Abstract
Shallot is loosely used to describe some cultivated species and interspecific hybrids within the genus Allium whose storage organ consists of clustered bulb divisions attached at their true stems. The present review, however, focuses on the diploid member of the bulb onion taxon (Allium cepa L.). Some physiological and phenotypic differences, led taxonomists to assign shallot to the Aggregatum group together with other intermediate forms of vegetatively-propagated bulbous Alliums. No ancestral forms of the biennial cross-pollinated shallot are known. The bulbs, leaves and young scapes are consumed as an onion substitute in warm climates and serve as an important culinary condiment in Europe, South America, the USA and elsewhere. Global climate changes, diminished resources, and salinization of soil and water raise serious challenges to shallot growth, development, florogenesis, quality and storage, and increase vulnerability to pests and diseases. Additionally, the slow but continuous shift towards the use of true seeds poses concrete hazards of a fast erosion of the genetically precious, irreplaceable clonally propagated cultivars. To secure the supply, and care for the environment, society and economics we need to extend our knowledge on, and increase breeding efforts for tolerance to, biotic and abiotic stress, long keeping and hybrid seed propagation. The current review provides information on shallot origin, taxonomy, economics, distribution, genetics, current propagation and breeding methods. Pros and cons of clonal vs. true-shallot-seed propagation are discussed. Comparisons to bulb onion clearly show that the knowledge acquired, and modern tools developed for bulb onion can be associated with conventional shallot breeding methods for its betterment and benefit growers and consumers alike.
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Appendix I: Research Institutes and Genetic Resources Relevant to Shallot
Appendix I: Research Institutes and Genetic Resources Relevant to Shallot
Institution name | Specialization | Website |
|---|---|---|
Genetic Resources Networks ECP/GR | The European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources (ECPGR) is a collaborative programming most European countries aimed at ensuring the long-term conservation and facilitating the increased utilization of plant genetic resources in Europe. European Allium germplasm maintenance, supervision and coordination | https://books.google.co.il/books?id = xlN7YKcDR7oC&pg = PA23&lpg = PA23&dq = ecpgr+shallot&source = bl&ots = P0cF84FNhB&sig = ACfU3U1LTdFEf8bUe5lQTrqQckhbNmz2Fw&hl = en&sa = X&ved = 2ahUKEwix_Y22vNXnAhXLKewKHcMuBNkQ6AEwAHoECAYQAQ#v = onepage&q = ecpgr%20shallot&f = false |
The World Vegetable Center Genebank | Germplasm collections | |
Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development | Shallot collections | http://biogen.litbang.pertanian.go.id/codevelopment/wp-content/uploads/PDF/Sabran_2016.pdf http://www.fao.org/3/i1500e/Indonesia.pdf |
IPK | Maintains garlic and shallot core collections https://www.ipk-gatersleben.de/en | Colmsee et al. 2012; https://www.ipk-gatersleben.de/en/genebank/cryo-and-stress-biology/allium-core-collection/ |
Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Norway, and Sweden | Safeguarding of potato onion/shallot and garlic crop diversity in North Europe, Baltic | https://www.ecpgr.cgiar.org/working-groups/allium/safeallidiv |
Nordic gene bank (NordGen) | Preserves Fennoscandian shallot for future generations as a source of variation to be used in breeding varieties to come up against new challenges |
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Rabinowitch, H.D. (2021). Shallot (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum Group) Breeding. In: Al-Khayri, J.M., Jain, S.M., Johnson, D.V. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Vegetable Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66965-2_3
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