Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Ducrosia flabellifolia: A Combined Experimental and Computational Approaches
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Plant Material Sampling
2.3. Study of the Phytochemical Composition
2.4. Screening of the Biological Activities
2.4.1. Antimicrobial Activities
2.4.2. Phytochemistry and Antioxidant Activities Screening
2.5. In Silico Study
2.5.1. Molecular Docking
2.5.2. Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phytochemical Composition of D. Flabellifolia Hydroalcoholic Extract
3.2. Antioxidant Activities Screening
3.3. Antimicrobial Activities Screening
3.4. Computational Study
3.4.1. Molecular Docking
3.4.2. MD Simulation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Identified Compounds | Retention Time (min) | Abondance (mg/Kg of Extract) | Chemical Formula | Molecular Weight (g/mol) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Gallic acid | 8.891 | 8.78 ± 0.14 | C7H6O5 | 170.12 |
2 | Protocatechuic acid | 10.818 | 25.69 ± 0.395 | C7H6O4 | 154.12 |
3 | 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid | 11.224 | 1.61 ± 0.135 | C8H8O4 | 168.15 |
4 | Pyrocatechol | 11.506 | 14.36 ± 0.315 | C6H6O2 | 110.11 |
5 | Chlorogenic acid | 11.802 * | 5980.96 ± 73.12 | C16H18O9 | 354.31 |
6 | 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | 12.412 | 59.74 ± 0.945 | C7H6O4 | 154.12 |
7 | 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 12.439 | 19.25 ± 0.98 | C7H6O3 | 138.12 |
8 | (-)-Epicatechin | 12.458 * | 5.15 ± 0.1 | C15H14O6 | 290.27 |
9 | Caffeic acid | 12.841 | 70.90 ± 1.75 | C9H8O4 | 180.16 |
10 | Syringic acid | 12.963 | 28.92 ± 0.51 | C9H10O5 | 198.17 |
11 | 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 13.259 | 13.30 ± 0.405 | C7H6O3 | 138.12 |
12 | Vanillin | 13.379 | 25.03 ± 0.785 | C8H8O3 | 152.15 |
13 | Sinapic acid | 13.992 | 61.74 ± 2.79 | C11H12O5 | 224.21 |
14 | p-Coumaric acid | 14.022 | 55.11 ± 0.765 | C9H8O3 | 164.16 |
15 | Ferulic acid | 14.120 | 180.58 ± 2.77 | C10H10O4 | 194.18 |
16 | Luteolin 7-glucoside | 14.266 | 5.42 ± 0.5 | C21H20O11 | 448.4 |
17 | Hyperoside | 14.506 * | 26.55 ± 0.635 | C21H20O12 | 464.4 |
18 | Rosmarinic acid | 14.600 | 6.05 ± 0.025 | C18H16O8 | 360.3 |
19 | Apigenin 7-glucoside | 14.781 * | 2.52 ± 0.25 | C21H20O10 | 432.4 |
20 | 2-Hydroxycinnamic acid | 15.031 | 31.28 ± 0.015 | C9H8O3 | 164.16 |
21 | Pinoresinol | 15.118 | 13.13 ± 0.55 | C20H22O6 | 358.4 |
22 | Eriodictyol | 15.247 | 2.29 ± 0.005 | C15H12O6 | 288.25 |
23 | Quercetin | 15.668 | 2.27 ± 0.075 | C15H10O7 | 302.23 |
Test Systems | D. flabellifolia (Methanol-80%) | Butylated Hydroxytoluene | Ascorbic Acid |
---|---|---|---|
DPPH IC50 (mg/mL) | 0.014 ± 0.045 a | 0.023 ± 3 × 10−4 b | 0.022 ± 5 × 10−4 b |
ABTS IC50 (mg/mL) | 0.102 ± 0.024 a | 0.018 ± 4 × 10−4 b | 0.021 ± 0.001 b |
β-carotene IC50 (mg/mL) | 7.80 ± 0.919 a | 0.042 ± 3.5 × 10−3 b | 0.017 ± 0.001 b |
Code | ESKAPE Bacterial Strains | D. flabellifolia Methanol-80% Extract (mg/mL) | Ampicillin (mg/mL) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC | MBC | MBC/MIC Ratio | MIC | MBC | ||
260 | Enterococcus faecium | 25 | 100 | =4; Bactericidal | 0.625 | 5 |
445 | Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | 12.5 | 100 | 8; Bacteriostatic | 0.625 | 5 |
259 | Staphylococcus aureus | 12.5 | 100 | 8; Bacteriostatic | 0.625 | 1.25 |
140 BC | Staphylococcus hominis | 12.5 | 100 | 8; Bacteriostatic | 0.625 | 2.5 |
BC 161 | Staphylococcus epidermidis | 12.5 | 100 | 8; Bacteriostatic | 0.312 | 0.625 |
147 | Klebsiella pneumoniae | 25 | 200 | 8; Bacteriostatic | 0.625 | 5 |
486 | Acinetobacter baumannii | 25 | 200 | 8; Bacteriostatic | 1.25 | 5 |
249 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 25 | 200 | 8; Bacteriostatic | 2.5 | 5 |
525 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 25 | 200 | 8; Bacteriostatic | 2.5 | 5 |
268 | Enterobacter faecalis | 12.5 | 100 | 8; Bacteriostatic | 0.312 | 2.5 |
235 | Enterobacter cloacae | 50 | 200 | =4; Bacteriostatic | 0.625 | 1.25 |
215 | Escherichia coli | 25 | 200 | 8; Bacteriostatic | 1.25 | 5 |
Code | Candida sp. Strains | D. flabellifolia Methanol-80% Extract (mg/mL) | Amphotericin B (mg/mL) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC | MFC | MFC/MIC Ratio | MIC | MFC | ||
A1 | Candida utilis ATCC 9255 | 25 | 200 | 8; Fungistatic | 0.78 | 1.56 |
A8 | Candida tropicalis ATCC 1362 | 25 | 200 | 8; Fungistatic | 0.195 | 0.78 |
A4 | Candida guillermondii ATCC 6260 | 25 | 200 | 8; Fungistatic | 0.097 | 1.56 |
A15 | Candida albicans ATCC 20402 | 25 | 100 | =4; Fungicidal | 0.195 | 0.39 |
Name of Complex | Interacting Residues |
---|---|
Luteolin 7-glucoside-2XCT | Arg1112(5.54 Å): [Arg N of NH2) -Lig (Phenyl ring) *] Mn2492(1.84 Å): [ Mn-Lig (O of OH) **] |
Mn2492(1.80 Å): [ Mn-Lig (O of OH) **] | |
Mn2492(1.81 Å): [ Mn-Lig (O of OH) **] | |
(−)-Epicatechin -1HD2 | Thr44 (1.84 Å): [Thr (O of COO−) -Lig (H of OH) d] |
Cys47 (2.76 Å): [Cys (H of NH) d-Lig (O of OH)] | |
Arg127 (2.70 Å): [Arg (H of NH) d-Lig (O of OH)] | |
Asp145 (1.70 Å): [Asp (O of COO−)-Lig (H of OH) d] | |
Thr147 (2.20 Å): [Asp (O of COO−)-Lig (H of OH) d] | |
Hyperoside-2QZW | Thr6 (1.92 Å): [Thr (H of NH) d -Lig (O of OH)] |
Asp17 (1.74 Å): [Asp (O of COO−)-Lig (H of OH) d] | |
Asp17 (1.84 Å): [Asp (O of COO−)-Lig (H of OH) d] | |
Asp17 (1.92 Å): [Asp (O of NHCO−)-Lig (H of OH) d] | |
Lys26 (1.80 Å): [Lys (H of NH) d -Lig (O of OH)] | |
Gly103 (2.62 Å): [Gly H of NH) d -Lig (O of C-O-C)] | |
Ala104 (2.18 Å): [Ala O of COO−) -Lig (H of OH) d] | |
Hyperoside-1JIJ | Gly38 (2.70 Å): [Gly (H of NH) d -Lig (O of C = O)] |
Asp80(1.85 Å): [Asp (O of COO−)-Lig (H of OH) d] | |
Lys84 (1.91 Å): [Lys (H of NH) d -Lig (O of OH)] | |
Asp177 (1.85 Å): [Asp (H of NH) d -Lig (O of OH)] | |
Gly193 (2.28 Å): [Gly (H of NH) d -Lig (O of OH)] | |
Asp195 (1.93 Å): [Asp (O of COO−)-Lig (H of OH) d] |
Identified Compounds | Biological Activities | References |
---|---|---|
Gallic acid | Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetes. | [51,52,53] |
Protocatechuic acid | Antiviral, anti-oxidation, antibacterial, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective. | [54,55,56,57,58] |
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid | Decrease in the formation of amyloid fibrils and modulator of cell fate in Parkinson’s disease. | [59,60] |
Pyrocatechol | Antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. | [61] |
Chlorogenic acid | Anti-metastatic, anti-oxidative, nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, hepatoprotective, anti-bacterial, neuroprotective, anti-proliferative, central nervous system stimulator, anti-obesity, cardioprotective, anti-pyretic, anti-viral, anti-angiogenic. | [62] |
2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antibacterial, muscle relaxant, anticarcinogenic, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective. | [63,64] |
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid | Antibacterial, antiviral, antisickling agent, antialgal, antimutagenic, estrogenic agent, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant. | [65] |
(−)-Epicatechin | Antiviral (Anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus), gastroprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic. | [66,67,68] |
Caffeic acid | Anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antidepressive, antibacterial. | [69,70,71] |
Syringic acid | Anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammation, antiangiogenic, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective. | [72] |
3-Hydroxybenzoic acid | Antifungal, antimutagenic, antisickling, estrogenic, antimicrobial. | [73] |
Vanillin | Anticancer, neuroprotective, antihyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antisickling, cardioprotective. | [74,75,76] |
Sinapic acid | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antihypertensive, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, renoprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-diabetic. | [77,78] |
p-Coumaric acid | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet aggregation, analgesic, anticancer, neuroprotective, anti-necrotic, anti-cholestatic, anti-amoebic. | [79,80] |
Ferulic acid | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial activity, anticancer, and antidiabetic | [81,82,83] |
Luteolin 7-glucoside | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiaging, anticancer, vasoprotective | [84,85] |
Hyperoside | Anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, antidiabetic, anti-viral, anti-fungal, hepato-protective, antioxidant, neuroprotective, antidepressant, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, Immuno-modulatory activity. | [86,87,88] |
Rosmarinic acid | Cytoprotective, antioxidative, antibacterial, antiviral, astringent, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotective. | [89,90,91] |
Apigenin 7-glucoside | Anti-inflammatory, anticandidal, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, pro-apoptotic, antimutagenic, antiproliferative, antiallergic, inhibits xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. | [92,93,94] |
2-Hydroxycinnamic acid | Inhibition of HIV/SARS-CoV S pseudovirus. | [95] |
Pinoresinol | Neuroprotective, vasorelaxant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer. | [96,97,98] |
Eriodictyol | Cardioprotective, skin protection, antitumor, neuroprotective, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, hepatoprotective, analgesic. | [99,100] |
Quercetin | Anticancer, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antimicrobial, anti-allergy, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, sedative, immunostimulant. | [101,102] |
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Snoussi, M.; Ahmad, I.; Aljohani, A.M.A.; Patel, H.; Abdulhakeem, M.A.; Alhazmi, Y.S.; Tepe, B.; Adnan, M.; Siddiqui, A.J.; Sarikurkcu, C.; et al. Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Ducrosia flabellifolia: A Combined Experimental and Computational Approaches. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 2174. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112174
Snoussi M, Ahmad I, Aljohani AMA, Patel H, Abdulhakeem MA, Alhazmi YS, Tepe B, Adnan M, Siddiqui AJ, Sarikurkcu C, et al. Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Ducrosia flabellifolia: A Combined Experimental and Computational Approaches. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(11):2174. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112174
Chicago/Turabian StyleSnoussi, Mejdi, Iqrar Ahmad, Abdullah M. A. Aljohani, Harun Patel, Mohammad A. Abdulhakeem, Yasser S. Alhazmi, Bektas Tepe, Mohd Adnan, Arif J. Siddiqui, Cengiz Sarikurkcu, and et al. 2022. "Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Ducrosia flabellifolia: A Combined Experimental and Computational Approaches" Antioxidants 11, no. 11: 2174. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112174