | Turkey |
Bayrak | High yield, lateral bearing, thin shell, extra light kernel color, high kernel percentage | Turkey |
Akça | High yield, lateral bearing, late leafing, good kernel quality, extra light kernel color, used as pollinizer for ‘Chandler’ | Turkey |
Niksar 1 | Moderate yield, lateral bearing, late leafing, used as pollinizer for cv. Chandler | Turkey |
Eureka | Fair yield, terminal bearing, poor kernel color | USA |
Scharsch Franquette | Late leafing, medium thin shell, light kernel color | USA |
Hartley | Moderate yield, terminal bearing, light kernel color | USA |
Payne | High yield, lateral bearing, precocious, early leafing, early harvest, light kernel color | USA |
Vina | High yield, lateral bearing, poor color | USA |
Pedro | High yield, lateral bearing | USA |
Tehama | Moderate yield, lateral bearing, light kernel color, used as pollinizer for cv. Serr | USA |
Serr | Moderate yield, moderate lateral bearing, light kernel color, thin shell, excellent kernel quality, susceptible to pistillate flower abscission (PFA) | USA |
Chandler | High yield, lateral bearing, medium leafing, extra light kernel color, thin shell | USA |
Howard | High yield, lateral bearing, medium leafing, large nut, thin shell, light kernel color | USA |
Sunland | High yield but susceptible to nut drop, lateral bearing, large nut, thin shell, light kernel color | USA |
Cisco | Moderate yield, terminal bearing, medium light kernel color, high susceptibility to blight, used as pollinizer for cv. Chandler | USA |
Tulare | High yield, lateral bearing, light kernel color, susceptible to winter cold | USA |
Robert Livermore | Moderate yield, lateral bearing, red kernel color | USA |
Sexton | High yield, lateral bearing, very precocious, light kernel color | USA |
Gillet | High yield, lateral bearing, large nut, light kernel color, low susceptibility to blight | USA |
Forde | Good yield, lateral bearing, light kernel color, low susceptibility to blight | USA |
Ivanhoe | High yield, lateral bearing, very precocious, very early harvest, thin shell, extra light kernel color | USA |
Solano | High yield, lateral bearing, extra light kernel color | USA |
Durham | Good yield, early harvest, lateral bearing, large nut, light kernel color | USA |
Ideal | Small nut from secondary flower, high kernel quality, precocious, cluster bearing habit | Uzbekistan |
Hybridiy | Medium size nut | Uzbekistan |
Pioner | Large size nut | Uzbekistan |
Kazahstansky | High kernel quality | Uzbekistan |
Bostonliksky | Large nut | Uzbekistan |
Rodina | Large nut, high kernel quality, high frost resistance, low susceptibility to anthracnose | Uzbekistan |
Parkent | Large nut | Uzbekistan |
Nani | Large nut | Uzbekistan |
Gvardiesky | High kernel quality | Uzbekistan |
Panfilovets | High kernel quality | Uzbekistan |
Tonkoskorlupnii | High kernel quality | Uzbekistan |
Ubilini | High yield, high kernel quality, resistance to spring frosts, precocious | Uzbekistan |
Bostandik | Large nut, high kernel quality, resistance to spring frosts, precocious | Uzbekistan |
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Vahdati, K., Arab, M.M., Sarikhani, S., Sadat-Hosseini, M., Leslie, C.A., Brown, P.J. (2019). Advances in Persian Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Breeding Strategies. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Nut and Beverage Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23112-5_11
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